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1960:, referred to here as his mother. He receives help forming the body of men and women from Ninmah as well as her seven servants, the birth goddesses. Once man is finished the group has a banquet, where Enki and Ninmah drink beer and the other gods praise Enki's greatness. In the second half, Ninmah creates seven humans with illnesses and disabilities, for whom Enki finds places in society. Enki then creates an individual so damaged that Ninmah cannot find a place for them, resulting in her losing the competition. She then complains that Enki has driven her away from her home. The ending of the text is not well understood (due to damage on the tablet), but is likely Enki consoling Ninmah and possibly finding a place for the human he made.
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eating plants on opposite sides of the face. There is another group of five animals under the nose, which are suspected to be birds. In a frieze recovered from the same Mari temple, two stags flank an Igmud-eagle, the symbol of her son
Ninurta. There are a number of other images with this eagle as well (such as the vase in the gallery below), where deer, ibexes or gazelles are present to represent Ninhursag.
1914:. (In alternate versions the order is Ninkura, Ninima, then Uttu.) After Enki has intercourse with Uttu, Ninhursag removes the semen from her womb and plants it in the earth, causing eight plants to spring up. As a result of his actions, Ninhursag curses Enki by casting her "life giving eye" away from him. Enki then becomes gravely ill. A fox then makes an offer to
1446:
praising
Ningirsu (epithet of Ninurta) describes him as having been born by a mountain range. She had a connection to the wild animals, particularly deer, who dwell on or around the mountains. Stags appear in façade on the walls of her temples, as well as in works containing the lion headed eagle, a
1409:
as "the midwife who suckled them". From the third Early
Dynastic Period and onward, the most common Ninhursag epithets emphasize her as the supreme "mother of the world". This term of mother, Julia Asher-Greve and Joan Westenholz argue, was analogous to the generic 'father' used for gods such as Anu
1775:
Another symbol of hers was Deer, both male and female. Studies on a plaque from Mari have identified the stone as being a representation of her. The stone likely represents both a face and the naked female form. A notable feature of the plaque is the area below the 'nose area' where ten stags stand
2036:
An inscribed door socket was found at an unexcavated mound on the Adaim river near where it meets the Tigris river, Khara'ib
Ghdairife. It read "Manistusu, king of Kis, builder of the temple of the goddess Ninhursaga in HA.A KI. Whoever removes this tablet, may Ninhursaga and Samas uproot his seed
1396:
As evidenced by the large number of names, epithets, and areas of worship associated with her cult, Ninhursag's function in religion had many different aspects and shifted notably over time. Ninhursag was not the tutelary goddess of any major city, her cult presence being attested first in smaller
1944:
The text containing this myth has been recovered on tablets from varying locations. The primary two making up the translation are from the Old
Babylonian period and were recovered from Nippur. A third tablet from this period was also found containing an extract of the middle of the myth as well.
1524:
due to Šulpae being sparsely attested in sources from this city from the third millennium BCE, and was only viewed as her son in later periods. Paniĝinĝarra could appear alongside his mother in sources such as greeting formulas in letters. Although
Ninhursag was generally identified as Lisin's
1615:
Her chief herald was the god Urumaš, and four additional deities who served as heralds were included in her entourage. Saparnuna was the herald of Kesh, Engal-DU.DU and Nimgir-Kurra were the heralds of the underworld, and
Lugaligipirig was the herald of Adab. Six deities named Saĝšutašubšuba,
1450:
She and her other names could also appear in ritual incantations for a variety of functions, some of which include
Damgalnunna to protect from evil demons, and Ninhursaga and Nintur in birth related incantation. As Ninmah she has appeared occasionally in medical texts, such as one from
1918:
that he will bring
Ninhursag back to cure him; in exchange Enlil promises to erect two birch trees for the fox in his city, and to give the creature fame. The fox is able to retrieve Ninhursag, and she then cures Enki, giving birth to eight minor deities from his ailing body parts.
1887:, found in the house of a priest of Enki, where half of the text is missing. This second tablet contains fewer lines, and hence it is considered a truncated version. There exists also an excerpt, covering the incestuous couplings, which differs from the Nippur version's events.
1762:
shape and at times wearing a horned head-dress and tiered skirt. In a rectangular framed plaque from pre-Sargonic Girsu, the goddess seated upon "scale like" mountains is determined to be
Ninhursag. Here she wears a crown that is more flat without horns, and has hair in an
1806:, and may represent a stylized womb. Joan Goodnick Westenholz and Julia M. Asher-Greve argue that the symbol should be interpreted as a schematic representation of a woman's hair rather than the shape of an uterus. They tentatively propose an identification with
1671:, who was also regarded as the "mother of the gods". Frédéric Grillot considered them to be equivalent to one another, but partially based his conclusion on an assumed parallel between the presumed union of Ninhursag and Enki with that of Kiririsha and
1840:
1987:, the titular god goes out to conquer the mountain land to the north of Babylonia, and piles the bodies of its stony kings into a great burial mound. He then dedicates this mountain to his mother, once Ninmah, now renamed Ninhursag after the mound.
1401:, she was the birth goddess of wild and domesticated animals. Her connection to the biological process of childbirth in worship is suspected to have developed later, as she began to by syncretized with other 'birth-goddesses', and took on her
1955:
as a narrative can be separated into two distinct parts, the first being the birth of mankind, and the second a competition between the two spouses. The first half of this text recounts Enki creating the first humans at the behest of
1332:
Dingirmah ("great goddess") was a very common epithet of Ninhursag. In older literature, the name was transcribed as Mah, but the correct reading was confirmed through the existence of a syllabically written Emesal form, Dimmermah.
