967:
903:
715:. Ablation may be an option for patients whose tumors are near the outer edge of the lungs. Nodules less than 1 cm from the trachea, main bronchi, oesophagus, and central vessels should be excluded from RFA given high risk of complications and frequent incomplete ablation. Additionally, lesions greater than 5 cm should be excluded and lesions 3 to 5 cm should be considered with caution given high risk of recurrence. As a minimally invasive procedure, it can be a safer alternative for patients who are poor candidates for surgery due to comorbidities or limited lung function. A study comparing thermal ablation to sublobar resection as treatment for early stage NSCLC in older people found no difference in overall survival of the patients. It is possible that RFA followed by radiation therapy has a survival benefit due to synergism of the two mechanisms of cell destruction.
265:(LCLC) is a heterogeneous group of undifferentiated malignant neoplasms originating from transformed epithelial cells in the lung. LCLCs have typically comprised around 10% of all NSCLC in the past, although newer diagnostic techniques seem to be reducing the incidence of diagnosis of "classic" LCLC in favor of more poorly differentiated SCCs and adenocarcinomas. LCLC is, in effect, a "diagnosis of exclusion", in that the tumor cells lack light microscopic characteristics that would classify the neoplasm as a small-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or other more specific histologic type of lung cancer. LCLC is differentiated from SCLC primarily by the larger size of the
858:
915:
PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on the surface of T cells. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the circulation and functions as an angiogenesis inhibitor. Multiple phase 3 clinical trials utilizing immunotherapy in the first line for treatment of NSCLC were published, including Pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-024, KEYNOTE-042, KEYNOTE-189 and KEYNOTE-407; Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in CHECKMATE-227 and CHECKMATE 9LA; and Atezolizumab in IMpower110, IMpower130 and IMpower150.
992:(Exkivity) was approved for medical use in the United States in September 2021, and it is indicated for adults with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations, as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy. In October 2023, the manufacturer, Takeda, voluntarily withdrew Mobocertinib from use in the United States. In phase 3 clinical trials, the drug failed to show a significant effect on progression-free survival (PFS).
278:
include chronic cough, coughing up blood, hoarseness, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, weight loss, and loss of appetite. A few more symptoms associated with the early progression of the disease are feeling weak, being very tired, having trouble swallowing, swelling in the face or neck, and continuous or recurring infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia. Signs of more advanced cases include bone pain, nervous-system changes (headache, weakness, dizziness, balance problems, seizures), jaundice, lumps near the surface of the body, numbness of extremities due to
895:
92:
53:
910:(PD-1) expressed on the surface of T cells, and result in decreased tumor cell kill by the immune system. Atezolizumab is an anti PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab are anti PD-1 monoclonal antibodies. Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) on the surface of T cells. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in the circulation and functions as an angiogenesis inhibitor.
141:
2561:
Nuria; Barneto Aranda, Isidoro; Viteri, Santiago; Pereira, Eva; Royuela, Ana; Casarrubios, Marta; Salas AntĂłn, Clara; Parra, Edwin R; Wistuba, Ignacio; Calvo, Virginia; Laza-Briviesca, Raquel; Romero, Atocha; Massuti, Bartomeu; Cruz-BermĂșdez, Alberto (November 2020). "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and nivolumab in resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NADIM): an open-label, multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial".
224:
3235:
164:, but several other types occur less frequently. A few of the less common types are pleomorphic, carcinoid tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and unclassified carcinoma. All types can occur in unusual histologic variants and as mixed cell-type combinations. Non-squamous-cell carcinoma almost occupies the half of NSCLC. In the tissue classification, the central type contains about one-ninth.
3441:
845:. Crizotinib has been shown in clinical studies to have response rates around 60% if patients are shown to have ALK-positive disease. Several studies have also shown that ALK mutations and EGFR activating mutations are typically mutually exclusive. Thus, patients who fail crizotinib are not recommended to be switched to an EGFR-targeted drug such as
657:
different categories: patients with early, nonmetastatic disease (stages I and II, and select type III tumors), patients with locally advanced disease confined to the thoracic cavity (e.g., large tumors, tumors involving critical chest structures, or patients with positive mediastinal lymph nodes), or patients with distant
791:
mutations have been discovered, but certain aberrations result in hyperactive forms of the protein. People with these mutations are more likely to have adenocarcinoma histology and be nonsmokers or light smokers. These people have been shown to be sensitized to certain medications that block the EGFR protein known as
614:
Several components of NSCLC staging then influence physicians' treatment strategies. The lung tumor itself is typically assessed both radiographically for overall size and by a pathologist under the microscope to identify specific genetic markers or to see if invasion into important structures within
208:
in "never smokers" (lifelong nonsmokers). Adenocarcinomas account for about 40% of lung cancers. Historically, adenocarcinoma was more often seen peripherally in the lungs than SCLC and squamous-cell lung cancer, both of which tended to be more often centrally located. Recent studies, though, suggest
2668:
Provencio, M; Nadal, E; GonzĂĄlez-Larriba, JL; MartĂnez-MartĂ, A; BernabĂ©, R; Bosch-Barrera, J; Casal-Rubio, J; Calvo, V; Insa, A; Ponce, S; Reguart, N; de Castro, J; Mosquera, J; Cobo, M; Aguilar, A; LĂłpez
Vivanco, G; Camps, C; LĂłpez-Castro, R; MorĂĄn, T; Barneto, I; RodrĂguez-Abreu, D; Serna-Blasco,
790:
Roughly 10â35% of people who have NSCLC will have drug-sensitizing mutations of the EGFR. The distribution of these mutations has been found to be race-dependent, with one study estimating that 10% of
