Nominated Member of Parliament

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minorities and to recognise the special position of Malays as the indigenous people of Singapore, explicitly impose a duty on the Government not to treat everyone equally. He felt that the tenet in the Pledge that Viswa had referred to was only an aspiration: "It is not reality, it is not practical, it will lead to grave and irreparable damage if we work on that principle. ... e are trying to reach a position where there is a level playing field for everybody which is going to take decades, if not centuries, and we may never get there." Thus, it was not feasible to dismantle institutions that provided assistance to Singaporeans on an ethnic basis. It was the first time since 2007 that Lee had chosen to speak during a debate in Parliament.

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factor into this choice. In her view, NMPs add value to the discourse taking place in Parliament as they are able to "explore and research the issues from all possible socially significant angles" without constraint from "partisan concerns". She felt personally that she was accountable to all Singaporeans, rather than being unaccountable to anybody. In addition, Ho Khai Leong has opined that the presence of NMPs and their participation in Parliamentary debates have placed pressure on PAP MPs to be less complacent and to be more competent in Parliament.

798:

According to him, the main motivation behind having NMPs as a permanent part of the system of government in Singapore was the fact that the scheme had been a great success and had improved the quality of debate in the House: "The scheme has worked well. The NMPs represent non-partisan alternative views in Parliament, and the NMPs have made effective contributions and raised the quality of debate in Parliament. Sometimes, if I may say so, they may have outshone even the Opposition MPs. This NMP scheme should be a permanent part of our political system."

922:, NMPs are useless to the people as, being unelected, they have no incentive to present their views to Parliament. In other words, one should not enjoy the privilege of representing views without bearing the responsibility of serving those whom one represents. The Opposition perceived the scheme as a plan to make it look unnecessary. A similar point has been made by an academic, Chua Beng Huat, who has argued that the NMP scheme co-opts more moderate dissenting voices and is thus an attempt to de-legitimise the need for more aggressive opposition. 722:, it would inevitably not be able to succeed in completely representing every viewpoint. On the other hand, the Opposition MPs and NCMPs represented anti-establishment voters. Goh expressed the view that people who stood as Opposition candidates usually believed that having the PAP government was bad for Singapore and wished to oust the PAP. Therefore, the range of people likely to be elected to Parliament as Opposition MPs was limited. NMPs could represent the people who disagreed with the PAP but did not wish to oust them from government. 807: 44: 754: 825:. The Committee may nominate persons who have rendered distinguished public service or who have brought honour to Singapore, and also invites the general public and groups in the community to submit the names of persons who may be considered for nomination by the Committee. These community groups are in the fields of arts and letters, culture, the sciences, business, industry, the professions, social or community service, and the labour movement. In 2009, 358: 1083:, the youth wing of the People's Action Party. The following day, Cheng wrote to the newspaper stating that he had formally resigned from Young PAP on 8 July, and that in any case he had been an inactive member, having never collected his membership card or attended any PAP branch activities. This led to a journalist commenting that his attitude had been "cavalier" and "whimsical", and a Young PAP member writing on the Forum page of 1066:, while the majority would still be filled the way they are now. He felt this would allow for more diverse views in Parliament, adding that it would be "more consistent with democratic principles than a scheme like the Nominated MP scheme". Siew also noted that while the act of voting was key to democracy and political participation, a large number of Singaporeans do not get to vote at each election because walkovers are prevalent. 938:

representing three major functional groups: (a) business and industry; (b) labour; and (c) the professions – to propose candidates for this Special Select Committee's consideration. At a sitting on 5th June 1997 ... I also said that the Government would consider further improving the NMP selection process, by expanding the number of functional groups invited to submit nominations.

