1022:
1555:, and long-term weight gain, have limited their adoption. Due to these side effects, the AASLD recommends the use of pioglitazone only for individuals with biopsy-proven NASH, and the Asia-Pacific Work Group recommends them only for individuals with MASLD with known diabetic issues. However, the AASLD advises against the use of metformin as studies were inconclusive about the improvement of the liver's histological condition. Although there was an improvement in insulin resistance and serum aminotransferases, this did not translate into NASH improvements. The NICE provides similar guidelines to the AASLD regarding pioglitazone and recommends it be administered in secondary care to adults with advanced liver fibrosis irrespective of whether or not they have diabetes.
2048:
871:; this production of liver fats continues to be stimulated by insulin, even when other tissues are insulin-resistant. These FFAs are combined back into triglycerides in the liver, forming the major constituent of the accumulated fat in the liver. The three sources of free fatty acids that contribute to liver triglyceride accumulation include FFAs circulating in the bloodstream (59%), FFAs derived from carbohydrates such as fructose and glucose (26%), and diet (14%). Despite the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, they are not directly toxic to liver tissue. Instead, alteration of the profile of the other lipid subtypes present in the liver, such as
1967:
insulin levels, male sex, genetic background (PNPLA3 and TM6SF2 variants) and low birth weight, an emerging risk factor for adulthood MASLD. In a study, simple steatosis was present in up to 45% in children with a clinical suspicion of MASLD. Children with simple steatosis have a worse prognosis than adults, with significantly more of them progressing from NAFLD to NASH compared to adults. Indeed, 17-25% of children with MASLD develop MASH in general, and up to 83% for children with severe obesity (versus 29% for adults), further suggesting that hepatic fibrosis seems to follow a more aggressive clinical course in children compared to adults.
1347:
comment on severity. The EASL recommends the Fatty Liver
Inhibition of Progression (FLIP) algorithm to grade the ballooning and classify MASLD-associated liver injury, and the use of the NAFLD Activity Score (NAS) to grade the severity of NASH rather than for its diagnosis. They also consider the steatosis, activity, and fibrosis (SAF) score to be an accurate and reproducible scoring system. The AASLD recommends the use of the NAS scoring system with or without the SAF score if deemed appropriate. The Asia-Pacific Working Group disadvises the use of NAS, as it is considered uninformative for NAFLD and inappropriate to diagnose NASH.
1061:
majority of NAFL cases show minimal or no inflammation. Pericentral and perisinusoidal fibrosis occur more often in adult-onset NASH, whereas portal fibrosis is more common in children with the disorder. NASH represents a more advanced stage of NAFL and is associated with poor outcomes such as cardiovascular events, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. ICD-11 does not use the term NAFL as it was deemed confusing with the family of disorders NAFLD. The preferred descriptions are instead: NAFLD without NASH or simple steatosis and "NASH". Also, the modifier with or without fibrosis or cirrhosis completes the diagnostic description.
984:
970:
1010:
1214:
998:
1255:, especially for people with contraindications to a percutaneous approach. The liver biopsy can also be image-guided, in real-time or not, which is recommended for some clinical situations such as people with known intra-hepatic lesions, previous intra-abdominal surgery who may have adhesions, a small liver that is difficult to percuss, obese people and people with evident ascites. Vital signs must be monitored frequently afterward (at least every 15 minutes in the hour following the biopsy).
53:
1662:
1843:
cancer. The rate of liver cancer associated with NASH increased fourfold between 2002 and 2012 in the US, which is more than any other cause of liver cancer. MASLD constitutes the third most common risk factor for liver cancer. NAFLD and NASH were found to worsen with cirrhosis in respectively 2–3% and 15–20% of the people over a 10–20 year period. Cirrhosis is found in only about 50% of people with MASLD and with liver cancer, so that liver cancer and cirrhosis are not always linked.
1202:
1038:
1856:
1136:
487:
1512:
200 min/week in 3 to 5 sessions of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity or resistance training. Since both effectively reduce liver fat, a pragmatic approach to the choice of physical activity that accounts for the individual's preferences for what they can maintain in the long-term is preferred. Any engagement in physical activity or increase over previous levels is better than remaining sedentary.
11318:
7617:
447:, or medications that can induce fatty liver, was the definition of NAFLD. However, the term MASLD accepts there may be other conditions present, but focuses on the metabolic abnormalities contributing to the disorder. MASLD encompasses a continuum of liver abnormalities, from metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver (MASL, simple steatosis) to Metabolic dysfunction-associated
1864:
United States and 25% of the Asia-Pacific populations have non-alcoholic fatty liver. Similar prevalence can be found in Europe, although less data is available. MASLD is the most common in the Middle East (32%) and South
America (30%), while Africa has the lowest rates (13%). Compared to the 2000s, NAFL and NASH respectively increased 2-fold and 2.5-fold in the 2010s in the USA.
1239:) as definitively diagnosing and distinguishing NAFLD (including NAFL and NASH) from other forms of liver disease and can be used to assess the severity of the inflammation and resultant fibrosis. However, since most people affected by NAFLD are likely to be asymptomatic, liver biopsy presents too high a risk for routine diagnosis, so other methods are preferred, such as liver
1427:. People with NAFLD can benefit from a moderate to low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet. The Mediterranean diet also showed promising results in a 6-week study with a reduction of NASH induced inflammation and fibrosis, independently from weight loss. Tentative evidence supports dietary interventions in individuals with fatty liver who are not overweight.
1193:(MRE) is an established method that can accurately assess hepatic fibrosis and is recommended by the APASL, AGA, ACR and AASLD. MRE possesses excellent accuracy to detect fibrosis in NAFLD regardless of BMI and inflammation, and is suggested as a more reliable alternative to diagnose NAFLD and its progression to NASH compared to ultrasound and blood tests.
939:(which produce alcohol), with dysbiosis proposed as a mechanism for this elevation. Alterations in the composition of the intestinal microbiota may influence NAFLD risk in several ways. These changes appear to increase the permeability of intestinal tissue, thereby facilitating increased liver exposure to harmful substances (e.g., translocated bacteria,
1247:. For young people, guidelines recommend liver ultrasonography, but biopsy remains the best evidence. Liver biopsy is also the gold standard to detect hepatic fibrosis and assess its progression. Routine liver function blood tests are not sensitive enough to detect MASLD, and biopsy is the only procedure that can reliably differentiate NAFL from NASH.
1812:
Obesity predicts a worse long-term outcome than for lean individuals. In the Asia-Pacific region, about 25% of MASLD cases progress to MASH under three years, but only a low proportion (3.7%) develop advanced liver fibrosis. An international study showed that people with MASLD with advanced fibrosis had a 10-year survival rate of 81.5%.
1561:(GLP-1s) are at least as effective as pioglitazone and Vitamin E and significantly reduce steatosis, ballooning necrosis, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis according to a 2023 systematic review. Dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists appear to be effective treatments;
1543:) are not specifically recommended for MASLD as they do not directly improve the liver condition. They can be indicated for diabetic individuals, after a careful assessment of risks, to reduce insulin resistance and risks of complications. Indeed, the side effects associated with thiazolidinedione medications, which include
1760:(liver cancer) and gastroesophageal varices. The NICE advises regular screening of NAFLD for advanced liver fibrosis every three years to adults and every two years for children using the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) blood test. Follow-up is recommended for people with obesity and insulin resistance using the
1954:, which is a cluster of risk factors that contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Studies have demonstrated that abdominal obesity and insulin resistance, in particular, are significant contributors to the development of NAFLD. Coexisting liver diseases, such as
1842:
MASLD and NASH increase the risk of liver cancer. Cirrhosis and liver cancer induced by NAFLD were the second cause of liver transplantation in the US in 2017. Liver cancer develops in NASH in the absence of cirrhosis in 45% in the cases, and people with NASH cirrhosis have an increased risk of liver
1182:
is recommended for the initial assessment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and helps to predict complications and prognosis, but the interpretation of results is carefully weighed in the presence of limiting factors such as steatosis, high BMI, low amount of hepatic fibrosis, narrow spaces between the
745:
is increased in MASH compared with simple steatosis, and inflammation is a hallmark of MASH. The degree of inflammation can be correlated to the number of inflammatory foci. Various definitions exist for an inflammatory focus, but one defines it as the presence of more than four mononuclear cells in
958:
Excessive macronutrient intake contributes to gut inflammation and perturbation of homeostasis, and micronutrients may also be involved. In addition to reducing weight and risk factors, lifestyle changes may prompt positive changes in the gut microbiota. In particular, diet diversity may play a role
1907:
to raise awareness of the existence of this pathology, as similar reports previously were dismissed as "patients' lies". This paper was mostly ignored at the time but eventually came to be seen as a landmark paper, and starting in the mid-1990s, the condition began to be intensively studied, with a
1895:
The first acknowledged case of obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver was observed in 1952 by Samuel Zelman. Zelman started investigating after observing a fatty liver in a hospital employee who drank more than twenty bottles of Coca-Cola a day. He then went on to design a trial for a year and a
1863:
MASLD incidence is rapidly rising, along with obesity and diabetes, and has become the most common cause of liver disease in developed countries, for adults, teenagers, and children. The percentage of people with MASLD ranges from 9 to 36.9% in different parts of the world. Approximately 20% of the
1691:
is an effective method for obese and diabetic individuals with MASLD to induce weight loss and reduce or resolve NASH inflammation, including fibrosis, and improve longevity. For the AASLD, bariatric surgery can be considered only for NASH on a case-by-case basis by an experienced bariatric surgery
773:
model, suggesting that multiple disease biomarkers and factors such as genes and nutrition influence NAFLD and NASH progression. This model attempts to use these factors to predict the impact of lifestyle changes and genetics for the evolution of the NAFLD pathology. Many researchers describe NAFLD
713:. However, the mechanisms by which triglycerides accumulate and the reasons that accumulation can lead to liver dysfunction are complex and incompletely understood. MASLD can include steatosis along with varied signs of liver injury: either lobular or portal inflammation (a form of liver injury) or
7382:
Gu Y, Sun L, He Y, Yang L, Deng C, Zhou R, et al. (March 2023). "Comparative efficacy of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, pioglitazone and vitamin E for liver histology among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and pilot network meta-analysis of
5632:
Stable, diverse and healthy GI microbial ecosystems are an important component to consider when using diet to perturb physiological systems in animal models of disease, and it is an aspect often overlooked. A common model to study obesity and insulin resistance is one in which the diet is switched
2038:
to quantify hepatic steatosis. They recommend ultrasound-based transient elastography to accurately diagnose both fibrosis and cirrhosis in a routine clinical setting, with more objectivity than ultrasonography but with lower accuracy than magnetic resonance elastography; and plasma cytokeratin 18
1921:
EASL recommends Europe's public health authorities to "restrict advertising and marketing of sugar-sweetened beverages and industrially processed foods high in saturated fat, sugar, and salt", as well as "fiscal measures to discourage the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and legislation to
1879:
Although the disease is commonly associated with obesity, a significant proportion of those affected are normal weight or lean. Lean MASLD affects between 10 and 20% of
Americans and Europeans, and approximately 25% of Asians, although some countries have a higher incidence (e.g., India has a very
1602:
found that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in those with NAFLD/NASH using doses of one gram daily or more (median dose four grams/day with median treatment duration six months) has been associated with improvements in liver fat. According to AASLD guidelines, "omega-3 fatty acids
1387:
Weight loss is the most effective treatment for NAFLD. A loss of 4% to 10% body weight is recommended, with 10% to 40% weight loss completely reversing NASH without cirrhosis. A structured weight loss program helps people with MASLD lose more weight compared with advice alone. This type of program
1165:
Ultrasound presented average sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing the disease in children, while in the adult population, sensitivity and specificity were significantly higher. Proton density fat fraction magnetic resonance imaging has been increasingly used for the diagnosis of steatosis in
430:
in the United States and Europe in 2017. MASLD affects about 20 to 25% of people in Europe. In the United States, estimates suggest that 30% to 40% of adults have MASLD, and about 3% to 12% of adults have MASH. The annual economic burden was about US$ 103 billion in the United States in 2016.
1997:
Intensive lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and dietary changes, are the first line of treatment according to AASLD and EASL as it improves the liver histology and aminotransferase levels. In terms of pharmacological treatment, the AASLD and EASL do not recommend metformin, but
1582:
medications appear to improve liver histology and markers of liver biochemistry in people with MASLD. Since people with NAFLD are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, statin treatment is indicated. People with NAFLD are not at higher risk for serious liver injury from statins, according to
1488:
does not improve established liver fibrosis in those with MASLD but seems to improve certain markers of liver function and reduces inflammation and fattiness of the liver in some people with MASLD. The Asia-Pacific Work Group advises that
Vitamin E may improve liver condition and aminotransferase
1346:
The AASLD and ICD-11 consider that clinically useful pathology reporting distinguishes "between NAFL (steatosis), NAFL with inflammation and NASH (steatosis with lobular and portal inflammation and hepatocellular ballooning)" with the presence or absence of fibrosis being described and optionally
1060:
NAFLD comprises two histological categories: NAFL, and the more aggressive form NASH. The presence of at least 5% fatty liver is common to both NAFL and NASH, but the features of substantial lobular inflammation and hepatocyte injuries such as ballooning or
Mallory hyaline only occur in NASH. The
1811:
The average progression rate from one stage of liver fibrosis to the next in humans with NASH is estimated to be seven years. The course of progression varies with different clinical manifestations among individuals. Fibrosis in humans with MASH progressed more rapidly than in humans with MASLD.
1717:
Surgery carries more risks for individuals with NASH cirrhosis, with a review estimating overall morbidity to be 21%. For people with MASLD who have undifferentiated cirrhosis, the APWG recommends an investigation to determine the cause of the cirrhosis as well as the person's liver function and
1438:
per week less than the normal daily diet, a target of 7–10% weight loss for obese/overweight MASLD, a low- to moderate-fat, and moderate- to high-carbohydrate diet, or a low-carbohydrate ketogenic or high-protein diet such as the
Mediterranean diet, and avoiding all beverages and food containing
1126:
in the blood, known as the AST/platelet ratio index (APRI score), and
Fibrotest are recommended as the preferred noninvasive tests for cirrhosis by the Asian-Pacific Association for Study of the Liver (APASL). Several other scores such as FIB-4 score and NAFLD fibrosis score can also reflect the
1792:≥ 40 kg/m) and NASH with cirrhosis may be considered unfit for liver transplantation until they follow lifestyle modifications to reduce bodyweight. Diabetic people with poor glycemic control are at similar risks, and optimal glycemic control is essential before attempting transplantation.
1501:
and diets are advisable for overweight people with MASLD as for other obese and overweight people. Although physical activity is less important for weight loss than dietary adaptations (to reduce caloric intake), the NICE advises physical activity to reduce liver fat even if there is no overall
576:
Most normal-weight people with MASLD ("lean MASLD") have impaired insulin sensitivity, are sedentary, and have increased cardiovascular disease risk and increased liver lipid levels. These are the consequences of a decreased capacity for storing fat and reduced mitochondrial function in fat and
1966:
Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with MASLD than girls. Overweight, or even weight gain, in childhood and adolescence, is associated with an increased risk of MASLD later in life, with adult MASLD predicted in a 31-year follow-up study by risk factors during childhood including BMI, plasma
1706:
is usually recommended to reduce liver volume by 16–20%. Preoperative weight loss is the only factor associated with postoperative weight loss. Preoperative weight loss can reduce operative time and hospital stay, although there is insufficient evidence whether preoperative weight loss reduces
1350:
For liver fibrosis assessment, percutaneous liver biopsy, with or without image guidance, is contraindicated in uncooperative people. Transjugular liver biopsy is indicated for any person with diffuse liver disease who needs a biopsy but has a contraindication to percutaneous biopsy or needs a
540:
The condition is strongly associated with or caused by type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (defined as at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density
490:
1258:
According to AASLD guidelines, a liver biopsy may be considered in people with NAFLD who are at increased risk of having steatohepatitis with or without advanced fibrosis, but only when all other competing chronic liver diseases are excluded (such as alcoholic liver disease). The presence of
812:
Non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease share similar histological features, which suggests that they might share common pathogenic pathways. Fructose can cause liver inflammation and addiction similarly to ethanol by using similar metabolic pathways, unlike glucose. Therefore, some
489:
1398:
Higher-intensity behavioral weight loss therapies (diet and exercise combined) may produce more weight loss than lower-intensity ones. A 2019 systematic review suggested a change of guidelines to recommend these therapies for MASLD management. Weight loss is associated with improvements in
494:
493:
488:
1940:
for misleading consumers using a communication on their website titled "Better understanding the NASH pathology", explaining that "NASH pathology is sometimes called the soda illness by language abuse or an unfortunate semantic shortcut, as it is not directly linked to the consumption of
594:
Two-thirds of families with a history of diabetes type 2 report more than one family member having MASLD. There is a higher risk of fibrosis for family members where someone was diagnosed with MASH. Asian populations are more susceptible to metabolic syndrome and MASLD than their western
1958:
and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, are also associated with an increased risk of NAFLD. Some children were diagnosed as early as two years old, with a mean age of diagnosis between 11 and 13 years old. The mean age is usually above 10 years, as children can also report
1511:
may be more effective than resistance training, although there are contradictory results. Vigorous training is preferable to moderate training, as only the high-intensity exercise reduced the chances of MASLD developing into NASH or advanced fibrosis. The EASL recommends between 150 and
1506:
or diet, is the most effective way to reduce liver fat and help NASH and fibrosis remission. Exercise alone can prevent or reduce hepatic steatosis, but it remains unknown whether it can improve all other aspects of the liver; hence a combined approach with diet and exercise is advised.