Caucasians, but 50% of Asians, will be found to have such tumor markers. A number of different EGFR
277:
Many of the symptoms of NSCLC can be signs of other diseases, but having chronic or overlapping symptoms may be a signal of the presence of the disease. Some symptoms are indicators of less advanced cases, while some may signal that the cancer has spread. Some of the symptoms of less advanced cancer
2604:
Forde, PM; Spicer, J; Lu, S; Provencio, M; Mitsudomi, T; Awad, MM; Felip, E; Broderick, SR; Brahmer, JR; Swanson, SJ; Kerr, K; Wang, C; Ciuleanu, TE; Saylors, GB; Tanaka, F; Ito, H; Chen, KN; Liberman, M; Vokes, EE; Taube, JM; Dorange, C; Cai, J; Fiore, J; Jarkowski, A; Balli, D; Sausen, M; Pandya,
727:
The treatment approach for people who have advanced NSCLC is first aimed at relieving pain and distress (palliative), but a wide variety of chemotherapy options exists. These agents include both traditional chemotherapies, such as cisplatin, which indiscriminately target all rapidly dividing cells,
656:
More than one kind of treatment is often used, depending on the stage of the cancer, the individual's overall health, age, response to chemotherapy, and other factors such as the likely side effects of the treatment. After full staging, the NSCLC patient can typically be classified in one of three
331:
Deficiencies in DNA repair underlie many forms of cancer. If DNA repair is deficient, the frequency of unrepaired DNA damages increases, and these tend to cause inaccurate translesion synthesis leading to mutation. Furthermore, increased damages can elevate incomplete repair, leading to epigenetic
246:
of SCC is around 5.5, both among those with a previous duration of smoking of 1 to 20 years, and those with 20 to 30 years, compared to "never smokers" (lifelong nonsmokers). The relative risk increases to about 16 with a previous smoking duration of 30 to 40 years, and roughly 22 with more than 40
914:
NSCLC cells expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) could interact with programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) expressed on the surface of T cells, and result in decreased tumor cell kill by the immune system. Atezolizumab is an anti PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. Nivolumab and
Pembrolizumab are anti
2560:
Provencio, Mariano; Nadal, Ernest; Insa, Amelia; GarcĂa-Campelo, MarĂa
Rosario; Casal-Rubio, JoaquĂn; DĂłmine, Manuel; Majem, Margarita; RodrĂguez-Abreu, Delvys; MartĂnez-MartĂ, Alex; De Castro Carpeño, Javier; Cobo, Manuel; LĂłpez Vivanco, Guillermo; Del Barco, Edel; BernabĂ© Caro, Reyes; Viñolas,
718:
The treatment scenario for patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer has changed dramatically with the incorporation of immunotherapy. The introduction of immunotherapy into treatment algorithms has yielded improved clinical outcomes in several phase II and III trials in both adjuvant
781:
RFA, cryoablation, and microwave ablation, are appropriate for palliative treatment of tumor-related symptoms or recurrences within treatment fields. People with severe pulmonary fibrosis and severe emphysema with a life expectancy less than a year should be considered poor candidates for this
610:
tumors. With TNM staging, the cancer is classified based on the size of the primary tumor and whether it has invaded adjacent structures (T), spread to lymph nodes (N) and other organs (M). As the tumor grows in size and the areas affected become larger, the staging of the cancer becomes more
959:; if chemotherapy has already been administered, then pembrolizumab can be used as a second-line treatment, but if the cancer has EGFR or ALK mutations, agents targeting those mutations should be used first. Assessment of PDL1 must be conducted with a validated and approved
728:
and newer targeted agents, which are more tailored to specific genetic aberrations found within a person's tumor. When choosing an appropriate chemotherapy approach, the toxicity profile (side effects of the drug) should be taken into account and balanced with the person's
692:. Certain people who are deemed to be higher risk may also receive adjuvant (ancillary) chemotherapy after initial surgery or radiation therapy. A number of possible chemotherapy agents can be selected, but most involve the platinum-based chemotherapy drug called
985:
The prognosis of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer improved significantly with the introduction of immunotherapy. People with tumor PDL-1 expressed over half or more of the tumor cells achieved a median overall survival of 30 months with pembrolizumab.
2524:
Grieco CA, Simon CJ, Mayo-Smith WW, DiPetrillo TA, Ready NE, Dupuy DE (July 2006). "Percutaneous image-guided thermal ablation and radiation therapy: outcomes of combined treatment for 41 patients with inoperable stage I/II non-small-cell lung cancer".
312:
Genetics can also play a role as a family history of lung cancer can contribute to an increased risk of developing the disease. Furthermore, research has revealed specific chromosome regions associated with increased risks of developing lung cancer.
167:
Sometimes, the phrase "not otherwise specified" (NOS) is used generically, usually when a more specific diagnosis cannot be made. This is most often the case when a pathologist examines a small number of malignant cells or tissue in a
2669:
R; BenĂtez, R; Aguado de la Rosa, C; Palmero, R; Hernando-Trancho, F; MartĂn-LĂłpez, J; Cruz-BermĂșdez, A; Massuti, B; Romero, A (10 August 2023). "Perioperative
Nivolumab and Chemotherapy in Stage III Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer".
741:. Cisplatin may cause more nausea or vomiting when compared to carboplatin treatment. PDâL1 inhibitors are more effective and lead to longer survival with fewer side effects compared to platinum-based chemotherapy.
3525:
3513:
635:
The survival rates for stages I through IV decrease significantly due to the advancement of the disease. For stage I, the five-year survival rate is 47%, stage II is 30%, stage III is 10%, and stage IV is 1%.
1080:
736:
is a chemotherapy agent that has a similar effect on a person's survival when compared to cisplatin, and has a different toxicity profile from cisplatin. Carboplatin may be associated with a higher risk of
350:, that functions in an inaccurate DNA repair pathway, is expressed at an increased level due to hypo-, rather than hyper-, methylation of its promoter region (deficiency of promoter methylation) in NSCLC.
1955:
Wolf P, Hu YC, Doffek K, Sidransky D, Ahrendt SA (November 2001). "O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter hypermethylation shifts the p53 mutational spectrum in non-small cell lung cancer".