556:. The Committee may nominate persons who have rendered distinguished public service or who have brought honour to Singapore, and also invites proposals of candidates from community groups in the fields of arts and letters, culture, the sciences, business, industry, the professions, social or community service, and the labour movement. In 2009, 1089:

that his remarks had raised doubts about the Young PAP's credibility. The Constitution does not explicitly bar NMPs from being members of political parties, and Gerard Ee was also a PAP member when he was an NMP. He did not feel he had to resign, as since he was not subject to the party whip he would

979:'s position that the NMP scheme cannot be improved as it goes against the most fundamental democratic ideals of fair representation and elections. Despite such calls to do away entirely with the NMP system, there are also those who believe in the scheme and have raised points for its improvement. NMP 960:

said in Parliament on 26 April 2010 that it neither compromises the democratic process nor perpetuates the dominance of the ruling party, because during elections Singaporeans vote for the political parties that best represent their interests and ideals, and the presence of NMPs in the House does not

713:

was lifted. Moreover, there were very few Opposition MPs. According to Goh, the Opposition had not been constructive as their objective was to discredit the Government so that they could win office. In contrast, NMPs would not belong to any political party, and could therefore represent the views of

563:

proposed in Parliament that the Committee should also invite nominations from the civil society such as candidates from the environmental movement, young activists, new citizens, and community and grassroots leaders. In addition, the Committee must have regard to the need for NMPs to reflect as wide

1019:

he or she had initiated. The law in question is the Maintenance of Parents Act, which entitles parents at least 60 years old and unable to maintain themselves adequately to apply to a tribunal for their children to be ordered to pay maintenance to them. The bill was introduced in Parliament by Woon

906:

in nature given the fact that NMPs are nominated rather than elected by the people for the people. However, in accordance with party discipline, they were eventually required to vote in favour of the constitutional amendment. As Beng said: "This is the constraint upon us, and I guess I will have to

836:

leaders. He felt that "his will give civil society a voice in Parliament and encourage civil society to grow and to mature further". In addition, nominees may be persons who have rendered distinguished public service or who have brought honour to Singapore, and the Committee must have regard to the

987:

It has also been recommended that fringe or minority groups should go through formal, mandatory elections to choose the representatives that will provide them with a voice in Parliament. Thereafter, they may be called "elected representatives". The Government may assist by providing guidelines for

983:

has expressed the view that the scheme serves a function and purpose in the current socio-political climate, though it should not be viewed as a permanent solution for Singapore. The scheme could evolve into a selection–election hybrid, or the selection process itself could become more transparent

789:

In 2002, an NMP's term of office was extended from two to two and a half years. This was done to avoid the need to select NMPs three times if a particular Parliament lasted its full five-year term. In fact, during the Ninth Parliament, the NMPs had only served 17 days from 1 to 17 October 2001 and

785:

said that the NMP scheme was now well accepted by practically all MPs as it had proven its usefulness and worth. The Government intended to expand the scheme "so that more NMPs can be in Parliament to air views which may not be canvassed by the PAP or by the Opposition. ... We are now proposing to

1137:

when debating national policies, especially economic policies". He identified one of the tenets of the Pledge as the need to strive to become a "united people, regardless of race, language or religion", and expressed the view that Singaporean society needed to address "apparent contradictions and

937:

Over the years, we have ... improved the selection process by having proposal panels to nominate representatives of functional groups as NMPs. So, in 1997, apart from inviting the general public to submit the names of suitable persons, the Special Select Committee on NMPs wrote to organisations

1157:

refuted what he termed Viswa's "false and flawed" arguments, saying he wanted to "bring the House back to earth" on the issue of racial equality in Singapore. He noted that Articles 152 and 153 of the Constitution, which make it the Government's responsibility to care for racial and religious

797:

NMPs were made a permanent feature of Parliament with effect from 1 July 2010. Prior to this change, Parliament had to decide within six months after every election whether to appoint NMPs. The rationale for the changes was given by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in Parliament on 27 May 2009.

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that year, Cheng argued for the Government to educate the Internet generation instead of regulating the Internet to deal with threats such as "misinformation and disinformation", calling it "pointless". He went on to say that the Internet might be a "wild card" during the general election.

625:. During parliamentary debates, NMPs have also offered critical views on Government policies. The scheme was declared a success by the prime minister in 2009, and NMPs were made a permanent feature of Parliament – before this change, Parliament had to resolve within six months of every 3256:

Legislative history was made yesterday when the House approved the Maintenance of Parents Bill, the first piece of law to be made at the initiative of a backbencher since independence. The Bill initiated by Nominated MP Walter Woon was passed without debate at its third reading

714:

people who did not identify themselves with the PAP or the Opposition. Thus, NMPs would be able to concentrate on the "substance of the debate rather than form and rhetoric", and provide dissenting and constructive views that would contribute to good government.

