654:
38:
637:. Hague was a close ally of Franklin Roosevelt and controlled federal patronage in the state. Though denied a permit for political reasons, Thomas came anyway to speak at an outdoor rally. The police arrested him as soon as he got out of his car. As the officers prepared to expel him from the city, Thomas quipped, "So this is Jersey justice". People across the political spectrum, including the 1932 and 1936 Republican presidential nominees,
480:
2459:
727:, edited and published by Sanger in 1926. Thomas accused the Catholic Church of hypocritical opinions on sex, such as requiring priests to be celibate and maintaining that laypeople should have sex only to reproduce. "This doctrine of unrestricted procreation is strangely inconsistent on the lips of men who practice celibacy and preach continence."
731:
effected by international agreement, but otherwise dangerous to us in both a military and economic sense. If we are not to be overwhelmed by the 'rising tide of color' we must breed against the world. If our nation is to survive, it must have more cannon and more babies as prospective food for the cannon."
697:
on
December 7, 1941, a bitter split took place in the Socialist Party regarding support for the war; Thomas reluctantly supported it, though he thought it could have been honorably avoided. His brother and many others continued their pacifist opposition to all wars. Thomas later wrote self-critically
282:
stance led to his being shunned by many of his fellow alumni from
Princeton, and opposed by some of the leadership of the Presbyterian Church in New York. When church funding of the American Parish's social programs was stopped, Thomas resigned his pastorate. Despite his resignation, Thomas did not
1610:
The drawing-room socialist, Thomas, is only a bourgeois with a socialist 'ideal'. His personal life, interests, ties, moral criteria exist outside the party. With hostile astonishment he looks down upon the
Bolshevik to whom the party is a weapon for the revolutionary reconstruction of society,
730:
Thomas also deplored the secular objection to birth control because it originated from "racial and national" group-think. "The white race, we are told, our own nation—whatever that nation may be—is endangered by practicing birth control. Birth control is something like disarmament—a good thing if
621:
In 1937, Thomas returned from Europe determined to restore order in the
Socialist Party. He and his followers in the party teamed up with the Clarity majority of the National Executive Committee and gave the green light to the New York Right Wing to expel the Appeal faction from the organization.
689:
program of sending military supplies to Great
Britain, calling it "a bill to authorize undeclared war in the name of peace, and dictatorship in the name of defending democracy". He said that the survival of the British Empire was not vital to the security of the United States, but added that he
306:
in 1917 on an antiwar platform, Thomas wrote to him expressing his good wishes. To his surprise, Hillquit wrote back, encouraging the young minister to work for his campaign, which Thomas energetically did. Soon thereafter he himself joined the
Socialist Party. Thomas was a
413:. Down to approximately 8,000 dues-paying members, the Socialist Party's options were limited, and the little-known minister from New York with oratorial skills and a pedigree in the movement became the choice of the 1928 National Convention of the Socialist Party.
1933:"Rev. N.M. Thomas Weds Miss Stewart; Assistant Pastor of Brick Presbyterian Church and His Bride Active in Charities. "Angel of Hell's Kitchen" Bride Endeared to the Poor by Her Devotion to Them – She Aided Mr. Thomas In Summer Garden Work"
548:
in backing a challenger to
National Chairman Morris Hillquit. While Hillquit and his cohort retained control of the organization at this time, this action earned the lasting enmity of Hillquit's New York-based allies of the so-called
3389:
2983:
673:
as he had been with regard to the First World War. Upon returning from a
European tour in 1937, he formed the Keep America Out of War Congress, and spoke against war, thereby sharing a platform with the non-interventionist
217:, to Emma Williams (née Mattoon) and Weddington Evans Thomas, a Presbyterian minister. Thomas had an uneventful Midwestern childhood and adolescence, helping to put himself through Marion High School as a paper carrier for
568:. The Militants swept to majority control of the party's governing National Executive Committee at this gathering, and the Old Guard retreated to their New York fortress and formalized their factional organization as the
804:
He also received a check for $ 17,500 (equivalent to $ 171,900 in 2023) in donations from supporters. "It won't last long," he said of the check, "because every organization I'm connected with is going bankrupt."
1266:
6579:
424:. Although most upper- and middle-class Americans found socialism unsavory, the well-educated Thomas—who often wore three-piece suits and looked and talked like a president—gained grudging admiration.
2976:
1183:
6185:
6614:
2969:
712:
following the attack on Pearl Harbor. He accused the ACLU of "dereliction of duty" when the organization supported the forced mass removal and incarceration. Thomas also campaigned against
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
5358:
5034:
4674:
4237:
3832:
3442:
1611:
including also its morality." "This righteous man expelled the
American 'Trotskyists' from his party precisely as the GPU shot down their co-thinkers in the U.S.S.R. and in Spain.
274:, Thomas was appointed pastor of the East Harlem Presbyterian Church, ministering to Italian-American Protestants. Union Theological Seminary had been at that time a center of the
6114:
1385:
How Can the
Socialist Party Best Serve Socialism? An Argument in Support of the Position of the Majority of the National Executive Committee Concerning Electoral Activities.
1790:
645:, criticized Hague for his suppression of free speech and Roosevelt for his silence about the incident. Thomas and Landon became good friends as a result of the incident.
416:
The 1928 campaign was the first of Thomas's six consecutive campaigns as the presidential nominee of the Socialist Party. As an articulate and engaging spokesman for
6619:
6192:
2935:
1313:
781:
in the 1964 presidential election. He was critical of Johnson's foreign policy, but praised his work on civil rights and poverty. Thomas called Johnson's opponent
970:
A plaque in the Norman Thomas '05 Library reads: Norman M. Thomas, class of 1905. "I am not the champion of lost causes, but the champion of causes not yet won."
579:, but remained supportive of the Militants and their vision of an "all-inclusive party", which welcomed members of dissident communist organizations (including
382:, he ran for the US Senate in New York and polled almost 200,000 votes, then the second-best result for a Socialist candidate in New York state elections; only
5838:
5351:
5027:
4667:
4230:
3825:
3435:
3409:
2895:
841:. The two were leaders of the "Committee on free elections in the Dominican Republic", an organization based in the U.S. that monitored the election, in which
6449:
5800:
5320:
4996:
4636:
4199:
3794:
2915:
569:
716:, environmental depletion, and anti-labor laws and practices, and in favor of opening the United States to Jewish victims of Nazi persecution in the 1930s.
6544:
2549:
332:
the leading voice of liberal Christian social activism of its day. In 1921, Thomas moved to secular journalism when he was employed as associate editor of
2940:
6439:
4586:
2992:
255:
6589:
6539:
5344:
5020:
4956:
4660:
4223:
3818:
3428:
1398:
595:
activities. The party descended into a maelstrom of factionalism in the interval, with the New York Old Guard leaving to establish themselves as the
6534:
6529:
6209:
3265:
2641:
3001:
This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election
682:
was the candidate of "the Wall Street war machine" and that he "would take us to war about as fast and about on the same terms as Mr. Roosevelt".
6213:
6479:
4615:
1838:
6330:
6276:
6199:
698:
that he had "overemphasized both the sense in which it was a continuance of World War I and the capacity of nonfascist Europe to resist the
6599:
5487:
5402:
4353:
4283:
3959:
3866:
2900:
6434:
785:
a "personable man with good stands on domestic issues" but also described him as "the greatest evil" due to his views on foreign policy.
6584:
6499:
6444:
6091:
5831:
5426:
1811:
109:
6484:
3083:
2930:
2920:
838:
263:
857:. Balaguer continued to govern the country on and off for the next 30 years. In the autumn of that year, Thomas received the second
6524:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5052:
5048:
5044:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4255:
4251:
4247:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3308:
3281:
3254:
3227:
3213:
3199:
3185:
3171:
3167:
3140:
3126:
3099:
3072:
3058:
3044:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2698:
2685:
2672:
2659:
2646:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2542:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
1283:
202:
198:
6644:
6489:
6474:
5739:
5681:
5544:
3366:
3356:
3292:
2214:
1967:
623:
556:
At the 1934 National Convention of the Socialist Party, Thomas's connection with the Militants deepened when he backed a radical
2274:
622:
These expulsions led to the departure of virtually the whole of the party's youth section, who affiliated to the new Trotskyist
231:. "No pennies ever escaped her," said Thomas. The summer after he graduated from high school his father accepted a pastorate at
6624:
6469:
4597:
2376:
2186:
2130:
1242:
278:
movement and liberal politics, and as a minister, Thomas preached against American participation in the First World War. This
6464:
5824:
1462:
553:. The diplomatic party peacemaker Hillquit died of tuberculosis the following year, lessening the stability of his faction.