1767:
like shape. In another depiction, she is seated upon mountains and also has a mountain on her horned crown. Here she wears a tiered robe. She was identified as the female figure standing behind her son Ninurta on a fragment of the
1410:
and Enki, and therefore transcends the biological concept of motherhood. Later in the Neo-Sumerian Period she became more associated with the physical process of birth. (i.e. her offerings including umbilical cord cutters). In the
2006:
Theories posit that, in earlier times, Ninhursag was the highest ranking female deity, but was later displaced from that status by Ninlil, before the Old Babylonian period where she was syncretized with other birthing goddesses.
1894:, the goddess complains to Enki that the city of Dilmun is lacking in water. As a result, Enki makes the land rich, and Dilmun becomes a prosperous wetland. Afterwards, he and Ninhursag sleep together, resulting in a daughter,
1414:
some posit a decline in her worship, as she loses her high status as part of the four supreme deities of the pantheon. However Westenholz posits that her cult continued to be relevant but shifted function, as she became
1422:
She had a documented role in Sumerian kingship ideology. The first known royal votive gift, recovered from Kiš, was donated by a king referring to himself as ‘beloved son of Ninḫursaĝa'. Votive objects dedicated to her
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2033:, as per the temple dedication: "Aanepada King of Ur, son of Mesanepada King of Ur, has built this for his lady Ninkhursag." In Early Dynastic Lagash, a temple was dedicated to Ninhursag, then later to Ninmaḫ.
1340:. In the Nippur god list, Dingirmah was one of the nine goddesses of birth enumerated after Šulpae, and the Isin god list similarly included her as one of six birth goddesses. Dingirmah was also present in the
1346:
god list, which listed her alongside Ninhursag, Ninmah, Aruru and Nintur. It is uncertain whether these were all regarded as variant names for the same goddess or different goddesses with similar functions.
1575:
and other myths as well. Some Sumerian sources identify her as both Enlil's wife and sister, likely to rectify earlier traditions where she was Enlil's spouse, before later traditions had the goddess
2014:(Ur III period), and Mari. In Adab, she was worshipped under her Diĝirmaḫ epithet. Under her Ninmah epithet, she had temples in Adab, Babylon, and Ĝirsu, known as 'E-maḫ' or the 'majestic house'.
1816:
1455:
which describes a ritual and offerings to be performed for the goddess in order to cure bedwetting. It is suggested that her role in performing healing connects to that of her healing Enki in
1828:
1983:
epic, Ninhursag under the name Bēlet-ilī or Mami speaks in support of Ninurta her son, and is given the epithet "The Mistress of All Gods". In another myth involving her son,
1846:
Detail on the En-temena vase - the stags here likely represent Ninhursag, with the lions greeting them in a friendly way by licking their cheeks, rather than attacking them.
1852:
1949:, and one very fragmented tablet from the Middle Assyrian period that may contain the myth, but deviates from the bilingual version in the creation portion of the myth.
1377:
Like Dingirmah, Ninmah was initially an epithet of Ninhursag who later developed into a separate goddess at the end of the Early Dynastic period. In Lagash, King
1529:, Lisin (who here had swapped genders) was a son of Belet-Ili. Egime resided at her mother's Emaḫ temple in Adab, and appeared alongside Ninhursag in the lament
1145:
a creation myth wherein the two deities compete to create humans. She is referenced or makes brief appearances in others as well, most notably as the mother of
1397:
towns and villages. It is possible that she was viewed originally more as a nurturing than a birth goddess. Another theory posits that, along with the goddess
1934:, Enki's eating of the eight plants and the consequences following his actions can be compared to the consumption of the fruit of knowledge by Adam and Eve.
1728:
1438:
She could also be understood not simply as affiliated with mountains, but as a personification of mountain (or earth) as well. One text in Sumerian, the
1292:
in Mari. However, it has also been proposed that the name Ninhursag in documents from Mari should be understood as a logographic writing of the name
4205:
Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
1447:
symbol of Ninurta. One composition, a dedication of Ninhursag's Kes temple, mentions deer, bison, and wild goats in connection to the building.
4337:
1126:. Temple hymn sources identify her as the "true and great lady of heaven" (possibly in relation to her standing on the mountain) and kings of
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4717:
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1544:, NIG-gumaḫa, Burukaš, Zarzaru, Zurmuzarmu, Nin-BUR.SAL, Šazumaḫ, Ušumšasu, Naĝaršaga, Anmea, Amaea, UR-guru, Urra, and Amaniranna. NIN.LA
1520:, Egime, and Lillu, who was possibly identical with Ashgi. Marcos Such-Gutiérrez suggests that Ashgi was initially Ninhursag's husband in
1540:
god list, Ninhursag was assigned sixteen additional children besides Paniĝinĝarra, Lillu, Ashgi, and Lisin, named Atugula, Atutur, NIN.LA
1046:
5160:
1388:, Ninmah was labeled separately from Ninhursag as the "Bēlet-ilī of the Emaḫ temple" in an enumeration of seven goddesses of birth.
1442:, describes the creation of the seasons as a result of the copulation of Ninhursag (the earth) and Enlil. Another temple hymn from
3491:
174:, NIG-gumaḫa, Burukaš, Zarzaru, Zurmuzarmu, Nin-BUR.SAL, Šazumaḫ, Ušumšasu, Naĝaršaga, Anmea, Amaea, UR-guru, Urra, and Amaniranna
4520:
1906:
by Kramer). Ninsar matures quickly, and after Enki spots her walking along the bank, sleeps with her, resulting in a daughter,
1719:
which presumably originated in southern Mesopotamia, DIĜIR.MAḪ (Bēlet-ilī) was equated with an Amorite deity named ʔAṯeratum (
1336:
Although she was originally an epithet of Ninhursag, Dingirmah eventually developed into a separate goddess at the end of the
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Ninmah ("great lady") was one of the most common epithets of Ninhursag alongside Dingirmah. The name was already attested in
1620:("bull lyres"). Additionally, Šulpaedara, Šulpaeamaš, and Tuduga served as the "standing gods" of her E-maḫ temple in Adab.