704:

The aim of the scheme was to create a more "consensual style of government where alternative views are heard and constructive dissent accommodated". NMPs could play a constructive role in contributing to good governance that the Opposition and MPs of the ruling

988:

the conduct of proper elections. Furthermore, the maximum number of NMPs – nine – is said to be far too small to ensure proper representation of minority groups. Hence, it has been recommended that there should not be any limitation on the number of NMPs.

717:

Furthermore, with NMPs Parliament would be able to better represent the views of the people. While the ruling party attempted to represent the mainstream political opinion in Singapore and fielded as representative a range of candidates as possible during

745:. The report of the select committee was presented to Parliament on 15 March 1990, and the bill read a third time and enacted as the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1990 on 29 March 1990. It came into force on 10 September 1990. 1096:

reported that Cheng "left the strongest impression on many elected Members of Parliament", following speeches he made during his maiden budget debate in Parliament in 2010. In his final speech during Budget 2011 before Parliament was dissolved for the

3571:

Though the Special Select Committee nominating NMPs for appointment is required to "have regard to the need for nominated Members to reflect as wide a range of independent and non-partisan views as possible": Constitution, 4th Sch., para.

841:

views as possible. However, a person appointed as an NMP is not required to resign from any political party that he or she is a member of. When this issue was considered by a select committee of Parliament, it took the following view:

846:

o formally resign from membership in a political party cannot, in substance, change his political philosophy or his sympathy for the cause of that party. Nor need membership of a political party necessarily affect a person's

725:

Goh also pointed out that at least 20 other countries had nominated Members in their Houses of Representatives, while noting that each variant of the NMP system had to be tailored to the country in which it was implemented.

1050:

In 2009, the arts community became the first group among the functional groups that NMPs are meant to represent to undertake an open election process to pick the candidates of their choice. It choose Audrey Wong and

1055:, and submitted their names to the authorities. Audrey Wong was selected to become the first "Arts" NMP, and served from 2009 to 2011. In 2011, the arts community underwent the same process and elected 672:

to participate in politics. It was a "privilege" extended to Singaporeans who could make valuable contributions to public policy but for good reasons did not desire to enter politics and look after

832:

proposed in Parliament that the Committee should also invite nominations from the people sector such as candidates from the environmental movement, young activists, new citizens, and community and

5115: 2664: 4084: 4513: 676:. Women were mentioned as an example of people who might be more willing to become NMPs, as many have to handle their families and careers and therefore do not have much spare time. 4328:

Winslow, Valentine S. (1984), "Creating a Utopian Parliament: The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1984; the Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1984",

4023: 709:(PAP) could not provide. While PAP MPs had been encouraged to air opposing views, they were after all Government MPs and were not allowed to vote against the Government unless the 3363: 3694: 3379: 1150:

and maintaining the current racial distribution in the population; and discussions about whether Singapore was ready for an ethnic minority Prime Minister. The next day,

5379: 882:

in the Government; and removing the President from office. However, NMPs can still voice their opinions and join debates on the bills and motions they cannot vote on.

2581:

Constitution, 4th Sch., para. 1(1), repealed by Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2010 (No. 9 of 2010), in force on 1 July 2010.

5053: 2346: 5105: 5149: 2530:

Constitution, Art. 65(4): "Parliament, unless sooner dissolved, shall continue for 5 years from the date of its first sitting and shall then stand dissolved.".