1990:, and serum biomarkers to reduce the number of biopsies. In follow up, NICE guidelines recommend that healthcare providers offer children regular MASLD screening for advanced liver fibrosis every two years using the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) blood test. Several studies also suggest
890:
Once MASLD progresses in severity to the point of NASH, this promotes further insulin resistance in the adipose tissue and liver, which results in a harmful cycle of insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation, and inflammation. Adipose tissue dysfunction also decreases secretion of the
495:
1970:
Early diagnosis of MASLD in children may help prevent the development of liver disease during adulthood. This is challenging as most children with MASLD are asymptomatic, with only 42-59% showing abdominal pain. Other symptoms might be present, such as right upper quadrant pain or
1802:
After transplantation, liver biopsy is the best method to monitor the evolution of post-transplant fibrosis, with significant fibrosis or portal hypertension one year after transplantation predicting rapid progression and graft loss and indicating the need for urgent intervention.
2014:
Since a MASLD diagnosis based on a liver biopsy is invasive and makes it difficult to estimate epidemiology, it is a high research priority to find accurate, inexpensive, and noninvasive methods of diagnosing and monitoring MASLD disease and its progression. The search for these
1876:, over 60%, and up to 20% for normal-weight people. MASLD is present in 65% to 90% of people who had bariatric surgery, and up to 75% of them have MASH. Ultrasonography and proton NMR spectroscopy studies suggest about 25% of the population seems to be affected by MASLD or MASH.
1908:
series of international meetings being held on the topic since 1998. The broader NAFLD term started to be used around 2002. Diagnostic criteria began to be worked out, and in 2005 the
Pathology Committee of the NIH NASH Clinical Research Network proposed the NAS scoring system.
918:
insulin resistance may also play a role in MASLD. Insulin-resistant skeletal muscle is not as efficient at taking up glucose from the bloodstream after a meal. This inefficient glucose uptake promotes the redistribution of consumed carbohydrates from glucose destined for use in
1410:
in people with non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease; authors said that it was unlikely that differences in clinical outcomes would become apparent in trials with less than 5 years to 10 years of follow‐up, and that sample sizes needed to be much larger than had been used.
1886:
The majority of cryptogenic cirrhosis is believed to be due to MASH. NAFLD prevalence is expected to increase steadily, from 25% in 2018 to a projected 33.5% of people with MASLD globally in 2030, and from 20% to a projected 27% of those with MASLD will progress to MASH.
496:
1896:
half on 20 obese people who were not alcoholic, finding that about half of them had substantially fatty livers. Fatty liver was, however, linked to diabetes since at least 1784 — an observation picked up again in the 1930s. Studies in experimental animals implicated
1351:
hemodynamic evaluation for diagnostic purposes. A transvenous liver biopsy is recommended instead of a percutaneous approach in people with clinically evident ascites, although percutaneous biopsy is an acceptable alternative approach after the removal of ascites.
595:
counterparts. Hispanic persons have a higher prevalence of MASLD than white individuals, whereas the lowest prevalence is observed in black individuals. MASLD is twice as prevalent in men as in women, which might be explained by lower levels of estrogen in men.
9857:
Advancements in pharmacological treatment of NAFLD/MASLD: a focus on metabolic and liver-targeted interventions
Stefano Ciardullo, Emanuele Muraca, Michela Vergani, Pietro Invernizzi, Gianluca Perseghin Gastroenterology Report, Volume 12, 2024, goae029,
492:
8625:
Kabbany MN, Conjeevaram
Selvakumar PK, Watt K, Lopez R, Akras Z, Zein N, et al. (April 2017). "Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Associated Cirrhosis in the United States: An Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data".
1867:
MASLD and NASH are more prevalent in Hispanics - which can be attributed to high rates of obesity and type 2 diabetes in Hispanic populations, intermediate in Whites, and lowest in Blacks. NAFLD was observed to be twice as prevalent in men as women. For
1619:, 81 mg for 6 months, significantly reduced hepatic fat quantity compared with placebo among 40 randomized participants with MASLD in a 6-month, phase 2, randomized, double-blind clinical trial conducted at a single hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.
1057:, nutritional deficiency, or endocrine conditions. In practice, diagnosis was often made simply based on the clinical presentation and a lack of high-volume alcohol consumption reported by the patient, but this is an unreliable method of diagnosis.
1998:
vitamin E may improve liver health for some children. The NICE advises the use of vitamin E for children with advanced liver fibrosis, whether they have diabetes or not. The only treatment shown to be effective in childhood MASLD is weight loss.
1489:
levels, but only in adults without diabetes or cirrhosis who have NASH. The NICE guidelines recommend Vitamin E as an option for children and adults with NAFLD with advanced liver fibrosis, regardless of whether the person has diabetes mellitus.
1597:
may reduce liver fat and improve blood lipid profile but do not seem to improve liver histology (fibrosis, cirrhosis, cancer). The NICE does not recommend omega-3 fatty acid supplementation since randomized trials were inconclusive. Previous
7042:
Hadi A, Mohammadi H, Miraghajani M, Ghaedi E (2019). "Efficacy of synbiotic supplementation in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials: Synbiotic supplementation and NAFLD".
417:
MASLD is the most common liver disorder in the world; about 25% of people have it. It is very common in developed nations, such as the United States, and affected about 75 to 100 million Americans in 2017. Over 90% of obese, 60% of
1880:
high proportion of lean MASLD and almost no obese MASLD). PNPLA3 may be relevant for the progression of MASLD in lean people. Thus, people with MASLD deserve consideration for treatment regardless of the presence or absence of obesity.
7514:"The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology"
1795:
The Asia Pacific Working Group guidelines recommend healthcare providers discuss lifestyle modifications before and after transplantation to reduce potential surgery risks and to assist with MASLD management after the transplant.
1779:
is an accepted procedure according to the EASL. People with NASH cirrhosis NASH who are being considered for a liver transplant warrant systematic evaluation for cardiovascular diseases (whether the symptoms are apparent or not).
1388:
also leads to improvements in NAFLD measured using blood tests, ultrasound, imaging, or liver biopsies. Although fibrosis improves with lifestyle interventions and weight loss, there is limited evidence for cirrhosis improvement.
1846:
MASLD is a precursor of metabolic syndrome, although a bidirectional influence is possible. The presence and stage of fibrosis are the strongest prognostic factors for liver-related events and mortality, in particular for MASLD.
3904:
Musso G, Cassader M, Olivetti C, Rosina F, Carbone G, Gambino R (May 2013). "Association of obstructive sleep apnoea with the presence and severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A systematic review and meta-analysis".
5929:
Peleg N, Issachar A, Sneh-Arbib O, Shlomai A (October 2017). "AST to Platelet Ratio Index and fibrosis 4 calculator scores for non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease".
1922:
ensure that the food industry improves labeling and the composition of processed foods", as well as "public awareness campaigns on liver disease, highlighting that it is not only linked to excessive consumption of alcohol".
1250:
There are several liver biopsy techniques available to obtain liver tissue. Percutaneous liver biopsy remains the most common practice. Biopsies can also be performed via the transvenous route, either during surgery or by
6954:"The effects of curcumin supplementation on liver function, metabolic profile and body composition in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1714:>32.5 kg/m for Asians, 35 kg/m for Caucasians). They consider its effects on improving liver-related complications as unproven yet, but it effectively increases longevity by improving cardiovascular factors.
1049:/week for men and >14 for women in the USA; >30 g daily for men and >20 g for women in UK and EU, >140 g/week for men and >70 g/week for women in Asia-Pacific), liver injury caused by
1783:
The overall survival is comparable to transplantation following other diseases. People with NASH cirrhosis who undergo liver transplantation are more likely to die post-transplant because of cardiovascular disease or
7166:"2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society"
1565:
was more effective than placebo for resolution of MASH without worsening of fibrosis in patients with biopsy-confirmed MASH and stage F2 or F3 (moderate or severe) fibrosis when given once-weekly for 52 weeks, while
9569:
Gibson PS, Lang S, Dhawan A, Fitzpatrick E, Blumfield ML, Truby H, et al. (August 2017). "Systematic Review: Nutrition and Physical Activity in the Management of Paediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease".
1949:
Pediatric MASLD was first reported in 1983. It is the most common chronic liver disease among children and adolescents since at least 2007, affecting 10 to 20% of them in the US in 2016. MASLD is associated with
11239:
11220:
11201:
5823:
Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, Pagano G (December 2011). "Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity".
1442:
Alcohol is an aggravating factor, and the AASLD recommends that people with NAFLD or NASH avoid alcohol consumption. The EASL allows alcohol consumption below 30g/day for men and 20g/day for women. The role of
660:
meats have been associated with higher risk of developing MASLD. Some research also suggests eggs are also associated with developing MASLD. On the other hand, studies have found healthful plant foods such as
813:
researchers argue that non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases are more alike than previously thought. Furthermore, high fructose consumption promotes fat accumulation in the liver by stimulating
2205:
and MetALD, a term describing people with MASLD who consume between 140 grams and 350 grams of alcohol per week for women and 210 grams and 420 grams per week for men (intermediate between MASLD and ALD).
7976:
Holderbaum M, Casagrande DS, Sussenbach S, Buss C (February 2018). "Effects of very low calorie diets on liver size and weight loss in the preoperative period of bariatric surgery: a systematic review".
6406:
Paris T, George ES, Roberts SK, Tierney AC (August 2017). "The effects of diet and lifestyle interventions on insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review".
1162:. These non-invasive methods can be used for NAFLD screening but are not accepted as a substitute for liver biopsy in NAFLD nor NASH clinical trials, as only a liver biopsy can define liver pathology.
701:, and liver injury. A prospective cohort study found the association between habitual snoring and MASLD development to be significant, and the trend was noted to be most prominent in lean individuals.
7635:"Madrigal Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Approval of Rezdiffra (resmetirom) for the Treatment of Patients with Noncirrhotic Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) with Moderate to Advanced Liver Fibrosis"
1583:
AASLD and EASL. However, even if statins are safe to use in people with NASH cirrhosis, the AASLD suggests avoiding them in people with decompensated cirrhosis. Guidelines recommend statins to treat
7851:
Fakhry TK, Mhaskar R, Schwitalla T, Muradova E, Gonzalvo JP, Murr MM (March 2019). "Bariatric surgery improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis".
1982:
The AASLD recommends a diagnostic liver biopsy in children when the diagnosis is unclear or before starting a potentially hepatotoxic medical therapy. The EASL suggests using fibrosis tests such as
1021:
491:
1634:, which combines a GLP-1 receptor agonist and a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonist, has synergistic effects on appetite, food intake, and metabolic function. Similarly,
7115:"2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"
478:
The new name, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), was proposed after 70% of a panel of experts expressed support for this name. This new name was adopted in 2023.
8221:
Lu FB, Hu ED, Xu LM, Chen L, Wu JL, Li H, et al. (May 2018). "The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis".
6309:
Lonardo A, Nascimbeni F, Targher G, Bernardi M, Bonino F, Bugianesi E, et al. (May 2017). "AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Updates and future directions".
8547:
Omagari K, Kadokawa Y, Masuda J, Egawa I, Sawa T, Hazama H, et al. (October 2002). "Fatty liver in non-alcoholic non-overweight Japanese adults: incidence and clinical characteristics".
3155:
1158:(EASL) recommends screening for steatosis whenever NAFLD is suspected as this is a strong predictor of the disease evolution and predicts future type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular events, and
6118:"Magnetic resonance elastography for staging liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a diagnostic accuracy systematic review and individual participant data pooled analysis"
1114:
Although blood tests cannot diagnose MASLD, circulating serum biomarkers of liver fibrosis can give moderate estimates in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. The ratio of the
633:
According to the Asia-Pacific Working Group (APWG) on MASLD, overnutrition is a major factor of MASLD and MASH, particularly for lean MASLD. Diet composition and quantity, in particular
581:. A recent systematic review reported an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection in MASLD patients, but no difference in mortality was observed between MASLD and non-MASLD patients.
5119:
Bagherniya M, Nobili V, Blesso CN, Sahebkar A (April 2018). "Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A clinical review".
7213:
Hashida R, Kawaguchi T, Bekki M, Omoto M, Matsuse H, Nago T, et al. (January 2017). "Aerobic vs. resistance exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review".
4009:"NAFLD as a Sexual Dimorphic Disease: Role of Gender and Reproductive Status in the Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Inherent Cardiovascular Risk"
8012:
Livhits M, Mercado C, Yermilov I, Parikh JA, Dutson E, Mehran A, et al. (2008). "Does weight loss immediately before bariatric surgery improve outcomes: a systematic review".
1528:
abnormalities or improve outcomes. Treatment with medications is primarily aimed at improving liver disease and is generally limited to those with biopsy-proven NASH and fibrosis.
860:, slowly releasing them into the bloodstream when insulin is low. In insulin-resistant adipose tissue, such as in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, more triglycerides are
3156:
European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) (June 2016).
8512:
Katsiki N, Perez-Martinez P, Anagnostis P, Mikhailidis DP, Karagiannis A (2018). "Is Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Indeed the Hepatic Manifestation of Metabolic Syndrome?".
3642:
Younossi Z, Anstee QM, Marietti M, Hardy T, Henry L, Eslam M, et al. (January 2018). "Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention".
1753:. They do not recommend routine liver biopsies and screening for liver cancer for non-cirrhotic people with NASH, but such screening sometimes occurs on a case-by-case basis.
6270:"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity"
7894:
Mummadi RR, Kasturi KS, Chennareddygari S, Sood GK (December 2008). "Effect of bariatric surgery on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis".
2039:(CK18) fragment levels to be a moderately accurate biomarker of steatohepatitis. However, transient elastography can fail for people with pre-hepatic portal hypertension.
1391:
A combination of improved diet and exercise, rather than either alone, appears to best help manage NAFLD and reduce insulin resistance. Motivational support, such as with
6860:
Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Ungprasert P (February 2017). "Coffee consumption and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
963:
against a low-fat but higher-diversity chow. The health benefits after bariatric surgery may also involve changes in the gut microbiota by increasing gut permeability.
4817:
Marchesini G, Petta S, Dalle Grave R (June 2016). "Diet, weight loss, and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, evidence, and practice".
2147:(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1) inhibitors may improve NAFLD by multiple mechanisms simultaneously. Drugs in phase III trials as of 2024 are the thyromimetic
1734:, the cause of the majority of MASLD-related deaths. People with MASLD are at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and "aggressive modification of
1587:
for people with MASLD. According to NICE guidelines, statins can continue unless liver enzyme levels double within three months of starting statins. Treatment with
60:
Stages of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease, progressing from healthy, to steatosis (fat accumulation), inflammation, fibrosis and cirrhosis.
7594:
4524:
Zhang S, Fu J, Zhang Q, Liu L, Meng G, Yao Z, et al. (September 2019). "Association between nut consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults".
3319:
3519:"Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
4567:
Bahrami A, Teymoori F, Eslamparast T, Sohrab G, Hejazi E, Poustchi H, et al. (February 2019). "Legume intake and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease".
8776:
7634:
1883:
In children ages 1 to 19, the prevalence was found to be approximately 8% in the general population up to 34% in studies with data from child obesity clinics.
1075:
may be abnormal, but they often remain within the normal range even in advanced disease. Other blood tests that may be useful to confirm the diagnosis include
8590:
Hilden M, Christoffersen P, Juhl E, Dalgaard JB (1977). "Liver histology in a 'normal' population--examinations of 503 consecutive fatal traffic casualties".
5890:"Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL) consensus guidelines on invasive and non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis: a 2016 update"
2059:
have been tested in clinical trials. Clinical trials can be separated into four main targets believed to reduce the progression of the disease or reverse it:
9315:
Cortez-Pinto H, Camilo ME, Baptista A, De Oliveira AG, De Moura MC (December 1999). "Non-alcoholic fatty liver: another feature of the metabolic syndrome?".
1482:) were associated with improvement in liver-specific markers of hepatic inflammation, measurements of liver stiffness, and steatosis in persons with MASLD.
1154:(MRI) can diagnose steatosis, but not fibrosis, and confirmation of early cirrhosis detection by ultrasound by other diagnostic methods is recommended. The
1630:
hormones or molecules affecting complementary pathways. Two phase 2 trials reported by Loomba et al. and Sanyal et al. examined these enhanced treatments.
1364:
614:
9905:
1127:
burden of the fibrosis in the liver, and previous studies have confirmed that these scores can predict future development of mortality and liver cancer.
4108:
Wong VW, Adams LA, de Lédinghen V, Wong GL, Sookoian S (August 2018). "Noninvasive biomarkers in NAFLD and NASH - current progress and future promise".
1788:. These people with NASH are often older and are thus more prone to these complications. For these reasons and others, individuals with morbid obesity (
4164:
Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz JM, Lustig RH (May 2010). "The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome".
947:). The increased transport of these harmful substances to the liver promotes liver inflammation, enhances nutrient and calorie absorption, and alters
935:
Disruptions in the intestinal microbiota seem to influence NAFLD risk in several ways. People with NASH can have elevated levels of blood ethanol and
1576:
have also found success in some clinical trials, and proved more beneficial than GLP-1 agonists in the only head-to-head-trial completed as of 2024.
1570:
decreased liver fat content and improved fibrosis compared to placebo, although with more frequent adverse effects of nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting
1372:
1368:
17:
2034:
According to a review, proton density fat fraction estimation by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI-PDFF) may be considered the most accurate and even
10409:
4954:
4293:"Organ meat consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health cohort study"
2507:"The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases"
898:
in people with NAFLD. Adiponectin has several properties that protect the liver. These properties include improved liver fat metabolism, decreased
8171:"Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies"
8101:
Cassie S, Menezes C, Birch DW, Shi X, Karmali S (2010). "Effect of preoperative weight loss in bariatric surgical patients: a systematic review".