316:
In general, DNA damage appears to be the primary underlying cause of cancer. Though most DNA damages are repairable, leftover unrepaired DNA damages from cigarette smoke are the likely cause of NSCLC.
719:(Impower010 and PEARLS) and neoadjuvant settings (JHU/MSK, LCMC3, NEOSTAR, Columbia/MGH, NADIM, NADIM II and CheckMate-816), leading to new U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals in this sense.
573:
The frequent deficiencies in accurate DNA repair, and the increase in inaccurate repair, likely cause the high level of mutation in lung cancer cells of more than 100,000 mutations per genome (see
970:
Overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with protocols incorporating immunotherapy in the first line for advanced or metastatic disease. Nasser NJ, Gorenberg M, Agbarya A.
342:
Epigenetic gene silencing of DNA repair genes occurs frequently in NSCLC. At least nine DNA repair genes that normally function in relatively accurate DNA repair pathways are often repressed by
3418:
124:, compared to small-cell carcinoma. When possible, they are primarily treated by surgical resection with curative intent, although chemotherapy has been used increasingly both preoperatively (
298:
Smoking is by far the leading risk factor for lung cancer. Cigarette smoke contains more than 6,000 components, many of which lead to DNA damage (see table of tobacco-related DNA damages in
966:
1982:
Ekim M, Caner V, BĂŒyĂŒkpınarbaĆılı N, Tepeli E, Elmas L, BaÄcı G (May 2011). "Determination of Oâ¶-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation in non-small cell lung cancer".
1584:
3049:"Mutation status concordance between primary lesions and metastatic sites of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer and the impact of mutation testing methodologies: a literature review"
684:. New methods of giving radiation treatment allow doctors to be more accurate in treating lung cancers. This means less radiation affects nearby healthy tissues. New methods include
627:, are checked for disease involvement. Finally, the patient is evaluated for more distant sites of metastatic disease, most typically with brain imaging and or scans of the bones.
2851:"Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer"
2489:
Kwan SW, Mortell KE, Talenfeld AD, Brunner MC (January 2014). "Thermal ablation matches sublobar resection outcomes in older patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer".
1617:
Liu X, Conner H, Kobayashi T, Kim H, Wen F, Abe S, et al. (August 2005). "Cigarette smoke extract induces DNA damage but not apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells".
3373:"Updated Analysis of KEYNOTE-024: Pembrolizumab Versus Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With PD-L1 Tumor Proportion Score of 50% or Greater"
323:. In addition, during repair of DNA double-strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can lead to epigenetic gene silencing.
309:, exposure to secondhand smoke, exposure to substances such as asbestos, chromium, nickel, beryllium, soot, or tar, family history of lung cancer, and air pollution.
2802:"Best first-line therapy for people with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, performance status 2 without a targetable mutation or with an unknown mutation status"
1088:
227:
Photograph of a squamous-cell carcinoma: The tumour is on the left, obstructing the bronchus (lung). Beyond the tumour, the bronchus is inflamed and contains mucus.
774:, an antibody that targets the EGFR signalling pathway, is more effective at improving a person's overall survival when compared to standard chemotherapy alone.
3098:
2800:
Gijtenbeek RG, de Jong K, Venmans BJ, van
Vollenhoven FH, Ten Brinke A, Van der Wekken AJ, van Geffen WH, et al. (Cochrane Lung Cancer Group) (July 2023).
955:
became the first immunotherapy to be used first line in the treatment of NSCLC if the cancer overexpresses PDL1 and the cancer has no mutations in EGFR or in
902:
182:
On relatively rare occasions, malignant lung tumors are found to contain components of both SCLC and NSCLC. In these cases, the tumors are classified as
1244:
891:
chemotherapy for certain patients with recurrent or advanced NSCLC (stage IIIB or IV) may increase both overall survival and progression-free survival.
3459:"Takeda's Exkivity (mobocertinib) Approved by U.S. FDA as the First Oral Therapy Specifically Designed for Patients with EGFR Exon20 Insertion+ NSCLC"
3786:
209:
that the "ratio of centrally to peripherally occurring" lesions may be converging toward unity for both adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma.
3480:
3644:
2654:
2242:"Role of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in staging and early chemotherapy response evaluation in children with neuroblastoma"
1592:
1289:
3801:
17:
2370:
811:. Reliable identification of mutations in lung cancer needs careful consideration due to the variable sensitivity of diagnostic techniques.
2291:
1526:
2218:
1404:
898:
The main treatment arms of phase 3 clinical trials providing immunotherapy in the first line for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
2190:
2712:
1110:
752:. Also, a number of additional genetic markers are known to be mutated within NSCLC and may impact treatment in the future, including
744:
At present, two genetic markers are routinely profiled in NSCLC tumors to guide further treatment decision-making - mutations within
1695:"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island"
3775:
422:
554:
395:
3821:
2325:
1375:
1257:
3278:
3129:
2124:"Epigenetic inactivation of the chromosomal stability control genes BRCA1, BRCA2, and XRCC5 in non-small cell lung cancer"
3766:
3637:
2068:"Promoter hypermethylation of DNA repair genes MLH1 and MSH2 in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung"
689:
218:
179:
Lung cancer in people who have never smoked is almost universally NSCLC, with a sizeable majority being adenocarcinoma.
3839:
3796:
880:
876:
599:
595:
563:
183:
3816:
3304:
930:
3008:"How today's developments in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer will change tomorrow's standards of care"
2924:"Chemotherapy with cetuximab versus chemotherapy alone for chemotherapy-naive advanced non-small cell lung cancer"
117:
2753:"Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third-generation drugs for advanced non-small cell lung cancer"
907:
1202:
3630:
1556:
1173:
3758:
1263:
441:
591:
Staging is a formal procedure to determine how developed the cancer is, which determines treatment options.
