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810:) molecules, the two O−O bonds are nonpolar (there is no electronegativity difference between atoms of the same element). However, the distribution of other electrons is uneven – since the central atom has to share electrons with two other atoms, but each of the outer atoms has to share electrons with only one other atom, the central atom is more deprived of electrons than the others (the central atom has a
705:
2532:
971:
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Ingold, C. K.; Ingold, E. H. (1926). "The Nature of the
Alternating Effect in Carbon Chains. Part V. A Discussion of Aromatic Substitution with Special Reference to Respective Roles of Polar and Nonpolar Dissociation; and a Further Study of the Relative Directive Efficiencies of Oxygen and Nitrogen".
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than nonpolar liquids. For example, nonpolar hexane is much less viscous than polar water. However, molecule size is a much stronger factor on viscosity than polarity, where compounds with larger molecules are more viscous than compounds with smaller molecules. Thus, water (small polar molecules) is
579:
of the individual bond dipole moments. Often bond dipoles are obtained by the reverse process: a known total dipole of a molecule can be decomposed into bond dipoles. This is done to transfer bond dipole moments to molecules that have the same bonds, but for which the total dipole moment is not yet
1405:
Contrary to popular misconception, the electrical deflection of a stream of water from a charged object is not based on polarity. The deflection occurs because of electrically charged droplets in the stream, which the charged object induces. A stream of water can also be deflected in a uniform
708:
The water molecule is made up of oxygen and hydrogen, with respective electronegativities of 3.44 and 2.20. The electronegativity difference polarizes each H–O bond, shifting its electrons towards the oxygen (illustrated by red arrows). These effects add as vectors to make the overall molecule
939:
625:
When comparing a polar and nonpolar molecule with similar molar masses, the polar molecule in general has a higher boiling point, because the dipole–dipole interaction between polar molecules results in stronger intermolecular attractions. One common form of polar interaction is the
725:
O) is an example of a polar molecule since it has a slight positive charge on one side and a slight negative charge on the other. The dipoles do not cancel out, resulting in a net dipole. The dipole moment of water depends on its state. In the gas phase the dipole moment is ≈ 1.86
410:. δ- shows an increase in negative charge and δ+ shows an increase in positive charge. Note that the dipole moments drawn in this diagram represent the shift of the valence electrons as the origin of the charge, which is opposite the direction of the actual electric dipole moment.
326:
Bonds can fall between one of two extremes – completely nonpolar or completely polar. A completely nonpolar bond occurs when the electronegativities are identical and therefore possess a difference of zero. A completely polar bond is more correctly called an
378:
of a bond, which is an approximate function of the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. He estimated that a difference of 1.7 corresponds to 50% ionic character, so that a greater difference corresponds to a bond which is predominantly ionic.
787:, is a molecule whose three N−H bonds have only a slight polarity (toward the more electronegative nitrogen atom). The molecule has two lone electrons in an orbital that points towards the fourth apex of an approximately regular tetrahedron, as predicted by the
1614:
1014:
547:
For diatomic molecules there is only one (single or multiple) bond so the bond dipole moment is the molecular dipole moment, with typical values in the range of 0 to 11 D. At one extreme, a symmetrical molecule such as
832:
A molecule may be nonpolar either when there is an equal sharing of electrons between the two atoms of a diatomic molecule or because of the symmetrical arrangement of polar bonds in a more complex molecule. For example,
757:
with its negative pole at the oxygen and its positive pole midway between the two hydrogen atoms. In the figure each bond joins the central O atom with a negative charge (red) to an H atom with a positive charge (blue).
901:) the four C−H bonds are arranged tetrahedrally around the carbon atom. Each bond has polarity (though not very strong). The bonds are arranged symmetrically so there is no overall dipole in the molecule. The diatomic
1322:
is a useful way to predict polarity of a molecule. In general, a molecule will not possess dipole moment if the individual bond dipole moments of the molecule cancel each other out. This is because dipole moments are
254:) is shown in yellow. Because the electrons spend more time by the fluorine atom in the H−F bond, the red represents partially negatively charged regions, while blue represents partially positively charged regions.
