250:
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133:, with all the distortion and hyper-reflections that it creates. For graphics researchers, however, it refers to an image that is visually indistinguishable from reality. In fact, graphics researchers lump the kinds of visual distortions that are used by photorealist painters into "non-photorealism".
153:
The first conference on non-photorealistic animation and rendering included a discussion of possible alternative names. Among those suggested were "expressive graphics", "artistic rendering", "non-realistic graphics", "art-based rendering", and "psychographics". All of these terms have been used in
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is problematic. Equivalent (made-up) comparisons might be "non-elephant biology" or "non-geometric mathematics". NPR researchers have stated that they expect the term will disappear eventually and be replaced by the now more general term "computer graphics", with "photorealistic graphics" being the
292:
Subsequently, basic image processing operations using gradient operators or statistical moments were used to automate this process and minimize user interaction in the late nineties (although artistic control remains with the user via setting parameters of the algorithms). This automation enabled
288:
1990. This (and similar interactive techniques) provide the user with a canvas that they can "paint" on using the cursor — as the user paints, a stylized version of the image is revealed on the canvas. This is especially useful for people who want to simulate different sizes of brush strokes
302:
More sophisticated image abstractions techniques were developed in the early 2000s harnessing computer vision operators e.g. image salience, or segmentation operators to drive stroke placement. Around this time, machine learning began to influence image stylization algorithms notably
20:
265:
The input to a two dimensional NPR system is typically an image or video. The output is a typically an artistic rendering of that input imagery (for example in a watercolor, painterly or sketched style) although some 2D NPR serves non-artistic purposes e.g. data visualization.
161:-sponsored Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Rendering and Animation (NPAR) in 2000. NPAR is traditionally co-located with the Annecy Animated Film Festival, running on even numbered years. From 2007 onward, NPAR began to also run on odd-numbered years, co-located with ACM
148:
techniques. They are modelling techniques, or post-processing techniques. While the latter are coming to be known as 'image-based rendering', sketch-based modelling techniques, cannot technically be included under this heading, which is very inconvenient for conference
370:, or other more generic qualities. When the emphasis is on unique interpretive rendering styles, visual information is interpreted by the artist and displayed accordingly using the chosen
504:
324:
In addition to the above stylization methods, a related class of techniques in 2D NPR address the simulation of artistic media. These methods include simulating the
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318:(NST) algorithms that can mimic a wide gamut of artistic styles from single visual examples. These algorithms underpin mobile apps capable of the same e.g.
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image that is to be displayed to the screen. The majority of NPR techniques applied to 3D geometry are intended to make the scene appear two-dimensional.
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of the model is identical to the original geometry, and only the material applied to the surface is modified. With increased availability of programmable
129:") and artists. For artists—who are the target consumers of NPR techniques—it refers to a school of painting that focuses on reproducing the effect of a
2818:
2791:
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Gooch, Amy; Gooch, Bruce; Shirley, Peter; Cohen, Elaine (1998). "A non-photorealistic lighting model for automatic technical illustration".
184:
Three-dimensional NPR is the style that is most commonly seen in video games and movies. The output from this technique is almost always a
2786:
1108:
Shiraishi, Michio; Yamaguchi, Yasushi (2000). "An algorithm for automatic painterly rendering based on local source image approximation".
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2015:
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rendering styles, the emphasis is on accurate reproduction of light-and-shadow and the surface properties of the depicted objects,
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273:) traditionally focused upon heuristic algorithms that seek to simulate the placement of brush strokes on a digital canvas.
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Salisbury, Michael P.; Anderson, Sean E.; Barzel, Ronen; Salesin, David H. (1994). "Interactive pen-and-ink illustration".
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Hertzmann, Aaron; Jacobs, Charles E.; Oliver, Nuria; Curless, Brian; Salesin, David H. (2001). "Image analogies".