590:, and that unelected NMPs have no incentive to express the electorate's views in Parliament. It has also been claimed that the scheme reinforces the governing 3413: 5473: 4042: 1062:

On 25 May 2009 during a debate in Parliament, Siew Kum Hong called for a hybrid Parliament in which a limited number of seats would be allocated by way of

851:

The usual term of office for an NMP is two and a half years from the date of appointment. NMPs must vacate their seats if they stand as candidates for any

3153: 1138:

mixed signals" by unnecessarily emphasising racial differences. He gave examples where this had occurred: the existence of ethnic based self-help groups,

5212: 4494: 2342:

Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 702. The list of countries was published at

541:

The introduction of NMPs in September 1990, effected to bring more independent voices into Parliament, was an important modification of the traditional

5354: 4979: 4846: 3339:

Thio Li-ann (December 2004), "Constitutional 'Soft' Law and the Management of Religious Liberty and Order: The 2003 Declaration on Religious Harmony",

3966: 5344: 5087: 2672: 859:, or if they are elected as MPs for any constituencies. In addition, like other MPs, an NMP ceases to be a Member of Parliament when Parliament is 5334: 4670: 4112: 395: 4099: 4085:"Line-up of NMPs includes two who are under 40: Youngest among them is a 37-year-old law professor; group of nine represents range of interests" 5389: 4974: 4775: 2801:

Dixie Tan (Ulu Pandan), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill,

5349: 5077: 4528: 654:(NCMP) scheme, to increase the number of non-government MPs to enable "alternative views to be expressed and dissenting voices to be heard". 5136: 3182: 925:

From the beginning, the process of appointing NMPs has been weighted towards functional representation of discrete interests. For example,

890:

During the Parliamentary debates that led to the introduction of the NMP scheme, it was argued by a number of PAP MPs such as Arthur Beng,

5439: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4183: 235: 4224: 2282: 683: 662: 5254: 5242: 5097: 4877: 4566: 2823: 3371: 3737: 3706: 738: 3695:"MM rebuts NMP's notion of race equality: Constitution requires Government to give Malays special position, he says in House debate" 3394: 3298:

A Feminist Critique of Domestic Violence Laws in Singapore and Malaysia [Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No. 6]

817:

The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution sets out the process for the appointment of NMPs. A Special Select Committee chaired by the

5249: 5184: 5082: 5034: 4730: 4533: 4158: 5421: 5162: 5120: 4644: 4487: 2879: 2235:

Dates indicate the NMPs' terms of office. The names in bold are surnames, or the personal names of NMPs who do not have surnames.

240: 4302: 5468: 5110: 3765: 3724: 3700: 818: 778:

in Parliament for the second reading of the constitutional amendment bill that was eventually passed to effect the change, the

553: 526: 107: 3296: 1039:, which was presented as the product of interfaith dialogue and understanding. This is an example of how NMPs have influenced 602:

view of politics. On the other hand, it is said that NMPs have placed pressure on PAP MPs to be more competent in Parliament.

368: 5395: 4707: 4538: 4451: 4428: 4401: 4362: 3080: 3035: 2971: 2934: 2777: 969: 919: 651: 140: 3508:

P.N. Balji (11 July 2009), "My, my ... Mr Cheng: What does joining Young PAP out of curiosity say about the NMP aspirant?",

5308: 4697: 3388: 2501: 2488:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1997 (No. 1 of 1997), in force on 1 September 1997.

856: 779: 719: 646:(MP) who is not elected, but chosen by a committee of MPs. Introducing the NMP scheme was a progression of the plan by the 626: 137: 915: 668:

set out the Government's reasons for implementing the scheme. The NMP scheme was a move to provide more opportunities for

4680: 4133: 2736: 1105: 388: 339: 4373:

Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill (Bill No. 41/89)

2435:

Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill (Bill No. 41/89)

5359: 4969: 4780: 4480: 2343: 4065: 5374: 5217: 5157: 5029: 4835: 4702: 4548: 4543: 4274: 2990: 2882:), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, 2826:), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, 2780:), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, 2739:), speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, 2421:

Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, cols. 852–854.

2306:

Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, cols. 696–697.

1098: 930: 791: 5318: 3516:

Loh Chee Kong (18 July 2009), "I'm staying in the kitchen: Under-fire NMP Calvin Cheng says he can take the heat",

3421: 3334: 3305: 1036: 1008: 871: 775: 742: 572: 549: 5400: 5222: 5062: 4228: 4093: 2543: 2286: 1035:, was invited in November 2002 to join a team of seven parliamentarians of different faiths tasked to refine the 122: 4050: 2333:

Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 701.