1406:
electrical field, which cannot exert force on polar molecules. Additionally, after a stream of water is grounded, it can no longer be deflected. Weak deflection is even possible for nonpolar liquids.
540:
of 10 statcoulomb being 0.208 units of elementary charge, so 1.0 debye results from an electron and a proton separated by 0.208 Å. A useful conversion factor is 1 D = 3.335 64
403:
857:
331:, and occurs when the difference between electronegativities is large enough that one atom actually takes an electron from the other. The terms "polar" and "nonpolar" are usually applied to
335:, that is, bonds where the polarity is not complete. To determine the polarity of a covalent bond using numerical means, the difference between the electronegativity of the atoms is used.
999:
485:
Chemists often draw the vector pointing from plus to minus. This vector can be physically interpreted as the movement undergone by electrons when the two atoms are placed a distance
1941:
394:
of wave functions for covalent and ionic molecules: ψ = aψ(A:B) + bψ(AB). The amount of covalent and ionic character depends on the values of the squared coefficients a and b.
464:
765:, HF, molecule is polar by virtue of polar covalent bonds – in the covalent bond electrons are displaced toward the more electronegative fluorine atom.
1779:
Clough, Shepard A.; Beers, Yardley; Klein, Gerald P.; Rothman, Laurence S. (1 September 1973). "Dipole moment of water from Stark measurements of H2O, HDO, and D2O".
522:
642:
Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, other polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Most nonpolar molecules are water-insoluble (
338:
Bond polarity is typically divided into three groups that are loosely based on the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms. According to the
147:, a commonly used example of polarity. Two charges are present with a negative charge in the middle (red shade), and a positive charge at the ends (blue shade).
630:, which is also known as the H-bond. For example, water forms H-bonds and has a molar mass M = 18 and a boiling point of +100 °C, compared to nonpolar
284:. In a bond, this leads to unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms, as electrons will be drawn closer to the atom with the higher electronegativity.
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500:
for electric dipole moment is the coulomb–meter. This is too large to be practical on the molecular scale. Bond dipole moments are commonly measured in
609:
While the molecules can be described as "polar covalent", "nonpolar covalent", or "ionic", this is often a relative term, with one molecule simply being
1890:
Ziaei-Moayyed, Maryam; Goodman, Edward; Williams, Peter (2000-11-01). "Electrical
Deflection of Polar Liquid Streams: A Misunderstood Demonstration".
730:(D), whereas liquid water (≈ 2.95 D) and ice (≈ 3.09 D) are higher due to differing hydrogen-bonded environments. Other examples include sugars (like
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929:
and can aid in the formation of stable emulsions, or blends, of water and fats. Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water by
791:. This orbital is not participating in covalent bonding; it is electron-rich, which results in a powerful dipole across the whole ammonia molecule.
2619:
1446:
1744:
Van Wachem, R.; De Leeuw, F. H.; Dymanus, A. (1967). "Dipole
Moments of KF and KBr Measured by the Molecular-Beam Electric-Resonance Method".
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as described above, or as a result of an asymmetric arrangement of nonpolar covalent bonds and non-bonding pairs of electrons known as a full
1855:
Batista, Enrique R.; Xantheas, Sotiris S.; Jónsson, Hannes (15 September 1998). "Molecular multipole moments of water molecules in ice Ih".
1974:
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as a result of the opposing charges (i.e. having partial positive and partial negative charges) from polar bonds arranged asymmetrically.
291:: a separation of positive and negative electric charge. Because the amount of charge separated in such dipoles is usually smaller than a
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in 1926. The bond dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the amount of charge separated and the distance between the charges.
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909:) does not have polarity in the covalent bond because of equal electronegativity, hence there is no polarity in the molecule.
79:
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is linear so that the two bond dipole moments cancel and there is no net molecular dipole moment; the molecule is nonpolar.
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apart and allowed to interact, the electrons will move from their free state positions to be localised more around the more
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known. The vector sum of the transferred bond dipoles gives an estimate for the total (unknown) dipole of the molecule.