4207:
Wree A, Broderick L, Canbay A, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE (November 2013). "From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms".
1376:
1155:
864:
into FFAs and released into the bloodstream, promoting uptake by the liver. Second, insulin promotes the production of new FFAs in the liver via
9164:
8315:
Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ (October 2017). "Emerging evidence for the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiac arrhythmias".
8266:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the significance of histological disease severity in lean patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
6359:"Association of Weight Loss Interventions With Changes in Biomarkers of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
504:
People with MASLD often have no noticeable symptoms, and it is often only detected during routine blood tests or unrelated abdominal imaging or
3573:
1045:
NAFLD was defined by the presence of excess fat in the liver that cannot be explained by another factor, such as excessive alcohol use (>21
9050:
Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ (July 1980). "Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease".
2001:
Some evidence indicates that maternal undernutrition or overnutrition increases a child's susceptibility to NASH and hastens its progression.
617:(AASLD) does not recommend screening family members as there is not enough confirmation of heritability, although there is some evidence from
1095:. In people with fatty liver with associated inflammatory injury (steatohepatitis) blood tests are usually used to rule out certain types of
613:. Both correlate with MASLD presence and severity, but their roles for diagnosis remain unclear. Although NAFLD has a genetic component, the
2826:"Implications of the new nomenclature of steatotic liver disease and definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease"
1941:
non-alcoholic beverages". This page and others on the same website, such as one titled "Say no to disinformation," were since then removed.
1613:(Rezdiffra) was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2024 for the treatment of noncirrhotic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
10004:
6905:"The therapeutic effect of silymarin in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty disease: A meta-analysis (PRISMA) of randomized control trials"
6817:
Tomic D, Kemp WW, Roberts SK (October 2018). "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: current concepts, epidemiology and management strategies".
2080:
325:. NAFL is less dangerous than NASH and usually does not progress to it, but this progression may eventually lead to complications, such as
689:(OSAS), a much more serious breathing condition. Blockage or narrowing of the airways, even temporarily, can cause the body to experience
673:
rich in healthy plant foods and low in animal foods to be associated with a lower risk of developing MASLD, even after adjusting for BMI.
4385:"Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Population With Low Meat Consumption: The Golestan Cohort Study"
4334:"High Meat Consumption Is Prospectively Associated with the Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Presumed Significant Fibrosis"
3960:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis"
11348:
10043:
2140:
1707:
long-term morbidity or complications. Weight loss and decreases in liver size may be independent of the amount of calorie restriction.
1823:, and death from cardiovascular causes based on very-low to low-quality evidence from observational studies. Although MASLD can cause
1764:(HOMA-IR). People with NASH with fibrosis and hypertension merit closer monitoring as there is a higher risk of disease progression.
1447:
consumption for NAFLD treatment is unclear though some studies indicate that regular coffee consumption may have protective effects.
8138:"GW28-e0325 Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1259:
metabolic syndrome, NAFLD Fibrosis Score (FIB-4), or liver stiffness (as measured by Vibration-controlled transient elastography or
9193:
Moran JR, Ghishan FK, Halter SA, Greene HL (June 1983). "Steatohepatitis in obese children: a cause of chronic liver dysfunction".
2076:
1987:
1558:
399:
6686:"The Mediterranean dietary pattern as the diet of choice for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence and plausible mechanisms"
749:
One debated mechanism proposes that hepatic steatosis progresses to steatosis with inflammation following some further injury, or
9898:
7709:
3574:"Obesity epidemic results in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) becoming the most common cause of liver disease in Europe"
2648:"Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 1: Definition, risk factors and assessment"
6995:"Gut microbiome-targeted therapies in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression"
4661:
Mazidi M, Kengne AP (August 2019). "Higher adherence to plant-based diets are associated with lower likelihood of fatty liver".
1402:
2021 meta-analyses of trials over periods of 1 to 28 months found limited evidence to indicate that lifestyle modifications and
1395:, is helpful, as most people with MASLD do not perceive their condition as a disease, and thus have a low motivation to change.
848:
Insulin resistance contributes to the accumulation of toxic fat in the liver in several ways. First, it promotes the release of
293:
intake, the term MetALD, or metabolic dysfunction and alcohol associated/related liver disease is used, and differentiated from
4485:"Consumption of Preserved Egg Is Associated with Modestly Increased Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Adults"
10271:
10183:
9923:
7332:"Current solutions for obesity-related liver disorders: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis"
983:
3008:"The Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 2: Management and special groups"
2175:
In 2023, a global consensus panel composed mostly of hepatology researchers and clinicians recommended a change of name to
5686:
Glen J, Floros L, Day C, Pryke R (September 2016). "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): summary of NICE guidance".
4058:"Exome-wide association study identifies a TM6SF2 variant that confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
1835:
of 34,000 people with MASLD over seven years, these individuals have a 65% increased risk of developing fatal or nonfatal
9437:"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association"
8391:
Marengo A, Rosso C, Bugianesi E (14 January 2016). "Liver Cancer: Connections with Obesity, Fatty Liver, and Cirrhosis".
5967:"Noninvasive scoring systems predict hepatic and extra-hepatic cancers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
3427:"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes"
8715:"The Prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
8477:
Yki-Järvinen H (November 2014). "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome".
7934:"Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Bariatric Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society Recommendations"
7809:"Complete Resolution of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2723:"Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis"
10484:
9891:
2047:
1903:
The name "non-alcoholic steatohepatitis" (NASH) was later defined in 1980 by Jurgen Ludwig and his colleagues from the
1009:
8935:"Relationship between impairment of liver function and premature development of arteriosclerosis in diabetes mellitus"
5069:"New insight into inter-organ crosstalk contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)"
1695:
About 92% of people with MASLD saw an improvement in steatosis and 70% a complete resolution after bariatric surgery.
997:
11156:
11003:
8802:"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease"
8783:
7662:"Aspirin for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Without Cirrhosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
9660:"Global epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: What we need in the future"
2406:
969:
439:
An abnormal accumulation of fat in the liver in the absence of secondary causes of fatty liver, such as significant
10901:
5780:
Liangpunsakul S, Chalasani N (October 2003). "Is hypothyroidism a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis?".
4915:"Liver-fibrosis-activated transcriptional networks govern hepatocyte reprogramming and intra-hepatic communication"
9280:
Papandreou D, Rousso I, Mavromichalis I (August 2007). "Update on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children".
3293:
3062:"Efficacy of dietary and physical activity intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review"
11042:
10654:
10637:
10142:
10137:
10014:
1991:
1831:
and liver cancer, most deaths among people with NAFLD are attributable to cardiovascular disease. According to a
1260:
1190:
602:
1930:
In France, the French syndicate of non-alcoholic beverages "Boissons Rafraîchissantes de France" (that included
46:
MASLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)
10896:
10852:
10746:
10568:
10167:
4332:
Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Fliss-Isakov N, Grinshpan LS, Salomone F, Lazarus JV, Webb M, et al. (August 2022).
2363:
1076:
414:
was the first drug approved by the FDA for MASH. Those with MASH have a 2.6% increased risk of dying per year.
5965:
Peleg N, Sneh Arbib O, Issachar A, Cohen-Naftaly M, Braun M, Shlomai A (2018). Vespasiani-Gentilucci U (ed.).
11107:
10953:
9877:
4870:
Khan RS, Newsome PN (February 2018). "NAFLD in 2017: Novel insights into mechanisms of disease progression".
455:). A liver can remain fatty without disturbing liver function (MASL), but by various mechanisms and possible
4250:
Leermakers ET, Moreira EM, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Darweesh SK, Visser T, Voortman T, et al. (August 2015).
3236:
Zachou M, Flevari P, Nasiri-Ansari N, Varytimiadis C, Kalaitzakis E, Kassi E, et al. (1 January 2024).
459:
to the liver, it may also progress into steatohepatitis (MASH), a state in which steatosis is combined with
10862:
10381:
9989:
8777:"Policy Statement - Obesity is feeding the rise in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) across Europe"
7600:
6067:"Diagnosis and Staging of Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is Classical Ultrasound the Answer?"
4970:"Isocaloric Dietary Changes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High Cardiometabolic Risk Individuals"
1761:
1392:
10076:
9699:
Harrison SA, Loomba R, Dubourg J, Ratziu V, Noureddin M (July 2023). "Clinical Trial Landscape in NASH".
4056:
Kozlitina J, Smagris E, Stender S, Nordestgaard BG, Zhou HH, Tybjærg-Hansen A, et al. (April 2014).
1666:
1466:
appear to improve NAFLD biomarkers and reduce the grade of NAFLD. Studies suggest an association between
1360:
1108:
9874:
5310:"Role of the Gut Microbiota in Regulating Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children and Adolescents"
1399:
biomarkers, MASLD grade, and reduced chances of NASH, but its effect on long-term health was not known.
11338:
11308:
10442:
10371:
9972:
8052:"Meta-analysis of the influence of lifestyle changes for preoperative weight loss on surgical outcomes"
7113:
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, et al. (September 2019).
5452:"Emerging Role of the Gut Microbiome in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: From Composition to Function"
1726:
Cardiovascular system screening is considered mandatory by the EASL, as MASLD outcomes often result in
1244:
1151:
1139:
1119:
801:
709:
The primary characteristic of MASLD is the accumulation of lipids in the liver, largely in the form of
9478:"Cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
7555:"Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
5681:"NG49: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): assessment and management | Guidance and guidelines"
1799:
Simultaneous bariatric surgery and liver transplantation were performed in exceptional circumstances.
1772:
MASLD is the second most common indication for liver transplantation in the US and Europe as of 2017.
1710:
The APWG on MASLD recommends bariatric surgery as a treatment option for those with class II obesity (
1497:
Weight loss may improve MASLD and is recommended particularly for obese or overweight people; similar
1178:
and magnetic resonance imaging are more accurate in detecting cirrhosis than conventional ultrasound.
10715:
10671:
10624:
10430:
10048:
9394:
Nobili V, Marcellini M, Devito R, Ciampalini P, Piemonte F, Comparcola D, et al. (August 2006).
9168:
7768:
Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, Vuppalanchi R, Boursier J, Bugianesi E, et al. (25 July 2024).
6065:
Papachristodoulou A, Kavvadas D, Karamitsos A, Papamitsou T, Chatzidimitriou M, Sioga A (June 2021).
3158:"EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
1420:
558:
7932:
Thorell A, MacCormick AD, Awad S, Reynolds N, Roulin D, Demartines N, et al. (September 2016).
7426:
Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, Vuppalanchi R, Boursier J, Bugianesi E, et al. (8 June 2024).
3581:
3383:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adults: Current Concepts in Etiology, Outcomes, and Management"
1359:
MASLD warrants treatment regardless of whether the affected person is overweight or not. MASLD is a
11254:
11061:
10741:
10376:
10334:
10147:
10022:
10009:
9979:
9950:
7660:
Simon TG, Wilechansky RM, Stoyanova S, Grossman A, Dichtel LE, Lauer GM, et al. (March 2024).
6167:"Elastography in Chronic Liver Disease: Modalities, Techniques, Limitations, and Future Directions"
2128:
1757:
1548:
1407:
1169:
730:
669:, to be associated with a lower risk of developing MASLD. Two different studies have found healthy
472:
372:
330:
6357:
Koutoukidis DA, Astbury NM, Tudor KE, Morris E, Henry JA, Noreik M, et al. (September 2019).
4912:
1934:
producers such as Coca-Cola France, Orangina, PepsiCo France) was denounced by the French journal
10986:
10763:
10504:
10296:
9955:
9350:
Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, Tomassetti S, Bugianesi E, Lenzi M, et al. (August 2001).
6547:"Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis"
6268:
Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, et al. (July 2016).
5273:
Lustig RH (September 2010). "Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol".
2245:
Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, Francque SM, Sanyal AJ, Kanwal F, et al. (December 2023).
2202:
2193:
2111:
1603:
should not be used as a specific treatment of NAFLD or NASH, but they may be considered to treat
989:
837:
778:
disease, as it impacts and is influenced by organs and regulatory pathways other than the liver.
714:
686:
570:
321:) have been used to describe different severities, the latter indicating the presence of further
298:
294:
118:
7726:
Sanyal AJ, Bedossa P, Fraessdorf M, Neff GW, Lawitz E, Bugianesi E, et al. (25 July 2024).
5364:
Leung C, Rivera L, Furness JB, Angus PW (July 2016). "The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD".
4612:"A Healthful Plant-Based Diet Is Associated with Lower Odds of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"
1741:
The AASLD further recommends for people with a cirrhotic NASH to be systematically screened for
814:
11066:
10790:
10773:
10157:
10033:
9984:
9945:
9915:
7469:
Sanyal AJ, Bedossa P, Fraessdorf M, Neff GW, Lawitz E, Bugianesi E, et al. (7 June 2024).
4704:
Tanné F, Gagnadoux F, Chazouillères O, Fleury B, Wendum D, Lasnier E, et al. (June 2005).
4383:
Hashemian M, Merat S, Poustchi H, Jafari E, Radmard AR, Kamangar F, et al. (August 2021).
2505:
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, et al. (January 2018).
1836:
1785:
1735:
1727:
1623:
1406:
have an effect on mortality, liver cirrhosis, liver decompensation, liver transplantation, and
1263:) can identify the individuals who are at higher risk of steatohepatitis or advanced fibrosis.
1179:
833:
562:
338:
135:
6214:
Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Carpenter DH, Rinella M, Harrison SA, Loomba R, et al. (May 2021).
5633:
from a basic chow diet to a "Western" or "high fat" diet with a predominance of fat and sugar.
2309:"MAFLD: A Consensus-Driven Proposed Nomenclature for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease"
10998:
10917:
10906:
10867:
10795:
10098:
9396:"NAFLD in children: a prospective clinical-pathological study and effect of lifestyle advice"
7703:
6498:"Lifestyle modifications for nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis"
6165:
Srinivasa Babu A, Wells ML, Teytelboym OM, Mackey JE, Miller FH, Yeh BM, et al. (2015).
4948:
2099:
2064:
1960:
1776:
1703:
1479:
427:
423:
274:
7364:
3238:"The role of anti-diabetic drugs in NAFLD. Have we found the Holy Grail? A narrative review"
1936:
11037:
10981:
10802:
10698:
10281:
10276:
10110:
10028:
9994:
8726:
5978:
5731:"Clinical differences between alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
4968:
Della Pepa G, Vetrani C, Lombardi G, Bozzetto L, Annuzzi G, Rivellese AA (September 2017).
4758:
2556:
Jensen T, Abdelmalek MF, Sullivan S, Nadeau KJ, Green M, Roncal C, et al. (May 2018).
2136:
2072:
2056:
2035:
1972:
1604:
1521:
1236:
1072:
960:
800:
studies in murine models, it has been suggested that, among many other pathogenic factors,
762:
738:
618:
368:
11229:
9435:
Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, Gambino R, Mecca F, Depetris N, et al. (February 2002).
8050:
Roman M, Monaghan A, Serraino GF, Miller D, Pathak S, Lai F, et al. (February 2019).
7595:"FDA Approves First Treatment for Patients with Liver Scarring Due to Fatty Liver Disease"
6952:
Jalali M, Mahmoodi M, Mosallanezhad Z, Jalali R, Imanieh MH, Moosavian SP (January 2020).
6545:
Komolafe O, Buzzetti E, Linden A, Best LM, Madden AM, Roberts D, et al. (July 2021).
3517:
Rich NE, Oji S, Mufti AR, Browning JD, Parikh ND, Odewole M, et al. (February 2018).
3320:"FDA Approves First Treatment for Patients with Liver Scarring Due to Fatty Liver Disease"
8:
11243:
11233:
11131:
10941:
10834:
10817:
10778:
10751:
10703:
10546:
10523:
10516:
10465:
10437:
10359:
10354:
10349:
10266:
9883:
8865:
7512:
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K, et al. (June 2012).
7331:
7164:
Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, et al. (June 2014).
6024:
Vilgrain V, Ronot M, Abdel-Rehim M, Zappa M, d'Assignies G, Bruno O, et al. (2012).
5550:"Microbiome and NAFLD: potential influence of aerobic fitness and lifestyle modification"
5218:"Bone morphogenetic protein 8B promotes the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis"
1816:
1699:
1431:
1424:
1184:
1084:
782:
9779:
9752:
8730:
7686:
7661:
6596:"Medical nutrition therapy in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease--a review of literature"
6496:
Buzzetti E, Linden A, Best LM, Madden AM, Roberts D, Chase TJ, et al. (June 2021).
5982:
4913:
Loft A, Alfaro AJ, Schmidt SF, Pedersen FB, Terkelsen MK, Puglia M, et al. (2021).
4762:
3270:
3237:
2850:
2825:
2273:
2246:
1111:. Some biomarker-based blood tests have been developed and may be useful for diagnosis.