3424:
3104:
919:
120:(SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to
3252:
906:
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells expressing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) could interact with
3695:
2163:
Nikolova T, Christmann M, Kaina B (July 2009). "FEN1 is overexpressed in testis, lung and brain tumors".
1317:
287:
286:. Some more of the symptoms that indicate further progression of the cancer include shortness of breath,
1654:"DNA damage responses: mechanisms and roles in human disease: 2007 G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award Lecture"
871:
NSCLC patients with advanced disease who are not found to have either EGFR or ALK mutations may receive
3771:
956:
749:
195:
1290:"Management of small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)"
3894:
3781:
857:
792:
544:
408:
256:
339:
alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair-gene expression occur much more frequently in cancer.
91:
3811:
3712:
3690:
3537:
1841:"A critical re-assessment of DNA repair gene promoter methylation in non-small cell lung carcinoma"
645:
404:
837:, which gained FDA approval in August 2011, is an inhibitor of several kinases, specifically ALK,
677:
to remove the tumor) remains the treatment of choice if patients are diagnosed at an early stage.
335:
Mutations in DNA repair genes occasionally occur in cancer, but deficiencies of DNA repair due to
234:(SCC) of the lung is more common in men than in women. It is closely correlated with a history of
3806:
3722:
3665:
2374:
1114:
745:
704:
574:
239:
231:
153:
3943:
3330:
Reck M, RodrĂguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, CsĆszi T, FĂŒlöp A, et al. (November 2016).
2346:
680:
If a person has a small but inoperable tumor, they may undergo highly targeted, high-intensity
3577:
2201:
623:) has occurred. Next, the patient's nearby lymph nodes within the chest cavity, known as the
269:
cells, a higher cytoplasmic-to-nuclear size ratio, and a lack of "salt-and-pepper" chromatin.
3791:
3678:
3143:
Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, Brahmer J, Schiller JH, Dowlati A, et al. (December 2006).
2901:
2849:
Ferrara R, Imbimbo M, Malouf R, Paget-Bailly S, Calais F, Marchal C, Westeel V (April 2021).
2720:
2648:
2024:"Methylation profiling of archived non-small cell lung cancer: a promising prognostic system"
320:
3458:
3371:
Reck M, RodrĂguez-Abreu D, Robinson AG, Hui R, CsĆszi T, FĂŒlöp A, et al. (March 2019).
319:
DNA replication past an unrepaired damage can give rise to a mutation because of inaccurate
3982:
3831:
1909:
1852:
1744:
Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, et al. (July 2007).
960:
412:
385:
343:
157:
145:
8:
3909:
3622:
3529:
2022:
Safar AM, Spencer H, Su X, Coffey M, Cooney CA, Ratnasinghe LD, et al. (June 2005).
1063:
685:
674:
651:
586:
125:
2948:
2923:
2826:
2801:
2751:
Vasconcellos VF, Marta GN, da Silva EM, Gois AF, de
Castria TB, Riera R (January 2020).
1913:
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1045:
712:
603:
431:
336:
64:
3130:"Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Standards of Care Challenged by a Cornucopia of New Drugs"
3024:
3007:
2984:
2971:
Hirsch FR, Bunn PA (May 2009). "EGFR testing in lung cancer is ready for prime time".
2574:
3868:
3657:
3392:
3353:
3224:
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2988:
2953:
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2506:
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2321:
2273:
2172:
2145:
2099:
2045:
1999:
1964:
1937:
1898:"Epigenetic inactivation of the premature aging Werner syndrome gene in human cancer"
1896:
Agrelo R, Cheng WH, Setien F, Ropero S, Espada J, Fraga MF, et al. (June 2006).
1878:
1839:
Do H, Wong NC, Murone C, John T, Solomon B, Mitchell PL, Dobrovic A (February 2014).
1818:
1777:
1726:
1675:
1634:
1468:
1420:
1408:
1371:
1348:
1331:
Subramanian J, Govindan R (February 2007). "Lung cancer in never smokers: a review".
1309:
1253:
1150:
1049:
1037:
700:
681:
80:
3404:
1507:
894:
3707:
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3204:
3156:
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3019:
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2821:
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2772:
2768:
2764:
2678:
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2618:
2570:
2534:
2498:
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2453:
2412:
2404:
2263:
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2135:
2089:
2079:
2035:
1991:
1927:
1917:
1868:
1860:
1808:
1767:
1757:
1716:
1706:
1665:
1626:
1495:
1458:
1450:
1439:"Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer"
1400:
1340:
1301:
1140:
1132:
1121:"Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer"
1027:
738:
129:
52:
3617:
2140:
2123:
2040:
2023:
1670:
1653:
3542:
3332:"Pembrolizumab versus Chemotherapy for PD-L1-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer"
3145:"Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer"
2084:
2067:
1813:
1796:
1762:
1711:
1366:
Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007). "morphology of adenocarcinoma".
1109:
Smokers defined as current or former smoker of more than 1 year of duration. See
1032:
1015:
467:
290:, trouble swallowing, large amounts of mucus, weakness, fatigue, and hoarseness.
235:
3889:
3739:
3239:
2502:
2240:
Chawla M, Kumar R, Agarwala S, Bakhshi S, Gupta DK, Malhotra A (October 2010).
1902:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1405:
10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::AID-CNCR2820751307>3.0.CO;2-Y
770:. For advanced NSCLC, a combined chemotherapy treatment approach that includes
283:
279:
161:
148:
shown at right, with fractions of smokers versus nonsmokers shown for each type
3065:
2457:
1499:
3976:
3899:
3445:
1630:
1344:
1225:
1041:
952:
941:
830:
243:
169:
2667:
2258:
1922:
1486:
Popper HH (2011). "Large cell carcinoma of the lung â a vanishing entity?".