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Not all atoms attract electrons with the same force. The amount of "pull" an atom exerts on its electrons is called its
60:
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Because electrons have a negative charge, the unequal sharing of electrons within a bond leads to the formation of an
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841:) has a trigonal planar arrangement of three polar bonds at 120°. This results in no overall dipole in the molecule.
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Large molecules that have one end with polar groups attached and another end with nonpolar groups are described as
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Hovick, James W.; Poler, J. C. (2005). "Misconceptions in Sign
Conventions: Flipping the Electric Dipole Moment".
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generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is roughly between 0.5 and 2.0
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776:, is polar as a result of its molecular geometry. The red represents partially negatively charged regions.
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quantities with magnitude and direction, and a two equal vectors that oppose each other will cancel out.
478:δ and δ. It is a vector, parallel to the bond axis, pointing from minus to plus, as is conventional for
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276: – exert a greater pull on electrons than atoms with lower electronegativities such as
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axis of rotation will not possess a dipole moment because dipole moments cannot lie in more than one
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of different atoms. A molecule may be polar either as a result of polar bonds due to differences in
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886:, the bonds are arranged symmetrically (in a tetrahedral arrangement) so there is no overall dipole.
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824:). Since the molecule has a bent geometry, the result is a dipole across the whole ozone molecule.
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If the bond dipole moments of the molecule do not cancel, the molecule is polar. For example, the
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generally occur when the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms is greater than 2.0
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between the bonded atoms. Molecules containing polar bonds have no molecular polarity if the
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30:"Polar molecule" and "Nonpolar" redirect here. For other uses of the term "Polar", see
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These dipoles within molecules can interact with dipoles in other molecules, creating
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Examples of household nonpolar compounds include fats, oil, and petrol/gasoline.
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than another. However, the following properties are typical of such molecules.
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1334:") will not possess dipole moments. Likewise, a molecule with more than one C
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Any molecule with a centre of inversion ("i") or a horizontal mirror plane ("σ
426:. It occurs whenever there is a separation of positive and negative charges.
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are effective natural surfactants that have important biological functions
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charged ends remain outside in the water phase, shielding the rest of the
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do not have a centre of inversion, horizontal mirror planes or multiple C
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axis, molecules in one of those point groups will have dipole moment.
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The bond dipole is modeled as δ — δ with a distance
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micelle. In this way, the small oil droplet becomes water-soluble.
735:
568:, KBr, which is highly ionic, has a dipole moment of 10.41 D.
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For polyatomic molecules, there is more than one bond. The total
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ends of the surfactant molecules dissolve in the oil, while the
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264:. Atoms with high electronegativities – such as
201:. Polarity underlies a number of physical properties including
175:, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.
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803:
727:
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A molecule is composed of one or more chemical bonds between
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plus) and δ− (delta minus). These symbols were introduced by
1889:
860:
Carbon dioxide has two polar C-O bonds in a linear geometry.
1020:
Cross section view of the structures that can be formed by
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of +1, while the outer atoms each have a formal charge of −
2531:
1512:
1344:. As a consequence of that constraint, all molecules with
430:
1743:
1476:"The Origin of the "Delta" Symbol for Fractional Charges"
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less viscous than hexadecane (large nonpolar molecules).
1814:
Gubskaya, Anna V.; Kusalik, Peter G. (27 August 2002).
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1854:
510:
442:
2273:
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
1816:"The total molecular dipole moment for liquid water"
1413:
945:
This amphiphilic molecule has several polar groups (
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to measure the polarity of a chemical bond within a
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1700:
1581:
1552:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp.
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516:
458:
1588:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
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871:) has two polar C=O bonds, but the geometry of CO
634:with M = 16 and a boiling point of –161 °C.
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798:Resonance Lewis structures of the ozone molecule
1813:
1447:Electronegativities of the elements (data page)
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953:) on the right side and a long nonpolar chain (
193:Polar molecules interact through dipole-dipole
178:Polar molecules must contain one or more polar
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2339:
1968:
406:A diagram showing the bond dipole moments of
654:, are able to dissolve nonpolar substances.