359:(defined as at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity,
11343:
11143:
11008:
10991:
10976:
10963:
10946:
10812:
10447:
10339:
10311:
10245:
10071:
9967:
9932:
9840:
9724:
9631:
9606:
9502:
9477:
9257:
9230:
9027:
9002:
8951:
8934:
8915:
8903:
8826:
8801:
8749:
8714:
8651:
8572:
8246:
8195:
8170:
7876:
7408:
7190:
7181:
7165:
7141:
7114:
7068:
7019:
6994:
6929:
6904:
6885:
6842:
6753:
6726:
6661:
6636:
6612:
6595:
6571:
6546:
6522:
6497:
6432:
6383:
6358:
6245:
6191:
6166:
6142:
6117:
6093:
6066:
6001:
5966:
5849:
5805:
5757:
5730:
5711:
5618:
5593:
5566:
5549:
5525:
5500:
5476:
5451:
5432:
5389:
5336:
5309:
5255:
5193:
5168:
5144:
5093:
5068:
4996:
4969:
4895:
4852:
4781:
4746:
4686:
4638:
4611:
4592:
4549:
4460:
4433:
4409:
4384:
4360:
4333:
4232:
4189:
4143:
4082:
4057:
4033:
4008:
4007:
Ballestri S, Nascimbeni F, Baldelli E, Marrazzo A, Romagnoli D, Lonardo A (June 2017).
3984:
3959:
3940:
3886:
3843:
3776:
3751:
3677:
3543:
3518:
3184:
3157:
3086:
3061:
3037:
3006:
Chitturi S, Wong VW, Chan WK, Wong GL, Wong SK, Sollano J, et al. (January 2018).
2941:
2863:
2747:
2722:
2582:
2557:
2286:
1951:
1746:
1594:
1403:
1147:
1100:
940:
698:
634:
546:
356:
194:
177:
77:
11248:
9493:
9328:
8525:
8490:
8404:
7770:"Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis"
7428:"Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis"
5217:
2646:
Wong VW, Chan WK, Chitturi S, Chawla Y, Dan YY, Duseja A, et al. (January 2018).
520:
may occur, although this is rare. MASH can severely impair liver function, leading to
422:, and up to 20% of normal-weight people develop MASLD. MASLD was the leading cause of
11265:
11121:
11102:
10475:
9844:
9832:
9784:
9728:
9716:
9681:
9655:
9636:
9587:
9551:
9507:
9458:
9417:
9373:
9332:
9297:
9262:
9202:
9146:
9105:
9059:
9032:
8987:
8956:
8907:
8869:
8831:
8754:
8692:
8643:
8607:
8564:
8560:
8529:
8494:
8459:
8418:
8373:
8332:
8297:
8238:
8200:
8118:
8083:
8029:
7994:
7955:
7911:
7868:
7830:
7789:
7747:
7691:
7576:
7535:
7494:
7486:
7451:
7443:
7412:
7400:
7346:
7312:
7271:
7230:
7195:
7146:
7060:
7024:
6975:
6934:
6877:
6834:
6799:
6758:
6727:"Can Diet Help Non-Obese Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?"
6707:
6666:
6617:
6576:
6527:
6478:
6424:
6388:
6336:
6291:
6249:
6237:
6196:
6147:
6098:
6047:
6006:
5947:
5911:
5888:
Shiha G, Ibrahim A, Helmy A, Sarin SK, Omata M, Kumar A, et al. (January 2017).
5853:
5841:
5797:
5793:
5762:
5703:
5623:
5571:
5530:
5481:
5424:
5381:
5341:
5290:
5259:
5247:
5216:
Vacca M, Leslie J, Virtue S, Lam BY, Govaere O, Tiniakos D, et al. (June 2020).
5198:
5148:
5136:
5098:
5049:
5001:
4936:
4887:
4844:
4786:
4727:
4678:
4643:
4584:
4553:
4541:
4506:
4465:
4414:
4365:
4314:
4273:
4224:
4181:
4135:
4038:
3989:
3932:
3878:
3835:
3818:
AlKhater SA (May 2015). "Paediatric non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an overview".
3781:
3721:
3669:
3548:
3496:
3448:
3404:
3275:
3257:
3216:
3203:
3189:
3091:
3029:
2933:
2867:
2855:
2752:
2703:
2669:
2587:
2538:
2330:
2290:
2278:
2084:
1688:
1673:
1599:
1536:
1498:
1213:
1172:
is an effective tool for staging liver fibrosis and discriminating NASH in children.
1080:
907:
840:
and impairments in proper protein synthesis and mitochondrial function in the liver.
670:
598:
566:
542:
508:. In some cases, it can cause symptoms related to liver dysfunction such as fatigue,
391:
286:
189:
100:
65:
8919:
8655:
8576:
7880:
6889:
6846:
6436:
6374:
5809:
5715:
5436:
5393:
4899:
4856:
4690:
4596:
4147:
3944:
3890:
3847:
3681:
3041:
2945:
11168:
11088:
11083:
11073:
10935:
10807:
10735:
10553:
10460:
10455:
10385:
10344:
10152:
10117:
9822:
9774:
9764:
9708:
9671:
9626:
9618:
9579:
9541:
9497:
9489:
9448:
9407:
9363:
9324:
9289:
9252:
9242:
9136:
9095:
9022:
9014:
8983:
8946:
8899:
8890:
Ludwig J, McGill DB, Lindor KD (May 1997). "Review: nonalcoholic steatohepatitis".
8861:
8821:
8813:
8744:
8734:
8713:
Anderson EL, Howe LD, Jones HE, Higgins JP, Lawlor DA, Fraser A (29 October 2015).
8682:
8635:
8599:
8556:
8521:
8486:
8449:
8408:
8400:
8363:
8324:
8287:
8277:
8250:
8230:
8190:
8182:
8149:
8110:
8073:
8063:
8021:
7986:
7945:
7903:
7860:
7820:
7781:
7739:
7681:
7673:
7566:
7525:
7478:
7435:
7392:
7302:
7261:
7222:
7185:
7177:
7136:
7126:
7072:
7052:
7014:
7006:
6965:
6924:
6916:
6869:
6826:
6789:
6748:
6738:
6697:
6656:
6648:
6637:"Nutritional Approaches to Achieve Weight Loss in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"
6607:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6468:
6416:
6378:
6370:
6326:
6318:
6281:
6227:
6186:
6178:
6137:
6129:
6116:
Singh S, Venkatesh SK, Loomba R, Wang Z, Sirlin C, Chen J, et al. (May 2016).
6088:
6078:
6037:
5996:
5986:
5939:
5901:
5833:
5789:
5752:
5742:
5695:
5613:
5605:
5561:
5520:
5512:
5471:
5463:
5416:
5373:
5331:
5321:
5282:
5237:
5229:
5188:
5180:
5128:
5088:
5080:
5039:
4991:
4981:
4926:
4879:
4834:
4826:
4776:
4766:
4717:
4670:
4633:
4623:
4576:
4533:
4496:
4455:
4445:
4404:
4396:
4355:
4345:
4304:
4263:
4236:
4216:
4193:
4173:
4125:
4117:
4077:
4069:
4028:
4020:
3979:
3971:
3922:
3914:
3870:
3827:
3771:
3763:
3711:
3659:
3651:
3538:
3530:
3486:
3478:
3438:
3394:
3265:
3249:
3211:
3179:
3169:
3081:
3073:
3019:
2925:
2916:
Rinella ME, Sanyal AJ (April 2016). "Management of NAFLD: a stage-based approach".
2845:
2837:
2742:
2734:
2721:
Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ, Younossi Z, et al. (May 2017).
2659:
2577:
2569:
2528:
2518:
2320:
2268:
2258:
2247:"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature"
2095:
1692:
program. Indeed, some individuals might develop new or worsened features of MASLD.
1573:
1508:
1092:
754:
734:
456:
395:
11294:
8234:
7396:
7056:
6993:
Sharpton SR, Maraj B, Harding-Theobald E, Vittinghoff E, Terrault NA (July 2019).
4400:
1775:
For people with NASH and end-stage liver disease, liver failure, or liver cancer,
1107:
is more prevalent in people with NASH, which would be detected by determining the
11322:
11259:
11126:
11056:
10922:
10857:
10822:
10693:
10558:
10494:
10396:
10315:
10306:
10256:
10196:
10081:
10058:
9583:
9003:"Liver damage produced by feeding alcohol or sugar and its prevention by choline"
8739:
7530:
7513:
7250:"Non-pharmacological interventions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients"
7131:
6873:
6830:
6420:
5991:
5837:
5609:
3469:
Rinella ME (June 2015). "Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review".
2325:
2308:
2263:
2024:
1789:
1742:
1731:
1711:
1643:
1240:
1225:
1096:
1054:
915:
903:
849:
717:. Similarly, NASH can include histological features such as portal inflammation,
448:
444:
383:
after excluding other potential causes of fatty liver can confirm the diagnosis.
348:
181:
8114:
8025:
7990:
7864:
7807:
Lee Y, Doumouras AG, Yu J, Brar K, Banfield L, Gmora S, et al. (May 2019).
7769:
7727:
7470:
7427:
6920:
5516:
3077:
2803:
11270:
11163:
11078:
10632:
10605:
10470:
10405:
10401:
10291:
10261:
9827:
9810:
9546:
9529:
9368:
9351:
9293:
8154:
8137:
7571:
7554:
7553:
Parker HM, Johnson NA, Burdon CA, Cohn JS, O'Connor HT, George J (April 2012).
7365:"Pour mieux soigner : des médicaments à écarter - actualisation 2018"
7307:
7290:
7226:
6970:
6953:
6473:
6456:
6042:
6025:
5286:
5132:
5044:
5027:
4931:
4914:
4771:
4674:
4580:
4331:
3716:
3699:
3253:
3174:
2573:
1588:
1552:
1104:
1064:
Following the renaming of NAFLD to MASLD, these definitions are being updated.
1050:
1046:
936:
872:
853:
832:
rapidly metabolizes fructose. This leads to a decreased level of intracellular
821:
649:
550:
513:
440:
290:
11214:
11210:
9712:
9622:
8603:
8454:
8437:
8328:
8186:
7950:
7933:
7907:
7825:
7808:
6794:
6777:
6322:
6133:
6083:
5943:
5906:
5889:
5467:
5420:
5407:
Mehal WZ (November 2013). "The Gordian Knot of dysbiosis, obesity and NAFLD".
5233:
5184:
5084:
4883:
4309:
4292:
4220:
4121:
4024:
3975:
3874:
3767:
3655:
3534:
2694:
Iser D, Ryan M (July 2013). "Fatty liver disease--a practical guide for GPs".
761:
abnormalities are potential causes of this "second hit" phenomenon. A further
641:, have important roles in disease progression from MASL to MASH and fibrosis.
11332:
11096:
11049:
10842:
10785:
10768:
10680:
10425:
10252:
10127:
10093:
10038:
8687:
8670:
7793:
7751:
7621:
7490:
7447:
7087:
6064:
5747:
5377:
5326:
4291:
Li H, Zheng X, Sabina R, Amrish T, Meng G, Zhang Q, et al. (July 2023).
4177:
3261:
2778:
1832:
1828:
1661:
797:
758:
693:. This in turn may cause a variety of changes within the body such as tissue
685:
may be a risk factor for MASLD. Severe snoring often signals the presence of
525:
364:
334:
131:
111:
107:
52:
9453:
9436:
9018:
8974:
Hanssen P (14 March 1936). "Enlargement of the Liver in Diabetes Mellitus".
4483:
Zhang S, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Yao Z, Wu H, et al. (September 2021).
4268:
4251:
3425:
Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M (July 2016).
3399:
3382:
2929:
2091:. Some of these drugs may treat NAFLD by significantly reducing body weight.
1201:
10971:
10883:
10756:
10659:
10610:
10595:
10590:
10586:
10499:
10324:
10240:
10132:
10122:
10088:
9836:
9788:
9720:
9685:
9640:
9591:
9555:
9511:
9462:
9421:
9377:
9336:
9301:
9266:
9231:"A Guide to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Childhood and Adolescence"
9182:"Il était un foie le soda". No. 5102. Le Canard Enchaîné. August 2018.
9150:
9109:
9036:
8960:
8873:
8835:
8758:
8696:
8647:
8568:
8533:
8498:
8463:
8422:
8377:
8336:
8301:
8242:
8204:
8122:
8087:
8033:
7998:
7959:
7915:
7872:
7834:
7695:
7677:
7580:
7539:
7498:
7455:
7404:
7350:
7316:
7275:
7234:
7199:
7150:
7085:
7064:
7028:
6979:
6938:
6881:
6838:
6803:
6778:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: need for a balanced nutritional source"
6762:
6711:
6670:
6621:
6594:
Rusu E, Enache G, Jinga M, Dragut R, Nan R, Popescu H, et al. (2014).
6580:
6531:
6482:
6428:
6392:
6340:
6295:
6241:
6200:
6151:
6102:
6051:
6010:
5951:
5915:
5845:
5801:
5766:
5707:
5627:
5575:
5548:
Panasevich MR, Peppler WT, Oerther DB, Wright DC, Rector RS (August 2017).
5534:
5485:
5428:
5385:
5345:
5294:
5251:
5242:
5202:
5140:
5102:
5053:
5005:
4940:
4891:
4848:
4790:
4747:"Self-reported snoring is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"
4731:
4682:
4647:
4588:
4545:
4510:
4469:
4450:
4418:
4369:
4318:
4277:
4228:
4185:
4139:
4042:
3993:
3936:
3882:
3861:
Tilg H, Moschen AR, Roden M (January 2017). "NAFLD and diabetes mellitus".
3839:
3785:
3725:
3673:
3552:
3500:
3482:
3452:
3408:
3279:
3193:
3095:
3033:
2937:
2859:
2756:
2707:
2673:
2591:
2558:"Fructose and sugar: A major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
2542:
2334:
2282:
2152:
2088:
1983:
1976:
1815:
MASLD is a risk factor for fibrosis, hypertension, chronic kidney disease,
1750:
1681:
1584:
1540:
1525:
1455:
1232:
1206:
1159:
1115:
975:
911:
876:
857:
829:
722:
710:
694:
622:
554:
529:
505:
460:
451:(MASH). These diseases begin with fatty accumulation in the liver (hepatic
403:
380:
360:
201:
127:
82:
9530:"Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a "growing" problem?"
9206:
9063:
8911:
8511:
7785:
7743:
7482:
7439:
7010:
6652:
6182:
4252:"Effects of choline on health across the life course: a systematic review"
1037:
11151:
10913:
10891:
10722:
10642:
10286:
10187:
9940:
9859:
9769:
9247:
8611:
8438:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a precursor of the metabolic syndrome"
5594:"A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity"
4501:
4484:
2156:
1955:
1904:
1635:
1631:
1567:
1562:
1252:
1088:
895:
884:
865:
742:
718:
666:
578:
387:
211:
168:
11193:
8413:
6992:
6903:
Zhong S, Fan Y, Yan Q, Fan X, Wu B, Han Y, et al. (December 2017).
6331:
6286:
6269:
5680:
4839:
3700:"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - A global public health perspective"
3664:
3491:
1872:
individuals, the prevalence of MASLD rises over 90%, and for those with
1855:
289:), and at least one metabolic risk factor. When there is also increased
10927:
10600:
10578:
10223:
10162:
9352:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome"
8639:
8292:
8169:
Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R (April 2015).
6743:
4628:
4350:
4249:
4130:
3927:
3749:
3381:
Marjot T, Moolla A, Cobbold JF, Hodson L, Tomlinson JW (January 2020).
2148:
2122:
2118:
2028:
2020:
2016:
1931:
1647:
1610:
1544:
1475:
1217:
1142:
of a healthy liver (top row) and one with severe steatosis (bottom row)
856:
into the blood. Typically, adipose tissue stores lipids in the form of
789:
result in increased liver fat deposition. Treatment of NAFLD mice with
786:
411:
352:
70:
9676:
9659:
9412:
9395:
9100:
9083:
8817:
8624:
8436:
Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Marchesini G, Angulo P, Loria P (March 2015).
8368:
8351:
8282:
8265:
8078:
8068:
8051:
7266:
7249:
6702:
6685:
6232:
6215:
5699:
4986:
4830:
4722:
4705:
4537:
4431:
3918:
3831:
3750:
Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, Sanyal AJ (July 2018).
3443:
3426:
3235:
3024:
3007:
2841:
2738:
2664:
2647:
2533:
2523:
2506:
11289:
11224:
10877:
10847:
10710:
10688:
10541:
10392:
10366:
10228:
10218:
10105:
10066:
9999:
9314:
9141:
9124:
4610:
Li X, Peng Z, Li M, Zeng X, Li H, Zhu Y, et al. (October 2022).
2103:
1824:
1677:
1532:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1451:
1221:
1135:
892:
861:
790:
785:
in the liver is seen in persons with NAFLD. In mice, liver senescent
726:
690:
521:
468:
452:
407:
326:
322:
229:
123:
9476:
Schwimmer JB, Pardee PE, Lavine JE, Blumkin AK, Cook S (July 2008).
5964:
4745:
Wang H, Gao Q, He S, Bao Y, Sun H, Meng L, et al. (June 2020).
4073:
2051:
Drug candidates for NAFLD and NASH by mechanism of action as of 2021
1520:
While many treatments appear to improve biochemical markers such as
1091:, coagulation-related studies are often carried out, especially the
10511:
10489:
10201:
9605:
Wesolowski SR, Kasmi KC, Jonscher KR, Friedman JE (February 2017).
8800:
Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, Younossi Z, Sanyal AJ (January 2018).
6859:
6164:
4432:
Mokhtari Z, Poustchi H, Eslamparast T, Hekmatdoost A (April 2017).
4055:
4006:
1873:
1639:
1627:
1503:
1459:
1123:
952:
944:
920:
880:
653:
638:
517:
464:
419:
376:
217:
90:
7975:
6776:
Veena J, Muragundla A, Sidgiddi S, Subramaniam S (December 2014).