6609:
2875:
2439:
1069:
391:
1723:
The ACLU national board supported the government and tried to stop a rogue chapter on the West Coast from going to court.
1638:
The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance
1191:
401:'s death in 1926, there was a leadership vacuum in the Socialist Party. Neither of the party's two top political leaders,
6634:
6509:
6429:
5805:
5482:
5397:
5325:
5138:
5068:
5001:
4788:
4708:
4641:
4348:
4278:
4204:
3963:
3937:
3870:
3799:
3584:
3560:
3476:
3361:
2535:
1352:
819:
596:
576:
367:
6454:
3404:
3394:
3341:
3336:
2905:
1891:
1752:
1645:
1932:
991:
6594:
3110:
2835:
2445:
Norman Thomas Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University Special Collections
2102:
2045:
527:
509:
6604:
5470:
5385:
5132:
5062:
4938:
4782:
4702:
4568:
4335:
4265:
4134:
3953:
3860:
3736:
3554:
3470:
3331:
2805:
950:
2341:
Venkataramani, M.S., "Norman Thomas, Arkansas Sharecroppers, and the Roosevelt Agricultural Policies, 1933–1937",
6639:
6519:
6514:
6459:
3399:
2860:
2840:
1037:
1007:
885:
Mary "Polly" Thomas (1914–2010), who married Herbert C. Miller Jr, a professor and chairman of pediatrics at the
343:
339:
3371:
2780:
557:
505:
501:
347:
20:
5336:
5012:
4652:
4215:
3810:
3420:
2961:
2870:
2825:
2770:
2073:
846:
658:
615:
387:
379:
363:
319:
6494:
2815:
2795:
1079:
747:
709:
334:
315:
258:. He graduated from the seminary and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in 1911. After assisting the
6504:
5639:
5225:
4875:
4539:
4439:
4320:
4042:
3644:
2850:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2775:
2435:
2244:
540:
At the 1932 Milwaukee convention, Thomas and his radical pacifist allies in the party joined forces with
2389:
1228:
243:, the beneficiary of the largesse of a wealthy uncle by marriage. Thomas graduated magna cum laude from
6629:
5934:
5710:
5280:
5238:
4909:
4510:
4105:
3923:
3707:
3620:
3151:
2785:
2558:
2486:
1291:
1027:
436:
405:
and Hillquit, was eligible to run for president because of their foreign birth. The third main figure,
291:
194:
122:
1993:
792:
in Manhattan. At the event Thomas called for a cease-fire in Vietnam and read birthday telegrams from
4846:
2855:
2790:
2019:
1471:
934:
706:
254:
work and a trip around the world, Thomas decided to follow in his father's footsteps and enrolled in
1846:
653:
2865:
2800:
1914:
626:. Demoralization set in and the Socialist Party withered, its membership level below that of 1928.
604:
490:
1597:
3195:
2845:
2619:
1724:
850:
842:
814:
675:
630:
494:
232:
5592:
2160:
5768:
5643:
5229:
4879:
4443:
4046:
4023:
3648:
3346:
3132:
809:
801:
694:
451:
287:
228:
1881:
1742:
881:, and a trustee of Princeton for many years. Together, they had three daughters and two sons:
427:
Thomas frequently spoke on the difference between socialism, the movement he represented, and
6137:
5938:
5086:
4726:
4607:
4301:
3888:
3772:
3273:
3095:
3054:
2925:
2475:
2384:
2336:
Conscience: Two Soldiers, Two Pacifists, One Family – A Test of Will and Faith in World War I
1319:
739:
375:
371:
6424:
6419:
5549:
5539:
5529:
4557:
4094:
2945:
2081:
942:
918:
886:
858:
834:
575:
Thomas favored work to establish a broad Farmer–Labor Party upon the model of the Canadian
417:
383:
359:
244:
240:
104:
84:
2424:
2414:
1155:
8:
5451:
4452:
4177:
4055:
3657:
3351:
2910:
2419:
2409:
1139:
1115:
870:
759:
588:
572:, complete with a shadow Provisional Executive Committee and an office in New York City.
440:
421:
308:
236:
99:
1278:
854:
6366:
5880:
5876:
5847:
5778:
5618:
5248:
4927:
3593:
3529:
3376:
3246:
3040:
2745:
2732:
2693:
2444:
2346:
2250:
2219:
2191:
2107:
2050:
1937:
1132:. Chicago: Committee on Education and Research of the Socialist Party of America, 1934.
830:
713:
259:
182:
6087:
5868:
5864:
5652:
5559:
5534:
5446:
5298:
5259:
5191:
4888:
4856:
4814:
4757:
4481:
4420:
4309:
4170:
4144:
4084:
4065:
3918:
3913:
3896:
3754:
3696:
3686:
3667:
3277:
2741:
2728:
2706:
2519:
2364:
2272:
1887:
1748:
1641:
1459:
778:
633:
to defend labor organizers' free speech and challenge the political machine of Mayor
550:
303:
223:
218:
2373:
2138:
1169:
6177:
6072:
5900:
5691:
5662:
5456:
5435:
5269:
4735:
4528:
4499:
4018:
3534:
3300:
3238:
3136:
2950:
2680:
2403:
2368:
1199:
1101:
1089:
878:
771:
642:
545:
459:
402:
397:
Thomas's political activity also included attempts at the US presidency. Following
251:
6280:
6268:
6145:
6056:
6010:
5728:
5524:
5505:
5420:
5206:
5186:
5181:
5164:
5156:
5095:
4836:
4806:
4767:
4491:
4400:
4123:
4013:
3725:
3675:
3539:
3223:
3209:
3191:
3118:
3068:
3064:
3050:
3028:
2719:
2667:
2654:
2632:
2615:
2431:
2380:
2278:
1771:
edited by N.E.H. Hull, William James Hoffer and Peter Charles Hoffer, 2004. p. 60
1466:
1384:
1287:
995:
874:
869:
In 1910, Thomas married Frances Violet Stewart (1881–1947), the granddaughter of
793:
782:
720:
679:
541:
358:
Thomas ran for office five times in quick succession on the Socialist ticket—for
299:
1193:
Is the New Deal Socialism? An Answer to Al Smith and the American Liberty League
900:
Evan Welling Thomas II (1920–1999), who married Anna Davis (née Robins) in 1943
6397:
6389:
6358:
6334:
6064:
6037:
6025:
5965:
5946:
5816:
5699:
5610:
5564:
5554:
5201:
5196:
4851:
4831:
4395:
4008:
3990:
3981:
3928:
3746:
3615:
3519:
3502:
3494:
3304:
3205:
3177:
3159:
3122:
3091:
2628:
2602:
2589:
2576:
1053:
1001:
946:
812:
chose Thomas to be the third guest on Buckley's new television interview show,
763:
638:
295:
5366:
5042:
4682:
4245:
3840:
3450:
2991:
6413:
6350:
6169:
6161:
6029:
5892:
5888:
5757:
5749:
5670:
5112:
4948:
4841:
4578:
4549:
4470:
4390:
4152:
4073:
3625:
3250:
2527:
1455:
1017:
964:
629:
In April 1938, Thomas was the center of national controversy when he came to
592:
580:
275:
6260:
6153:
6129:
6106:
5117:
4974:
4898:
4762:
4752:
4462:
4405:
3610:
3036:
1272:
1248:
986:
788:
Thomas's 80th birthday in 1964 was marked by a well-publicized gala at the
719:
Thomas was an early proponent of birth control. The birth-control advocate
670:
662:
565:
444:
325:
271:
214:
179:
65:
1791:"The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas"
921:. Pursuant to his wishes, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered on
6385:
6370:
6342:
6002:
5961:
5922:
5513:
4415:
3524:
3181:
3163:
2606:
2593:
2580:
2301:
Prophets of the Left: American Socialist Thought in the Twentieth Century
960:
922:
903:
823:
797:
789:
743:
634:
584:
450:
He wrote several books, among them his passionate defense of World War I
406:
398:
166:
2324:. Binghamton, New York, Syracuse University Press, 1967. Second Edition.