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Nintur was another name assigned to Ninhursag as a birth goddess, though sometimes she was a separate goddess entirely.
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Ninhursag in her mother/birth aspects was also likely affiliated with a group of seven minor goddesses known as the
1172:"sacred mountain, foothill", possibly a reference to the site of her temple, the E-Kur (House of mountain deeps) at
4758:
3493:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
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KA.NI-šu-KID.DU.DU, Adgigi, Gudub, Ekurabsa, and Nin-Aruru (not to be confused with Aruru) were designated as her
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1039:
980:
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1370:, and primarily occurred in liturgical and literary texts. An Akkadian form, Ereshmah (written syllabically as
1278:'midwife of the gods', 'mother of all children' and 'mother of the gods'. In this role she is identified with
321:
284:
1286:. She had shrines in both Eridu and Kish. It has also been speculated that she was worshipped under the name
260:
1802:) on the upper tier, indicating her importance. The omega symbol is associated with the Egyptian cow goddess
294:
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A temple dedicated to Dingirmah, the E-maḫ, was built in Adab by a local ruler. Another temple was built at
58:
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George, Andrew; Krebernik, Manfred (2022). "Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!".
1533:, in which the two mourned the death of Ashgi (referred to in the text as Lulil, meaning "man-spirit").
1032:
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5155:
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which contains the complete text (although some passages on the tablet are broken), and another from
1227:
According to the 'Ninurta's Exploits' myth, her name was changed from Ninmah to Ninhursag by her son
289:
4464:
Ur 'of the Chaldees' : a revised and updated edition of Sir Leonard Woolley's Excavations at Ur
3877:"INSIGHTS FROM SUMERIAN MYTHOLOGY: THE MYTH OF ENKI AND NINMAḪ AND THE HISTORY OF DISABILITY (2018)"
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sources, the logographic writings DINGIR.MAH and NIN.TU were used to render the name of the Hittite
3976:
Performing Death: Social Analyses of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
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Al-Rawi, F. N. H., and J. A. Black, "A Rediscovered Akkadian City", Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 147–48, 1993
316:
311:
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2642:
2624:
4563:"Ninmaḫ and Her Imperfect Creatures: The Bed Wetting Man and Remedies to Cure Enuresis (STT 238)"
4252:"Texts, art and archeology: An archaic plaque from Mari and the Sumerian birth-goddess Ninhursag"
3227:
1491:, who could be described as her "beloved spouse". They were attested as consorts in sources from
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4501:
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An experienced scribe who neglects nothing: ancient Near Eastern studies in honor of Jacob Klein
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3230:
1590:, Enki's usual wife. However, Dina Katz points out that the goddesses were usually separate. In
1374:), was attested at Ugarit, and was either a variant or the correctly written form of the name.
1235:, according to a Babylonian investiture ritual, she placed the golden crown on the king in the
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17:
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during his series of excavations at various sites around the city, built presumably by a King
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mother, at least one text equated them with each other instead. According to the god list
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as his wife instead. After this change Ninhursag was reassigned as Enlil's elder sister.
1381:
built a temple that was at first dedicated to Ninhursag, and then rededicated to Ninmah.
299:
5048:
4030:
History of Egypt Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria in the Light of Recent Discovery
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Ninhursag was commonly depicted seated upon or near mountains, her hair sometimes in an
1631:
to assist in fashioning humankind from clay alongside their mistress, and are listed as
73:, possibly Ninhursag, sitting on a throne surrounded by worshippers (circa 2350–2150 BC)
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Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses: Mother Goddess (Ninmah, Nintud/r, Belet-ili)
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De l'argile au numérique. Mélanges assyriologiques en l'honneur de Dominique Charpin
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A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
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is generally accepted to be the same goddess as Egime, because NIN was glossed as
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Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture
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Ninhursag's parentage and ancestry is not described in any known texts. In the
1194:
1188:
1182:
1131:
1111:
630:
625:
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Black, Jeremy (2005). "Songs of the Goddess Aruru". In Sefati, Yitzhak (ed.).
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4379:"Of Omegas and Rhombs: Goddess Symbols in Ancient Mesopotamia and the Levant"
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There was also a bilingual (Sumerian and Akkadian) version in the library of
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Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies
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Gods, demons, and symbols of ancient Mesopotamia: an illustrated dictionary
3457:. In Cancik-Kirschbaum, Eva; Klingner, Jörg; Müller, Gerfrid G. W. (eds.).
1946:
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This is the fragment of the Vulture Stele that (likely) contains Ninhursag.
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477:
160:
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1627:, "wombs", who were assistants of mother goddesses. These seven appear in
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Deities who were regarded as the children of Ninhursag and Šulpae include
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describing her dealings with Enki resulting from his sexual exploits, and
902:
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4914:
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The Origin of Biblical Traditions: Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel
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the logographic writing NIN.HUR.SAG.GA was used to represent the name of
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1571:(Assimilated with Ninurta.) She is Ninurta's mother as Bēlet-ilī/Mami in
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Mari temple frieze: containing symbols of Ninhursag and her son Ninurta.
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The Gods Rich in Praise: Early Greek and Mesopotamian Religious Poetry
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According to Johanna Stuckey, her symbol, resembling the Greek letter
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4417:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44.
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Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others
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1586:, in which the eponymous goddess is treated as the same deity as
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3978:. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
1980:
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The Silver vase of En-temena, which was dedicated to Ningirsu.
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The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion
3455:"The Anatolian Fate-Goddesses and their Different Traditions"
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Triangle. Belet Nagar has alternatively been identified with
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2180:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
5068:
5043:
5025:
4833:
4788:
3306:
3249:
3166:
3076:
2731:
2729:
2711:
2294:
2282:
1911:
1910:. Enki spots her and sleeps with her as well, resulting in
1664:
1572:
862:
852:
770:
645:
405:
349:
131:
99:
4488:
3779:
Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East
3522:
Black, Jeremy A.; Green, Anthony; Rickards, Tessa (1992).
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3061:
3042:
2917:
2887:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2600:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2544:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
1783:
1405:
name. In this birth aspect, she is called by the kings of
1242:
Possibly included among the original mother goddesses was
4858:
4793:
4542:
4519:
3392:
3390:
3349:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2878:
2689:
2687:
2073:
2051:
432:
395:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2726:
2444:
2345:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
1976:, where she is referred to as "the mother of the gods".
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3200:
2984:
2982:
2741:
2309:
2243:
2121:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ninhursag".
2094:
2018:
1884:
170:
fifteen other children, consisting of Atugula, Atutur,
4045:(1). The American Schools of Oriental Research: 1–40.
3387:
3318:
3006:
2962:
2806:
2782:
2758:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2132:
1582:
Enki was portrayed as Ninhursag's consort in the myth
1076:
3881:
Ege Üniversitesi Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi XXXIII /2
3489:
3381:
3358:
3160:
2842:
2657:
2618:
2538:
2519:
2504:
2489:
2474:
2462:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2363:
2327:
2276:
2237:
2204:
2198:
2144:
4621:
The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources
4003:
The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources
3914:"Enki and Ninhursanga Part One, The story of Dilmun"
3618:
3294:
3261:
3212:
3197:
2979:
2950:
2699:
2438:
1556:(𒇲) is believed to have been derived from ME (𒈨).
3606:
3490:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
3282:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3139:
2938:
2926:
2899:
2836:
2818:
2794:
2770:
2669:
2420:
2333:
2168:
1161:Ninhursag means "lady of the sacred mountain" from
3521:
2994:
2261:
2156:
3619:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a),
1462:
1320:(though this proposal was met with criticism) or
1130:were "nourished by Ninhursag's milk". She is the
5127:
4658:(2). Presses Universitaires de France: 107–118.
3607:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
3178:
4652:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
4407:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt"
3793:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
3790:
3704:"Enki and Ninhursag: The Trickster in Paradise"
3036:
3024:
1594:, Enki instead refers to Ninmah as his sister.
1270:The mother goddess had many epithets including
4404:
4036:
3748:
3424:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"
3312:
3255:
3172:
2720:
2186:
1786:, has been depicted in art from approximately
1663:Ninhursag was considered to be similar to the
35:
4759:
4729:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
4718:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
3426:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.).
1264:, “true wife”), the consort of the god Enki.
1040:
4648:"The Messenger, Lulil and Cult of the Dead"
4249:
4164:
4037:Kramer, Samuel N.; Albright, W. F. (1945).
3133:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3070:
3055:
2752:
2606:
2594:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2288:
2088:
1487:Ninhursag's most well attested consort was
4766:
4752:
4336:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2127:https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ninhursag
1922:Comparisons between this myth and that of
1122:. She is known earliest as a nurturing or
1047:
1033:
57:
4466:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
4354:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
4098:
4079:
3888:
2863:
2735:
2450:
2351:
2109:
1790:, although more generally from the early
4230:
4201:
4027:
3855:
3827:
3769:
3749:Edwardes, Marian; Spence, Lewis (2003).
2988:
2764:
2315:
2303:
2249:
2138:
1482:
4461:
4376:
4303:
4284:
4182:
4135:
4117:
3874:
3701:
3683:
3671:
3428:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman
3396:
3337:
3300:
3276:
3221:
3206:
3145:
3012:
2973:
2893:
2788:
2693:
2663:
2150:
1746:, rather than the Mesopotamian goddess
14:
5128:
4773:
4490:"Middle Babylonian An = Anum god list"
4443:
4208:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
3972:"Sumerian Funerary Rituals in Context"
3649:
3452:
3421:
3364:
3000:
2956:
2851:
2339:
2225:
4747:
4344:
3752:Dictionary of Non-Classical Mythology
3587:
3557:
3530:
2944:
2932:
2905:
2824:
2812:
2705:
2426:
2174:
1868:
1440:Disputation between Summer and Winter
4687:"Muttergöttin A. I. In Mesopotamien"
4082:"Muttergöttin A. I. In Mesopotamien"
4000:
3969:
3930:
3911:
3630:
3288:
3191:
2800:
2776:
2678:
2162:
2023:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)
1738:in this context the name designated
1300:, who was the goddess of Bitin near
4739:Temple of Ninmah in ancient Babylon
1606:god list, Dingirmah was assigned a
24:
4582:
4521:"The song of the hoe: translation"
2262:Black, Green & Rickards (1992)
2010:As Ninhursaga, she had temples in
1937:
275:Religions of the ancient Near East
259:
25:
5172:
4705:
4502:"Enki and Ninhursag: translation"
4250:Steinkeller, Piotr (2019-01-01).
4028:King, L. W.; Hall, H. R. (2008).
3382:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
3161:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2619:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2539:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2520:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2505:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2490:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2475:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2463:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2415:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2403:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2391:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2364:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2328:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2277:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2238:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
2199:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1879:have been uncovered. One is from
1612:("divine vizier") named Ekigara.
1114:of the mountains, and one of the
4817:
4039:"Enki and Ninḫursag: A Sumerian"
2439:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
167:, Egime, and Lillu (with Šulpae)
4595:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
4567:Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic
4405:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005).
3933:"Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two"
3834:, Wipf & Stock Publishers,
3708:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
3564:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
3402:
2837:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
2650:Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic
2635:Mesopotamian Medicine and Magic
1810:rather than Ninhursag as well.
1567:as his wife, and the mother of
1176:. She had many names including
981:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
4544:"Enki and Ninmah: translation"
3875:Kağnıcı, Gökhan (2018-01-01).
3461:. Akademie Verlag. p. 1.
3414:
2115:
1970:Ninhursag appears in the text
1753:
1742:, the goddess also known from
1463:Association with other deities
1250:(great wife of the prince) or
1137:Her most well known myths are
13:
1:
4136:Metcalf, Christopher (2015).
3702:Dickson, Keith (2007-01-01).
3459:Diversity and Standardization
3242:https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
2062:
1658:
1597:
1134:to several Sumerian leaders.
5161:Characters in the Enūma Eliš
4691:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4527:. 2009-04-02. Archived from
4237:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4189:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4171:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4124:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4118:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1972),
4105:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
4086:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
3690:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
3678:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
3625:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
3613:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
3588:Budge, E. A. Wallis (2003).
2187:Edwardes & Spence (2003)
2067:
1926:are common. As suggested by
1863:
1077:
7:
4685:Krebernik, Manfred (1997).
4623:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
4598:. Oxford University Press.
4446:"ELAM vi. Elamite religion"
4289:. Carolina Academic Press.
4287:Ancient Cities of the Indus
4183:Schuler, Einar von (1965),
4165:Michalowski, Piotr (1987),
4142:. Oxford University Press.
4099:Krebernik, Manfred (2005),
4080:Krebernik, Manfred (1997),
4005:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
3974:. In Laneri, Nicola (ed.).
3856:Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976).
3828:Jacobsen, Thorkild (2008),
3657:. Oxford University Press.
3590:Babylonian Life and History
3567:. Oxford University Press.
3535:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
3430:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
3037:George & Krebernik 2022
3025:George & Krebernik 2022
2040:
1391:
1327:
184:and other early traditions)
128:and other early traditions)
47:Mother goddess, goddess of
10:
5177:
4494:www.oracc.museum.upenn.edu
4411:Archiv für Orientforschung
4345:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
3770:Garrison, Mark A. (2007),
3313:Kramer & Albright 1945
3256:Kramer & Albright 1945
3173:Kramer & Albright 1945
2919:www.oracc.museum.upenn.edu
2037:and destroy his progeny."
2001:
1902:in the ETCSL translation,
1563:, she was associated with
1304:rather than Nagar (modern
1259:
1209:
1067:
36:
5082:
5034:
4943:
4867:
4826:
4815:
4781:
4548:www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk
4525:www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk
4506:www-etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk
4462:Woolley, Leonard (1982).
4444:Vallat, François (2012),
4377:Stuckey, Johanna (2006).
4306:Babylonian creation myths
4285:Possehl, Gregory (1979).
4231:Schwemer, Daniel (2008),
4202:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
3949:10.2143/BIOR.65.3.2033365
3931:Katz, Dina (2008-01-01).
3912:Katz, Dina (2010-05-09).
3860:. Yale University Press.
3351:www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk
2880:www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk
2129:. Accessed 28 April 2022.
1990:Damkina is the mother of
1963:
1467:
1386:Archive of Mystic Heptads
1357:
1087:), sometimes transcribed
264:Chaos Monster and Sun God
226:
216:
206:
196:
191:
149:
109:
91:
86:
78:
56:
45:
32:
4308:. Winona Lake, Indiana.
3755:. Kessinger Publishing.
3631:Clay, Albert T. (1997).
3592:. Kessinger Publishing.
3453:Archi, Alfonso (2013b).
3422:Archi, Alfonso (2013a).
138:through syncretism with
4304:Lambert, W. G. (2013).
4264:10.2307/j.ctv1q26s9t.50
3672:Ebeling, Erich (1928),
3467:10.1524/9783050057576.1
2123:Encyclopedia Britannica
1427:name were recovered in
1220:(mistress of the gods,
1156:
69:impression depicting a
51:, mountains, and rulers
5141:Mesopotamian goddesses
3937:Bibliotheca Orientalis
3890:10.18513/egetid.502714
3684:Delnero, Paul (2013),
2139:King & Hall (2008)
2017:A temple of hers from
265:
3805:10.3917/assy.116.0113
3799:(1). CAIRN: 113–166.
1794:. It appears on some
1770:Stele of the Vultures
1717:Old Babylonian period
1483:Consorts and children
1433:Early Dynastic Period
1412:Old Babylonian Period
1338:Early Dynastic period
385:Seven gods who decree
263:
253:Mesopotamian religion
4875:Dumuzid the Shepherd
4450:Encyclopædia Iranica
1792:second millennium BC
1723:), but according to
1531:Lulil and his sister
1354:by King Ipiq-Ištar.
908:Seven-headed serpent
847:Spirits and monsters
5136:Fertility goddesses
4868:Other major deities
4646:Katz, Dina (1999).
4619:Katz, Dina (2003).
4389:(4). Archived from
4032:. The Echo Library.
4001:Katz, Dina (2003).
3970:Katz, Dina (2007).
2721:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
2306:, pp. 404–405.
2264:, pp. 56f, 75.
2027:Sir Leonard Woolley
1875:Two full copies of
1552:, while the sign LA
1384:In a text known as
1274:or 'womb goddess',
1186:("Lady of Birth");
1116:seven great deities
783:Demigods and heroes
447:Other major deities
227:Ugaritic equivalent
5151:Mountain goddesses
4775:Sumerian mythology
4713:Enki and Ninhursag
3505:10.5167/uzh-135436
2896:, p. 341–342.
2839:, p. 451–452.
2441:, p. 462–463.
1985:Ninurta's Exploits
1973:Creator of the Hoe
1892:Enki and Ninhursag
1877:Enki and Ninhursag
1870:Enki and Ninhursag
1678:In Old Babylonian
1655:, and Ninniginna.
1584:Enki and Ninhursag
1457:Enki and Ninhursag
1366:and pre-Sargonian
1139:Enki and Ninhursag
1107:, was the ancient
266:
217:Hittite equivalent
197:Elamite equivalent
136:Enki and Ninhursag
71:vegetation goddess
5123:
5122:
4782:Primordial beings
4605:978-0-19-929633-0
4361:978-0-9667495-0-2
4315:978-1-57506-861-9
4215:978-3-447-04456-1
3985:978-1-885923-50-9
3664:978-0-19-283589-5
3651:Dalley, Stephanie
3574:978-0-19-929633-0
3514:978-3-7278-1738-0
3476:978-3-05-005757-6
3437:978-1-937040-11-6
2025:was excavated by
1729:Manfred Krebernik
1180:("Great Queen");
1124:fertility goddess
1057:
1056:
995:Epic of Gilgamesh
340:Primordial beings
236:
235:
207:Syrian equivalent
82:Omega-like symbol
16:(Redirected from
5168:
5156:Tutelary deities
5146:Mother goddesses
5035:Demons, spirits,
4821:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4745:
4744:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4642:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4590:Black, Jeremy A.
4577:
4575:
4574:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4497:
4485:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4373:
4353:
4341:
4335:
4327:
4300:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4227:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4161:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4051:10.2307/20062705
4033:
4024:
3997:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3892:
3871:
3852:
3824:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3766:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3680:
3668:
3646:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3559:Black, Jeremy A.
3554:
3527:
3518:
3498:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3449:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3379:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3134:Steinkeller 2019
3131:
3125:
3122:Steinkeller 2019
3119:
3113:
3110:Steinkeller 2019
3107:
3101:
3098:Steinkeller 2019
3095:
3089:
3086:Steinkeller 2019
3083:
3074:
3071:Steinkeller 2019
3068:
3059:
3056:Steinkeller 2019
3053:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:, p. 78–82.
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2753:Michalowski 1987
2750:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2607:Steinkeller 2019
2604:
2598:
2595:Steinkeller 2019
2592:
2581:
2578:Steinkeller 2019
2575:
2569:
2566:Steinkeller 2019
2563:
2557:
2554:Steinkeller 2019
2551:
2542:
2536:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2292:
2289:Steinkeller 2019
2286:
2280:
2274:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2092:
2089:Steinkeller 2019
2086:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1737:
1725:Andrew R. George
1498:Kesh Temple Hymn
1431:, dating to the
1263:
1262:
1213:
1212:
1099:, also known as
1086:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1042:
1035:
888:Kuli-ana/Mermaid
277:
238:
237:
61:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
27:Sumerian goddess
21:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5078:
5036:
5030:
4939:
4863:
4827:Primary deities
4822:
4813:
4777:
4772:
4724:Enki and Ninmah
4708:
4696:
4694:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4645:
4631:
4618:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4588:
4585:
4583:Further reading
4580:
4572:
4570:
4553:
4551:
4534:
4532:
4511:
4509:
4474:
4454:
4452:
4435:
4433:
4396:
4394:
4362:
4351:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4297:
4276:
4274:
4242:
4240:
4216:
4194:
4192:
4175:
4173:
4150:
4128:
4126:
4110:
4108:
4091:
4089:
4071:
4069:
4013:
3986:
3961:
3959:
3922:
3920:
3903:
3901:
3868:
3842:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3763:
3740:
3738:
3694:
3692:
3665:
3643:
3600:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3543:
3515:
3496:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3438:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3239:
3228:
3220:
3213:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3088:, p. 1000.
3084:
3077:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2291:, p. 1003.
2287:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2250:Jacobsen (1976)
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2095:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2043:
2004:
1968:
1953:Enki and Ninmah
1942:
1939:Enki and Ninmah
1873:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1835:
1832:
1823:
1820:
1796:boundary stones
1756:
1731:
1707:In a bilingual
1661:
1629:Enki and Ninmah
1600:
1592:Enki and Ninmah
1555:
1547:
1543:
1485:
1470:
1465:
1394:
1360:
1330:
1260:
1210:
1159:
1143:Enki and Ninmah
1068:
1053:
1024:
1023:
1009:
1001:
1000:
956:
948:
947:
848:
840:
839:
784:
776:
775:
526:
518:
517:
448:
440:
439:
386:
378:
377:
341:
333:
280:
273:
252:
187:
145:
74:
52:
37:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4720:
4707:
4706:External links
4704:
4703:
4702:
4682:
4643:
4629:
4616:
4604:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4559:
4540:
4517:
4498:
4486:
4472:
4459:
4441:
4402:
4374:
4360:
4342:
4314:
4301:
4296:978-0890890936
4295:
4282:
4247:
4233:"Šāluš, Šālaš"
4228:
4214:
4199:
4180:
4162:
4148:
4133:
4115:
4101:"Pa(p)-niĝara"
4096:
4077:
4034:
4025:
4011:
3998:
3984:
3967:
3943:(3): 320–342.
3928:
3909:
3872:
3867:978-0300022919
3866:
3853:
3840:
3825:
3788:
3767:
3762:978-0766144538
3761:
3746:
3720:10.1086/512211
3699:
3681:
3669:
3663:
3647:
3642:978-1585090655
3641:
3628:
3616:
3604:
3599:978-0766147317
3598:
3585:
3573:
3555:
3541:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3487:
3475:
3450:
3436:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3401:
3399:, p. 106.
3386:
3384:, p. 151.
3369:
3367:, p. 235.
3357:
3342:
3340:, p. 330.
3317:
3305:
3293:
3291:, p. 320.
3281:
3260:
3248:
3226:
3211:
3196:
3177:
3165:
3163:, p. 247.
3150:
3146:Stuckey (2006)
3138:
3136:, p. 987.
3126:
3124:, p. 986.
3114:
3112:, p. 984.
3102:
3100:, p. 980.
3090:
3075:
3073:, p. 992.
3060:
3058:, p. 991.
3041:
3039:, p. 118.
3029:
3027:, p. 114.
3017:
3015:, p. 108.
3005:
2993:
2978:
2976:, p. 337.
2961:
2949:
2937:
2925:
2910:
2898:
2886:
2868:
2866:, p. 515.
2864:Krebernik 1997
2856:
2854:, p. 204.
2841:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2803:, p. 167.
2793:
2791:, p. 279.
2781:
2779:, p. 205.
2769:
2757:
2740:
2738:, p. 326.
2736:Krebernik 2005
2725:
2710:
2708:, p. 371.
2698:
2696:, p. 285.
2683:
2681:, p. 322.
2668:
2656:
2654:, p. 784.
2641:
2639:, p. 779.
2623:
2621:, p. 241.
2611:
2609:, p. 995.
2599:
2597:, p. 996.
2582:
2580:, p. 994.
2570:
2568:, p. 990.
2558:
2556:, p. 989.
2543:
2541:, p. 138.
2524:
2522:, p. 140.
2509:
2507:, p. 139.
2494:
2492:, p. 141.
2479:
2467:
2465:, p. 129.
2455:
2453:, p. 505.
2451:Krebernik 1997
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2368:
2356:
2354:, p. 504.
2352:Krebernik 1997
2344:
2332:
2320:
2318:, p. 590.
2308:
2293:
2281:
2279:, p. 137.
2266:
2254:
2252:, p. 109.
2242:
2230:
2228:, p. 326.
2203:
2191:
2189:, p. 126.
2179:
2177:, p. 233.
2167:
2165:, p. 100.
2155:
2153:, p. 127.
2151:Possehl (1979)
2143:
2141:, p. 117.
2131:
2125:, 2 May 2018,
2114:
2112:, p. 507.
2110:Krebernik 1997
2093:
2091:, p. 988.
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2003:
2000:
1967:
1962:
1941:
1936:
1932:W. F. Albright
1872:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1814:
1755:
1752:
1699:mother goddess
1686:, the wife of
1660:
1657:
1599:
1596:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1495:, such as the
1484:
1481:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1393:
1390:
1359:
1356:
1329:
1326:
1296:, the wife of
1158:
1155:
1132:tutelary deity
1112:mother goddess
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
425:
418:Three sky gods
415:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
361:
352:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
314:
309:
308:
307:
302:
292:
287:
281:
279:
278:
268:
267:
256:
255:
247:
246:
234:
233:
228:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
189:
188:
186:
185:
175:
168:
153:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
129:
119:
113:
111:
107:
106:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
62:
54:
53:
46:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5173:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5083:Mortal heroes
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:Minor deities
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4630:1-883053-77-3
4626:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4531:on 2009-04-02
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4496:. 2022-12-21.
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4473:0-8014-1518-7
4469:
4465:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:(in German).
4412:
4408:
4403:
4393:on 2018-09-30
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4149:9780198723363
4145:
4141:
4140:
4134:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4012:1-883053-77-3
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3841:9781556359521
3837:
3833:
3832:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3772:"Ninkhursaga"
3768:
3764:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:. Book Tree.
3634:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3542:1-883053-83-8
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3405:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3366:
3365:Dalley (1998)
3361:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2989:Garrison 2007
2985:
2983:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2959:, p. 14.
2958:
2953:
2947:, p. 73.
2946:
2941:
2935:, p. 77.
2934:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2908:, p. 76.
2907:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2852:Dalley (1998)
2848:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2827:, p. 79.
2826:
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2767:, p. 30.
2766:
2765:Jacobsen 2008
2761:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2666:, p. 69.
2665:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2477:, p. 72.
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2429:, p. 42.
2428:
2423:
2417:, p. 60.
2416:
2411:
2405:, p. 87.
2404:
2399:
2393:, p. 59.
2392:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2366:, p. 73.
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2330:, p. 71.
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:Schwemer 2008
2312:
2305:
2304:Schwemer 2001
2300:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2240:, p. 51.