6775:
1205:
A small quantity of tissue is sampled from the liver when doing a
959:
that was overlooked in animal studies, since they often compare a
10563:
10329:
10233:
10205:
9165:"Consommation et Nutrition - Boissons Rafraichissantes de France"
7893:
7659:
7620:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
6951:
5501:"Micronutrients in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis"
4967:
4703:
1897:
1869:
1669:
1622:
In July 2024, two recent papers explore the metabolic effects of
1616:
1435:
1175:
948:
825:
682:
662:
642:
509:
344:
221:
173:
95:
9393:
9349:
8589:
8435:
7728:"A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis"
7471:"A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis"
6308:
4566:
3298:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2411:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
923:
stores in the skeletal muscles to being used as a substrate for
804:
may be crucially involved in promoting the progression of NASH.
394:
can improve or resolve severe cases. There is some evidence for
11205:
11029:
10647:
10533:
9604:
9084:"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis"
7850:
5169:"Cellular senescence: at the nexus between ageing and diabetes"
4434:"Egg consumption and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
2504:
1820:
1738:
risk factors is warranted in all patients" according to AASLD.
1579:
1444:
1187:. Transient elastography is not a substitute for liver biopsy.
610:
606:
242:
24% in worldwide population, 80% in obese, 20% in normal-weight
27:
Excessive fat buildup in the liver with other metabolic disease
9811:"Breakthroughs in therapies for NASH and remaining challenges"
9753:"Challenges and opportunities in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis"
7767:
7425:
7041:
6457:"Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise"
6454:
5928:
5547:
5118:
4163:
2555:
1975:, the latter of which is often present in children with NASH.
1900:
inadequacy in the 1920s and excess sugar consumption in 1949.
951:
metabolism. Higher levels of intestinal bacteria that produce
10479:
10209:
9279:
8671:"Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000"
7931:
7112:
6356:
6023:
5167:
Palmer AK, Gustafson B, Kirkland JL, Smith U (October 2019).
1224:(fat in liver cells appears white; connective tissue, blue).
1087:. Because the liver is important for making proteins used in
887:, have a more significant role in the pathogenesis of MASLD.
657:
351:
are strong risk factors for MASLD. Other risks include being
282:
9475:
8669:
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (October 2002).
8011:
7511:
6683:
6213:
5166:
4382:
3752:"Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies"
3424:
2244:
1756:
Also, people with MASLD may be considered for screening for
9698:
9653:
9568:
9229:
Temple JL, Cordero P, Li J, Nguyen V, Oben JA (June 2016).
8049:
7725:
7468:
6216:"NAFLD: Reporting Histologic Findings in Clinical Practice"
3903:
3641:
2804:"Advances in MASLD/NAFLD - call for manuscript submissions"
2144:
2107:
1220:
of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, demonstrating marked
9913:
8546:
7212:
6544:
6267:
5822:
4816:
4206:
1041:
Stages of progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
8799:
8668:
7088:"2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - health.gov"
6455:
Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M (October 2017).
6405:
4107:
3380:
278:
9434:
9192:
8712:
7329:
6495:
6115:
5728:
5498:
2177:
metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
1994:
as an alternative to the less reliable ultrasonography.
573:; some of these conditions predict disease progression.
259:
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
153:
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver (MASL),
38:
Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
8708:
8706:
8352:"The epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
7552:
7079:
5363:
2117:"Gut-liver axis targets" that either change a person's
1235:(tissue examination) is the only test widely accepted (
601:
in two genes are associated with MASLD: non-synonymous
277:. This condition is diagnosed when there is excessive
155:
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
9049:
5887:
5779:
5505:
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3317:
2779:"A Liver Disease Gets a New Name, Diagnostic Criteria"
2645:
2185:
metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease
11306:
9228:
8390:
8100:
7330:
Raziel A, Sakran N, Szold A, Goitein D (April 2015).
7291:"Current efforts and trends in the treatment of NASH"
6862:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
6819:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
6593:
6409:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4706:"Chronic liver injury during obstructive sleep apnea"
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2131:
analogues, which have largely not met their endpoints
2063:
Improving metabolism (improving insulin sensitivity,
1379:(EASL), and the Asia-Pacific Working Party on NAFLD.
11183:
9808:
9607:"Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue"
8703:
8168:
7163:
7086:
US Department of Health and Human Services. (2017).
6684:
Zelber-Sagi S, Salomone F, Mlynarsky L (July 2017).
5449:
5215:
3516:
3005:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
1859:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence in 2019
1470:(microbiota) and MASLD. Reviews reported the use of
1365:
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
615:
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases
9875:
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) & NASH
9647:
9572:
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition
8770:
8768:
7288:
4290:
3055:
3053:
3051:
2720:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1676:improves or cures the liver disease if there is no
793:agents has been shown to reduce hepatic steatosis.
8889:
8223:Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
8216:
8214:
7971:
7969:
7806:
7385:Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
6450:
6448:
6446:
6109:
6026:"Hepatic steatosis: a major trap in liver imaging"
5685:
4797:
3957:
3059:
1762:homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
9611:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
6853:
5773:
5409:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
5366:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
5114:
5112:
4872:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4482:
4209:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4166:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
4110:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3863:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3644:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2952:
2918:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2306:
1373:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1369:American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
645:deficiency can lead to the development of MASLD.
11330:
8926:
8852:Zelman S (August 1952). "The liver in obesity".
8765:
7157:
6816:
5729:Toshikuni N, Tsutsumi M, Arisawa T (July 2014).
5450:Sharpton SR, Ajmera V, Loomba R (January 2019).
3860:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3048:
2598:
9343:
9077:
9075:
9073:
8211:
7966:
6443:
5162:
5160:
5158:
4523:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3693:
3691:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3420:
3418:
2819:
2817:
2075:). Metabolic modulators tested in NASH include
1377:European Association for the Study of the Liver
1156:European Association for the Study of the Liver
746:close proximity inside the hepatic parenchyma.
9469:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9216:
8885:
8883:
8847:
8845:
8263:
7846:
7844:
7505:
7045:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
6902:
6634:
5591:
5109:
5067:Zhang X, Ji X, Wang Q, Li JZ (February 2018).
3464:
3462:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3060:Kenneally S, Sier JH, Moore JB (1 June 2017).
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
1963:and are thus difficult to diagnose for MASLD.
1642:receptors, promotes fat oxidation and reduces
467:. MASH can then lead to complications such as
297:where alcohol is the predominant cause of the
9899:
9523:
9521:
9273:
9081:
8142:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
8045:
8043:
7587:
5883:
5587:
5585:
5066:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
2915:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2407:"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease & NASH"
1626:can be enhanced by combining them with other
500:Overview of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10005:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
9809:Ratziu V, Francque S, Sanyal A (June 2022).
9389:
9387:
9070:
9000:
8967:
8618:
8540:
8476:
8314:
7927:
7925:
7289:Ratziu V, Goodman Z, Sanyal A (April 2015).
6769:
6207:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5499:Pickett-Blakely O, Young K, Carr RM (2018).
5359:
5357:
5355:
5275:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
5155:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
4953:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4906:
4744:
4660:
4609:
3792:
3732:
3688:
3596:
3415:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
2814:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2155:(a pan-PPAR agonist), and the GLP-1 agonist
2094:Reducing inflammation, for example reducing
2081:glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
1916:
1547:, increased fracture risk, fluid retention,
9428:
9308:
9235:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
9213:
9043:
8976:Journal of the American Medical Association
8932:
8880:
8842:
8662:
8583:
7841:
7546:
7381:
7323:
6551:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6502:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6263:
6261:
6259:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
4869:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3512:
3510:
3459:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2098:and hepatocyte death. These drugs, such as
2009:
1502:bodyweight reduction. Weight loss, through
1209:, which is then examined under a microscope
10044:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
9906:
9892:
9804:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9518:
9186:
8892:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
8793:
8549:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
8349:
8270:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
8220:
8040:
7106:
6999:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
5582:
4159:
4157:
3337:
3012:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2874:
2830:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2823:
2652:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2141:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
1650:through its action on glucagon receptors.
1468:microscopic organisms that inhabit the gut
410:in the treatment of MASLD. In March 2024,
51:
9826:
9778:
9768:
9692:
9675:
9630:
9545:
9501:
9452:
9411:
9384:
9367:
9256:
9246:
9140:
9099:
9026:
8994:
8950:
8825:
8748:
8738:
8686:
8453:
8412:
8367:
8291:
8281:
8194:
8153:
8077:
8067:
7949:
7922:
7824:
7685:
7570:
7529:
7306:
7265:
7189:
7140:
7130:
7018:
6969:
6928:
6810:
6793:
6752:
6742:
6701:
6660:
6635:Hsu CC, Ness E, Kowdley KV (March 2017).
6611:
6570:
6521:
6472:
6382:
6330:
6285:
6231:
6190:
6141:
6092:
6082:
6041:
6000:
5990:
5905:
5860:
5816:
5756:
5746:
5617:
5565:
5524:
5475:
5400:
5352:
5335:
5325:
5241:
5192:
5092:
5043:
5012:
4995:
4985:
4930:
4838:
4780:
4770:
4721:
4637:
4627:
4500:
4459:
4449:
4408:
4359:
4349:
4308:
4267:
4129:
4081:
4032:
3983:
3926:
3897:
3775:
3715:
3663:
3542:
3490:
3442:
3398:
3269:
3242:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
3231:
3229:
3215:
3183:
3173:
3085:
3023:
2849:
2763:
2746:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2663:
2581:
2532:
2522:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2324:
2307:Eslam M, Sanyal AJ, George J (May 2020).
2272:
2262:
2077:glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
2042:
1979:occurs in 30–40% of children with NAFLD.
1559:Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
541:lipoprotein). It is also associated with
9746:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9701:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
9195:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
8628:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
8592:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
8479:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
8175:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
8103:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
8014:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
7979:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
7896:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
7853:Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
7813:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
6724:
6587:
6256:
5638:
5456:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
5307:
4389:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
4200:
4090:
3854:
3817:
3697:
3559:
3523:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
3507:
3294:"Treatment for NAFLD & NASH - NIDDK"
3102:
2693:
2425:
2364:"DB92 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"
2219:
2191:) has also been used. The umbrella term
2055:A variety of medications with different
2046:
1988:acoustic radiation force impulse imaging
1854:
1660:
1212:
1200:
1134:
1036:
1015:NASH (inflammation) and fibrosis stage 2
1003:NASH (inflammation) and fibrosis stage 1
485:
9795:
9527:
9125:"Fatty liver disease: turning the tide"
9082:Farrell GC, Larter CZ (February 2006).
8973:
7561:(Systematic review and meta-analysis).
4154:
3468:
3202:Spahr L, Goossens N (25 January 2017).
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2302:
2300:
1718:whether they have portal hypertension.
807:
91:Deposits of cholesterol on the eye lids
14:
11331:
9860:https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goae029
9001:Best CH, Hartroft WS (November 1949).
8851:
8264:Sookoian S, Pirola CJ (January 2018).
8135:
7763:
7761:
7721:
7719:
7339:The Israel Medical Association Journal
7247:
5272:
3226:
2680:
2382:
2203:alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD)
1911:
1839:when compared to those without MASLD.
1419:Treatment of NAFLD typically involves
426:and the second most common reason for
11028:
10272:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
9887:
9735:
6352:
6350:
6030:Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging
5406:
3958:Singh A, Hussain S, Antony B (2021).
3286:
2776:
843:
836:(ATP). The decrease in ATP increases
741:. Hepatocyte death via apoptosis or
481:
9750:
9122:
8939:Canadian Medical Association Journal
8866:10.1001/archinte.1952.00240080007002
8854:A.M.A. Archives of Internal Medicine
8774:
5782:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
2341:
2297:
2031:, blood tests, and scoring systems.
1730:, which can manifest as subclinical
1492:
1363:. Guidelines are available from the
961:Western high-fat, low-diversity diet
7940:(Professional society guidelines).
7758:
7716:
7708:: CS1 maint: PMC embargo expired (
7375:
6958:Complementary Therapies in Medicine
6313:(Professional society guidelines).
6276:(Professional society guidelines).
5896:(Professional society guidelines).
5592:Heiman ML, Greenway FL (May 2016).
3580:. 25 September 2019. Archived from
3164:(Professional society guidelines).
3014:(Professional society guidelines).
2654:(Professional society guidelines).
2513:(Professional society guidelines).
2114:inhibitors, have not shown benefit.
295:alcohol-related liver disease (ALD)
24:
8904:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1997.tb00450.x
7182:10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee
6718:
6347:
5567:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00012.2017
5026:Byrne CD, Targher G (April 2015).
4569:Indian Journal of Gastroenterology
2824:Loomba R, Wong VW (January 2024).
2019:of MASLD, NAFL, and NASH involves
1819:, myocardial infarction, ischemic
1767:
704:
691:lowered oxygen levels in the blood
25:
11360:
11349:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
11157:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
11004:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
9868:
9494:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739920
8526:10.2174/1570161115666170621075619
8405:10.1146/annurev-med-090514-013832
5735:World Journal of Gastroenterology
3964:Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome
1027:Two foci of lobular inflammation.
729:bodies, clear vacuolated nuclei,
676:
390:by dietary changes and exercise;
267:non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
250:MASH: 2.6% risk of death per year
18:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
11316:
10902:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
9851:
9658:, Bellentani S (February 2018).
9598:
9562:
9175:
9157:
9116:
8988:10.1001/jama.1936.02770110030011
8561:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02846.x
8505:
8470:
8429:
8384:
8343:
8308:
8257:
8162:
8129:
8094:
8005:
7887:
7800:
7653:
7627:
7615:
7462:
7419:
7357:
7282:
7241:
7206:
6782:The British Journal of Nutrition
5794:10.1097/00004836-200310000-00014
4297:The British Journal of Nutrition
3217:10.53738/REVMED.2017.13.547.0215
3204:"La stéatopathie non alcoolique"
2808:Nature - communications medicine
1672:individuals with MASLD or NASH,
1478:(combinations of probiotics and
1020:
1008:
996:
982:
968:
535:
518:yellow discoloration of the skin
512:, and dull right-upper-quadrant
10143:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
10138:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
10015:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
9654:Araújo AR, Rosso N, Bedogni G,
8181:(4): 643–54.e1–9, quiz e39–40.
7774:New England Journal of Medicine
7732:New England Journal of Medicine
7475:New England Journal of Medicine
7432:New England Journal of Medicine
7383:randomized controlled trials".
7035:
6986:
6945:
6896:
6677:
6628:
6538:
6489:
6399:
6375:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2248
6302:
6158:
6058:
6017:
5958:
5922:
5722:
5541:
5492:
5443:
5301:
5266:
5209:
5060:
4961:
4863:
4738:
4697:
4654:
4603:
4560:
4517:
4476:
4425:
4376:
4325:
4284:
4243:
4049:
4000:
3951:
3311:
2796:
2169:
1992:magnetic resonance elastography
1850:
1421:counseling to improve nutrition
1196:
1191:Magnetic resonance elastography
904:glucose production in the liver
603:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
584:
381:Obtaining a sample of the liver
199:Coexisting metabolic disorders,
10897:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
10747:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
10569:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
8056:The British Journal of Surgery
7641:(Press release). 14 March 2024
7605:(Press release). 14 March 2024
6725:Merchant HA (September 2017).
6563:10.1002/14651858.cd013157.pub2
6514:10.1002/14651858.cd013156.pub2
5028:"NAFLD: a multisystem disease"
2714:
2549:
1698:A preoperative diet such as a
1638:, a dual agonist of GLP-1 and
1265:
1077:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1067:
820:in the liver and reducing the
13:
1:
10954:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
9878:National Institutes of Health
9329:10.1016/S0261-5614(99)80015-6
8514:Current Vascular Pharmacology
8491:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70032-4
8350:Bellentani S (January 2017).
8235:10.1080/17474124.2018.1460202
8136:Zhou Y, Fu S (October 2017).
7397:10.1080/17474124.2023.2172397
7371:. Prescrire. 25 January 2018.
7057:10.1080/10408398.2018.1458021
4401:10.14309/ajg.0000000000001229
2212:
2127:Anti-fibrotic drugs, such as
1515:
1354:
945:inflammatory chemical signals
434:
311:non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
10863:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
10382:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
9990:Esophageal motility disorder
9584:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001624
8933:Rabinowitch IM (June 1948).
8740:10.1371/journal.pone.0140908
8109:(6): 760–7, discussion 767.
7601:Food and Drug Administration
7531:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.04.001
7132:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678
6874:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000776
6831:10.1097/MEG.0000000000001235
6731:Journal of Clinical Medicine
6600:Journal of Medicine and Life
6421:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000890
5992:10.1371/journal.pone.0202393
5838:10.3109/07853890.2010.518623
5610:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.02.005
3318:Office of the Commissioner.
2326:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.11.312
2264:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000520
2079:(GLP-1 agonists), GLP-1 and
1806:
1728:cardiovascular complications
1721:
1524:levels, most do not reverse
1460:curcumin, a turmeric extract
1393:cognitive behavioral therapy
1382:
1032:
930:
628:
7:
8442:Digestive and Liver Disease
8317:Digestive and Liver Disease
8115:10.1016/j.soard.2011.08.011
8026:10.1016/j.soard.2009.08.014
7991:10.1016/j.soard.2017.09.531
7865:10.1016/j.soard.2018.12.002
6921:10.1097/MD.0000000000009061
6311:Digestive and Liver Disease
5932:Digestive and Liver Disease
5517:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.07.004
5308:Tokuhara D (25 June 2021).