1498:
Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism
1372:
The One Hope of Peace: Universal Disarmament Under International Control
917:
Thomas died at the age of 84 on December 19, 1968, at a nursing home in
768:
The Minority Party in America: Featuring an Interview with Norman Thomas
723:
recruited him to write "Some Objections to Birth Control Considered" in
4410:
4379:
4371:
2394:
New York: Instituto de Investigaciones Internacionales del Trabajo,1957
2350:
2315:
Pacifists Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism
686:
610:
324:
in January 1918, Thomas was employed as its paid editor. Together with
1185:
Debate: Which Road for American Workers – Socialist or Communist?
891:
Frances Thomas (1915–2015), who married John W. Gates, Jr. (died 2006)
762:
the leader of social reform, in collaboration with labor leaders like
5579:
938:
853:, was beaten closely but decisively by the conservative ex-president
560:
authored by his longtime associate from the radical pacifist journal
428:
410:
318:
even before the war. When the organization started a magazine called
267:
186:
37:
2449:
1412:
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen... Reflections on Public Speaking
479:
3933:
3578:
2453:
955:
314:
Thomas was the secretary (then an unpaid position) of the pacifist
279:
190:
16:
American Presbyterian minister and socialist politician (1884–1968)
6580:
Members of the Executive of the Labour and Socialist International
1640:(First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 63–68.
283:
formally leave the ministry until 1931, after his mother's death.
213:
Thomas was the oldest of six children, born November 20, 1884, in
5980:
1263:. With Bertram D. Wolfe. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1939.
953:, where he was a frequent visitor. He is also the grandfather of
735:
685:
In testimony to Congress in January 1941 he opposed the proposed
600:
432:
5637:
2245:"Norman Thomas, Socialist, Dies; He Ran for President Six Times"
1024:
The League of Nations and the Imperialist Principle: A Criticism
197:'s candidate for president in six consecutive elections between
1244:
Justice Triumphs in Spain! A Letter about the Trial of the POUM
822:" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the
690:
favored helping Britain to defend herself against aggression.
420:, Thomas had considerably greater influence than the typical
6615:
Socialist Party of America politicians from New York (state)
1828:
Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter; Raymond F. Gregory, 2008
1769:
The Abortion rights controversy in America, A Legal Reader,
988:
War's Heretics : A Plea for the Conscientious Objector
699:
6575:
Candidates in the 1948 United States presidential election
6570:
Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election
6565:
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
6560:
Candidates in the 1936 United States presidential election
6555:
Candidates in the 1932 United States presidential election
6550:
Candidates in the 1928 United States presidential election
5224:
4874:
4438:
4041:
3643:
2993:
Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets
599:, taking with them control of party property, such as the
2399:
2936:
English-language press of the Socialist Party of America
1210:
Chicago : Labor League for Thomas and Nelson, 1936.
1003:
The case of the Christian Pacifists at Los Angeles, Cal.
894:
Rebekah Thomas (1918–1986), who married John D. Friebely
544:
and a faction of young Marxist intellectuals called the
178:(November 20, 1884 – December 19, 1968) was an American
1744:
In Defense of American Liberties: A History of the ACLU
678:. In the 1940 presidential campaign he said Republican
2896:
History of the socialist movement in the United States
1812:"Johnson Is Lauded, Goldwater Scored By Norman Thomas"
1298:
Stop the Draft : An Appeal to the American People
937:(formerly known as Central Commercial High School) in
2916:
Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party
570:
Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party
378:
in 1927, and for mayor of New York again in 1929. In
227:. Like other paper carriers, he reported directly to
1196:. New York: National Office, Socialist Party, n.d. .
949:
are named after him, as is the assembly hall at the
2941:
Non-English press of the Socialist Party of America
1432:. Terre Haute, IN: Eugene V. Debs Foundation, 1964.
1117:
What's the Matter with New York: A National Problem
705:Thomas was one of the few public figures to oppose
3390:Third-party performances in presidential elections
2243:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1342:Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1944.
1336:. With A. Philip Randolph. Socialist Party, n.d. .
1306:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941.
1300:. New York: Socialist National Headquarters, 1940.
1275:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1939.
1204:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.
1174:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1936.
1160:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1934.
1126:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1933.
1106:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1932.
1046:. New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1927.
2392:Cuarenta anos de comunismo: promesas y realidades
2012:
1886:. University of Washington Press. pp. 358–.
1120:. With Paul Blanshard. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
998:. Chicago: American Liberty Defense League, 1917.
6620:Socialist Party of America presidential nominees
6411:
5846:
2345:, vol. 47, no. 2 (Sept. 1960), pp. 225–46.
1402:New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1953.
1233:New York: League for Industrial Democracy, 1937.
1044:The Challenge of War: An Economic Interpretation
808:In 1966, the conservative journalist and writer
774:, which focused on the role of the third party.
2215:"Paid Notice: Deaths Thomas, Anne Davis Robins"
1953:
1569:
1362:Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1945.
618:, and the party's summer camp in Pennsylvania.
443:. (Some revolutionaries thought him no better;
338:magazine. In 1922 he became co-director of the
2557:
725:Religious and Ethical Aspects of Birth Control
669:Thomas was initially as outspoken in opposing
447:criticized Thomas on more than one occasion.)
185:and political activist. He achieved fame as a
5832:
5352:
5028:
4668:
4231:
3826:
3436:
2977:
2543:
2365:"Longines Chronoscope with Dr. Norman Thomas"
2187:"Paid Notice: Deaths Thomas, Evan Welling II"
2074:"The Country And Our State Are Looking To Us"
1740:
1214:Emancipate youth from toil, old age from fear
1062:. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1930.
6450:20th-century American Presbyterian ministers
2331:. New York, Charles Scribner and Sons, 1976.
1595:
1533:
1531:
1310:World Federation: What Are the Difficulties?
1220:You Can't Cure Tuberculosis with Cough Drops
1112:. Chicago: Socialist Party of America, 1932.
239:. He left Bucknell after one year to attend
6545:Activists for African-American civil rights
2489:nominee for President of the United States
1974:. Vol. 48. January 1, 1947. p. 20
742:in the postwar years (especially after the
508:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
469:
342:. Later, he was one of the founders of the
5839:
5825:
5359:
5345:
5035:
5021:
4675:
4661:
4238:
4224:
3833:
3819:
3443:
3429:
2984:
2970:
2550:
2536:
2046:"Paid Notice: Deaths Miller, Mary (Polly)"
1925:
1873:
1348:. New York: Post War World Council, 1944.
1066:America's Way Out: A Program for Democracy
36:
19:For other people named Norman Thomas, see
6440:20th-century American non-fiction writers
2921:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee
1528:
1485:The Socialist Party of America: A History
1374:. New York: Post War World Council, 1947.
1324:. New York: Post War World Council, 1942.
528:Learn how and when to remove this message
6590:People from Cold Spring Harbor, New York
5373:1948 United States presidential election
5049:1944 United States presidential election
4689:1940 United States presidential election
4252:1936 United States presidential election
3847:1932 United States presidential election
3457:1928 United States presidential election
1921:. Eugene V. Debs Foundation. 2017-09-18.
1148:. New York: Macmillan, 1934. (UK title:
652:
3972:
2432:Newspaper clippings about Norman Thomas
2241:
2235:
1866:"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest",
1360:A socialist looks at the United Nations
1164:War – No Glory, No Profit, No Need
1136:Human Exploitation in the United States
861:for his work in promoting world peace.
597:Social Democratic Federation of America
147: 1910; died 1947)
6412:
2303:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984.
1879:
1780:The Abortion Rights Controversy, p. 61
1430:Eugene V. Debs in the Light of History
1399:Democratic Socialism: A New Appraisal.
1334:Victory's Victims? The Negro's Future
1239:. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1938.
1166:. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1935.
758:After 1945, Thomas sought to make the
542:constructive socialists from Wisconsin
6480:American Civil Liberties Union people
5820:
5636:
5340:
5223:
5016:
4873:
4656:
4437:
4219:
4040:
3814:
3642:
3424:
2965:
2531:
2310:Sanford, NC: Algora Publishing, 2008.
1635:
1086:The Socialist Cure for a Sick Society
1014:The Conscientious Objector in America
941:and the Norman Thomas '05 Library at
829:Also in 1966, Thomas traveled to the
386:polled more votes, almost 300,000 in
353:
6540:American anti–World War II activists
2763:
2343:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
2338:. New York, The Penguin Press, 2011.