2005:
1302:
Brussee, Arthur; Saraev, Andrew; Chyr, William (2020). "That's a wrap: Manifold Garden rendering retrospective".
2020:
1949:
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1815:
1795:
386:, interpretive rendering styles are known as non-photorealistic rendering styles, but may be used to simplify
896:
Drew, Card (2002). "Non-Photorealistic
Rendering with Pixel and Vertex Shaders". In Engel, Wolfgang F. (ed.).
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various research papers on the topic, but the "non-photorealistic" term seems to have nonetheless taken hold.
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Proceedings of the second international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering - NPAR '02
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that has been modified from the original input model to portray a new artistic style. In many cases, the
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Proceedings of the first international symposium on Non-photorealistic animation and rendering - NPAR '00
524:
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Proceedings of the 25th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '98
1503:
Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '96
1468:
Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '94
1433:
Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '94
1253:
Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '01
1069:
Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '97
771:
Proceedings of the 17th annual conference on
Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '90
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Fighting game using cel-shaded 3D characters with limited animation to imitate the look of 2D sprites
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practical application of 2D NPR to video, for the first time in the living paintings of the movie
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Winkenbach, Georges; Salesin, David H. (1994). "Computer-generated pen-and-ink illustration".
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Saito, Takafumi; Takahashi, Tokiichiro (1990). "Comprehensible rendering of 3-D shapes".
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This section lists some seminal uses of NPR techniques in films, games and software. See
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218:
Many methods can be used to draw stylized outlines and strokes from 3D models, including
43:
1019:"State of the 'Art': A Taxonomy of Artistic Stylization Techniques for Images and Video"
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Special
Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference Talks
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Litwinowicz, Peter (1997). "Processing images and video for an impressionist effect".
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Kyprianidis, Jan Eric; Collomosse, John; Wang, Tinghuai; Isenberg, Tobias (May 2013).
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BĂ©nard, Pierre; Hertzmann, Aaron (2019). "Line
Drawings from 3D Models: A Tutorial".
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Stylized Depiction in Computer Graphics: An annotated survey of online NPR resources
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Uses a number of NPR techniques in the game, including a sketch-like shading method
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1990 papers committee, who held a session entitled "Non Photo Realistic Rendering".
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828:"Site officiel du Festival et du Marché international du film d'animation d'Annecy"
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Collomosse, J.P.; Hall, P.M. (2002). "Painterly rendering using image salience".
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390:. Rendering styles that combine photorealism with non-photorealism are known as
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featuring an NPR renderer with various traditional art style emulating presets
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900:. 87Wordware Game Developer's Library. Wordware Publishing. pp. 319–333.
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diagrams, greatly assist in showing placement of parts in a complex system.
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are not necessarily photorealistic. Non-photorealistic renderings, such as
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Many techniques that are used to create 'non-photorealistic' images are not
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Haeberli, Paul (1990). "Paint by numbers: Abstract image representations".
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Non-photorealistic rendering: a critical examination and proposed system
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Gooch, Bruce; Coombe, Greg; Shirley, Peter (2002). "Artistic Vision".
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A non-photorealistic rendering of an existing 2D (photographic) image
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Blender NPR: Dedicated to Stylize and Non-Photorealistic Rendering
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The artistic rendering of images and video (often referred to as
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Meier, Barbara J. (1996). "Painterly rendering for animation".
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Direct3D Shaderx: Vertex & Pixel Shader Tips and Techniques
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A 3D game rendered in a unique monochrome, pointillist style
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that could learn to mimic the style of an existing artwork.
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has re-kindled activity in image stylization, notably with
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Nonlinear projection and other distortions of 3D geometry
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Wet and Sticky: A Novel Model for Computer-Based Painting
193:
1612:
1026:
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
827:
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for a list of uses of toon-shading in games and movies.
125:" has different meanings for graphics researchers (see "
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860:
1545:
933:
Foundations and Trends in Computer Graphics and Vision
141:
term used to describe "traditional" computer graphics.