4438:World Journal of Hepatology
3578:EASL-The Home of Hepatology
3078:10.1136/bmjgast-2017-000139
2696:Australian Family Physician
2108:vascular adhesion protein-1
2004:
1944:
1404:nutritional supplementation
1267:NASLD Activity Score (NAS)
1109:thyroid-stimulating hormone
757:, hormonal imbalances, and
589:
10:
11365:
10848:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
10372:Functional colonic disease
10168:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
9828:10.1016/j.jhep.2022.04.002
9547:10.1016/j.jhep.2007.03.003
9369:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1844
9294:10.1016/j.clnu.2007.02.002
8155:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.284
7572:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.018
7308:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.041
7227:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.023
6971:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102283
6474:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016
6043:10.1016/j.diii.2013.03.010
5287:10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.008
5133:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.020
5045:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012
4932:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.06.005
4772:10.1038/s41598-020-66208-1
4675:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.010
4581:10.1007/s12664-019-00937-8
3717:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.10.033
3698:Younossi ZM (March 2019).
3254:10.1007/s00228-023-03586-1
3175:10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.004
2574:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.019
1890:
1656:
1607:for patients with NAFLD".
1361:preventable cause of death
1152:magnetic resonance imaging
1130:
1120:aspartate aminotransferase
927:lipogenesis in the liver.
577:increased hepatic de novo
11280:
11187:
11142:
11021:
10962:
10876:
10833:
10679:
10670:
10623:
10577:
10532:
10418:
10305:
10195:
10182:
10057:
10049:Acute esophageal necrosis
9931:
9922:
9713:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.041
9623:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.160
8604:10.3109/00365527709181339
8455:10.1016/j.dld.2014.09.020
8393:Annual Review of Medicine
8329:10.1016/j.dld.2017.07.013
8187:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.014
7951:10.1007/s00268-016-3492-3
7908:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.08.012
7826:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.10.017
7248:Ratziu V (January 2017).
7176:(25 Suppl 2): S102–S138.
7094:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc
6795:10.1017/S0007114514002591
6323:10.1016/j.dld.2017.01.147
6134:10.1007/s00330-015-3949-z
6084:10.3390/pediatric13020039
5944:10.1016/j.dld.2017.05.002
5907:10.1007/s12072-016-9760-3
5468:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.065
5421:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.146
5234:10.1038/s42255-020-0214-9
5185:10.1007/s00125-019-4934-x
5085:10.1007/s13238-017-0436-0
4884:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.181
4310:10.1017/S0007114522000629
4221:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.149
4122:10.1038/s41575-018-0014-9
4025:10.1007/s12325-017-0556-1
3976:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.019
3875:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147
3768:10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9
3656:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.109
3535:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.09.041
3066:BMJ Open Gastroenterology
2135:Other treatments such as
1917:Political recommendations
1450:Herbal compounds such as
1273:
824:of fat. Unlike the sugar
559:polycystic ovary syndrome
303:non-alcoholic fatty liver
246:
238:
228:
207:
188:
167:
159:
149:
141:
117:
76:
64:
59:
50:
42:
37:
10148:Gastric dumping syndrome
10023:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
10010:Diffuse esophageal spasm
9528:Roberts EA (June 2007).
8688:10.1001/jama.288.14.1723
7938:World Journal of Surgery
7639:Madrigal Pharmaceuticals
5894:Hepatology International
5748:10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8393
5378:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.85
5327:10.3389/fnut.2021.700058
5121:Pharmacological Research
4489:The Journal of Nutrition
4178:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.41
2777:Smith J (13 July 2023).
2162:
2129:fibroblast growth factor
2010:Diagnosis and biomarkers
1925:
1758:hepatocellular carcinoma
1549:congestive heart failure
1408:hepatocellular carcinoma
731:microvesicular steatosis
473:hepatocellular carcinoma
369:high serum triglycerides
182:type 2 diabetes mellitus
10764:Alcoholic liver disease
10297:Bile acid malabsorption
10241:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
9454:10.1053/jhep.2002.30690
9123:Drew L (October 2017).
9094:(2 Suppl 1): S99–S112.
9052:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
9019:10.1136/bmj.2.4635.1001
9007:British Medical Journal
5690:(National guidelines).
2930:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.3
2194:steatotic liver disease
2112:c-Jun N-terminal kinase
1624:GLP-1 receptor agonists
1414:
1176:Computerized tomography
1170:Ultrasound elastography
990:Ballooning degeneration
902:lipogenesis, decreased
739:perisinusoidal fibrosis
715:ballooning degeneration
687:obstructive sleep apnea
571:obstructive sleep apnea
386:Treatment for MASLD is
299:steatotic liver disease
265:), previously known as
10774:Hepatic encephalopathy
10158:Buried bumper syndrome
10089:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
9973:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
9916:human digestive system
9751:Wang X (August 2022).
7678:10.1001/jama.2024.1215
6363:JAMA Internal Medicine
5554:Physiological Genomics
5314:Frontiers in Nutrition
4451:10.4254/wjh.v9.i10.503
3483:10.1001/jama.2015.5370
2052:
2043:Medication development
1860:
1786:chronic kidney disease
1736:cardiovascular disease
1685:
1228:
1210:
1180:Transient elastography
1143:
1042:
834:adenosine triphosphate
719:polymorphonuclear cell
648:Higher consumption of
565:, increasing age, and
563:elevated transaminases
501:
339:cardiovascular disease
163:Genetic, environmental
136:cardiovascular disease
10999:Pancreatic pseudocyst
10868:Porcelain gallbladder
9980:Zenker's diverticulum
9815:Journal of Hepatology
9534:Journal of Hepatology
8105:(Systematic review).
7981:(Systematic review).
7786:10.1056/NEJMoa2401943
7744:10.1056/NEJMoa2401755
7559:Journal of Hepatology
7483:10.1056/NEJMoa2401755
7440:10.1056/NEJMoa2401943
7295:Journal of Hepatology
7215:Journal of Hepatology
6653:10.3945/an.116.013730
6641:Advances in Nutrition
6461:Journal of Hepatology
6183:10.1148/rg.2016160042
6124:(Systematic review).
5032:Journal of Hepatology
4269:10.1093/nutrit/nuv010
3704:Journal of Hepatology
3473:(Systematic review).
3400:10.1210/endrev/bnz009
3208:Revue Médicale Suisse
3162:Journal of Hepatology
2562:Journal of Hepatology
2143:(PPAR) agonists, and
2100:chemokine antagonists
2050:
1961:non-specific symptoms
1858:
1837:cardiovascular events
1777:liver transplantation
1704:very-low-calorie diet
1664:
1531:Insulin sensitizers (
1312:Lobular inflammation
1216:
1204:
1138:
1040:
499:
428:liver transplantation
424:chronic liver disease
275:chronic liver disease
216:Dietary reduction of
10803:Hepatorenal syndrome
10742:Budd–Chiari syndrome
10699:Autoimmune hepatitis
10524:Intestinal adhesions
10282:Short bowel syndrome
10111:Functional dyspepsia
10029:Esophageal stricture
9995:Nutcracker esophagus
9770:10.1515/mr-2022-0024
9248:10.3390/ijms17060947
9013:(4635): 1002–6, pl.
7819:(6): 1040–1060.e11.
7301:(1 Suppl): S65–S75.
5598:Molecular Metabolism
5038:(1 Suppl): S47–S64.
2137:farnesoid X receptor
2073:fatty acid oxidation
2057:mechanisms of action
1973:acanthosis nigricans
1605:hypertriglyceridemia
1591:is not recommended.
1522:alanine transaminase
1430:The EASL recommends
1166:pediatric patients.
1105:Low thyroid activity
1073:Liver function tests
891:insulin-sensitizing
808:Fructose consumption
781:The accumulation of
619:familial aggregation
514:abdominal discomfort
214:(in case of obesity)
10942:Choledocholithiasis
10813:Metabolic disorders
10779:Acute liver failure
10752:Portal hypertension
10704:Alcoholic hepatitis
10547:Radiation proctitis
10466:Mesenteric ischemia
10438:Gastroenterocolitis
10267:Blind loop syndrome
10077:Ménétrier's disease
9985:Barrett's esophagus
9664:Liver International
8775:EASL (April 2019).
8731:2015PLoSO..1040908A
8356:Liver International
7254:Liver International
7011:10.1093/ajcn/nqz042
6690:Liver International
6287:10.4158/EP161365.GL
5983:2018PLoSO..1302393P
4925:(8): 1685–1700.e9.
4763:2020NatSR..10.9267W
4526:Liver International
4013:Advances in Therapy
2319:(7): 1999–2014.e1.
1912:Society and culture
1817:atrial fibrillation
1595:Omega-3 fatty acids
1499:physical activities
1425:calorie restriction
1268:
1185:portal hypertension
1101:autoimmune diseases
955:may be protective.
361:high blood pressure
224:(diet and exercise)
85:in the early stages
11281:External resources
11117:Undefined location
11108:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
11009:Pancreatic fistula
10992:Pancreatic abscess
10947:Biliary dyskinesia
10918:Mirizzi's syndrome
10419:Large and/or small
10099:Dieulafoy's lesion
9968:Boerhaave syndrome
9670:(Suppl 1): 47–51.
9317:Clinical Nutrition
9282:Clinical Nutrition
8789:on 7 October 2019.
8640:10.1038/ajg.2017.5
8362:(Suppl 1): 81–84.
7260:(Suppl 1): 90–96.
6744:10.3390/jcm6090088
6280:(Suppl 3): 1–203.
6274:Endocrine Practice
6122:European Radiology
5826:Annals of Medicine
5683:. NICE. July 2016.
5073:Protein & Cell
4751:Scientific Reports
4663:Clinical Nutrition
4629:10.3390/nu14194099
4502:10.1093/jn/nxab163
4351:10.3390/nu14173533
2053:
2036:gold standard test
1952:metabolic syndrome
1937:fr:Canard Enchainé
1861:
1747:esophageal varices
1686:
1600:systematic reviews
1537:thiazolidinediones
1432:energy restriction
1266:
1229:
1211:
1144:
1043:
844:Insulin resistance
699:insulin resistance
635:omega-6 fatty acid
599:Genetic variations
547:panhypopituitarism
543:hormonal disorders
502:
482:Signs and symptoms
375:), a diet high in
357:metabolic syndrome
323:liver inflammation
178:metabolic syndrome
104:* Digestive issues
101:Crusty red nodules
11339:Diseases of liver
11304:
11303:
11181:
11180:
11177:
11176:
11017:
11016:
10619:
10618:
10476:Bowel obstruction
10178:
10177:
9677:10.1111/liv.13643
9413:10.1002/hep.21262
9171:on 25 April 2018.
9101:10.1002/hep.20973
8818:10.1002/hep.29466
8681:(14): 1723–1727.
8555:(10): 1098–1105.
8369:10.1111/liv.13299
8283:10.1111/apt.14401
8069:10.1002/bjs.11001
8058:(Meta-analysis).
7902:(12): 1396–1402.
7369:www.prescrire.org
7267:10.1111/liv.13311
7125:(11): e596–e646.
7051:(15): 2494–2505.
6825:(10): 1103–1115.
6788:(11): 1858–1872.
6703:10.1111/liv.13435
6233:10.1002/hep.31599
6071:Pediatric Reports
5938:(10): 1133–1138.
5741:(26): 8393–8406.
5700:10.1136/bmj.i4428
5222:Nature Metabolism
5179:(10): 1835–1841.
4987:10.3390/nu9101065
4831:10.1002/hep.28392
4723:10.1002/hep.20725
4538:10.1111/liv.14164
4256:Nutrition Reviews
3919:10.1111/obr.12020
3832:10.1111/obr.12271
3584:on 5 October 2019
3529:(2): 198–210.e2.
3477:(22): 2263–2273.
3444:10.1002/hep.28431
3387:Endocrine Reviews
3025:10.1111/jgh.13856
2842:10.1111/apt.17846
2739:10.1002/hep.29085
2665:10.1111/jgh.13857
2524:10.1002/hep.29367
2413:. 7 November 2018
2110:inhibitors, and
1977:An enlarged liver
1689:Bariatric surgery
1674:bariatric surgery
1574:SGLT-2 inhibitors
1493:Physical activity
1434:of 500–1000
1344:
1343:
976:Mallory-Denk body
908:anti-inflammatory
671:plant-based diets
497:
396:SGLT-2 inhibitors
392:bariatric surgery
379:, and older age.
287:hepatic steatosis
256:
255:
190:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
11356:
11321:
11320:
11319:
11312:
11185:
11184:
11169:Pneumoperitoneum
11026:
11025:
10936:Common bile duct
10818:Wilson's disease
10808:Peliosis hepatis
10677:
10676:
10554:Proctalgia fugax
10461:Abdominal angina
10386:Ogilvie syndrome
10335:Pseudomembranous
10193:
10192:
10153:Gastric volvulus
10118:Pyloric stenosis
9929:
9928:
9914:Diseases of the
9908:
9901:
9894:
9885:
9884:
9862:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9830:
9821:(6): 1263–1278.
9806:
9793:
9792:
9782:
9772:
9748:
9733:
9732:
9707:(8): 2001–2014.
9696:
9690:
9689:
9679:
9651:
9645:
9644:
9634:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9549:
9540:(6): 1133–1142.
9525:
9516:
9515:
9505:
9473:
9467:
9466:
9456:
9432:
9426:
9425:
9415:
9391:
9382:
9381:
9371:
9362:(8): 1844–1850.
9347:
9341:
9340:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9277:
9271:
9270:
9260:
9250:
9226:
9211:
9210:
9190:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9173:
9172:
9167:. Archived from
9161:
9155:
9154:
9144:
9142:10.1038/550S101a
9120:
9114:
9113:
9103:
9079:
9068:
9067:
9047:
9041:
9040:
9030:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8954:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8887:
8878:
8877:
8849:
8840:
8839:
8829:
8797:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8782:. Archived from
8781:
8772:
8763:
8762:
8752:
8742:
8725:(10): e0140908.
8710:
8701:
8700:
8690:
8666:
8660:
8659:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8587:
8581:
8580:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8509:
8503:
8502:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8457:
8433:
8427:
8426:
8416:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8371:
8347:
8341:
8340:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8295:
8285:
8261:
8255:
8254:
8218:
8209:
8208:
8198:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8098:
8092:
8091:
8081:
8071:
8047:
8038:
8037:
8009:
8003:
8002:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7953:
7944:(9): 2065–2083.
7929:
7920:
7919:
7891:
7885:
7884:
7848:
7839:
7838:
7828:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7765:
7756:
7755:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7707:
7699:
7689:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7574:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7533:
7524:(7): 1592–1609.
7518:Gastroenterology
7509:
7503:
7502:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7336:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7310:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7269:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7193:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7039:
7033:
7032:
7022:
6990:
6984:
6983:
6973:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6932:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6797:
6773:
6767:
6766:
6756:
6746:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6705:
6681:
6675:
6674:
6664:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6574:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6525:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6476:
6452:
6441:
6440:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6386:
6369:(9): 1262–1271.
6354:
6345:
6344:
6334:
6306:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6265:
6254:
6253:
6235:
6226:(5): 2028–2038.
6211:
6205:
6204:
6194:
6177:(7): 1987–2006.
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6128:(5): 1431–1440.
6113:
6107:
6106:
6096:
6086:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6036:(7–8): 713–727.
6021:
6015:
6014:
6004:
5994:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5909:
5885:
5858:
5857:
5820:
5814:
5813:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5760:
5750:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5684:
5677:
5636:
5635:
5621:
5589:
5580:
5579:
5569:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5479:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5361:
5350:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5281:(9): 1307–1321.
5270:
5264:
5263:
5245:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5196:
5164:
5153:
5152:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5096:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5023:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4944:
4934:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4842:
4825:(6): 2032–2043.
4814:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4774:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4725:
4716:(6): 1290–1296.
4701:
4695:
4694:
4669:(4): 1672–1677.
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4631:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4532:(9): 1732–1741.
4521:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4495:(9): 2741–2748.
4480:
4474:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4395:(8): 1667–1675.
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4312:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4133:
4105:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4019:(6): 1291–1326.
4004:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3930:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3815:
3790:
3789:
3779:
3747:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3667:
3639:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3570:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3378:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3233:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3200:Lay summary in:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3168:(6): 1388–1402.
3153:
3100:
3099:
3089:
3057:
3046:
3045:
3027:
3003:
2950:
2949:
2913:
2872:
2871:
2853:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2733:(5): 1557–1565.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2643:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2568:(5): 1063–1075.
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2502:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2403:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2313:Gastroenterology
2304:
2295:
2294:
2276:
2266:
2257:(6): 1966–1986.
2242:
2206:
2201:) covers MASLD,
2173:
2139:(FXR) agonists,
2096:oxidative stress
2087:co-agonists and
2071:, or increasing
1700:low-calorie diet
1509:Aerobic exercise
1269:
1093:prothrombin time
1024:
1012:
1000:
986:
972:
941:bacterial toxins
910:properties, and
850:free fatty acids
838:oxidative stress
802:TGF beta signals
755:Oxidative stress
735:megamitochondria
561:), persistently
498:
371:, and low serum
365:high blood sugar
281:build-up in the
273:), is a type of
87:In later stages:
55:
35:
34:
21:
11364:
11363:
11359:
11358:
11357:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11317:
11315:
11307:
11305:
11300:
11299:
11276:
11275:
11196:
11182:
11173:
11138:
11127:Internal hernia
11013:
10958:
10923:Biliary fistula
10881:
10872:
10858:Adenomyomatosis
10853:Cholesterolosis
10829:
10823:Hemochromatosis
10694:Viral hepatitis
10666:
10615:
10573:
10559:Rectal prolapse
10528:
10495:Fecal impaction
10485:Intussusception
10448:Crohn's disease
10414:
10397:Toxic megacolon
10309:
10307:Large intestine
10301:
10246:Curling's ulcer
10199:
10197:Small intestine
10186:
10174:
10082:Gastroenteritis
10053:
9918:
9912:
9871:
9866:
9865:
9856:
9852:
9807:
9796:
9749:
9736:
9697:
9693:
9652:
9648:
9603:
9599:
9567:
9563:
9526:
9519:
9474:
9470:
9433:
9429:
9392:
9385:
9348:
9344:
9313:
9309:
9278:
9274:
9227:
9214:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9180:
9176:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9121:
9117:
9080:
9071:
9048:
9044:
8999:
8995:
8972:
8968:
8931:
8927:
8888:
8881:
8850:
8843:
8798:
8794:
8786:
8779:
8773:
8766:
8711:
8704:
8667:
8663:
8623:
8619:
8588:
8584:
8545:
8541:
8510:
8506:
8485:(11): 901–910.