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738:(−OH) groups and are overall highly polar.
27:Separation of electric charge in a molecule
2346:
2332:
1975:
1961:
1734:2nd Edition (1966) G.M. Barrow McGraw Hill
1839:
686:Polar liquids have a tendency to be more
452:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2738:Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
912:
877:
855:
843:
767:
703:
583:
401:
374:based this classification scheme on the
138:
1699:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2006).
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386:description, Pauling proposed that the
349:generally occur when the difference in
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1982:
1707:(8th ed.). W.H. Freeman. p.
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1470:
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353:between the two atoms is less than 0.5
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1956:
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749:O) contains two polar O−H bonds in a
646:) at room temperature. Many nonpolar
662:Polar compounds tend to have higher
212:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
961:) at the left side. This gives it
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316:dipole-dipole intermolecular forces
190:cancel each other out by symmetry.
24:
2774:Dimensionless numbers of chemistry
2353:
1637:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
793:
699:
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209:, and melting and boiling points.
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674:Polar liquids have a tendency to
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1118:Molecules with an OH at one end
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933:at the liquid–liquid interface.
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1942:Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
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1857:The Journal of Chemical Physics
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1820:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1807:
1781:The Journal of Chemical Physics
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1737:
1584:The Nature of the Chemical Bond
1548:The Nature of the Chemical Bond
1190:Molecules with an N at one end
1156:Molecules with an O at one end
590:Dipole § Molecular dipoles
459:{\displaystyle \mu =\delta \,d}
52:needs additional citations for
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1692:
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1621:. California State University.
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1401:Electrical deflection of water
309:Edith Hilda (Usherwood) Ingold
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1892:Journal of Chemical Education
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390:for a polar molecule AB is a
2263:Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
1709:620 (and inside front cover)
1037:Predicting molecule polarity
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1254:Most hydrocarbon compounds
713:A polar molecule has a net
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575:may be approximated as the
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2436:Metal–ligand multiple bond
2248:Acid dissociation constant
1093:Molecules with a single H
678:in a small diameter tube.
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1028:and are vital in forming
925:molecules. They are good
734:), which have many polar
666:than nonpolar compounds.
1642:electric dipole moment,
772:The ammonia molecule, NH
2213:Solubility table (data)
2080:Apparent molar property
1653:10.1351/goldbook.E01929
573:molecular dipole moment
517:{\displaystyle \delta }
376:partial ionic character
182:due to a difference in
18:Non-polar covalent bond
2178:Total dissolved solids
2173:Solubility equilibrium
2098:and related quantities
981: – the
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480:electric dipole moment
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420:electric dipole moment
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305:Sir Christopher Ingold
173:electric dipole moment
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2278:Partition coefficient
2258:Polar aprotic solvent
1613:Blaber, Mike (2018).
913:Amphiphilic molecules
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282:alkaline earth metals
195:intermolecular forces
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2426:Coordinate (dipolar)
2193:Enthalpy of solution
2120:Volume concentration
2115:Number concentration
1528:10.1039/jr9262901310
1221:of the same element
676:rise against gravity
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61:improve this article
2769:Chemical properties
2600:C–H···O interaction
2382:Electron deficiency
2105:Molar concentration
2075:Dilution (equation)
1904:2000JChEd..77.1520Z
1869:1998JChPh.109.4546B
1832:2002JChPh.117.5290G
1793:1973JChPh..59.2254C
1758:1967JChPh..47.2256V
1678:2005JChEd..82..889H
1492:2009JChEd..86..545J
1432:Chemical properties
1293:center of inversion
1024:. They can form a
544:10 C m.
398:Bond dipole moments
159:is a separation of
76:"Chemical polarity"
2764:Physical chemistry
2585:Resonance-assisted
2145:Isotopic abundance
2110:Mass concentration
1984:Chemical solutions
1912:10.1021/ed077p1520
1732:Physical chemistry
1703:Physical Chemistry
1472:Jensen, William B.