825:
Up to 7% of NSCLC patients have EML4-ALK translocations or mutations in the
140:
3935:
3673:
3396:
3357:
3228:
3170:
3084:
3033:
2992:
2957:
2884:
2835:
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2640:
2582:
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2510:
2475:
2426:
2408:
2277:
2176:
2149:
2122:
Lee MN, Tseng RC, Hsu HS, Chen JY, Tzao C, Ho WL, Wang YC (February 2007).
2103:
2049:
2003:
1995:
1968:
1941:
1882:
1822:
1781:
1730:
1679:
1638:
1472:
1454:
1352:
1313:
1154:
1136:
1016:"Epigenetic targeting for lung cancer treatment via CRISPR/Cas9 technology"
989:
708:
121:
68:
3348:
3331:
2682:
2622:
2440:
Bargellini I, Bozzi E, Cioni R, Parentini B, Bartolozzi C (October 2011).
2066:
Gomes A, Reis-Silva M, AlarcĂŁo A, Couceiro P, Sousa V, Carvalho L (2014).
1412:
1305:
144:
Pie chart showing incidences of nonsmall-cell lung cancers as compared to
3953:
3749:
3685:
3612:
3572:
3388:
3161:
3144:
3099:"FDA approves lazertinib with amivantamab-vmjw for non-small lung cancer"
1252:. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Lyon: IARC Press.
934:
884:
872:
865:
808:
753:
733:
729:
624:
205:
113:
3505:
3419:"FDA grants accelerated approval to mobocertinib for metastatic non-sma"
2922:
Yang ZY, Liu L, Mao C, Wu XY, Huang YF, Hu XF, Tang JL (November 2014).
2094:
3904:
3372:
3209:
2799:
1246:
Pathology and
Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart
944:
for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC in patients whose tumors express
888:
861:
834:
814:
658:
266:
60:
27:
Any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung carcinoma
3305:"FDA Approves Pembrolizumab to Treat Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer - NCI"
2605:
D; Calvet, CY; Girard, N; CheckMate 816, Investigators (26 May 2022).
2219:"National Cancer Institute Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment (PDQ)"
1864:
3940:
3850:
3583:
3548:
2896:
2894:
2393:"Current status of thermal ablation treatments for lung malignancies"
1437:
Kenfield SA, Wei EK, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Colditz GA (June 2008).
1243:
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, eds. (2004).
1242:
1119:
Kenfield SA, Wei EK, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Colditz GA (June 2008).
1068:
979:
923:
846:
800:
796:
771:
693:
607:
262:
72:
3597:
732:(other conditions or side effects that the person is experiencing).
3873:
3863:
2607:"Neoadjuvant Nivolumab plus Chemotherapy in Resectable Lung Cancer"
804:
85:
3553:
3253:"FDA Approves First Immunotherapy Treatment for Lung Cancer - NCI"
2891:
1203:"Non-small cell lung cancer treatment â National Cancer Institute"
948:
and who have failed treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents.
817:
was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2024.
673:
very sensitive to chemotherapy and/or radiation, so surgery (lung
3858:
3444:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
875:, which is a monoclonal antibody medication targeted against the
616:
238:, more so than most other types of lung cancer. According to the
2848:
2559:
1693:
O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (August 2008). Lee JT (ed.).
3927:
3702:
3653:
3517:
3047:
Sherwood J, Dearden S, Ratcliffe M, Walker J (September 2015).
2523:
1981:
1743:
1391:
Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS (January 1995). "Lung cancer".
703:. The most widely used ablation techniques for lung cancer are
620:
606:, using a uniform scheme for NSCLC, SCLC, and bronchopulmonary
173:
3370:
3329:
3046:
2065:
223:
3238:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3234:
2750:
2439:
945:
842:
511:
494:
376:
306:
3481:"Lung cancer in nonsmokers: Removal of drug may impact care"
355:
Epigenetic promoter methylation in DNA repair genes in NSCLC
2488:
2316:
Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N, Robbins SL, Abbas AK (2005).
1746:"DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation"
838:
766:
760:
534:
528:
477:
458:
201:
3652:
2239:
1619:
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology
3193:"First line Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"
1692:
1436:
1118:
3279:"Approvals Increase Lung Cancer Treatment Options - NCI"
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
2315:
1365:
3142:
2162:
1895:
282:, and nausea, vomiting, and constipation brought on by
3240:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3190:
3053:
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research
2603:
833:, which are now approved for this subset of patients.
3177:
2292:"Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival Rates, by Stage"
1954:
1616:
3495:
2373:. Cancer Research UK. 30 August 2017. Archived from
2021:
1359:
186:(c-SCLC), and are (usually) treated as "pure" SCLC.
3191:Nasser NJ, Gorenberg M, Agbarya A (November 2020).
1330:
699:Other treatments include percutaneous ablation and
1390:
2842:
2309:
326:
3974:
3411:
2527:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
2491:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
2320:. St. Louis MO: Elsevier Saunders. p. 759.
1838:
2121:
1527:"Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Signs and Symptoms"
1009:
1007:
1005:
212:
2318:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
1013:
3638:
2347:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for NSCLC"
1794:
1432:
1430:
3091:
2921:
2390:
2156:
1975:
1948:
1889:
1788:
1645:
1488:Memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology
1287:
1226:"Lung Cancer in the Never Smoker Population"
1002:
883:study that found that adding bevacizumab to
722:
664:
250:
2928:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2855:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2806:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2757:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2653:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2341:
2339:
2337:
1281:
630:
560:100% hypomethylated (increased expression)
364:Frequency of hyper- (or hypo-) methylation
67:, a type of non-small-cell lung carcinoma,
3645:
3631:
3461:(Press release). Takeda. 15 September 2021
3121:
2970:
1797:"The DNA damage response: ten years after"
1427:
852:
820:
90:
51:
3451:
3347:
3218:
3208:
3160:
3074:
3064:
3023:
2947:
2874:
2825:
2776:
2630:
2465:
2442:"Radiofrequency ablation of lung tumours"
2416:
2267:
2257:
2139:
2093:
2083:
2039:
1931:
1921:
1872:
1812:
1771:
1761:
1720:
1710:
1669:
1585:"Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Risk Factors"
1462:
1144:
1031:
2334:
2061:
2059:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1984:Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers
1834:
1832:
1579:
1577:
1370:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1014:Khajuria O, Sharma N (1 December 2021).