8475:
8471:
8434:
8430:
8389:
8385:
8348:
8344:
8313:
8309:
8262:
8258:
8219:
8212:
8167:
8163:
8134:
8130:
8099:
8095:
8048:
8041:
8010:
8006:
7974:
7967:
7930:
7923:
7892:
7888:
7849:
7842:
7805:
7801:
7766:
7759:
7724:
7717:
7701:
7700:
7672:(11): 920–929.
7658:
7654:
7644:
7642:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7616:
7608:
7606:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7551:
7547:
7510:
7506:
7467:
7463:
7424:
7420:
7380:
7376:
7363:
7362:
7358:
7334:
7328:
7324:
7287:
7283:
7246:
7242:
7211:
7207:
7162:
7158:
7111:
7107:
7097:
7095:
7084:
7080:
7040:
7036:
6991:
6987:
6950:
6946:
6901:
6897:
6858:
6854:
6815:
6811:
6774:
6770:
6723:
6719:
6682:
6678:
6633:
6629:
6592:
6588:
6557:(7): CD013157.
6543:
6539:
6508:(6): CD013156.
6494:
6490:
6453:
6444:
6404:
6400:
6355:
6348:
6307:
6303:
6266:
6257:
6212:
6208:
6163:
6159:
6114:
6110:
6063:
6059:
6022:
6018:
5977:(8): e0202393.
5963:
5959:
5927:
5923:
5886:
5861:
5821:
5817:
5778:
5774:
5727:
5723:
5679:
5678:
5639:
5590:
5583:
5546:
5542:
5497:
5493:
5448:
5444:
5415:(11): 637–644.
5405:
5401:
5362:
5353:
5306:
5302:
5271:
5267:
5214:
5210:
5165:
5156:
5117:
5110:
5065:
5061:
5024:
5013:
4966:
4962:
4946:
4945:
4911:
4907:
4868:
4864:
4815:
4798:
4743:
4739:
4702:
4698:
4659:
4655:
4608:
4604:
4565:
4561:
4522:
4518:
4481:
4477:
4444:(10): 503–509.
4430:
4426:
4381:
4377:
4330:
4326:
4289:
4285:
4248:
4244:
4215:(11): 627–636.
4205:
4201:
4162:
4155:
4106:
4091:
4074:10.1038/ng.2901
4062:Nature Genetics
4054:
4050:
4005:
4001:
3956:
3952:
3907:Obesity Reviews
3902:
3898:
3859:
3855:
3820:Obesity Reviews
3816:
3793:
3756:Nature Medicine
3748:
3733:
3696:
3689:
3640:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3560:
3515:
3508:
3467:
3460:
3423:
3416:
3379:
3338:
3328:
3326:
3316:
3312:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3234:
3227:
3201:
3154:
3103:
3058:
3049:
3004:
2953:
2914:
2875:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2764:
2719:
2715:
2692:
2681:
2644:
2599:
2554:
2550:
2503:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2342:
2305:
2298:
2243:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2104:anti-apoptotics
2045:
2025:medical imaging
2012:
2007:
1947:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1893:
1853:
1809:
1770:
1768:Transplantation
1732:atherosclerosis
1724:
1659:
1653:
1644:lipid synthesis
1518:
1495:
1458:seed extract),
1417:
1385:
1357:
1340:Many/prominent
1330:
1241:ultrasonography
1226:Trichrome stain
1199:
1133:
1097:viral hepatitis
1070:
1051:drugs or toxins
1047:standard drinks
1035:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1004:
1001:
992:
987:
978:
973:
933:
916:Skeletal muscle
873:diacylglycerols
846:
810:
783:senescent cells
707:
705:Pathophysiology
679:
631:
592:
587:
538:
486:
484:
449:steatohepatitis
445:viral hepatitis
437:
373:HDL cholesterol
349:type 2 diabetes
251:
234:Depends on type
215:
200:
198:
184:, liver disease
154:
110:and eventually
105:
103:
98:
93:
88:
86:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11362:
11352:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11326:
11325:
11302:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11278:
11277:
11274:
11273:
11262:
11251:
11236:
11217:
11197:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11188:Classification
11179:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11166:
11164:Hemoperitoneum
11161:
11160:
11159:
11148:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11136:
11135:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11110:
11105:
11092:
11091:
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11070:
11069:
11064:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11046:
11045:
11034:
11032:
11023:
11019:
11018:
11015:
11014:
11012:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10968:
10966:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10950:
10949:
10944:
10931:
10930:
10925:
10920:
10911:
10910:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10888:
10886:
10874:
10873:
10871:
10870:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10839:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10828:
10827:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10793:
10783:
10782:
10781:
10776:
10766:
10761:
10760:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10744:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10685:
10683:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10662:
10652:
10651:
10650:
10645:
10635:
10633:Blood in stool
10629:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10613:
10608:
10606:Anal dysplasia
10603:
10598:
10593:
10583:
10581:
10575:
10574:
10572:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10538:
10536:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10521:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10482:
10473:
10471:Angiodysplasia
10468:
10463:
10452:
10451:
10450:
10440:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10422:
10420:
10416:
10415:
10413:
10412:
10406:Diverticulosis
10402:Diverticulitis
10399:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10379:
10369:
10364:
10363:
10362:
10357:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10327:
10321:
10319:
10303:
10302:
10300:
10299:
10294:
10292:Milroy disease
10289:
10284:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10264:
10262:Tropical sprue
10259:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10215:
10213:
10190:
10184:Lower GI tract
10180:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10120:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10096:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10063:
10061:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10020:
10019:
10018:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9976:
9975:
9970:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9937:
9935:
9926:
9924:Upper GI tract
9920:
9919:
9911:
9910:
9903:
9896:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9870:
9869:External links
9867:
9864:
9863:
9850:
9794:
9763:(4): 328–330.
9757:Medical Review
9734:
9691:
9646:
9597:
9578:(2): 141–149.
9561:
9517:
9488:(3): 277–283.
9468:
9447:(2): 367–372.
9427:
9406:(2): 458–465.
9383:
9342:
9323:(6): 353–358.
9307:
9288:(4): 409–415.
9272:
9212:
9201:(6): 374–377.
9185:
9174:
9156:
9135:(7675): S101.
9115:
9069:
9058:(7): 434–438.
9042:
8993:
8966:
8945:(6): 547–556.
8925:
8898:(5): 398–403.
8879:
8860:(2): 141–156.
8841:
8812:(1): 123–133.
8792:
8764:
8702:
8661:
8634:(4): 581–587.
8617:
8598:(5): 593–597.
8582:
8539:
8520:(3): 219–227.
8504:
8469:
8448:(3): 181–190.
8428:
8399:(1): 103–117.
8383:
8342:
8307:
8256:
8229:(5): 491–502.
8210:
8161:
8128:
8093:
8062:(3): 181–189.
8039:
8020:(6): 713–721.
8004:
7985:(2): 237–244.
7965:
7921:
7886:
7859:(3): 502–511.
7840:
7799:
7780:(4): 299–310.
7757:
7738:(4): 311–319.
7715:
7652:
7626:
7586:
7565:(4): 944–951.
7545:
7504:
7461:
7418:
7391:(3): 273–282.
7374:
7356:
7345:(4): 234–238.
7322:
7281:
7240:
7221:(1): 142–152.
7205:
7156:
7105:
7078:
7034:
7005:(1): 139–149.
6985:
6944:
6895:
6852:
6809:
6768:
6717:
6696:(7): 936–949.
6676:
6647:(2): 253–265.
6627:
6606:(3): 258–262.
6586:
6537:
6488:
6467:(4): 829–846.
6442:
6415:(8): 867–878.
6398:
6346:
6317:(5): 471–483.
6301:
6255:
6206:
6157:
6108:
6077:(2): 312–321.
6057:
6016:
5957:
5921:
5859:
5832:(8): 617–649.
5815:
5788:(4): 340–343.
5772:
5721:
5637:
5604:(5): 317–320.
5581:
5560:(8): 385–399.
5540:
5511:(4): 451–462.
5491:
5462:(2): 296–306.
5442:
5399:
5372:(7): 412–425.
5351:
5300:
5265:
5228:(6): 514–531.
5208:
5154:
5108:
5079:(2): 164–177.
5059:
5011:
4960:
4905:
4862:
4796:
4737:
4696:
4653:
4602:
4559:
4516:
4475:
4424:
4375:
4324:
4303:(2): 276–283.
4283:
4262:(8): 500–522.
4242:
4199:
4172:(5): 251–264.
4153:
4116:(8): 461–478.
4089:
4068:(4): 352–356.
4048:
3999:
3970:(3): 813–822.
3950:
3913:(5): 417–431.
3896:
3853:
3826:(5): 393–405.
3791:
3762:(7): 908–922.
3731:
3710:(3): 531–544.
3687:
3595:
3558:
3506:
3458:
3414:
3336:
3310:
3285:
3248:(1): 127–150.
3225:
3223:
3222:
3101:
3072:(1): e000139.
3047:
2951:
2924:(4): 196–205.
2873:
2836:(2): 150–156.
2813:
2795:
2762:
2713:
2702:(7): 444–447.
2679:
2597:
2548:
2517:(1): 328–357.
2424:
2381:
2370:. 18 June 2018
2340:
2296:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2115:
2092:
2044:
2041:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1946:
1943:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1892:
1889:
1870:severely obese
1852:
1849:
1808:
1805:
1769:
1766:
1723:
1720:
1658:
1655:
1589:pentoxifylline
1553:bladder cancer
1517:
1514:
1494:
1491:
1416:
1413:
1384:
1381:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1198:
1195:
1132:
1129:
1089:blood clotting
1069:
1066:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1002:
995:
993:
988:
981:
979:
974:
967:
937:Pseudomonadota
932:
929:
854:adipose tissue
845:
842:
822:beta-oxidation
809:
806:
723:Mallory bodies
706:
703:
678:
677:From lifestyle
675:
630:
627:
591:
588:
586:
583:
551:hypothyroidism
537:
534:
483:
480:
463:and sometimes
436:
433:
400:GLP-1 agonists
254:
253:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
209:
205:
204:
192:
186:
185:
171:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
121:
115:
114:
106:Lastly causes
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11361:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11336:
11334:
11324:
11314:
11313:
11310:
11296:
11292:
11291:
11287:
11286:
11283:
11279:
11272:
11268:
11267:
11263:
11261:
11257:
11256:
11252:
11250:
11246:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11227:
11226:
11222:
11218:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11207:
11203:
11199:
11198:
11195:
11190:
11186:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11141:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11125:
11123:
11120:
11119:
11118:
11115:
11114:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11101:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11094:
11093:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11055:
11054:
11051:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11040:
11039:
11038:Diaphragmatic
11036:
11035:
11033:
11031:
11027:
11024:
11020:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10974:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10965:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10939:
10938:
10937:
10933:
10932:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10915:
10912:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10893:
10890:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10879:
10875:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10843:Cholecystitis
10841:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10832:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10815:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10787:
10786:Liver abscess
10784:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10769:Liver failure
10767:
10765:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10748:
10745:
10743:
10740:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10709:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10669:
10661:
10658:
10657:
10656:
10653:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10640:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10622:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10576:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10544:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10531:
10525:
10522:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10513:
10510:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10432:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10426:Enterocolitis
10424:
10423:
10421:
10417:
10411:
10407:
10403:
10400:
10398:
10394:
10391:
10387:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10332:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10313:
10308:
10304:
10298:
10295:
10293:
10290:
10288:
10285:
10283:
10280:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10254:
10253:Malabsorption
10251:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10242:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10169:
10166:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10144:
10141:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10128:Gastroparesis
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10112:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10094:Cushing ulcer
10092:
10091:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10056:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10039:Megaesophagus
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9992:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9943:
9942:
9939:
9938:
9936:
9934:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9902:
9897:
9895:
9890:
9889:
9886:
9879:
9876:
9873:
9872:
9861:
9854:
9846:
9842:
9838:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9790:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9747:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9739:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9695:
9687:
9683:
9678:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9661:
9657:
9650:
9642:
9638:
9633:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9601:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9565:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9524:
9522:
9513:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9464:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9431:
9423:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9390:
9388:
9379:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9346:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9311:
9303:
9299:
9295:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9276:
9268:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9208:
9204:
9200:
9196:
9189:
9178:
9170:
9166:
9160:
9152:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9111:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9046:
9038:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9012:
9008:
9004:
8997:
8989:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8970:
8962:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8929:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8886:
8884:
8875:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8848:
8846:
8837:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8796:
8785:
8778:
8771:
8769:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8709:
8707:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8665:
8657:
8653:
8649:
8645:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8586:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8550:
8543:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8508:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8473:
8465:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8387:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8311:
8303:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8260:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8217:
8215:
8206:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8165:
8156:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8132:
8124:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8097:
8089:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8044:
8035:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8008:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7972:
7970:
7961:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7928:
7926:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7847:
7845:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7803:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7764:
7762:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7711:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7640:
7636:
7630:
7623:
7622:public domain
7604:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7549:
7541:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7508:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7422:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7378:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7318:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7244:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7201:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7093:
7089:
7082:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7038:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6981:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6915:(49): e9061.
6914:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6868:(2): e8–e12.
6867:
6863:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6779:
6772:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6713:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6680:
6672:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6402:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6353:
6351:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6305:
6297:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6171:Radiographics
6168:
6161:
6153:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5347:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5243:10044/1/82228
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5113:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3393:(1): 66–117.
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3218:
3213:
3210:(in French).
3209:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:thyromimetics
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1923:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:meta-analysis
1830:
1829:liver failure
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:gold standard
1234:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:liver enzyme
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:serum glucose
1078:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
991:
985:
980:
977:
971:
966:
965:
964:
962:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
928:
926:
922:
917:
913:
912:anti-fibrotic
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:phospholipids
874:
870:
868:
863:
859:
858:triglycerides
855:
851:
841:
839:
835:
831:
828:, the enzyme
827:
823:
819:
817:
805:
803:
799:
798:gene knockout
794:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
772:
768:
764:
763:nutrigenomics
760:
759:mitochondrial
756:
752:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
721:infiltrates,
720:
716:
712:
711:triglycerides
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
674:
672:
668:
664:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
582:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:Comorbidities
533:
531:
527:
526:liver failure
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
432:
429:
425:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
335:liver failure
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:. The terms
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:MAFL: Unknown
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
213:
210:
206:
203:
196:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
152:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
132:liver failure
129:
125:
122:
120:
119:Complications
116:
113:
112:liver failure
109:
108:liver disease
102:
97:
92:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
11288:
11264:
11253:
11238:
11219:
11200:
11116:
11095:
10972:Pancreatitis
10934:
10884:biliary tree
10757:Nutmeg liver
10734:
10727:
10660:Hematochezia
10611:Pruritus ani
10596:Anal abscess
10591:Anal fistula
10587:Anal fissure
10500:Constipation
10454:
10325:Appendicitis
10133:Gastroptosis
10123:Achlorhydria
9962:
9951:Eosinophilic
9853:
9818:
9814:
9760:
9756:
9704:
9700:
9694:
9667:
9663:
9649:
9617:(2): 81–96.
9614:
9610:
9600:
9575:
9571:
9564:
9537:
9533:
9485:
9481:
9471:
9444:
9440:
9430:
9403:
9399:
9359:
9355:
9345:
9320:
9316:
9310:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9238:
9234:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9177:
9169:the original
9159:
9132:
9128:
9118:
9091:
9087:
9055:
9051:
9045:
9010:
9006:
8996:
8979:
8975:
8969:
8942:
8938:
8928:
8895:
8891:
8857:
8853:
8809:
8805:
8795:
8784:the original
8722:
8718:
8678:
8674:
8664:
8631:
8627:
8620:
8595:
8591:
8585:
8552:
8548:
8542:
8517:
8513:
8507:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8445:
8441:
8431:
8414:2318/1636160
8396:
8392:
8386:
8359:
8355:
8345:
8323:(10): 1166.
8320:
8316:
8310:
8276:(1): 16–25.
8273:
8269:
8259:
8226:
8222:
8178:
8174:
8164:
8145:
8141:
8131:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8059:
8055:
8017:
8013:
8007:
7982:
7978:
7941:
7937:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7856:
7852:
7816:
7812:
7802:
7777:
7773:
7735:
7731:
7704:cite journal
7669:
7665:
7655:
7643:. Retrieved
7638:
7629:
7607:. Retrieved
7598:
7589:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7521:
7517:
7507:
7474:
7464:
7431:
7421:
7388:
7384:
7377:
7368:
7359:
7342:
7338:
7325:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7257:
7253:
7243:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7122:
7118:
7108:
7098:30 September
7096:. Retrieved
7091:
7081:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6912:
6908:
6898:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6785:
6781:
6771:
6734:
6730:
6720:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6603:
6599:
6589:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6464:
6460:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6366:
6362:
6332:2318/1636507
6314:
6310:
6304:
6277:
6273:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6174:
6170:
6160:
6125:
6121:
6111:
6074:
6070:
6060:
6033:
6032:(Tutorial).