2242:Whitman, Aiden (December 20, 1968).
1487:. New York: Macmillan, 1955; p. 189.
1280:What's Behind the "Christian Front"?
1222:. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. .
963:and the great-grandfather of writer
506:adding citations to reliable sources
473:
6600:People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
6535:American anti–World War I activists
6530:American anti–Vietnam War activists
2308:Norman Thomas: The Great Dissenter.
2296:. New York, Norton & Co., 1964.
1883:The Making of Black Revolutionaries
1725:"American Civil Liberties Union,"
1330:. New York: Socialist Party, n.d. .
983:. New York: Fellowship Press, 1917.
820:Writers and Editors War Tax Protest
710:incarceration of Japanese Americans
695:the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
577:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation
13:
6435:20th-century American male writers
6186:New Haven-León Sister City Project
3405:Progressivism in the United States
3395:Labor history of the United States
3337:Social Democratic Party of America
2906:Social Democratic Party of America
2317:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970.
2286:
2020:"Thomas, Norman [Mattoon]"
1414:. New York: Hermitage House, 1955.
1368:. New York: Socialist Party, 1947.
1268:Russia: Democracy or Dictatorship?
1261:Keep America Out of War: A Program
1251:. Chicago: Socialist Party, n.d. .
1130:The New Deal: A Socialist Analysis
897:William Stewart Thomas (1912–1988)
873:, financial adviser to Presidents
746:) and often collaborated with the
740:Israel's policies toward the Arabs
14:
6656:
6585:The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
6500:American male non-fiction writers
6445:20th-century American politicians
2357:
1919:Eugene V. Debs Foundation Website
1257:. Chicago: Socialist Party, 1938.
1216:, Chicago: Socialist Party, 1936.
1124:A Socialist Looks at the New Deal
766:. In 1961, he released an album,
734:Thomas was also very critical of
458:, and his statement of the 1960s
235:, which allowed Norman to attend
6485:American conscientious objectors
3332:Socialist Labor Party of America
2457:
2367:is available for viewing at the
2329:Norman Thomas: The Last Idealist
2322:Norman Thomas: Respectable Rebel
2137:. Vassar College. Archived from
1686:Facts on File: World News Digest
1674:Facts on File: World News Digest
1500:. Quadrangle Books, 1970. p. 13.
1380:New York: Socialist Party, 1948.
1356:New York: Socialist Party, 1945.
1353:Russia: Promise and Performance.
1321:Democracy and Japanese Americans
951:Three Arrows Cooperative Society
864:
478:
6525:American anti-poverty advocates
5580:States' Rights Democratic Party
3400:Liberalism in the United States
2931:Young People's Socialist League
2266:
2207:
2179:
2153:
2123:
2103:"Deaths: Gates, Frances Thomas"
2095:
2066:
2038:
1994:"Frances Violet Stewart Thomas"
1986:
1907:
1860:
1831:
1822:
1804:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1733:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1654:
1629:
1616:
1589:
1438:. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.
1420:. New York: W. W. Norton, 1959.
1408:. New York: W. W. Norton, 1954.
1394:. New York: W. W. Norton, 1951.
1346:Conscription: The Test of Peace
1188:New York: Socialist Call, 1936.
1157:The Plight of the Share Cropper
1038:League for Industrial Democracy
1008:National Civil Liberties Bureau
777:Thomas actively campaigned for
587:) and worked together with the
435:. His early admiration for the
344:National Civil Liberties Bureau
340:League for Industrial Democracy
144:
6645:Socialism in the United States
6490:American democratic socialists
6475:American anti-racism activists
3410:Socialism in the United States
1747:. SIU Press. pp. 139–43.
1584:The Socialist Party of America
1564:The Socialist Party of America
1556:
1551:The Socialist Party of America
1543:
1516:
1511:The Socialist Party of America
1503:
1490:
1477:
1449:
1426:. New York: W.W. Norton, 1961.
1208:Shall labor support Roosevelt?
833:along with future Congressman
818:. In 1968, Thomas signed the "
753:
348:American Civil Liberties Union
298:organization. When SPA leader
286:It was Thomas's position as a
208:
21:Norman Thomas (disambiguation)
1:
6625:Writers from New York (state)
6470:American Christian socialists
1793:. folkways.si.edu. 2020-02-08
1443:
1255:Collective Security Means War
1230:Democracy versus dictatorship
1034:What Is Industrial Democracy?
847:Dominican Revolutionary Party
616:Rand School of Social Science
6465:American Christian pacifists
2901:Social Democratic Federation
1845:. 1964-12-18. Archived from
1110:What Socialism Is and Is Not
1098:. New York: Macmillan, 1932.
1080:Haldeman-Julius Publications
1076:Socialism and the Individual
748:American Council for Judaism
316:Fellowship of Reconciliation
7:
6610:Princeton University alumni
2456:(public domain audiobooks)
2436:20th Century Press Archives
2131:"1940 Vassar Alumnae/i Hub"
1418:The Prerequisites for Peace
409:, was occupied as mayor of
366:, for mayor of New York in
10:
6661:
6635:American magazine founders
6510:American political writers
6430:19th-century Presbyterians
2559:Socialist Party of America
2294:Norman Thomas: A Biography
2277:December 31, 2006, at the
1596:Leon Trotsky (June 1938).
1237:Socialism on the Defensive
1180:New York: Macmillan, 1936.
1178:After the New Deal – What?
1171:War As a Socialist Sees It
1028:Foreign Policy Association
837:to observe that country's
439:had turned into energetic
292:Socialist Party of America
256:Union Theological Seminary
195:Socialist Party of America
110:Union Theological Seminary
18:
6455:American anti-capitalists
6237:
6047:
5855:
5792:
5767:
5738:
5709:
5680:
5651:
5632:
5601:
5588:
5577:
5496:
5478:
5469:
5411:
5393:
5384:
5312:
5279:
5258:
5237:
5219:
5174:
5147:
5130:
5105:
5077:
5060:
4988:
4966:
4937:
4908:
4887:
4869:
4824:
4797:
4780:
4745:
4717:
4700:
4629:
4596:
4567:
4538:
4509:
4480:
4451:
4433:
4362:
4344:
4333:
4292:
4274:
4263:
4191:
4162:
4133:
4104:
4083:
4054:
4036:
4001:
3951:
3906:
3879:
3858:
3786:
3764:
3735:
3706:
3685:
3656:
3638:
3603:
3569:
3552:
3512:
3485:
3468:
3385:
3322:
3291:
3264:
3237:
3150:
3109:
3082:
3027:
3006:
2999:
2888:
2754:
2565:
2516:
2484:
2472:
2467:
1968:"Princeton Alumni Weekly"
1472:The American Conservative
1328:Martin Dies and Socialism
935:Norman Thomas High School
928:
648:
558:Declaration of Principles
264:Brick Presbyterian Church
162:
154:
128:
118:
92:
73:
47:
35:
28:
6595:People from Marion, Ohio
2642:Progressive Party ticket
2468:Party political offices
1636:Beito, David T. (2023).
1366:An Appeal to the Nations
973:
912:
605:The Jewish Daily Forward
470:Socialist Party politics
328:, Thomas helped to make
6605:Presbyterian socialists
6073:Randall Watson Forsberg
5740:Socialist Workers Party
3357:Socialist Workers Party
1972:Princeton Alumni Weekly
1600:. The New International
1598:"Their Morals and Ours"
1292:Workers' Defense League
904:Evan Welling Thomas III
851:Socialist International
676:America First Committee
631:Jersey City, New Jersey
624:Socialist Workers Party
608:, the English-language
452:conscientious objectors
346:, the precursor of the
233:Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
6640:American anti-Zionists
6520:American tax resisters
6515:American Presbyterians
6460:American anti-fascists
4308:Incumbent VP nominee:
3133:William Jennings Bryan
2450:Works by Norman Thomas
2313:Johnpoll, Bernard K.,
2026:. Princeton University
1915:"Eugene V. Debs Award"
1880:Forman, James (1972).
1741:Samuel Walker (1999).
1538:Current Biography 1945
1523:Current Biography 1945
1314:Post War World Council
1050:Is Conscience a Crime?
849:, affiliated with the
810:William F. Buckley, Jr
802:Martin Luther King Jr.
666:
456:Is Conscience a Crime?