965:
901:
893:
856:
222:
139:
2386:
2384:
2183:
1795:Harper JW, Elledge SJ (December 2007).
1113:for percentages in numbers. Reference:
1020:Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis
14:
3975:
3127:
2391:Dupuy DE, Shulman M (September 2010).
2117:
2115:
2113:
1651:
1612:
1610:
1485:
1479:
1288:Simon GR, Turrisi A (September 2007).
1236:
1174:"Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment"
864:showing a PD-L1-positive NSCLC, PD-L1
829:gene; these patients may benefit from
189:
3822:Basaloid squamous cell lung carcinoma
3626:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2056:
2010:
1829:
1574:
1561:University of Maryland Medical Center
1551:
1549:
1547:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1223:
1217:
1197:
1195:
1081:"What Is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?"
204:is currently the most common type of
3005:
2902:"Molecular Profiling of Lung Cancer"
2397:Seminars in Interventional Radiology
2381:
2200:(7th ed.). 2009. Archived from
1168:
1166:
1164:
929:In 2015, FDA also approved the anti-
3336:The New England Journal of Medicine
3149:The New England Journal of Medicine
2671:The New England Journal of Medicine
2611:The New England Journal of Medicine
2110:
1607:
922:(FDA) approved the anti-PD-1 agent
690:stereotactic body radiation therapy
219:Squamous-cell carcinoma of the lung
152:The most common types of NSCLC are
24:
2735:
2539:10.1097/01.RVI.0000228373.58498.6E
2246:Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1544:
1514:
1192:
980:https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373
881:Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
877:vascular endothelial growth factor
600:International Union Against Cancer
596:American Joint Committee on Cancer
564:microhomology-mediated end joining
520:homologous recombinational repair
503:homologous recombinational repair
450:homologous recombinational repair
184:combined small-cell lung carcinoma
25:
3994:
3491:
3025:10.1634/theoncologist.10-90002-23
2072:Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia
1161:
940:2 October 2015, the FDA approved
785:
3439:
3233:
926:for advanced or metastatic SCC.
661:outside of the thoracic cavity.
346:in NSCLC. One DNA repair gene,
3473:
3364:
3323:
3297:
3271:
3245:
3136:
3040:
2999:
2964:
2915:
2793:
2705:
2661:
2597:
2553:
2517:
2482:
2433:
2363:
2284:
2233:
2211:
1737:
1686:
1384:
1324:
2940:10.1002/14651858.CD009948.pub2
2867:10.1002/14651858.CD013257.pub3
2818:10.1002/14651858.CD013382.pub2
2769:10.1002/14651858.CD009256.pub3
2191:"Cancer Staging Posters: Lung"
1103:
1073:
1056:
327:DNA repair deficiency in NSCLC
13:
1:
3840:Combined small-cell carcinoma
3802:Salivary glandâlike carcinoma
3759:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
2985:10.1016/s1470-2045(09)70110-x
2575:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30453-8
2141:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2694
2041:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2378
1671:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-08-0020
995:
879:(VEGF). This is based on an
110:non-small-cell lung carcinoma
46:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
18:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma
3618:Lung cancer â non-small cell
3425:Food and Drug Administration
3377:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3105:Food and Drug Administration
2085:10.1016/j.rppneu.2013.07.003
1814:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015
1763:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110
1712:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155
1557:"Non-small cell lung cancer"
1333:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1033:10.1016/j.adcanc.2021.100012
920:Food and Drug Administration
639:
213:Squamous-cell lung carcinoma
112:, is any type of epithelial
7:
3776:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
3696:Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
908:programmed death receptor 1
559:
540:
516:
499:
482:
463:
446:
427:
400:
381:
288:superior vena cava syndrome
272:
10:
3999:
3469:– via Business Wire.
2503:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.10.018
1064:Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
793:tyrosine kinase inhibitors
750:anaplastic lymphoma kinase
649:
643:
584:
580:
405:homologous recombinational
254:
216:
196:Adenocarcinoma of the lung
193:
102:Non-small-cell lung cancer
38:Non-small-cell lung cancer
3952:
3926:
3895:Solitary pulmonary nodule
3882:
3848:
3830:
3782:Large-cell lung carcinoma
3757:
3748:
3730:
3721:
3664:
3563:
3499:
3066:10.1186/s13046-015-0207-9
2458:10.1007/s13244-011-0110-7
1658:Molecular Cancer Research
1500:10.1007/s12254-011-0245-8
1178:National Cancer Institute
723:Advanced/metastatic NSCLC
665:Early/nonmetastatic NSCLC
545:nonhomologous end joining
409:nonhomologous end joining
366:
344:promoter hypermethylation
257:Large-cell lung carcinoma
251:Large-cell lung carcinoma
79:
59:
50:
42:
37:
3812:Papillary adenocarcinoma
3713:Laryngeal papillomatosis
3691:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
3613:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
3006:Kris MG (October 2005).
2128:Clinical Cancer Research
2028:Clinical Cancer Research
1652:Kastan MB (April 2008).
1631:10.1165/rcmb.2003-0341OC
1345:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015
646:Treatment of lung cancer
631:Five-year survival rates
369:
363:
360:
293:
135:
126:neoadjuvant chemotherapy
3807:Adenosquamous carcinoma
3767:Squamous-cell carcinoma
2259:10.4103/0972-3919.78249
1923:10.1073/pnas.0600645103
1368:Robbins Basic Pathology
853:Other treatment options
821:ALK gene rearrangements
746:epidermal growth factor
705:radiofrequency ablation
575:Whole genome sequencing
232:Squamous-cell carcinoma
154:squamous-cell carcinoma
128:) and postoperatively (
3944:solitary fibrous tumor
2409:10.1055/s-0030-1261785
1996:10.1089/gtmb.2010.0211
1455:10.1136/tc.2007.022582
1300:(3 Suppl): 324Sâ339S.
1137:10.1136/tc.2007.022582
982:
911:
899:
868:
228:
200:Adenocarcinoma of the
149:
118:small-cell lung cancer
3792:Sarcomatoid carcinoma
3679:Esthesioneuroblastoma
3349:10.1056/NEJMoa1606774
2683:10.1056/NEJMoa2215530
2623:10.1056/NEJMoa2202170
2446:Insights into Imaging
2207:on 28 September 2011.
1306:10.1378/chest.07-1385
1111:image page in Commons
969:
905:
897:
860:
585:Further information:
321:translesion synthesis
305:Other causes include
226:
143:
130:adjuvant chemotherapy
3832:Small-cell carcinoma
3817:Giant-cell carcinoma
3389:10.1200/JCO.18.00149
3162:10.1056/nejmoa061884
2973:The Lancet. Oncology
2717:lungcanceronline.org
2713:"Lung Cancer online"
1399:(1 Suppl): 191â202.
961:companion diagnostic
937:for metastatic SCC.
413:base excision repair
386:base excision repair
240:Nurses' Health Study
158:large-cell carcinoma
146:small-cell carcinoma
3910:Bronchial leiomyoma
3483:. 13 February 2024.
3429:. 16 September 2021
2563:The Lancet Oncology
2371:"Chemoembolisation"
2198:AJCC Cancer Staging
2165:Anticancer Research
1914:2006PNAS..103.8822A
1857:2014NatSR...4E4186D
1320:on 12 January 2013.
1230:Hematology-Oncology
777:Thermal ablations,
669:NSCLCs are usually
652:Lung cancer surgery
587:Lung cancer staging
367:DNA repair pathway
357:
190:Lung adenocarcinoma
3962:Mediastinal tumors
3787:Rhabdoid carcinoma
3564:External resources
3311:. 18 November 2015
3285:. 28 December 2015
3210:10.3390/ph13110373
3018:(Suppl 2): 23â29.
2377:on 9 October 2007.
1845:Scientific Reports
1595:on 7 December 2016
1091:on 17 January 2017
983:
912:
900:
869:
713:microwave ablation
611:advanced as well.
353:
229:
150:
65:squamous carcinoma
3970:
3969:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3869:Immature teratoma
3658:respiratory tract
3607:
3606:
3342:(19): 1823â1833.
3155:(24): 2542â2550.
2617:(21): 1973â1985.
2569:(11): 1413â1422.
2327:978-0-7216-0187-8
2034:(12): 4400â4405.
1963:(22): 8113â8117.
1908:(23): 8822â8827.
1865:10.1038/srep04186
1377:978-1-4160-2973-1
1269:on 23 August 2009
1259:978-92-832-2418-1
701:chemoembolization
682:radiation therapy
615:the chest (e.g.,
571:
570:
280:Pancoast syndrome
99:
98:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3990:
3755:
3754:
3728:
3727:
3708:Laryngeal cancer
3647:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3455:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3301:
3295:
3294:
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3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3232:
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3212:
3188:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3140:
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3133:
3125:
3119:
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3116:
3114:
3109:. 19 August 2024
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2951:
2934:(11): CD009948.
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2748:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2719:. Archived from
2709:
2703:
2702:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2634:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2533:(7): 1117â1124.
2521:
2515:
2514:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2332:
2331:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:. 1 January 1980
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2171:(7): 2453â2459.
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2019:
2008:
2007:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1925:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1591:. Archived from
1581:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:. Archived from
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1268:
1262:. Archived from
1251:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1224:Hanna N (2007).
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1205:. 1 January 1980
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1180:. 1 January 1980
1170:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1087:. Archived from
1077:
1071:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1035:
1011:
918:In 2015, the US
739:thrombocytopenia
486:mismatch repair
358:
352:
261:Large-cell lung
95:
94:
55:
35:
34:
21:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3948:
3914:
3905:Peripheral lung
3878:
3844:
3826:
3744:
3717:
3660:
3651:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3559:
3558:
3508:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3440:
3432:
3430:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3369:
3365:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3259:. 24 March 2015
3251:
3250:
3246:
3197:Pharmaceuticals
3189:
3178:
3141:
3137:
3128:Farmer (2010).
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3045:
3041:
3004:
3000:
2969:
2965:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2861:(4): CD013257.
2847:
2843:
2812:(7): CD013382.
2798:
2794:
2763:(1): CD009256.
2749:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2723:on 17 June 2008
2711:
2710:
2706:
2666:
2662:
2646:
2645:
2602:
2598:
2558:
2554:
2522:
2518:
2487:
2483:
2438:
2434:
2389:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2328:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2161:
2157:
2120:
2111:
2064:
2057:
2020:
2011:
1980:
1976:
1957:Cancer Research
1953:
1949:
1894:
1890:
1837:
1830:
1793:
1789:
1742:
1738:
1705:(8): e1000155.
1691:
1687:
1650:
1646:
1615:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1484:
1480:
1443:Tobacco Control
1435:
1428:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1360:
1329:
1325:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1125:Tobacco Control
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1012:
1003:
998:
972:Pharmaceuticals
855:
823:
788:
725:
667:
654:
648:
642:
633:
589:
583:
468:mismatch repair
432:direct reversal
329:
300:Tobacco smoking
296:
275:
259:
253:
236:tobacco smoking
221:
215:
198:
192:
138:
89:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Pancoast tumor
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3772:Adenocarcinoma
3769:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3740:Tracheal tumor
3736:
3734:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3656:involving the
3650:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
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3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3534:
3522:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:Classification
3493:
3492:External links
3490:
3487:
3486:
3472:
3450:
3410:
3383:(7): 537â546.