1219:Diatomic molecules
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828:Nonpolar molecules
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596:molecular orbitals
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416:bond dipole moment
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392:linear combination
384:quantum-mechanical
295:, they are called
293:fundamental charge
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2702:Electron counting
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2562:London dispersion
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2491:Metal aromaticity
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1948:Molecule Polarity
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1841:10.1063/1.1501122
1826:(11): 5290–5302.
1801:10.1063/1.1680328
1766:10.1063/1.1703301
1686:10.1021/ed082p889
1500:10.1021/ed086p545
1452:Polar point group
1346:dihedral symmetry
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1291:Hydrocarbon with
1100:Hydrogen fluoride
1069:Linear molecules
850:boron trifluoride
848:In a molecule of
835:boron trifluoride
763:hydrogen fluoride
604:molecular orbital
600:electronegativity
566:potassium bromide
538:conversion factor
528:and the distance
418:uses the idea of
408:boron trifluoride
351:electronegativity
299:, denoted as δ+ (
262:electronegativity
244:hydrogen fluoride
242:In a molecule of
213:Polarity of bonds
184:electronegativity
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2743:Jemmis mno rules
2595:Dihydrogen bonds
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2005:Aqueous solution
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225:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2696:
2669:
2612:
2604:
2566:
2553:
2543:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2495:
2477:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2322:
2317:
2227:
2188:Solvation shell
2159:
2097:
2089:
2085:Miscibility gap
2070:Serial dilution
2065:Supersaturation
2015:Buffer solution
1986:
1981:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1888:
1884:
1853:
1849:
1812:
1808:
1777:
1773:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1697:
1693:
1662:
1658:
1630:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1539:
1535:
1511:
1507:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1304:
1300:
1288:
1282:
1264:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1227:
1215:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1090:
1076:Carbon monoxide
1039:
1032:
1018:
1009:
1003:
994:
975:
966:
943:
915:
908:
900:
874:
870:
840:
830:
820:
816:
815:
809:
786:
775:
748:
736:oxygen–hydrogen
724:
702:
700:Polar molecules
697:
684:
672:
664:surface tension
660:
658:Surface tension
640:
623:
592:
586:
560:
557:
556:
555:
553:
541:
524:in units of 10
509:
506:
505:
491:electronegative
476:partial charges
441:
438:
437:
400:
324:
297:partial charges
289:electric dipole
258:
257:
256:
255:
248:electronegative
246:(HF), the more
239:
238:
237:
228:
227:
226:
215:
203:surface tension
169:chemical groups
161:electric charge
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2707:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2541:Intermolecular
2537:
2536:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2363:Intramolecular
2359:
2358:
2355:Chemical bonds
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2253:Protic solvent
2250:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Lattice energy
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Eutectic point
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2010:Solid solution
2007:
2002:
2000:Ideal solution
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1931:External links
1929:
1926:
1925:
1882:
1847:
1806:
1771:
1736:
1724:
1717:
1691:
1656:
1624:
1605:
1598:
1569:
1562:
1533:
1505:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1349:
1335:
1331:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1058:Dipole moment
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1030:cell membranes
1019:
1012:
1010:
1004:
997:
995:
976:
969:
967:
944:
937:
914:
911:
906:
898:
872:
868:
865:Carbon dioxide
838:
829:
826:
807:
784:
773:
746:
743:water molecule
722:
701:
698:
696:
693:
683:
680:
671:
668:
659:
656:
639:
636:
622:
619:
585:
582:
558:
513:
468:
467:
455:
451:
448:
445:
399:
396:
369:
368:
360:
354:
347:Nonpolar bonds
333:covalent bonds
323:
322:Classification
320:
241:
240:
231:
230:
229:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
214:
211:
199:hydrogen bonds
145:water molecule
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2786:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2716:Hückel's rule
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2679:Bond cleavage
2676:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Intercalation
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:Metallophilic
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:Van der Waals
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:Mass fraction
2138:
2136:
2135:Mole fraction
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:Concentration
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:Phase diagram
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Flory–Huggins
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1746:J. Chem. Phys
1740:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1718:0-7167-8759-8
1714:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:J. Chem. Educ
1660:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1522:: 1310–1328.
1521:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:J. Chem. Educ
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:phospholipids
1016:
1011:
1007:
1006:Phospholipids
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
936:
935:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
904:
896:
891:
885:
880:
876:
866:
858:
851:
846:
842:
836:
825:
813:
812:formal charge
805:
796:
792:
790:
782:
770:
766:
764:
759:
756:
752:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
720:
716:
706:
692:
689:
679:
677:
667:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
635:
633:
629:
628:hydrogen bond
621:Boiling point
618:
616:
615:more nonpolar
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
591:
581:
578:
574:
569:
567:
551:
545:
539:
535:
531:
527:
511:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
453:
449:
446:
443:
436:
435:
434:
433:is given by:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
409:
404:
395:
393:
389:
388:wave function
385:
380:
377:
373:
366:
365:
361:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
341:
340:Pauling scale
336:
334:
330:
319:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
278:alkali metals
275:
271:
267:
263:
253:
249:
245:
235:
224:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
163:leading to a
162:
158:
154:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2721:Baird's rule
2441:Charge-shift
2404:Hypervalence
2282:
2203:Raoult's law
2155:Ternary plot
2150:Mixing ratio
1898:(11): 1520.
1895:
1891:
1885:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1702:
1694:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1643:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1608:
1583:
1572:
1547:
1536:
1519:
1516:J. Chem. Soc
1515:
1508:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1404:
1393:
1389:point groups
1383:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1329:
1317:
1285:
1279:
1248:
1242:
1184:
1178:
1150:
1144:
1111:
1087:
1049:Description
958:
951:water-loving
950:
922:
916:
897:molecule (CH
892:
889:
863:
831:
801:
789:VSEPR theory
779:
760:
740:
712:
685:
673:
661:
641:
624:
614:
610:
608:
593:
570:
546:
529:
495:
486:
484:
474:between the
471:
469:
428:
415:
413:
381:
375:
370:
362:
356:
346:
337:
325:
313:
286:
259:
192:
188:bond dipoles
177:
156:
150:
123:
117:January 2015
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2711:Aromaticity
2687:Heterolysis
2665:Salt bridge
2610:Noncovalent
2580:Low-barrier
2461:Aromaticity
2451:Conjugation
2431:Pi backbond
2308:Lyonium ion
2223:Miscibility
2208:Henry's law
1752:(7): 2256.
1619:Libre Texts
1578:Pauling, L.
1542:Pauling, L.
1320:point group
991:hydrophobic
987:hydrophilic
947:hydrophilic
927:surfactants
923:amphiphilic
919:amphiphiles
905:molecule (O
644:hydrophobic
526:statcoulomb
364:Ionic bonds
357:Polar bonds
2758:Categories
2639:aurophilic
2620:Mechanical
2303:Amphiphile
2298:Lipophilic
2293:Hydrophile
2288:Hydrophobe
2165:Solubility
2060:Saturation
2030:Suspension
1944:(archived)
1672:(6): 889.
1599:0801403332
1563:0801403332
1486:(5): 545.
1458:References
983:lipophilic
965:properties
963:surfactant
959:fat-loving
955:lipophilic
652:turpentine
650:, such as
638:Solubility
611:more polar
588:See also:
577:vector sum
329:ionic bond
207:solubility
171:having an
87:newspapers
2731:spherical
2692:Homolysis
2655:Cation–pi
2630:Chalcogen
2590:Symmetric
2446:Hapticity
2313:Lyate ion
2268:Solvation
2183:Solvation
2125:Normality
1920:0021-9584
1442:Detergent
1342:dimension
1209:Nonpolar
931:adsorbing
682:Viscosity
534:Angstroms
512:δ
482:vectors.
450:δ
444:μ
153:chemistry
2660:Anion–pi
2650:Stacking
2572:Hydrogen
2483:Metallic
2374:Covalent
2366:(strong)
2283:Polarity
2242:Category
2130:Molality
1992:Solution
1580:(1960).