302:made his campaign for
288:conscientious objector
229:Florence Kling Harding
6138:Marian Wright Edelman
5939:William Sloane Coffin
5087:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4939:Socialist Labor Party
4727:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4634:Other 1936 elections:
4608:William Dudley Pelley
4569:Socialist Labor Party
4321:Henry S. Breckinridge
4302:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4135:Socialist Labor Party
3889:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3773:William Dudley Pelley
3737:Socialist Labor Party
3274:Robert M. La Follette
3196:George R. Kirkpatrick
3096:Charles E. Cunningham
3055:Barzillai J. Chambers
2926:Social Democrats, USA
2476:Robert M. La Follette
2402:files, hosted at the
2306:Gregory, Raymond F.,
1664:. (1951); pp. 312–13.
1496:Johnpoll, Bernard K.
1436:Socialism Re-Examined
1150:Fascism or Socialism?
1060:In the League and Out
707:President Roosevelt's
657:Thomas speaking at a
656:
464:Socialism Re-examined
372:New York State Senate
290:that drew him to the
176:Norman Mattoon Thomas
52:Norman Mattoon Thomas
5797:Other 1948 elections
5771:and other candidates
5550:Leverett Saltonstall
5540:Joseph W. Martin Jr.
5530:Herbert E. Hitchcock
5317:Other 1944 elections
4993:Other 1940 elections
4196:Other 1932 elections
4095:William David Upshaw
3791:Other 1928 elections
2946:Democratic socialism
2566:Presidential tickets
2320:Seidler, Murray B.,
2292:Fleischmann, Harry,
2082:University of Kansas
2024:etcweb.princeton.edu
1998:www.ourcampaigns.com
1739:For more detail see
1378:Why I am a candidate
1340:What Is Our Destiny?
1201:Why I Am a Socialist
1146:The Choice Before Us
1103:Why I Am a Socialist
943:Princeton University
919:Huntington, New York
887:University of Kansas
859:Eugene V. Debs Award
835:Allard K. Lowenstein
671:the Second World War
661:meeting in 1937 (by
502:improve this section
418:democratic socialism
411:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
384:Charles P. Steinmetz
360:governor of New York
245:Princeton University
241:Princeton University
105:Princeton University
85:Huntington, New York
6495:American socialists
5452:Richard Russell Jr.
5419:Incumbent nominee:
5239:America First Party
4300:Incumbent nominee:
4178:William Hope Harvey
3352:Communist Party USA
2911:Socialist Party USA
1941:. September 2, 1910
1870:, January 30, 1968.
1849:on October 19, 2008
1727:Densho Encyclopedia
1712:A Socialist's Faith
1688:, January 28, 1941.
1662:A Socialist's Faith
1624:Pacifist's Progress
1460:Up Against the Wall
1406:The Test of Freedom
1392:A Socialist's Faith
1140:Frederick A. Stokes
981:The Conquest of War
871:John Aikman Stewart
760:anti-Stalinist left
589:Communist Party USA
422:perennial candidate
309:Christian socialist
294:(SPA), a staunchly
262:at the fashionable
260:Rev. Henry Van Dyke
237:Bucknell University
100:Bucknell University
6505:American pacifists
6367:Tom B.K. Goldtooth
5881:John Haynes Holmes
5877:Maurice Eisendrath
5848:Gandhi Peace Award
5779:Gerald L. K. Smith
5619:Fielding L. Wright
5249:Gerald L. K. Smith
4928:Maynard C. Krueger
4024:James W. Wadsworth
3594:Joseph T. Robinson
3377:New Alliance Party
3347:Farmer–Labor Party
3342:Independence Party
3293:Progressive (1948)
3266:Progressive (1924)
3247:Theodore Roosevelt
2871:Washington (state)
2379:2021-05-16 at the
2251:The New York Times
2220:The New York Times
2192:The New York Times
2111:. 18 December 2015
2108:The New York Times
2051:The New York Times
1938:The New York Times
1816:The New York Times
1483:David A. Shannon,
1465:2011-05-18 at the
1286:2020-10-20 at the
994:2019-08-27 at the
831:Dominican Republic
714:racial segregation
667:
562:The World Tomorrow
437:Russian Revolution
431:and revolutionary
354:Electoral politics
330:The World Tomorrow
321:The World Tomorrow
6630:Writers from Ohio
6407:
6406:
6088:Robert Jay Lifton
5869:Edwin T. Dahlberg
5865:Eleanor Roosevelt
5814:
5813:
5788:
5787:
5682:Progressive Party
5653:Prohibition Party
5628:
5627:
5573:
5572:
5560:Arthur Vandenberg
5535:Douglas MacArthur
5522:Other candidates:
5465:
5464:
5447:Harley M. Kilgore
5444:Other candidates:
5334:
5333:
5308:
5307:
5299:Darlington Hoopes
5260:Prohibition Party
5215:
5214:
5192:Douglas MacArthur
5126:
5125:
5010:
5009:
4984:
4983:
4889:Prohibition Party
4865:
4864:
4857:Arthur Vandenberg
4815:Charles L. McNary
4776:
4775:
4758:John Nance Garner
4650:
4649:
4625:
4624:
4558:Thomas C. O'Brien
4482:Prohibition Party
4429:
4428:
4421:Frederick Steiwer
4388:Other candidates:
4329:
4328:
4318:Other candidates:
4310:John Nance Garner
4213:
4212:
4187:
4186:
4171:James Renshaw Cox
4145:Verne L. Reynolds
4085:Prohibition Party
4066:William Z. Foster
4032:
4031:
3947:
3946:
3919:William H. Murray
3914:John Nance Garner
3897:John Nance Garner
3808:
3807:
3782:
3781:
3755:Verne L. Reynolds
3697:William F. Varney
3687:Prohibition Party
3668:William Z. Foster
3634:
3633:
3548:
3547:
3418:
3417:
3325:left-wing parties
3318:
3317:
3278:Burton K. Wheeler
2959:
2958:
2884:
2883:
2526:
2525:
2520:Darlington Hoopes
2517:Succeeded by
2327:Swanberg, W. A.,
1225:
779:Lyndon B. Johnson
538:
537:
530:
460:social democratic
304:mayor of New York
224:Marion Daily Star
219:Warren G. Harding
173:
172:
77:December 19, 1968
62:November 20, 1884
6652:
6400:
6392:
6380:
6379:
6373:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6325:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6304:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6283:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6230:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6216:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6180:
6178:Edith Ballantyne
6172:
6164:
6156:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6124:
6123:
6117:
6109:
6101:
6100:
6094:
6082:
6081:
6075:
6067:
6059:
6040:
6032:
6020:
6019:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5983:
5975:
5974:
5968:
5956:
5955:
5949:
5941:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5903:
5901:E. Stanley Jones
5895:
5883:
5871:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5692:Henry A. Wallace
5663:Claude A. Watson
5634:
5633:
5586:
5585:
5476:
5475:
5471:Republican Party
5457:Henry A. Wallace
5436:Alben W. Barkley
5391:
5390:
5386:Democratic Party
5361:
5354:
5347:
5338:
5337:
5270:Claude A. Watson
5221:
5220:
5175:Other candidates
5163:Vice President:
5145:
5144:
5133:Republican Party
5106:Other candidates
5094:Vice President:
5075:
5074:
5063:Democratic Party
5037:
5030:
5023:
5014:
5013:
4871:
4870:
4825:Other candidates
4813:Vice President:
4795:
4794:
4783:Republican Party
4746:Other candidates
4736:Henry A. Wallace
4734:Vice President:
4715:
4714:
4703:Democratic Party
4677:
4670:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4587:Emil F. Teichert
4529:George A. Nelson
4500:Claude A. Watson
4435:
4434:
4342:
4341:
4336:Republican Party
4272:
4271:
4266:Democratic Party
4240:
4233:
4226:
4217:
4216:
4038:
4037:
4019:Joseph I. France
4002:Other candidates
3989:Vice President:
3970:
3969:
3954:Republican Party
3907:Other candidates
3895:Vice President:
3877:
3876:
3861:Democratic Party
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3640:
3639:
3604:Other candidates
3592:Vice President:
3567:
3566:
3555:Democratic Party
3535:George W. Norris
3513:Other candidates
3501:Vice President:
3483:
3482:
3471:Republican Party
3445:
3438:
3431:
3422:
3421:
3301:Henry A. Wallace
3137:Thomas E. Watson
3025:
3024:
3021:running mate(s))
3019:(candidate(s) /
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2951:Social democracy
2761:
2760:
2755:Parties by state
2552:
2545:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2481:
2473:Preceded by
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2404:Internet Archive
2398:Norman Thomas's
2390:Thomas, Norman.