2324:

Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 700.

2315:

Goh Chok Tong, Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill, col. 695.

5384: 5292: 4870: 4685: 3159: 1423: 1032: 976: 852: 381: 344: 25: 3124: 3103: 774:

From 1 September 1997, the maximum number of NMPs in Parliament was increased from six to nine. Introducing a

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moved a motion for Parliament to reaffirm "its commitment to the nation building tenets as enshrined in the

710: 5287: 5264: 4989: 4964: 4753: 4740: 3974: 2166: 2093: 2019: 1946: 1797: 1649: 1502: 1114: 281: 253: 159: 860: 5039: 4922: 4817: 4634: 3988: 2660: 2566: 1122: 1075: 1063: 864: 826: 810: 786:

increase the number of NMPs so that a wider cross-section of such views can be canvassed and expressed."

758: 673: 557: 530: 209: 167: 4233:

speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill

2364:

speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill

2291:

speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill

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speech during the First Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill

269: 261: 4232: 3992: 3948: 3931: 3914: 3897: 3889: 3869: 3852: 3835: 3810: 3794: 3769: 3728: 3672: 3644: 3532:

Elaina Olivia Chong (21 July 2009), "Don't write us off: NMP's comments were 'unfair' to Young PAP ",

3436: 3084: 3054: 2994: 2597: 2505: 2472: 2405: 2363: 2290: 2262: 821:

and consisting of seven other MPs nominates not more than nine persons to be appointed as NMPs by the

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not be prevented from expressing independent views in Parliament. Despite these initial criticisms,

5434: 5416: 5259: 5227: 4443: 4308: 3612:"Educate the Internet generation: Nominated MP Calvin Cheng says regulating the Net is pointless", 1016: 706: 618: 591: 221: 129: 114: 3967:"A brand new slate: A unionist, a vocal sociologist, a former swim queen among the names unveiled" 2506:

speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill

5279: 4994: 4948: 4912: 4801: 4796: 4758: 4665: 4616: 4376: 4354: 3743: 3465:

Esther Ng (8 July 2009), "A question of party: One of the nine new names is a Young PAP member",

2899:(1993), "The Post-colonial Constitutional Evolution of the Singapore Legislature: A Case Study", 2473:

Speech during the Third Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill

2438: 1139: 1020:

on 23 May 1994, and eventually passed on 2 November 1995. In that year, the first woman NMP, Dr.

879: 768: 697: 693: 658: 647: 580: 576: 518: 448: 313: 99: 91: 57: 3631:, which does not appear in the photograph, is "ppiness, prosperity and progress for our nation". 3188: 2963: 2951: 2547: 5237: 5019: 4943: 4907: 4675: 4660: 4624: 3270: 2258: 1147: 822: 567:

In Parliament, NMPs can participate in debates and vote on all issues except amendments to the

522: 458: 332: 200: 196: 188: 4312: 3057: 2521:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2002 (No. 24 of 2002).

870:

NMPs can vote in Parliament on any bill or motion, except a bill to amend the Constitution; a

3449:

Zakir Hussain (26 May 2009), "NMP Siew Kum Hong calls for a 'hybrid system' for Parliament",

3348: 3027: 3015: 2908: 643: 34: 4472: 907:

continue to live a schizophrenic political life – speaking against, yet voting for a Bill."

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on 6 October 1989. On 30 November 1989, the bill was read a second time, and referred to a

679: 514: 230: 3747: 2849:

Tey Tsun Hang (December 2008), "Singapore's Electoral System: Government by the People?",

152: 8: 5339: 1625: 1069:

NMPs are supposed to be non-partisan but after it had been announced on 7 July 2009 that

730: 2379:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill 1989 (No. B41 of 1989).

5313: 3597:

Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 March 2010), "'Lonesome, single' NMP makes biggest impression",

542: 4275:"New Modes of Political Participation and Singapore's Nominated Members of Parliament" 5207: 4447: 4424: 4397: 4380: 4358: 4293: 3344: 3031: 2967: 2930: 2904: 2862: 2758: 2442: 1254: 1092: 1085: 984:

with clearer criteria on which candidates and selected NMPs alike could be assessed.