42:
that focuses on enabling a wide variety of expressive
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The first technical meeting dedicated to NPR was the
533:
Painterly rendering in the "painted world" sequence
101:
2819:
List of animated television series by episode count
1199:
1107:
980:. Computational Imaging and Vision. Vol. 42.
54:. NPR is inspired by other artistic modes such as
1430:
1301:
749:, notable for its novel edge-shading techniques.
2878:
2814:List of animated films by box office admissions
1345:Some key papers in the development of NPR are:
975:
930:
23:A normal shader (left) and an NPR shader using
1380:
1148:
444:Pencil-sketching 3D rendering by Eric Darnell
200:have allowed NPR effects to be applied to the
1638:
976:Rosin, Paul; Collomosse, John, eds. (2013).
632:One of the most well-known cel-shaded games
276:Arguably, the earliest example of 2D NPR is
46:for digital art, in contrast to traditional
1151:Proceedings 20th Eurographics UK Conference
1066:
548:First use of Disney's "Deep Canvas" system
457:Watercolor-style 3D rendering David Gainey
289:according to different areas of the image.
1645:
1631:
1598:Tunde Cockshott's Wet and Sticky revisited
978:Image and Video-Based Artistic Stylisation
677:A game whose visuals emulate the style of
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598:Early use of toon-shading in video games
229:For enhanced legibility, the most useful
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662:A game made as "comic"-like as possible
563:First use of rotoshop in a feature film
427:Early use of toon shading together with
256:
248:
172:
18:
768:
117:The term has received some criticism:
110:is believed to have been coined by the
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881:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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207:NPR techniques for 3D images include
2787:Films with live action and animation
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513:Watercolor-style rendering by Auryn
624:The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker
136:Describing something by what it is
13:
1340:
328:of ink through different kinds of
14:
2903:
1879:Modern TV cable and streaming era
1591:
1412:Cockshott, Malcolm Tunde (1991).
102:History and criticism of the term
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336:through water for simulation of
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1244:
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1142:
1101:
810:Schofield, Simon (March 1994).
583:Video games and other software
578:"a 15-month animation process"
1383:ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
1352:ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics
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2809:Most expensive animated films
2464:Direct manipulation animation
2115:Barrier-grid and stereography
1618:Online image based NPR system
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681:(Japanese ink wash painting)
2355:Non-photorealistic rendering
108:non-photorealistic rendering
32:Non-photorealistic rendering
7:
1987:International Animation Day
177:An example of NPR used for
10:
2908:
2457:Linear Animation Generator
2360:Physically based animation
505:The Girl Who Cried Flowers
431:-style cartoon characters
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92:architectural illustration
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2046:Children's animated films
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1169:10.1109/EGUK.2002.1011281
986:10.1007/978-1-4471-4519-6
582:
517:
476:Short films created with
411:
86:" shading) as well as in
1955:Animation film festivals
769:Baskett, Forest (1990).
711:3D environment creation
348:Not to be confused with
127:photorealistic rendering
88:scientific visualization
2777:Twelve basic principles
2697:Instructional animation
1312:10.1145/3388767.3407385
745:A 3D puzzle game using
722:Return of the Obra Dinn
398:Notable films and games
388:technical illustrations
235:technical communication
231:technical illustrations
179:technical illustrations
2375:Virtual cinematography
1972:Highest-grossing films
1874:Early TV broadcast era
613:Sketch-like modelling
358:is the application of
262:
254:
181:
96:experimental animation
70:. NPR has appeared in
64:technical illustration
28:
2692:Independent animation
2682:Educational animation
1566:10.1145/280814.280950
1521:10.1145/237170.237288
1476:10.1145/192161.192185
1441:10.1145/192161.192184
1271:10.1145/383259.383295
1220:10.1145/508530.508545
1118:10.1145/340916.340923
1077:10.1145/258734.258893
1038:10.1109/TVCG.2012.160
316:neural style transfer
260:
252:
244:
176:
168:
22:
2672:Animated documentary
2504:Whiteboard animation
2397:Traditional puppetry
2041:Adult animated films
1950:Biologist simulators
1913:Animation department
1550:. pp. 447–452.