2369:Internet Archive
2334:Thomas, Louisa,
2299:Hyfler, Robert,
2281:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2223:. March 28, 2004
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2161:"Evan Thomas II"
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2135:alums.vassar.edu
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2054:. August 1, 2010
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1737:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1676:November 5, 1940
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1453:
1424:Great Dissenters
1304:We Have a Future
1223:
1090:John Day Company
855:Joaquín Balaguer
839:general election
772:Folkways Records
643:Alfred M. Landon
601:Yiddish-language
533:
526:
522:
519:
513:
482:
474:
403:Victor L. Berger
390:when he ran for
252:settlement house
148:
146:
80:
61:
59:
40:
26:
25:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6395:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6364:
6356:
6348:
6340:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6281:David Cortright
6274:
6269:Dennis Kucinich
6266:
6258:
6252:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6207:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6167:
6159:
6151:
6146:George McGovern
6143:
6135:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6115:John Somerville
6112:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6070:
6062:
6057:Helen Caldicott
6054:
6043:
6035:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6011:Daniel Ellsberg
6008:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5944:
5928:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5851:
5845:
5815:
5810:
5784:
5763:
5734:
5729:Tucker P. Smith
5711:Socialist Party
5705:
5676:
5647:
5624:
5597:
5569:
5525:Riley A. Bender
5506:Thomas E. Dewey
5492:
5461:
5421:Harry S. Truman
5407:
5380:
5365:
5335:
5330:
5304:
5281:Socialist Party
5275:
5254:
5233:
5211:
5207:Wendell Willkie
5187:Everett Dirksen
5182:Riley A. Bender
5170:
5165:John W. Bricker
5157:Thomas E. Dewey
5136:
5122:
5101:
5066:
5056:
5041:
5011:
5006:
4980:
4962:
4957:Aaron M. Orange
4933:
4910:Socialist Party
4904:
4883:
4861:
4820:
4807:Wendell Willkie
4786:
4772:
4768:Millard Tydings
4741:
4706:
4696:
4681:
4651:
4646:
4621:
4598:Christian Party
4592:
4563:
4534:
4511:Socialist Party
4505:
4492:D. Leigh Colvin
4476:
4453:Communist Party
4447:
4425:
4401:L. J. Dickinson
4358:
4325:
4288:
4259:
4244:
4214:
4209:
4183:
4158:
4129:
4124:James H. Maurer
4106:Socialist Party
4100:
4079:
4056:Communist Party
4050:
4028:
4014:Calvin Coolidge
3997:
3957:
3943:
3902:
3864:
3854:
3839:
3809:
3804:
3778:
3760:
3731:
3726:James H. Maurer
3708:Socialist Party
3702:
3681:
3676:Benjamin Gitlow
3658:Communist Party
3652:
3630:
3599:
3558:
3544:
3540:Frank B. Willis
3530:Frank O. Lowden
3508:
3474:
3464:
3449:
3419:
3414:
3381:
3324:
3314:
3287:
3260:
3233:
3224:James H. Maurer
3210:Seymour Stedman
3192:Allan L. Benson
3146:
3119:James B. Weaver
3105:
3078:
3069:Absolom M. West
3065:Benjamin Butler
3051:James B. Weaver
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2960:
2955:
2880:
2756:
2750:
2561:
2556:
2522:
2491:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2458:
2383:from Thomas to
2381:Wayback Machine
2360:
2289:
2287:Further reading
2284:
2279:Wayback Machine
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2195:. March 1, 1999
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2167:. March 6, 1999
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2141:on May 30, 2016
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
2000:. Our Campaigns
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:Norman Thomas,
1659:
1655:
1648:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1467:Wayback Machine
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1288:Wayback Machine
1006:New York City:
996:Wayback Machine
976:
931:
915:
867:
794:Hubert Humphrey
783:Barry Goldwater
756:
721:Margaret Sanger
680:Wendell Willkie
651:
534:
523:
517:
514:
499:
483:
472:
356:
300:Morris Hillquit
211:
150:
142:
138:
135:
134:Frances Stewart
119:Political party
114:
93:Alma mater
88:
82:
78:
69:
63:
57:
55:
54:
53:
43:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6658:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6398:Jackson Browne
6393:
6390:Omar Barghouti
6381:
6374:
6362:
6359:Medea Benjamin
6354:
6346:
6338:
6335:Arik Ascherman
6326:
6319:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6272:
6264:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6196:
6181:
6173:
6165:
6157:
6149:
6141:
6133:
6125:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6095:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6065:Corliss Lamont
6060:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6038:Roland Bainton
6033:
6026:Peter Benenson
6021:
6014:
6006:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5976:
5969:
5966:Willard Uphaus
5957:
5950:
5947:Benjamin Spock
5942:
5926:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5884:
5872:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5821:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5774:
5772:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5753:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5724:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5700:Glen H. Taylor
5695:
5686:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5666:
5657:
5655:
5649:
5648:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5614:
5611:Strom Thurmond
5605:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5583:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5565:Robert A. Taft
5562:
5557:
5555:Harold Stassen
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5364:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5243:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5202:Robert A. Taft
5199:
5197:Harold Stassen
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5160:
5151:
5149:
5142:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5091:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5058:
5057:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4943:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Styles Bridges
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4712:
4698:
4697:
4680:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4573:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4544:
4542:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4524:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4486:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4396:Stephen A. Day
4393:
4384:
4383:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4243:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4220:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4148:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:John J. Blaine
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:Charles Curtis
3986:
3982:Herbert Hoover
3976:
3974:
3967:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3929:Albert Ritchie
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3874:
3856:
3855:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3747:Frank T. Johns
3741:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Atlee Pomerene
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Charles Curtis
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3503:Charles Curtis
3498:
3495:Herbert Hoover
3489:
3487:
3480:
3466:
3465:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:Citizens Party
3369:
3367:People's Party
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3305:Glen H. Taylor
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3206:Eugene V. Debs
3203:
3189:
3178:Eugene V. Debs
3175:
3160:Eugene V. Debs
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3130:
3123:James G. Field
3115:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3092:Alson Streeter
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3062:
3048:
3041:Samuel F. Cary
3033:
3031:
3022:
3013:one percent of
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2889:Related topics
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:North Carolina
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2483:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2447:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2396:
2387:
2371:
2359:
2358:External links
2356:
2355:
2354:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2265:
2234:
2206:
2178:
2152:
2122:
2094:
2065:
2037:
2011:
1985:
1952:
1924:
1906:
1893:978-0295976594
1892:
1872:
1859:
1830:
1821:
1818:. 30 May 1964.
1803:
1782:
1773:
1761:
1754:978-0809322701
1753:
1732:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1653:
1647:978-1598133561
1646:
1628:
1615:
1588:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1527:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1456:Kauffman, Bill
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1276:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1078:. Girard, KS:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1054:Vanguard Press
1047:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
999:
984:
977:
975:
972:
947:Forbes College
930:
927:
914:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
898:
895:
892:
889:
866:
863:
764:Walter Reuther
755:
752:
650:
647:
639:Herbert Hoover
536:
535:
486:
484:
477:
471:
468:
441:anti-Stalinism
392:State Engineer
355:
352:
296:antimilitarist
210:
207:
193:, and was the
171:
170:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
140:
136:
133:
132:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
96:
94:
90:
89:
83:
81:(aged 84)
75:
71:
70:
64:
51:
49:
45:
44:
42:Thomas in 1937
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6657:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6399:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6382:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6351:Bill McKibben
6347:
6344:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6265:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6225:
6218:
6215:
6214:Alice Frazier
6211:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6182:
6179:
6174:
6171:
6170:Roy Bourgeois
6166:
6163:
6162:Lucius Walker
6158:
6155:
6150:
6147:
6142:
6139:
6134:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6116:
6111:
6108:
6103:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6039:
6034:
6031:
6030:Martin Ennals
6027:
6022:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6004:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5982:
5977:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5951:
5948:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5931:Norman Thomas
5927:
5924:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5902:
5897:
5894:
5893:James Warburg
5890:
5889:Linus Pauling
5885:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5758:Grace Carlson
5754:
5752:
5751:
5750:Farrell Dobbs
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5721:Norman Thomas
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5672:
5671:Dale H. Learn
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5641:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5576:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:Edward Martin
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5357:
5355:
5350:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:Norman Thomas
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5113:Harry F. Byrd
5111:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5026:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4949:John W. Aiken
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4920:Norman Thomas
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4842:Frank Gannett
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4579:John W. Aiken
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4550:William Lemke
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4521:Norman Thomas
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4471:James W. Ford
4467:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:William Borah
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4234:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4153:John W. Aiken
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:Norman Thomas
4112:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4074:James W. Ford
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:James A. Reed
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:Norman Thomas
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3626:Evans Woollen
3624:
3622:
3621:James A. Reed
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Liberty Party
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:Other notable
3321:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3252:
3251:Hiram Johnson
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:Norman Thomas
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Massachusetts
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:and territory
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2238:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1868:New York Post
1863:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1699:Norman Thomas
1694:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1626:, pp. 138–39.
1625:
1619:
1612:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1566:, pp. 190–91.
1565:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1525:, pp. 688–91.
1524:
1519:
1513:, pp. 189–90.
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1458:(2010-08-01)
1457:
1452:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:B. W. Huebsch
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
982:
979:
978:
971:
968:
966:
965:Louisa Thomas
962:
958:
957:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
905:
902:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
888:
884:
883:
882:
880:
876:
872:
865:Personal life
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
806:
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
708:
703:
701:
696:
691:
688:
683:
681:
677:
672:
664:
660:
655:
646:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
619:
617:
613:
612:
607:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Popular Front
590:
586:
582:
581:Lovestoneites
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
547:
543:
532:
529:
521:
511:
507:
503:
497:
496:
492:
487:This section
485:
481:
476:
475:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:in 1926, for
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
281:
277:
276:Social Gospel
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
86:
76:
72:
67:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:Norman Thomas
27:
22:
6388: /
6369: /
6333: /
6279: /
6261:Michael True
6212: /
6154:Ramsey Clark
6130:César Chávez
6107:Bernard Lown
6090: /
6028: /
5964: /
5937: /
5935:Jerome Davis
5933: /
5930:
5891: /
5879: /
5867: /
5796:
5777:
5769:Independents
5756:VP nominee:
5755:
5747:
5727:VP nominee:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5697:
5689:
5669:VP nominee:
5668:
5660:
5617:VP nominee:
5616:
5608:
5578:
5521:
5512:VP nominee:
5511:
5503:
5443:
5434:VP nominee:
5433:
5418:
5377:→ 1952
5369:← 1944
5316:
5297:VP nominee:
5296:
5290:
5288:
5267:
5246:
5162:
5154:
5131:
5118:James Farley
5096:Harry Truman
5093:
5084:
5061:
5053:→ 1948
5045:← 1940
4992:
4975:Gracie Allen
4973:
4967:Independents
4955:VP nominee:
4954:
4946:
4926:VP nominee:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4899:Roger Babson
4896:
4847:Arthur James
4837:Thomas Dewey
4812:
4804:
4781:
4763:Cordell Hull
4753:James Farley
4733:
4724:
4701:
4693:→ 1944
4685:← 1936
4633:
4616:Willard Kemp
4614:VP nominee:
4613:
4605:
4585:VP nominee:
4584:
4576:
4556:VP nominee:
4555:
4547:
4527:VP nominee:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4498:VP nominee:
4497:
4489:
4469:VP nominee:
4468:
4463:Earl Browder
4460:
4406:Warren Green
4387:
4378:VP nominee:
4377:
4369:
4334:
4317:
4307:
4299:
4264:
4256:→ 1940
4248:← 1932
4195:
4176:
4169:
4163:Independents
4151:VP nominee:
4150:
4142:
4122:VP nominee:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4092:
4072:VP nominee:
4071:
4063:
3988:
3979:
3952:
3894:
3886:
3859:
3851:→ 1936
3843:← 1928
3790:
3771:
3765:Independents
3753:VP nominee:
3752:
3744:
3724:VP nominee:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3694:
3674:VP nominee:
3673:
3665:
3611:Cordell Hull
3591:
3576:
3553:
3500:
3492:
3469:
3461:→ 1932
3453:← 1924
3219:
3037:Peter Cooper
3017:popular vote
3015:the national
3011:won at least
3009:tickets that
3007:Presidential
2861:Pennsylvania
2841:North Dakota
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2485:
2391:
2363:A film clip
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2249:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2134:
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2106:
2097:
2085:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1971:
1943:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1899:16 September
1897:. Retrieved
1882:
1875:
1867:
1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1637:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1602:. Retrieved
1591:
1583:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1451:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1279:
1273:Joel Seidman
1267:
1260:
1254:
1249:Devere Allen
1243:
1236:
1229:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1138:. New York:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1088:. New York:
1085:
1075:
1068:. New York:
1065:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1026:. New York:
1023:
1016:. New York:
1013:
1002:
987:
980:
969:
954:
932:
916:
868:
828:
813:
807:
787:
776:
767:
757:
733:
729:
724:
718:
704:
692:
684:
668:
663:Louise Boyle
628:
620:
609:
603:
574:
566:Devere Allen
561:
555:
539:
524:
515:
500:Please help
488:
463:
455:
449:
445:Leon Trotsky
426:
415:
396:
357:
333:
329:
326:Devere Allen
320:
313:
285:
272:Fifth Avenue
249:
222:
215:Marion, Ohio
212:
180:Presbyterian
175:
174:
79:(1968-12-19)
66:Marion, Ohio
6425:1968 deaths
6420:1884 births
6386:Ralph Nader
6371:Kathy Kelly
6343:Amy Goodman
6331:Ehud Bandel
6277:Karen Jacob
6200:Paula Kline
6193:Alan Wright
6003:Dorothy Day
5962:Wayne Morse
5923:A. J. Muste
5644:independent
5640:third-party
5514:Earl Warren
5230:independent
5226:Third-party
5155:President:
5090:(incumbent)
5085:President:
4880:independent
4876:Third-party
4852:Robert Taft
4805:President:
4730:(incumbent)
4725:President:
4540:Union Party
4444:independent
4440:Third-party
4416:Earl Warren
4047:independent
4043:Third party
3994:(incumbent)
3985:(incumbent)
3980:President:
3887:President:
3649:independent
3645:Third party
3577:President:
3525:Guy D. Goff
3493:President:
3182:Emil Seidel
3164:Ben Hanford
3084:Union Labor
2781:Connecticut
2640:, Endorsed
2620:Kirkpatrick
2385:Salah Bitar
2254:. p. 1
1096:As I See It
961:Evan Thomas
923:Long Island
824:Vietnam War
815:Firing Line
798:Earl Warren
790:Hotel Astor
754:Later years
744:Suez Crisis
635:Frank Hague
585:Trotskyists
551:"Old Guard"
546:"Militants"
518:August 2017
462:consensus,
407:Daniel Hoan
399:Eugene Debs
250:After some
209:Early years
167:Evan Thomas
6414:Categories
5646:candidates
5602:Candidates
5593:Convention
5497:Candidates
5483:Convention
5412:Candidates
5398:Convention
5232:candidates
5139:Convention
5069:Convention
4882:candidates
4789:Convention
4709:Convention
4446:candidates
4411:Frank Knox
4380:Frank Knox
4372:Alf Landon
4363:Candidates
4349:Convention
4293:Candidates
4279:Convention
4049:candidates
3964:Convention
3871:Convention
3651:candidates
3561:Convention
3477:Convention
3239:Bull Moose
2826:New Jersey
2771:California
2078:KU History
1853:2015-05-13
1797:2020-02-08
1697:Swanberg,
1622:Johnpoll,
1444:References
1312:New York:
1290:New York:
1224:– leaflet
1052:New York:
1036:New York:
959:columnist
843:Juan Bosch
687:Lend Lease
611:New Leader
335:The Nation
169:, grandson
58:1884-11-20
6238:2000–2019
6048:1980–1999
5856:1960–1979
5850:laureates
5748:Nominee:
5719:Nominee:
5698:Nominee:
5690:Nominee:
5661:Nominee:
5609:Nominee:
5504:Nominee:
5488:Primaries
5403:Primaries
5289:Nominee:
5268:Nominee:
5247:Nominee:
4947:Nominee:
4918:Nominee:
4897:Nominee:
4606:Nominee:
4577:Nominee:
4548:Nominee:
4519:Nominee:
4490:Nominee:
4461:Nominee:
4370:Nominee:
4354:Primaries
4284:Primaries
4143:Nominee:
4114:Nominee:
4093:Nominee:
4064:Nominee:
3960:Primaries
3867:Primaries
3745:Nominee:
3716:Nominee:
3695:Nominee:
3666:Nominee:
3152:Socialist
3029:Greenback
2876:Wisconsin
2816:Minnesota
2796:Louisiana
2487:Socialist
2227:April 13,
2199:April 13,
2171:April 13,
2145:April 13,
2087:April 13,
2058:April 13,
2030:April 13,
2004:April 13,
1978:April 13,
1714:, p. 313.
