120:. LDH reduces NAD to NADH which elicits a colour change by interaction with a specific probe. Protease biomarkers have been identified that allow researchers to measure relative numbers of live and dead cells within the same cell population. The live-cell protease is only active in cells that have a healthy cell membrane, and loses activity once the cell is compromised and the protease is exposed to the external environment. The dead-cell protease cannot cross the cell membrane, and can only be measured in culture media after cells have lost their membrane integrity.
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are normally excluded from the inside of healthy cells; however, if the cell membrane has been compromised, they freely cross the membrane and stain intracellular components. Alternatively, membrane integrity can be assessed by monitoring the passage of substances that are normally sequestered inside
84:
Cells undergoing necrosis typically exhibit rapid swelling, lose membrane integrity, shut down metabolism, and release their contents into the environment. Cells that undergo rapid necrosis in vitro do not have sufficient time or energy to activate apoptotic machinery and will not express apoptotic
98:
Cytotoxicity assays are widely used by the pharmaceutical industry to screen for cytotoxicity in compound libraries. Researchers can either look for cytotoxic compounds, if they are interested in developing a therapeutic that targets rapidly dividing cancer cells, for instance; or they can screen
127:) or with 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), which yields a water-soluble product, or the MTS assay. This assay measures the reducing potential of the cell using a colorimetric reaction. Viable cells will reduce the MTS reagent to a colored
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of the cell, cytoplasmic shrinkage, nuclear condensation and cleavage of DNA into regularly sized fragments. Cells in culture that are undergoing apoptosis eventually undergo secondary necrosis. They will shut down metabolism, lose membrane integrity and lyse.
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Suitable assays can be combined and performed sequentially on the same cells in order to reduce assay-specific false positive or false negative results. A possible combination is LDH-XTT-NR (Neutral red assay)-SRB which is also available in a kit format.
205:
contain cytotoxic drugs, whose purpose is interfering with the cell division. These drugs cannot distinguish between normal and malignant cells, but they inhibit the overall process of cell division with the purpose to kill the cancers before the hosts.
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A label-free approach to follow the cytotoxic response of adherent animal cells in real-time is based on electric impedance measurements when the cells are grown on gold-film electrodes. This technology is referred to as
102:
Assessing cell membrane integrity is one of the most common ways to measure cell viability and cytotoxic effects. Compounds that have cytotoxic effects often compromise cell membrane integrity. Vital dyes, such as
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Decker T, Lohmann-Matthes ML (November 1988). "A quick and simple method for the quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase release in measurements of cellular cytotoxicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity".
425:
Niles AL, Moravec RA, Eric
Hesselberth P, Scurria MA, Daily WJ, Riss TL (July 2007). "A homogeneous assay to measure live and dead cells in the same sample by detecting different protease markers".
41:. Examples of toxic agents are toxic metals, toxic chemicals, microbe neurotoxins, radiation particles and even specific neurotransmitters when the system is out of balance. Also some types of
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Riss TL, Moravec RA (February 2004). "Use of multiple assay endpoints to investigate the effects of incubation time, dose of toxin, and plating density in cell-based cytotoxicity assays".
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166:(ECIS). Label-free real-time techniques provide the kinetics of the cytotoxic response rather than just a snapshot like many colorimetric endpoint assays.
77:. The cells can stop actively growing and dividing (a decrease in cell viability), or the cells can activate a genetic program of controlled cell death (
135:. In addition to using dyes to indicate the redox potential of cells in order to monitor their viability, researchers have developed assays that use
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methods have been suggested. An independent comparison of these methods has been done within the "Toxicology in the 21st century" project.
99:"hits" from initial high-throughput drug screens for unwanted cytotoxic effects before investing in their development as a pharmaceutical.
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content as a marker of viability. Such ATP-based assays include bioluminescent assays in which ATP is the limiting reagent for the
562:"Cytotoxic Drug Dispersal, Cytotoxic Safety, and Cytotoxic Waste Management: Practices and Proposed India-specific Guidelines"
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A highly important topic is the prediction of cytotoxicity of chemical compounds based on previous measurements, i.e.
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markers. Apoptosis is characterized by well defined cytological and molecular events including a change in the
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Cytotoxicity can also be monitored using 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (
225:. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, on the other hand, does not have to be mediated by antibodies; nor does
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Easty, A.C.; Coakley, N.; Cheng, R.; Cividino, M.; Savage, P.; Tozer, R.; White, R.E. (February 2015).
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Treating cells with the cytotoxic compound can result in a variety of prognoses. The cells may undergo
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product. A similar redox-based assay has also been developed using the fluorescent dye,
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Fan F, Wood KV (February 2007). "Bioluminescent assays for high-throughput screening".
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Dearden, J. C. (2003). "In silico prediction of drug toxicity".
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Gavanji S, Bakhtari A, Famurewa AC, Othman EM (January 2023).
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Material that has been determined as cytotoxic, typically
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505:"Safe handling of cytotoxics: guideline recommendations"
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https://tripod.nih.gov/tox21/challenge/leaderboard.jsp
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217:(ADCC) describes the cell-killing ability of certain
221:, which requires the target cell being marked by an
566:Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology
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683:"Toxicology in the 21st century Data Challenge"
560:Capoor, Malini R; Bhowmik, Kumar Tapas (2017).
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215:Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
618:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
738:"How Is Chemotherapy Used to Treat Cancer?"
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635:Journal of Computer-aided Molecular Design
766:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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146:Cytotoxicity can also be measured by the
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698:Cancer Chemotherapy: an Introduction
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112:cells to the outside. One molecule,
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116:(LDH), is commonly measured using
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227:complement-dependent cytotoxicity
229:(CDC), which is mediated by the
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185:testing. For this purpose many
27:Quality of being toxic to cells
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267:Antireticular Cytotoxic Serum
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404:10.1016/0022-1759(88)90310-9
346:Chemistry & Biodiversity
277:Membrane vesicle trafficking
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150:(SRB) assay, WST assay and
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579:10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_174_16
319:10.1089/154065804322966315
236:Three groups of cytotoxic
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706:10.1007/978-1-4471-1686-8
696:Priestman, T. J. (1989).
272:Host–pathogen interaction
768:Medical Subject Headings
439:10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.007
33:is the quality of being
655:10.1023/A:1025361621494
582:(inactive 2024-07-11).
462:Assay Drug Dev Technol
359:10.1002/cbdv.202201098
307:Assay Drug Dev Technol
255:Natural killer T cells
61:) are toxic to cells.
114:lactate dehydrogenase
474:10.1089/adt.2006.053
250:Natural killer cells
55:brown recluse spider
647:2003JCAMD..17..119D
392:J. Immunol. Methods
240:are distinguished:
521:10.3747/co.21.2151
59:Loxosceles reclusa
715:978-3-540-19551-1
245:Cytotoxic T cells
231:complement system
191:virtual screening
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398:(1): 61–9.
352:(2): 3–27.
238:lymphocytes
219:lymphocytes
105:trypan blue
94:Measurement
789:Immunology
784:Toxicology
778:Categories
764:Cytotoxins
747:2021-06-28
288:References
177:Prediction
143:reaction.
141:luciferase
75:cell lysis
47:puff adder
588:0971-5851
529:1198-0052
376:255473013
183:in-silico
133:resazurin
118:LDH assay
79:apoptosis
18:Cytotoxic
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490:10261888
482:17355205
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261:See also
223:antibody
129:formazan
71:necrosis
643:Bibcode
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197:Cancers
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659:PMID
620:link
602:PMID
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189:and
187:QSAR
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