863:, or in a number of situations specified in the Constitution such as ceasing to be a 3957:

Clarissa Oon; Jeremy Au Yong (7 July 2009), "Panel submits names of nine new NMPs",

2925:

Ho Khai Leong (2003), "Legitimation, Legislature and Legislators in Policy-making",

4886: 4289: 3885: 3309: 2927:

Shared Responsibilities, Unshared Power: The Politics of Policy-Making in Singapore

2858: 2786:"Parliament is no place for Govt to take advice from non-elected representatives", 2008: 1125:

pledge themselves "as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion".

362: 73: 3668: 3640: 2593: 2539: 2350: 1742: 1564: 1151: 1130: 980: 829: 761: 560: 548:

NMPs are appointed for a term of two and a half years on the recommendation of a

272: 3803:

Wang Hui Ling (2 September 1994), "Four new faces among six NMPs in new term",

3778:"NMPs take oath of allegiance and then jump straight into the fray of things", 2875: 2773: 2665:"NMPs appointed on their merits, no matter who nominated them [letter]" 2606: 1960: 1879: 1210: 1021: 911: 891: 838: 465: 294: 289: 125: 110: 3540:

Elaina Olivia Chong (21 July 2009), "Nominated MP wrong to knock Young PAP ",

605:

NMPs have made contributions to Singapore's political landscape. In 1996, the

5457: 4220: 4108: 3761: 3720: 2986: 2497: 2278: 1981: 1372: 1299: 1143: 1044: 926: 806: 782: 753: 686: 665: 217: 4384: 2756:"Allow PAP MPs to vote according to their conscience on this radical move", 2446: 945:

has expressed the view that, in effect, the NMP scheme reinforces the PAP's

43: 3664: 3481: 2135: 1933: 1811: 1785: 1726: 1617: 1609: 1556: 1154: 1070: 1052: 737:

to implement the NMP scheme was introduced in Parliament and underwent its

299: 4396:(rev. ed.), Singapore: Talisman Publishing, pp. 33–60 at 55–56, 4412: 3011: 2896: 2459:

Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1990 (

2254: 2082: 2033: 1707: 1230: 1073:

would be one of the nine people nominated to be NMPs it was disclosed by

1012: 1004: 946: 942: 622: 614: 595: 304: 4184:"Eight new NMPs to be appointed, Raj Joshua Thomas to serve second term" 3896:(8 July 2002), vol. 75, cols. 8–9; Abdullah Tarmugi (Speaker), " 4420: 3076: 2060: 1849: 1826: 1529: 1056: 997: 972: 899: 875: 833: 4214: 3556:

Debbie Yong (2 August 2009), "New NMP comments on flak he has drawn",

2392: 4255:

Lua, Ee Laine; Sim, Disa Jek Sok; Koh, Christopher Theng Jer (1996),

3229: 3023: 2959: 2115: 1381: 1348: 1314: 1110: 1080: 1028: 903: 895: 669: 610: 587: 4257:"Principles and Practices of Voting: The Singapore Electoral System" 4033:

Charissa Yong (12 August 2014), "Disabled lawyer among 9 new NMPs",

3548:

Calvin Cheng (24 July 2009), "NMP sorry for remarks on Young PAP ",

3130: 3109: 996:

The first two NMPs appointed with effect from 22 November 1990 were

4855: 1040: 2929:, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, pp. 170–215 at 191, 4467: 4438:

Thio, Li-ann (2012), "The Legislature and the Electoral System",

1588: 950: 599: 790:

attended three sittings before Parliament was dissolved for the

4066:"Special Select Committee nominates 9 NMPs for 13th Parliament" 3016:"State–Society Relations and Political Opposition in Singapore" 1024:, also introduced a Family Violence Bill but it did not pass. 1000:

Professor Maurice Choo and company executive Leong Chee Whye.

4502: 3582:

Clarissa Oon (28 July 2009), "Lift veil over NMP selection",

586:

The NMP scheme has been criticised on the grounds that it is

4301:

Tan, Eugene; Chan, Gary (13 April 2009), "The Legislature",

4017: 3993: