319:, finally dared venture to that area again in 1455, one of his landing parties was killed by the mouth of the Saloum (possibly Niominka again), and Cadamosto's own ship attacked and fended off at the mouth of the Gambia by the Niumi Banta. Cadamosto reports the fierceness of the Niumi people rested on their belief that the Portuguese were cannibals, who came to capture black men to eat. But the very next year (1456), when Cadamosto returned, there was a very different reception, and Cadamosto ventured peacefully up the Gambia, and even amicably met the Niumimansa himself. What caused this change of heart is uncertain. In his own (unreliable) memoirs, Portuguese captain
1600:
344:
219:. A supplementary theory suggests they were not a distinctive people, but rather just a disparate collection of indeterminate aboriginal riverine inhabitants and migrants, refugees and fugitives from neighboring Mandinka and Serer states that flocked to that relatively inaccessible and ungoverned delta corner, and eked out a largely independent existence.
231:
to the north. The
Niominka adopted some cultural and economic elements from both, e.g. cultivation of millet from Serer, rice from Mandinka, but also possess elements quite distinctive in their own right, most notably riverine fishing. The Niominka are believed to have been the only traditionally
247:
Old texts sometimes identify the
Niominka as the "Niumi Bato", as distinct from their southerly neighbors, the "Niumi Banta" (ancestral to the Mandinka of Barra). Through much of their history, the Niumi Bato (Niominka), the Niumi Banta and the nearby Jokadu were all under the rule of the same
296:, although this was probably carried out further south, nearer the Gambia shore by the Niumi Banta (of Barra) (the Portuguese clambered back aboard and fled). There were two more attacks on Portuguese explorers in the area within the next year - one on
292:, and proceeded to drag the ship upriver to dismantle it, its anchor later being found in the possession of the Niumimansa. The very next year, the Niumimansa ordered an attack on another Portuguese exploration-slaving party, led by
186:
that were later "Sererized" by migrants from the north, or conversely, a Serer people that were for some time "Mandinkized" by their neighbors from the south. They were overlooked in the process of the "organization" of the
222:
The
Niominka were largely unorganized, with an egalitarian social structure quite unlike their neighbors. The nominal overlordship of the Niominka seems to have flipped back and forth between the Mandinka mansa of
256:
to a little above Barra point, including the entries of the
Diombos, Banjala and Jinnak rivers and the associated delta islands; the Niumi of Barra (Niumi Banta) lived below them, on the northern shores of the
315:
in 1448. The Saloum delta in particular, with its rivulets and entries plied by the canoe-borne
Niominka, was deemed too dangerous for Portuguese ships to pass. When a new expedition, led by
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692:
712:
323:
reports he was personally responsible for negotiating a peace treaty c. 1456 (perhaps a little later) with the
Niumimansa, and even of baptising him as a Christian.
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1079:
337:, both the Mandinka-speaking Niumi of Barra and the Serer-speaking Niominka swore allegiance to the marabouts and joined in the attack on the Serers of Saloum.
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on a longboat with his crew intending to find a native settlement to raid, when the
Portuguese were trapped by Niominka canoes and massacred. The memoirs of
1469:
293:
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dynasty in the 14th century. Theories suggest they were originally neither Serer nor
Mandinka, but an altogether different people, probably related to the
1635:
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Les
Niominka de l'offensive musulmane en 1863 à l'établissement du protectorat français en 1891 : Le Gandun dans la maîtrise du royaume du Saalum
752:
211:, until they were pushed from below by the migration of Mandinka from the south and east in the 13th century, only to hit the barrier of migrating
300:, a massed canoe attack similar to the attack on Tristão (although Fernandes escaped); another an attack on a landing party led by Danish captain
1009:
281:
510:
Joseph
Kerharo; Jacques G. Adam (1964). "Les plantes médicinales, toxiques et magiques des Niominka et des Socé des îles du Saloum (Sénégal)".
554:
R. Van Chi Bonnardel (1977). "Exemple de migrations multiformes intégrées : les migrations de Nyominka (îles du Bas-Saloum sénégalais)".
366:
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The series of attacks on Portuguese explorers by the Niominka (and their neighbors) in the Saloum-Gambia area prompted the Portuguese Prince
143:. As for the aquaculture, the men fish and the women gather shellfish, although environmental problems have become an aquacultural threat.
252:
to exert his authority over the Niominka. The Niominka (Niumi Bato) controlled the stretch of coast roughly from the south bank of the
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In the early 1860s, when the peoples of the Gambia area were raised in revolt against the Mandinka aristocracy by the Toucouleur
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Being island-dwellers, they participate in both agriculture and aquaculture. The primary agricultural produce is made up of
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suggest the Niominka canoes proceeded to venture out to sea, overwhelmed the remaining Portuguese in the waiting
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The origins of the Niominka are obscure and uncertain. Although currently classified together with the
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Mandinka lord known as the "Niumimansa". However, there were repeated attempts by the Serer king of
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may have plied the coast and rivers further south (including the Gambia, maybe as far as the
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Niumi: the history of a western Mandinka state through the eighteenth century
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Landlords and Strangers: ecology, society and trade in West Africa, 1000-1630
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According to historians, the Niominka were probably responsible killing the
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128:. They represent a little less than 1% of the population of Senegal.
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Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de 1'AOF
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Virginia Coulon (Spring 1973). "Niominka Pirogue Ornaments".
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539:(in French). Dakar: Université Cheikh Anta Diop. p. 81.
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delta. They are currently classified as a subgroup of the
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Teixeira da Mota, p.59, 64-65; Cormier-Salem, 1999: p.176
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people on the stretch of the west African coast south of
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Islam and imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914
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Rivières du Sud: sociétés et mangroves ouest-africaines
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Klein, p.7-8; Cormier-Salem, 1999: p.176; Brooks, 1993
146:
The Niominka are also beginning to look into tourism.
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339:
546:A. Teixera da Mota (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné",
526:F. Lafont (1938). "Le Gandoul et les Niominkas".
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311:to suspend all Portuguese expeditions south of
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1199:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof
164:Serer history (medieval era to present)
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1289:The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof
1194:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh
1179:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
1174:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof
280:in 1446. Tristão had ventured up the
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548:Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa
38:Regions with significant populations
227:to the south and the Serer king of
13:
570:. Bloomington: Indiana University.
14:
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1294:The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof
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441:Teixeira da Mota, Pt.2, p.284ff.
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207:that inhabited the banks of the
530:. XXI (in French) (3): 385–450.
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953:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune
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432:Teixeira da Mota (1946), pt.1.
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172:, their name is drawn from
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405:Cormier-Salem, 1999: p.176
276:explorer and slave-trader
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92:) are an ethnic group in
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16:Ethnic group of Senegal
1209:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof
1204:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof
1605:The Gambia portal
1284:Joos Maternal Dynasty
535:Assane Niane (1995).
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958:Battle of Logandème
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463:G.E. Brooks (1993)
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556:Bulletin de l'IFAN
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304:(who was killed).
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558:. B (in French).
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1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1010:Serer country
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:
988:
984:
981:
979:
975:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Serer history
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:Cekeen Tumuli
906:
904:
901:
900:
898:
896:
892:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:
839:
837:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:
809:
807:Other deities
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:
776:
774:
770:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Creation myth
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
688:
686:
682:
679:
677:
673:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
631:
629:
627:
623:
618:
611:
606:
604:
599:
597:
592:
591:
588:
582:
579:
578:
569:
565:
562:(4): 837–889.
561:
557:
552:
549:
542:
538:
533:
529:
524:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:
469:
466:
462:
461:
447:
438:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
380:
370:
368:
364:
361:
360:
351:
340:
338:
336:
332:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Diombos river
279:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
251:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
226:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
165:
161:
157:
147:
144:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
84:(also called
83:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
1809:Serer people
1750:
1559:
1433:Wolof people
1362:Maad a Sinig
1314:royal titles
1261:royal houses
1153:
1035:Lehar/Laalaa
978:Demographics
903:Amar Godomat
836:Sacred sites
645:
581:The Niominka
567:
559:
555:
547:
536:
527:
519:
512:Acta Tropica
511:
489:(3): 26–31.
486:
483:African Arts
482:
474:
464:
458:Bibliography
446:
437:
428:
423:Wright, 1976
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
362:
325:
306:
278:Nuno Tristão
271:
259:Gambia River
254:Saloum River
246:
234:aquacultural
221:
217:Saloum River
213:Serer people
209:Gambia river
205:Bak language
177:
170:Serer people
167:
145:
130:
111:
98:Saloum River
89:
85:
81:
79:
19:Ethnic group
1423:Lebu people
1418:Jola people
1382:Sene family
1377:Sarr family
1372:Njie family
1367:Ngum family
1357:Maad Saloum
1332:Joof family
1327:Faye family
1279:Joof family
1269:Faye family
1095:Inheritance
856:Sine-Saloum
816:Kumba Njaay
798:Roog (main)
471:(in French)
357:Filmography
321:Diogo Gomes
286:Diogo Gomes
261:. Niominka
201:Jola people
1783:Toucouleur
1000:Mauritania
871:Tattaguine
851:Sine River
684:Key topics
375:References
274:Portuguese
108:Population
1701:Karoninka
1020:Languages
986:By region
753:Symbolism
713:Festivals
708:Criticism
467:Westview.
363:Le Mbissa
313:Cape Vert
238:Cape Vert
43:Languages
1803:Category
1751:Niominka
1726:Mankanya
1716:Mandinka
1706:Konyagui
1691:Jakhanke
1560:Niominka
1540:Mankanya
1530:Mandinka
1520:Jakhanke
1310:Families
1274:Guelowar
1100:Marriage
881:Yaboyabo
783:Kokh Kox
748:Saltigue
738:Religion
676:Religion
646:Niominka
328:marabout
263:pirogues
242:Bissagos
197:Guelowar
174:Mandinka
122:Dionewar
90:Nyominka
86:Niuminka
59:Religion
23:Niominka
1773:Soninke
1676:Biafada
1666:Bassari
1661:Balanta
1582:Soninke
1510:Biafada
1505:Bassari
1500:Balanta
1342:Lingeer
1159:Lamanes
1140:Royalty
1073:Culture
1005:Senegal
895:History
826:Tiurakh
733:Pangool
723:Junjung
718:Jaaniiw
626:Peoples
503:3334691
477:, vol.1
302:Valarte
290:caravel
150:History
141:peanuts
118:Niodior
114:Gandoul
94:Senegal
73:animism
1741:Laalaa
1721:Manjak
1671:Bedick
1656:Bainuk
1550:Laalaa
1535:Manjak
1495:Bainuk
1392:Thilas
1387:Teigne
1337:Lamane
1105:Mbalax
1030:Cangin
995:Gambia
913:Khasso
846:Fatick
821:Takhar
728:Lamane
636:Laalaa
619:topics
501:
335:Saloum
250:Saloum
229:Saloum
193:Saloum
162:, and
139:, and
137:millet
124:, and
53:French
33:10,000
1788:Wolof
1766:Saafi
1761:Palor
1736:Serer
1731:Papel
1681:Dyula
1587:Wolof
1575:Saafi
1570:Palor
1545:Serer
1322:Buumi
1156:) and
1150:Kings
1125:Tassu
1115:Sabar
1110:Njuup
1090:Death
1080:Birth
1060:Serer
1055:Safen
1050:Palor
876:Tukar
758:Women
743:Sadax
661:Saafi
656:Palor
617:Serer
499:JSTOR
225:Barra
179:mansa
126:Falia
102:Serer
65:Islam
49:Serer
1778:Susu
1756:Noon
1746:Ndut
1711:Lebu
1696:Jola
1686:Fula
1565:Noon
1555:Ndut
1525:Jola
1515:Fula
1352:Maad
1347:Loul
1154:Maad
1130:Njom
1120:Tama
1045:Noon
1040:Ndut
861:Somb
788:Koox
763:Xooy
693:Ciiɗ
666:Seex
651:Noon
641:Ndut
191:and
189:Sine
133:rice
80:The
1490:Aku
1312:and
491:doi
367:IRD
88:or
1805::
560:39
497:.
485:.
269:.
244:.
158:,
135:,
120:,
104:.
71:,
67:,
51:,
1637:e
1630:t
1623:v
1471:e
1464:t
1457:v
1152:(
609:e
602:t
595:v
522:.
505:.
493::
487:6
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