6029:
6019:
5974:
5970:
5960:
5935:
5931:
5924:
5897:
5893:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5691:
5687:
5631:
5601:
5597:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5508:
5504:
5494:
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5455:
5445:
5412:
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5402:
5369:
5365:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5225:
5221:
5211:
5176:
5173:Diabetologia
5172:
5124:
5120:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5035:
5031:
4980:(10): 1065.
4977:
4973:
4963:
4949:cite journal
4922:
4918:
4908:
4878:(2): 71–72.
4875:
4871:
4865:
4840:10447/159316
4822:
4818:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4713:
4709:
4699:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4622:(19): 4099.
4619:
4615:
4605:
4575:(1): 55–60.
4572:
4568:
4562:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4344:(17): 3533.
4341:
4337:
4327:
4300:
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4286:
4259:
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4212:
4208:
4202:
4169:
4165:
4113:
4109:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3869:(1): 32–42.
3866:
3862:
3856:
3823:
3819:
3759:
3755:
3707:
3703:
3665:2318/1659230
3650:(1): 11–20.
3647:
3643:
3586:. Retrieved
3582:the original
3577:
3526:
3522:
3492:2318/1636665
3474:
3470:
3437:(1): 73–84.
3434:
3430:
3390:
3386:
3327:. Retrieved
3323:
3313:
3303:16 September
3301:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3245:
3241:
3207:
3165:
3161:
3069:
3065:
3018:(1): 86–98.
3015:
3011:
2921:
2917:
2833:
2829:
2807:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2699:
2695:
2658:(1): 70–85.
2655:
2651:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2514:
2510:
2415:. Retrieved
2410:
2372:. Retrieved
2367:
2316:
2312:
2254:
2250:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:). The term
2180:
2176:
2171:
2153:lanifibranor
2134:
2121:, or act on
2066:
2054:
2033:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1984:elastography
1981:
1969:
1965:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1866:
1862:
1851:Epidemiology
1845:
1841:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1755:
1751:liver cancer
1740:
1725:
1716:
1709:
1697:
1694:
1687:
1682:liver cancer
1652:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1593:
1585:dyslipidemia
1578:
1572:
1557:
1541:pioglitazone
1530:
1526:histological
1519:
1496:
1484:
1456:milk thistle
1449:
1441:
1429:
1418:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1375:(NICE), the
1358:
1349:
1345:
1257:
1249:
1233:liver biopsy
1230:
1197:Liver biopsy
1189:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1160:hypertension
1145:
1116:transaminase
1113:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1044:
957:
934:
924:
914:properties.
899:
889:
866:
852:(FFAs) from
847:
830:fructokinase
815:
811:
795:
780:
775:
770:
769:extends the
767:multiple hit
766:
765:model named
750:
748:
708:
697:, increased
695:inflammation
680:
647:
632:
623:twin studies
597:
593:
585:Risk factors
575:
555:hypogonadism
539:
530:liver cancer
506:liver biopsy
503:
477:
461:inflammation
438:
416:
404:pioglitazone
385:
343:
331:liver cancer
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
202:Liver biopsy
169:Risk factors
128:liver cancer
83:Asymptomatic
29:
11152:Peritonitis
10914:Cholestasis
10892:Cholangitis
10835:Gallbladder
10723:Fatty liver
10643:Hematemesis
10625:GI bleeding
10431:Necrotizing
10360:Lymphocytic
10355:Collagenous
10350:Microscopic
10287:Steatorrhea
10188:Enteropathy
10034:Inlet patch
9956:Herpetiform
9941:Esophagitis
9656:Tiribelli C
9482:Circulation
8982:(11): 914.
8293:11336/86717
8148:(16): C81.
7170:Circulation
7119:Circulation
5900:(1): 1–30.
5127:: 213–240.
4757:(1): 9267.
4131:11336/86757
3928:2318/127880
2157:semaglutide
2069:lipogenesis
2065:inhibiting
1956:hepatitis C
1905:Mayo Clinic
1648:liver cells
1636:survodutide
1632:Tirzepatide
1568:survodutide
1563:tirzepatide
1331:ballooning
1324:>4 foci
1304:>33- 66%
1253:laparoscopy
1068:Blood tests
896:adiponectin
885:cholesterol
883:, and free
869:lipogenesis
862:broken down
818:lipogenesis
787:hepatocytes
776:multisystem
743:necroptosis
579:lipogenesis
388:weight loss
212:Weight loss
43:Other names
11333:Categories
11266:DiseasesDB
11144:Peritoneal
11122:Incisional
11043:Congenital
10987:Hereditary
10964:Pancreatic
10928:Haemobilia
10601:Hemorrhoid
10579:Anal canal
10517:Infectious
10505:Functional
10340:Ulcerative
10224:Duodenitis
10163:Gastrinoma
9441:Hepatology
9400:Hepatology
9241:(6): 947.
9088:Hepatology
8806:Hepatology
8079:2381/43636
7092:health.gov
6964:: 102283.
6220:Hepatology
6173:(Review).
5600:(Review).
5320:: 700058.
4919:Cell Metab
4819:Hepatology
4710:Hepatology
3431:Hepatology
2727:Hepatology
2534:1805/14037
2511:Hepatology
2251:Hepatology
2213:References
2149:resmetirom
2123:bile acids
2119:microbiome
2029:proteomics
2021:lipidomics
2017:biomarkers
1932:soft drink
1611:Resmetirom
1545:osteopenia
1539:, such as
1516:Medication
1480:prebiotics
1476:synbiotics
1472:probiotics
1439:fructose.
1355:Management
1329:Hepatocyte
1321:2- 4 foci
1318:<2 foci
1295:Steatosis
1218:Micrograph
1183:ribs, and
1148:ultrasound
771:second hit
751:second hit
605:(SNPs) in
569:caused by
435:Definition
412:resmetirom
353:overweight
195:Ultrasound
71:Hepatology
11344:Hepatitis
11290:eMedicine
11132:Richter's
11089:Spigelian
11084:Obturator
11074:Umbilical
10907:Ascending
10878:Bile duct
10711:Cirrhosis
10689:Hepatitis
10672:Accessory
10542:Proctitis
10393:Megacolon
10367:Dysentery
10277:Whipple's
10229:Jejunitis
10219:Enteritis
10106:Dyspepsia
10067:Gastritis
10000:Achalasia
9933:Esophagus
9845:248846797
9729:258115543
7794:0028-4793
7752:0028-4793
7491:0028-4793
7448:0028-4793
7413:256102760
6737:(9): 88.
6250:233449144
5854:207470810
5694:: i4428.
5260:219933429
5149:207369426
4974:Nutrients
4616:Nutrients
4554:174806063
4338:Nutrients
3588:5 October
3262:1432-1041
2868:266561981
2374:2 October
2291:259260747
2083:(GIP) or
1825:cirrhosis
1807:Prognosis
1722:Screening
1678:cirrhosis
1533:metformin
1486:Vitamin E
1464:green tea
1452:silymarin
1383:Lifestyle
1367:(AASLD),
1243:or liver
1222:steatosis
1124:platelets
1122:(AST) to
1033:Diagnosis
931:Dysbiosis
893:adipokine
881:ceramides
796:Based on
791:senolytic
727:apoptotic
681:Habitual
650:processed
629:From diet
522:cirrhosis
469:cirrhosis
453:steatosis
408:vitamin E
327:cirrhosis
239:Frequency
230:Prognosis
208:Treatment
145:Long term
124:Cirrhosis
66:Specialty
11323:Medicine
11062:Indirect
11057:Inguinal
10791:Pyogenic
10736:Vascular
10512:Diarrhea
10490:Volvulus
10456:Vascular
10395: /
10384: /
10345:Ischemic
10312:Appendix
10202:Duodenum
10072:Atrophic
9946:Candidal
9837:35589249
9789:37724322
9780:10388777
9721:37059159
9686:29427488
9641:27780972
9592:28737568
9556:17445934
9512:18591439
9463:11826410
9422:16871574
9378:11473047
9356:Diabetes
9337:10634920
9302:17449148
9267:27314342
9151:29019967
9110:16447287
9037:15393035
8961:18862251
8920:34775647
8874:14943295
8836:28802062
8759:26512983
8719:PLOS ONE
8697:12365955
8656:39521696
8648:28195177
8577:23627555
8569:12201871
8534:28669328
8499:24731669
8464:25739820
8423:26473416
8378:28052624
8337:28822729
8302:29083036
8243:29609501
8205:24768810
8123:21978748
8088:30328098
8034:19879814
7999:29239795
7960:26943657
7916:18986848
7881:59275709
7873:30683512
7835:30326299
7696:38502074
7687:10951738
7645:14 March
7609:14 March
7581:22023985
7540:22656328
7499:38847460
7456:38856224
7405:36689199
7351:26040050
7317:25920092
7276:28052636
7235:27639843
7200:24222017
7151:30879355
7065:29584449
7029:31124558
6980:31987259
6939:29245314
6909:Medicine
6890:23243292
6882:27824642
6847:52010921
6839:30113367
6804:25274101
6763:28925934
6712:28371239
6671:28298270
6622:26351523
6581:34280304
6532:34114650
6483:28545937
6437:13768180
6429:28471823
6393:31260026
6341:28215516
6296:27219496
6242:33111374
6201:27689833
6152:26314479
6103:34201230
6052:23751229
6011:30106985
5971:PLOS ONE
5952:28572039
5916:27714681
5846:21039302
5810:41849572
5802:14506393
5767:25024597
5716:32302328
5708:27605111
5628:27110483
5576:28600319
5535:30294653
5486:30196156
5437:20972307
5429:23958600
5394:24114749
5386:27273168
5346:34250000
5295:20800122
5252:32694734
5203:31451866
5141:29287685
5103:28643267
5054:25920090
5006:28954437
4941:34237252
4900:10248663
4892:29300050
4857:19914572
4849:26663351
4791:32518245
4732:15915459
4691:58667804
4683:30578029
4648:36235752
4597:73509821
4589:30796701
4546:31162803
4511:34049388
4470:28443155
4419:33767101
4370:36079791
4319:35225189
4278:26108618
4229:23958599
4186:20368739
4148:44102990
4140:29844588
4043:28526997
3994:33862417
3945:31153416
3937:23387384
3891:22213841
3883:27729660
3848:39735609
3840:25753407
3786:29967350
3726:30414863
3682:31345431
3674:28930295
3553:28970148
3501:26057287
3453:26707365
3409:31629366
3280:37938366
3271:10781828
3194:27062661
3096:28761689
3042:29648173
3034:28692197
2946:26643913
2938:26907882
2860:38153279
2851:10807722
2783:Medscape
2757:28130788
2708:23826593
2674:28670712
2592:29408694
2543:28714183
2335:32044314
2283:37363821
2274:10653297
2085:glucagon
2005:Research
1945:Children
1874:diabetes
1667:severely
1640:glucagon
1628:incretin
1504:exercise
1307:>66%
1150:scan or
1146:A liver
953:butyrate
921:glycogen
639:fructose
590:Genetics
465:fibrosis
420:diabetic
377:fructose
218:fructose
142:Duration
78:Symptoms
11295:med/775
11260:D065626
11103:Petit's
11079:Femoral
10982:Chronic
10796:Amoebic
10564:Anismus
10330:Colitis
10257:Coeliac
10234:Ileitis
10206:Jejunum
10059:Stomach
9963:Rupture
9632:5725959
9503:2996820
9258:4926480
9207:6859017
9064:7382552
9028:2051633
8952:1590957
8912:9195388
8827:5767767
8750:4626023
8727:Bibcode
8251:4626474
8196:4208976
7191:5819889
7142:7734661
7073:5006292
7020:6599739
6930:5728929
6754:5615281
6662:5347099
6613:4556902
6572:8406904
6523:8193812
6384:6604126
6192:5584553
6143:5051267
6094:8293345
6002:6091950
5979:Bibcode
5758:4093692
5619:4837298
5526:6170520
5477:6314895
5337:8267179
5194:6731336
5094:5818366
4997:5691682
4782:7283303
4759:Bibcode
4639:9572274
4461:5387362
4410:8460710
4361:9459934
4237:6899033
4194:2483983
4083:3969786
4034:5487879
3985:8011308
3777:6553468
3544:5794571
3185:5644799
3087:5508801
2810:. 2023.
2748:5397356
2583:5893377
2417:2 April
2067:de novo
1898:choline
1891:History
1743:gastric
1657:Surgery
1617:Aspirin
1371:(AACE)
1131:Imaging
1085:albumin
1055:viruses
949:choline
925:de novo
900:de novo
867:de novo
826:glucose
816:de novo
683:snoring
663:legumes
643:Choline
567:hypoxia
516:. Mild
510:malaise
457:insults
441:alcohol
345:Obesity
291:alcohol
222:glucose
174:Obesity
96:Fatigue
11309:Portal
11230:K75.81
11097:Lumbar
11067:Direct
11050:Hiatus
11030:Hernia
10882:Other
10648:Melena
10534:Rectum
10017:(GERD)
9843:
9835:
9787:
9777:
9727:
9719:
9684:
9639:
9629:
9590:
9554:
9510:
9500:
9461:
9420:
9376:
9335:
9300:
9265:
9255:
9205:
9149:
9129:Nature
9108:
9062:
9035:
9025:
8959:
8949:
8918:
8910:
8872:
8834:
8824:
8757:
8747:
8695:
8654:
8646:
8612:918553
8610:
8575:
8567:
8532:
8497:
8462:
8421:
8376:
8335:
8300:
8249:
8241:
8203:
8193:
8121:
8086:
8032:
7997:
7958:
7914:
7879:
7871:
7833:
7792:
7750:
7694:
7684:
7579:
7538:
7497:
7489:
7454:
7446:
7411:
7403:
7349:
7315:
7274:
7233:
7198:
7188:
7149:
7139:
7071:
7063:
7027:
7017:
6978:
6937:
6927:
6888:
6880:
6845:
6837:
6802:
6761:
6751:
6710:
6669:
6659:
6620:
6610:
6579:
6569:
6530:
6520:
6481:
6435:
6427:
6391:
6381:
6339:
6294:
6248:
6240:
6199:
6189:
6150:
6140:
6101:
6091:
6050:
6009:
5999:
5950:
5914:
5852:
5844:
5808:
5800:
5765:
5755:
5714:
5706:
5626:
5616:
5574:
5533:
5523:
5484:
5474:
5435:
5427:
5392:
5384:
5344:
5334:
5293:
5258:
5250:
5201:
5191:
5147:
5139:
5101:
5091:
5052:
5004:
4994:
4939:
4898:
4890:
4855:
4847:
4789:
4779:
4730:
4689:
4681:
4646:
4636:
4595:
4587:
4552:
4544:
4509:
4468:
4458:
4417:
4407:
4368:
4358:
4317:
4276:
4235:
4227:
4192:
4184:
4146:
4138:
4080:
4041:
4031:
3992:
3982:
3943:
3935:
3889:
3881:
3846:
3838:
3784:
3774:
3724:
3680:
3672:
3551:
3541:
3499:
3451:
3407:
3329:9 June
3278:
3268:
3260:
3192:
3182:
3094:
3084:
3040:
3032:
2944:
2936:
2866:
2858:
2848:
2788:5 June
2755:
2745:
2706:
2672:
2590:
2580:
2541:
2333:
2289:
2281:
2271:
1821:stroke
1580:Statin
1462:, and
1445:coffee
1301:5- 33%
1298:<5%
1274:score
1207:biopsy
1083:, and
943:, and
737:, and
656:, and
611:TM6SF2
607:PNPLA3
528:, and
406:, and
337:, and
317:, now
309:) and
247:Deaths
160:Causes
11271:29786
11249:571.8
11234:K76.0
11225:10-CM
11215:K76.0
11211:K75.8
11022:Other
10977:Acute
10728:MASLD
10681:Liver
10655:Lower
10638:Upper
10480:Ileus
10316:Colon
10210:Ileum
10025:(LPR)
9880:(NIH)
9841:S2CID
9725:S2CID
8916:S2CID
8787:(PDF)
8780:(PDF)
8652:S2CID
8573:S2CID
8247:S2CID
7877:S2CID
7603:(FDA)
7599:U.S.
7409:S2CID
7335:(PDF)
7069:S2CID
6886:S2CID
6843:S2CID
6433:S2CID
6246:S2CID
5850:S2CID
5806:S2CID
5712:S2CID
5433:S2CID
5390:S2CID
5256:S2CID
5145:S2CID
4896:S2CID
4853:S2CID
4687:S2CID
4593:S2CID
4550:S2CID
4233:S2CID
4190:S2CID
4144:S2CID
3941:S2CID
3887:S2CID
3844:S2CID
3678:S2CID
3038:S2CID
2942:S2CID
2864:S2CID
2287:S2CID
2189:MAFLD
2181:MASLD
2163:Notes
1926:Media
1702:or a
1670:obese
774:as a
658:organ
443:use,
283:liver
271:NAFLD
263:MASLD
150:Types
11255:MeSH
11244:9-CM
10410:SCAD
9833:PMID
9785:PMID
9717:PMID
9682:PMID
9637:PMID
9588:PMID
9552:PMID
9508:PMID
9459:PMID
9418:PMID
9374:PMID
9333:PMID
9298:PMID
9263:PMID
9203:PMID
9147:PMID
9106:PMID
9060:PMID
9033:PMID
8957:PMID
8908:PMID
8870:PMID
8832:PMID
8755:PMID
8693:PMID
8675:JAMA
8644:PMID
8608:PMID
8565:PMID
8530:PMID
8495:PMID
8460:PMID
8419:PMID
8374:PMID
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