1505:. pp. 477–484.
1470:. pp. 101–108.
1255:. pp. 327–340.
1153:. pp. 122–128.
1071:. pp. 407–414.
617:with toon rendering
525:What Dreams May Come
419:Technological Threat
404:cel-shaded animation
296:What Dreams May Come
80:cel-shaded animation
2745:Character animation
2525:Character animation
2063:Children's animated
1435:. pp. 91–100.
1405:10.1145/97880.97901
1374:10.1145/97880.97902
863:on 21 December 1996
747:impossible geometry
639:Valkyria Chronicles
224:Suggestive contours
50:, which focuses on
2772:Creature animation
2702:Virtual newscaster
2647:Abstract animation
2479:Ink-wash animation
2469:Humanoid animation
2452:Audio-Animatronics
2016:Lost or unfinished
1940:Animation database
1918:Animation director
1112:. pp. 53–58.
955:10.1561/0600000075
394:rendering styles.
362:to rendering. For
356:Artistic rendering
350:Artist's rendition
344:Artistic rendering
263:
255:
220:occluding contours
182:
29:
16:Style of rendering
2892:Computer graphics
2874:
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2635:
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2562:Erasure animation
2383:
2382:
2125:Limited animation
2068:Computer-animated
2006:Computer-animated
1928:Animation studios
1889:
1888:
1575:978-0-89791-999-9
1530:978-0-89791-746-9
1485:978-0-89791-667-7
1450:978-0-89791-667-7
1321:978-1-4503-7971-7
1280:978-1-58113-374-5
1229:978-1-58113-494-0
1178:978-0-7695-1518-2
1127:978-1-58113-277-9
1086:978-0-89791-896-1
995:978-1-4471-4518-9
917:978-1-55622-041-8
788:978-0-201-50933-5
753:
752:
384:computer graphics
360:visual art styles
271:image stylization
68:animated cartoons
48:computer graphics
40:computer graphics
2899:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2829:anime franchises
2804:Cartoon violence
2792:highest grossing
2687:Erotic animation
2662:Animated cartoon
2429:Supermarionation
2402:Digital puppetry
2323:Facial animation
2243:
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1976:Opening weekends
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1306:. pp. 1–2.
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859:. Archived from
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570:A Scanner Darkly
409:
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282:Paint by Numbers
82:(also known as "
38:) is an area of
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2799:Cartoon physics
2718:Animation music
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2667:Animated sitcom
2657:Adult animation
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2612:Special effects
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2073:Direct-to-video
1991:
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1608:NPAR conference
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1557:10.1.1.435.1775
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1512:10.1.1.126.7091
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1341:Further reading
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853:"Archived copy"
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737:Manifold Garden
688:Guilty Gear Xrd
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467:Snack and Drink
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78:in the form of
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1396:10.1.1.83.4139
1389:(4): 197–206.
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1358:(4): 207–214.
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1204:. p. 83.
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374:and level of
373:
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322:
321:
317:
313:
312:deep learning
308:
306:
305:image analogy
300:
298:
297:
290:
287:
283:
279:
278:Paul Haeberli
274:
272:
267:
261:Original here
259:
251:
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239:exploded view
236:
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213:Gooch shading
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37:
33:
26:
21:
2887:3D rendering
2824:anime series
2782:Motion comic
2651:visual music
2597:Pose to pose
2572:Inbetweening
2552:Chuckimation
2494:Shadowmation
2447:Animatronics
2354:
2348:eye tracking
2328:Morph target
2280:Multi-sketch
2031:Short series
1945:Art pipeline
1923:Story artist
1869:World War II
1738:South Africa
1547:
1502:
1467:
1432:
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1386:
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1029:
1025:
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971:
936:
932:
926:
897:
891:
865:. Retrieved
861:the original
857:siggraph.org
856:
847:
835:. Retrieved
831:
822:
812:
805:
770:
764:
735:
720:
712:
701:
686:
667:
652:
637:
622:
614:
603:
588:
568:
553:
538:
523:
503:
488:
482:Bob Sabiston
466:
462:
449:
436:
417:
412:Short films
401:
380:abstract art
355:
354:
323:
309:
301:
294:
291:
275:
270:
268:
264:
228:
217:
206:
183:
156:
152:
137:
123:photorealism
116:
107:
105:
52:photorealism
35:
31:
30:
2750:model sheet
2607:Rubber hose
2530:model sheet
2308:Cel shading
2150:Stop motion
2135:Rotoscoping
2107:Traditional
2036:Stop-motion
1982:Outsourcing
1743:South Korea
1723:Philippines
1718:North Korea
703:Vue Xstream
555:Waking Life
376:abstraction
368:composition
209:cel shading
149:organisers.
131:camera lens
76:video games
25:cel-shading
2881:Categories
2755:walk cycle
2622:Syncro-Vox
2535:walk cycle
2439:Mechanical
2365:Procedural
2265:PowerPoint
2218:Puppetoons
2213:Pixilation
2178:silhouette
2167:strata-cut
2158:Claymation
2099:Techniques
2088:Television
1859:Silent Era
1791:Bangladesh
1786:Azerbaijan
1673:Bangladesh
1662:By country
1424:2124902248
1418:(Thesis).
946:1810.01175
867:13 January
756:References
437:Gas Planet
372:art medium
338:watercolor
202:rasterised
121:The term "
2765:off-model
2735:Key frame
2592:Pixel art
2587:Pinscreen
2545:off-model
2489:Scanimate
2407:Machinima
2206:Brickfilm
2194:go motion
2120:Flip book
1654:Animation
1552:CiteSeerX
1507:CiteSeerX
1391:CiteSeerX
1360:CiteSeerX
1330:221178781
1257:CiteSeerX
1206:CiteSeerX
1155:CiteSeerX
902:CiteSeerX
816:(Thesis).
429:Tex Avery
326:diffusion
146:rendering
106:The term
2851:Category
2760:lip sync
2640:Variants
2627:Zoetrope
2577:Morphing
2540:lip sync
2520:Blocking
2412:Aniforms
2389:Puppetry
2370:Skeletal
2237:timeline
2228:Computer
2083:Internet
1965:regional
1901:Animator
1894:Industry
1758:Thailand
1728:Portugal
1708:Malaysia
1420:ProQuest
1136:16915734
1095:13139308
1046:22802120
1004:40656135
963:52912187
877:cite web
837:20 April
797:12199502
713:software
615:software
605:SketchUp
478:Rotoshop
463:RoadHead
334:pigments
299:(1998).
286:SIGGRAPH
190:geometry
186:3D model
163:SIGGRAPH
112:SIGGRAPH
56:painting
2866:Outline
2233:history
2184:Graphic
2130:Masking
2021:Package
1846:Ukraine
1816:Hungary
1778:History
1768:Vietnam
1733:Romania
1693:Estonia
1688:Czechia
1584:1411270
1539:1199189
1494:1098501
1459:3234749
1289:2201072
1238:1146198
1187:9610948
1054:2656810
450:Fishing
198:shaders
60:drawing
27:(right)
2861:Portal
2422:Live2D
2338:facial
2303:T-pose
2201:Object
2174:Cutout
2053:Series
2002:Films
1841:Russia
1811:France
1801:Canada
1796:Brazil
1753:Taiwan
1713:Mexico
1678:Bhutan
1656:topics
1582:
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1527:
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