1544:(1960).
1474:(2009).
1410:See also
1231:Dioxygen
1052:Example
1046:Formula
695:Examples
424:molecule
274:nitrogen
266:fluorine
252:fluorine
165:molecule
157:polarity
2625:Halogen
2471:bicyclo
2416:Agostic
2233:Solvent
2035:Colloid
2025:Mixture
1900:Bibcode
1865:Bibcode
1828:Bibcode
1789:Bibcode
1754:Bibcode
1674:Bibcode
1488:Bibcode
1437:Colloid
1363:Since C
1268:Propane
1200:Ammonia
1133:Ethanol
1026:micelle
979:micelle
895:methane
893:In the
884:methane
819:⁄
781:Ammonia
732:sucrose
688:viscous
632:methane
550:bromine
498:SI unit
372:Pauling
167:or its
101:scholar
2726:Möbius
2554:forces
2544:(weak)
1918:
1715:
1596:
1560:
1554:98–100
1360:axes.
1308:Butane
1272:0.083
1080:0.112
1063:Polar
903:oxygen
715:dipole
709:polar.
502:debyes
493:atom.
272:, and
270:oxygen
250:atom (
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2704:rules
2613:other
2501:Ionic
2409:3c–4e
2397:8c–2e
2392:4c–2e
2387:3c–2e
2055:Alloy
1632:IUPAC
1381:and C
1204:1.42
1171:1.85
1167:Water
1137:1.69
1104:1.86
1055:Name
804:ozone
728:debye
719:Water
382:As a
301:delta
180:bonds
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:Polar
2466:homo
2421:Bent
1916:ISSN
1713:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1312:0.0
1235:0.0
783:, NH
761:The
751:bent
496:The
414:The
307:and
280:and
197:and
80:news
1908:doi
1873:doi
1861:109
1836:doi
1824:117
1797:doi
1762:doi
1682:doi
1649:doi
1647:".
1524:doi
1520:129
1496:doi
1367:, C
1129:OH
1115:OH
1096:HF
1072:CO
1066:AB
921:or
882:In
867:(CO
837:(BF
802:In
613:or
532:in
151:In
63:by
2760::
1914:.
1906:.
1896:77
1894:.
1871:.
1859:.
1834:.
1822:.
1818:.
1795:.
1785:59
1783:.
1760:.
1750:47
1748:.
1711:.
1680:.
1670:82
1668:.
1634:,
1617:.
1592:.
1590:66
1556:.
1518:.
1494:.
1484:86
1482:.
1478:.
1373:∞h
1371:,C
1348:(D
1303:10
1193:NH
1163:O
1085:HA
977:A
957:,
949:,
806:(O
745:(H
721:(H
606:.
554:Br
552:,
342::
318:.
268:,
205:,
155:,
143:A
2641:)
2637:(
2347:e
2340:t
2333:v
2244:)
2240:(
1976:e
1969:t
1962:v
1922:.
1910::
1902::
1879:.
1875::
1867::
1844:.
1838::
1830::
1803:.
1799::
1791::
1768:.
1764::
1756::
1721:.
1688:.
1684::
1676::
1651::
1644:p
1602:.
1566:.
1530:.
1526::
1502:.
1498::
1490::
1394:n
1386:v
1384:n
1378:n
1375:C
1369:s
1365:1
1357:n
1351:n
1337:n
1332:h
1301:H
1299:4
1297:C
1286:y
1283:A
1280:x
1277:C
1263:8
1261:H
1259:3
1257:C
1249:y
1246:A
1243:x
1240:C
1226:2
1224:O
1214:2
1212:A
1195:3
1185:y
1182:A
1179:x
1176:N
1161:2
1159:H
1151:y
1148:A
1145:x
1142:O
1127:5
1125:H
1123:2
1121:C
1112:x
1109:A
1088:x
907:2
899:4
873:2
869:2
839:3
821:2
817:1
808:3
785:3
774:3
747:2
723:2
559:2
542:×
530:d
487:d
472:d
466:.
454:d
447:=
431:μ
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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