3363:
3322:
3309:www.cancer.gov
3296:
3283:www.cancer.gov
3270:
3257:www.cancer.gov
3244:
3176:
3135:
3120:
3090:
3039:
3012:The Oncologist
2998:
2979:(5): 432â433.
2963:
2914:
2890:
2841:
2792:
2734:
2704:
2677:(6): 504â513.
2660:
2596:
2552:
2516:
2481:
2452:(5): 567â576.
2432:
2403:(3): 268â275.
2380:
2362:
2333:
2326:
2308:
2296:www.cancer.org
2283:
2252:(4): 147â155.
2232:
2210:
2182:
2155:
2134:(3): 832â838.
2109:
2055:
2009:
1990:(5): 357â360.
1974:
1947:
1888:
1828:
1807:(5): 739â745.
1801:Molecular Cell
1787:
1736:
1685:
1664:(4): 517â524.
1644:
1625:(2): 121â129.
1606:
1589:www.cancer.org
1573:
1543:
1531:www.cancer.org
1513:
1478:
1449:(3): 198â204.
1426:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1339:(5): 561â570.
1323:
1280:
1258:
1235:
1216:
1191:
1160:
1131:(3): 198â204.
1102:
1085:www.cancer.org
1072:
1055:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
951:October 2016,
854:
851:
831:ALK inhibitors
822:
819:
795:specifically,
787:
786:EGFR mutations
784:
724:
721:
666:
663:
644:Main article:
641:
638:
632:
629:
621:pleural cavity
582:
579:
569:
568:
566:
561:
558:
550:
549:
547:
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539:
524:
523:
521:
518:
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489:
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472:
470:
465:
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434:
429:
426:
418:
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390:
388:
383:
380:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
328:
325:
295:
292:
274:
271:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
217:Main article:
214:
211:
194:Main article:
191:
188:
162:adenocarcinoma
137:
134:
97:
96:
83:
77:
76:
57:
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44:
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3447:
3446:public domain
3428:
3426:
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2018:
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1958:
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1750:PLOS Genetics
1747:
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1699:PLOS Genetics
1696:
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953:pembrolizumab
949:
947:
943:
942:pembrolizumab
938:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
916:
909:
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896:
892:
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730:comorbidities
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378:
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373:
359:
356:
351:
349:
345:
340:
338:
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332:alterations.
324:
322:
317:
314:
310:
308:
303:
301:
291:
289:
285:
284:hypercalcemia
281:
270:
268:
264:
258:
248:
245:
244:relative risk
241:
237:
233:
225:
220:
210:
207:
203:
197:
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185:
180:
177:
175:
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3936:Mesothelioma
3900:Central lung
3674:Nasal cavity
3611:
3593:
3582:
3571:
3547:
3536:
3524:
3512:
3475:
3465:16 September
3463:. Retrieved
3453:
3433:16 September
3431:. Retrieved
3422:
3413:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3315:22 September
3313:. Retrieved
3308:
3299:
3289:22 September
3287:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3263:22 September
3261:. Retrieved
3256:
3247:
3200:
3196:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3123:
3111:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2858:
2854:
2844:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2760:
2756:
2725:. Retrieved
2721:the original
2716:
2707:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2649:cite journal
2614:
2610:
2599:
2566:
2562:
2555:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2400:
2396:
2375:the original
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2317:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2295:
2286:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2213:
2202:the original
2197:
2185:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2131:
2127:
2095:10316/102609
2078:(1): 20â30.
2075:
2071:
2031:
2027:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1960:
1956:
1950:
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1800:
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1753:
1749:
1739:
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1688:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1622:
1618:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1588:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1534:. Retrieved
1530:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1446:
1442:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1318:the original
1297:
1293:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1264:the original
1245:
1238:
1229:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1182:. Retrieved
1177:
1128:
1124:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1084:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1023:
1019:
990:Mobocertinib
988:
984:
975:
971:
950:
939:
928:
917:
913:
870:
826:
824:
813:
789:
778:
776:
765:
759:
754:
743:
726:
717:
709:cryoablation
698:
679:
670:
668:
655:
634:
613:
593:
590:
572:
553:
533:
527:
510:
493:
476:
457:
440:
421:
394:
375:
354:
347:
341:
334:
330:
318:
315:
311:
304:
297:
276:
260:
230:
199:
181:
178:
166:
151:
122:chemotherapy
109:
105:
101:
100:
69:FNA specimen
29:
3983:Lung cancer
3954:Mediastinum
3883:By location
3686:Nasopharynx
3573:MedlinePlus
3203:(11): 373.
2727:13 December
1756:(7): e110.
1232:. Medscape.
978:(11), 373;
935:necitumumab
885:carboplatin
873:bevacizumab
866:immunostain
809:osimertinib
782:treatment.
748:(EGFR) and
734:Carboplatin
625:mediastinum
604:TNM staging
206:lung cancer
116:other than
114:lung cancer
43:Other names
2301:4 December
1599:23 January
1566:4 December
1536:4 December
1209:19 October
1184:4 December
1095:23 January
1026:: 100012.
996:References
889:paclitaxel
862:Micrograph
835:Crizotinib
815:Lazertinib
686:Cyberknife
659:metastasis
650:See also:
602:recommend
483:42% - 63%
464:48% - 73%
428:13% - 64%
337:epigenetic
267:anaplastic
176:specimen.
61:Micrograph
3941:Malignant
3851:carcinoma
3797:Carcinoid
3584:eMedicine
3554:254637007
3549:SNOMED CT
3113:21 August
3059:(1): 92.
2699:259283994
2591:222158757
1421:221577784
1069:eMedicine
1050:241848193
1042:2667-3940
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