1586:, p. 191.
1582:Shannon,
1562:Shannon,
1553:, p. 190.
1549:Shannon,
1540:, p. 688.
1509:Shannon,
1388:: , 1949.
1070:Macmillan
939:Manhattan
906:(b. 1951)
879:Cleveland
591:in joint
489:does not
429:communism
268:Manhattan
247:in 1905.
187:socialist
163:Relatives
123:Socialist
6092:Kay Camp
5427:campaign
5148:Nominees
5078:Nominees
4798:Nominees
4718:Nominees
3973:Nominees
3938:campaign
3934:Al Smith
3880:Nominees
3585:campaign
3579:Al Smith
3570:Nominees
3486:Nominees
3111:Populist
2851:Oklahoma
2831:New York
2821:Missouri
2811:Michigan
2776:Colorado
2746:Friedman
2733:Friedman
2480:Endorsed
2454:LibriVox
2377:Archived
2275:Archived
2115:13 April
1945:13 April
1843:Time.com
1839:"People"
1710:Thomas,
1701:, p. 260
1463:Archived
1284:Archived
992:Archived
956:Newsweek
376:alderman
280:pacifist
191:pacifist
183:minister
155:Children
5981:U Thant
2786:Florida
2694:Krueger
2633:Stedman
2594:Hanford
2581:Hanford
2438:of the
2434:in the
2425:Part 14
2415:Part 1A
2351:1891708
2258:May 31,
1604:21 June
1316:, 1942.
1294:, 1939.
1247:. With
1142:, 1934.
1092:, 1932.
1082:, 1931.
1072:, 1931.
1056:, 1927.
1040:, 1925.
1030:, 1923.
1020:, 1923.
875:Lincoln
845:of the
738:and of
736:Zionism
510:removed
495:sources
433:Marxism
149:
141:
137:
6210:Howard
5806:Senate
5638:Other
5326:Senate
5002:Senate
4642:Senate
4205:Senate
3800:Senate
2856:Oregon
2791:Kansas
2742:Hoopes
2729:Hoopes
2716:Thomas
2707:Hoopes
2703:Thomas
2690:Thomas
2681:Nelson
2677:Thomas
2668:Maurer
2664:Thomas
2655:Maurer
2651:Thomas
2616:Benson
2607:Seidel
2420:Part 2
2410:Part 1
2374:Letter
2349:
2165:SFGate
1890:
1751:
1729:(2013)
1644:
929:Legacy
800:, and
693:After
649:Causes
614:, the
370:, for
129:Spouse
87:, U.S.
68:, U.S.
6396:2018
6384:2017
6365:2015
6357:2014
6349:2013
6341:2012
6329:2011
6275:2004
6267:2003
6259:2002
6208:1997
6184:1996
6176:1995
6168:1994
6160:1993
6152:1992
6144:1991
6136:1990
6128:1989
6113:1987
6105:1986
6086:1984
6071:1982
6063:1981
6055:1980
6036:1979
6024:1978
6009:1976
6001:1975
5979:1972
5960:1970
5945:1968
5929:1967
5921:1966
5899:1963
5887:1962
5875:1961
5863:1960
5801:House
5321:House
4997:House
4637:House
4200:House
3795:House
2866:Texas
2801:Maine
2764:State
2720:Smith
2347:JSTOR
1271:With
974:Works
913:Death
770:, on
700:Nazis
143:(
139:
6378:2016
6323:2010
6316:2009
6309:2008
6302:2007
6295:2006
6288:2005
6253:2001
6246:2000
6228:1999
6221:1998
6122:1988
6099:1985
6080:1983
6018:1977
5995:1974
5988:1973
5973:1971
5954:1969
5915:1965
5908:1964
5642:and
5371:)
5228:and
5047:)
4878:and
4687:)
4442:and
4250:)
4045:and
3845:)
3647:and
3455:)
3309:1948
3282:1924
3255:1912
3228:1932
3214:1920
3200:1916
3186:1912
3172:1908
3170:and
3168:1904
3141:1896
3127:1892
3100:1888
3073:1884
3059:1880
3045:1876
2846:Ohio
2738:1956
2725:1952
2712:1948
2699:1944
2686:1940
2673:1936
2660:1932
2647:1928
2638:1924
2629:Debs
2625:1920
2612:1916
2603:Debs
2599:1912
2590:Debs
2586:1908
2577:Debs
2573:1904
2513:1948
2509:1944
2505:1940
2501:1936
2497:1932
2493:1928
2260:2022
2229:2016
2201:2016
2173:2016
2147:2016
2117:2016
2089:2016
2060:2016
2032:2016
2006:2016
1980:2016
1947:2016
1901:2017
1888:ISBN
1749:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1606:2018
1010:1918
933:The
877:and
659:STFU
641:and
583:and
493:any
491:cite
388:1922
380:1934
368:1925
364:1924
203:1948
201:and
199:1928
189:and
74:Died
48:Born
2452:at
2440:ZBW
2400:FBI
945:'s
702:".
504:by
362:in
270:'s
266:on
221:'s
6416::
5799::
5319::
4995::
4198::
3962:·
3869:·
3793::
2740:,
2727:,
2714:,
2701:,
2688:,
2675:,
2662:,
2649:,
2627:,
2614:,
2601:,
2588:,
2575:,
2511:,
2507:,
2503:,
2499:,
2495:,
2406::
2248:.
2217:.
2189:.
2163:.
2133:.
2105:.
2080:.
2076:.
2048:.
2022:.
1996:.
1970:.
1955:^
1935:.
1917:.
1841:.
1814:.
1608:.
1571:^
1530:^
1469:,
967:.
925:.
826:.
796:,
750:.
665:)
564:,
466:.
454:,
394:.
350:.
311:.
205:.
145:m.
5840:e
5833:t
5826:v
5379:)
5375:(
5367:(
5360:e
5353:t
5346:v
5141:)
5137:(
5071:)
5067:(
5055:)
5051:(
5043:(
5036:e
5029:t
5022:v
4791:)
4787:(
4711:)
4707:(
4695:)
4691:(
4683:(
4676:e
4669:t
4662:v
4258:)
4254:(
4246:(
4239:e
4232:t
4225:v
3966:)
3958:(
3940:)
3936:(
3873:)
3865:(
3853:)
3849:(
3841:(
3834:e
3827:t
3820:v
3563:)
3559:(
3479:)
3475:(
3463:)
3459:(
3451:(
3444:e
3437:t
3430:v
3311:)
3307:(
3303:/
3284:)
3280:(
3276:/
3257:)
3253:(
3249:/
3230:)
3226:(
3222:/
3216:)
3212:(
3208:/
3202:)
3198:(
3194:/
3188:)
3184:(
3180:/
3174:)
3166:(
3162:/
3143:)
3139:(
3135:/
3129:)
3125:(
3121:/
3102:)
3098:(
3094:/
3075:)
3071:(
3067:/
3061:)
3057:(
3053:/
3047:)
3043:(
3039:/
2985:e
2978:t
2971:v
2744:/
2731:/
2718:/
2705:/
2692:/
2679:/
2666:/
2653:/
2631:/
2618:/
2605:/
2592:/
2579:/
2551:e
2544:t
2537:v
2353:.
2262:.
2231:.
2203:.
2175:.
2149:.
2119:.
2091:.
2062:.
2034:.
2008:.
1982:.
1949:.
1903:.
1856:.
1800:.
1759:.
1757:.
1650:.
1152:)
531:)
525:(
520:)
516:(
512:.
498:.
158:5
60:)
56:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