2239:
2234:
2227:
2226:Dalley (1998)
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:Samuel Kramer
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1372:e-re-eš-ma-aḫ
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1061:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
996:
992:
990:
989:
985:
983:
982:
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
968:
964:
962:
959:
958:
952:
951:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
858:Lamassu/Shedu
856:
854:
851:
850:
844:
843:
836:(seven sages)
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
528:
525:Minor deities
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
444:
443:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
423:Inanna/Ishtar
421:
420:
419:
416:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
365:
362:
360:
356:
353:
351:
347:
344:
343:
337:
336:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
313:
310:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
290:Ancient Egypt
288:
286:
283:
282:
276:
272:
271:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
254:
249:
248:
244:
240:
239:
232:
229:
225:
222:
219:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
190:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
155:
154:
152:
148:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
67:cylinder seal
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
31:
19:
5037:and monsters
4853:
4722:
4711:
4695:. Retrieved
4690:
4675:. Retrieved
4655:
4651:
4620:
4609:. Retrieved
4594:
4571:. Retrieved
4569:. 2018-01-01
4566:
4552:. Retrieved
4550:. 2006-12-19
4547:
4533:. Retrieved
4529:the original
4524:
4510:. Retrieved
4508:. 2006-12-19
4505:
4493:
4463:
4453:, retrieved
4449:
4434:. Retrieved
4414:
4410:
4395:. Retrieved
4391:the original
4386:
4382:
4347:
4305:
4286:
4275:. Retrieved
4255:
4241:, retrieved
4236:
4204:
4193:, retrieved
4188:
4185:"Ḫannaḫanna"
4174:, retrieved
4170:
4138:
4127:, retrieved
4123:
4109:, retrieved
4104:
4090:, retrieved
4085:
4070:. Retrieved
4042:
4029:
4002:
3975:
3960:. Retrieved
3940:
3936:
3921:. Retrieved
3918:Academia.edu
3917:
3902:. Retrieved
3880:
3857:
3830:
3796:
3792:
3782:, retrieved
3778:
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3711:
3707:
3693:, retrieved
3689:
3677:
3654:
3632:
3624:
3612:
3589:
3578:. Retrieved
3563:
3532:
3523:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3458:
3427:
3404:
3397:Woolley 1982
3360:
3350:
3345:
3338:Lambert 2013
3315:, p. 8.
3308:
3303:, p. 5.
3301:Dickson 2007
3296:
3284:
3279:, p. 4.
3277:Dickson 2007
3258:, p. 5.
3251:
3241:
3224:, p. 3.
3222:Dickson 2007
3209:, p. 2.
3207:Dickson 2007
3175:, p. 3.
3168:
3141:
3129:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3032:
3020:
3013:Schuler 1965
3008:
2996:
2974:Lambert 2013
2952:
2940:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2901:
2894:Lambert 2013
2889:
2879:
2859:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2789:Ebeling 1928
2784:
2772:
2760:
2723:, p. 6.
2701:
2694:Delnero 2013
2664:Metcalf 2015
2659:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2614:
2602:
2573:
2561:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2359:
2347:
2342:, p. 7.
2335:
2323:
2311:
2284:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2201:, p. 7.
2194:
2182:
2175:Budge (2003)
2170:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2117:
2035:
2016:
2009:
2005:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1947:Assurbanipal
1943:
1938:
1921:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1757:
1720:
1713:lexical list
1706:
1692:
1677:
1662:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1558:
1549:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1514:Paniĝinĝarra
1507:
1496:
1486:
1473:
1471:
1456:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1402:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1215:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1160:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1072:
1059:
1058:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
741:Paniĝinĝarra
417:
410:
391:Four primary
390:
161:Panigingarra
135:
4961:Geshtinanna
4915:Ningishzida
4693:(in German)
4239:(in German)
4191:(in German)
4107:(in German)
4088:(in German)
3714:(1): 1–32.
3415:Works cited
3001:Vallat 2012
2957:Archi 2013b
2340:Archi 2013a
2163:Clay (1997)
1754:Iconography
1732: [
1721:a-še-ra-tum
1289:Belet-Nagar
1284:Enuma Elish
1168:"lady" and
883:Ušum/Dragon
626:Lugala'abba
561:Dumuzi-abzu
488:Geshtinanna
433:Utu/Shamash
295:Mesopotamia
192:Equivalents
5130:Categories
5110:Lugalbanda
5001:Nimintabba
4971:Hushbishag
4880:Ereshkigal
4799:Enmesharra
4697:2022-10-02
4677:2022-03-31
4611:2022-10-02
4573:2022-04-16
4554:2022-03-07
4535:2022-03-02
4512:2022-03-07
4455:2022-02-02
4436:2022-10-02
4397:2013-12-31
4383:MatriFocus
4277:2022-03-07
4243:2022-03-09
4195:2022-10-02
4176:2022-09-25
4129:2022-05-09
4111:2022-03-19
4092:2022-10-02
4072:2022-03-07
3962:2022-03-07
3923:2022-03-09
3904:2022-03-07
3850:1311141567
3784:2022-02-02
3741:2022-03-07
3695:2022-10-02
3674:"Egime(a)"
3580:2022-10-02
3482:2022-05-10
2945:Litke 1998
2933:Litke 1998
2906:Litke 1998
2825:Litke 1998
2813:Litke 1998
2706:Black 2006
2427:Black 2005
2063:References
2047:Ereshkigal
2031:A'annepada
1996:Enūma Eliš
1702:Ḫannaḫanna
1659:Syncretism
1598:Attendants
1588:Damgalnuna
1453:Sultantepe
1276:tabsut ili
1244:Damgalnuna
1198:(mother);
1101:Damgalnuna
1097:Ninḫursaĝa
1073:Ninḫarsang
988:Enūma Eliš
974:Atra-Hasis
824:Atra-Hasis
809:Lugalbanda
751:Shul-utula
631:Mami/Nintu
586:Hendursaga
473:Ereshkigal
468:Enmesharra
221:Ḫannaḫanna
140:Damgalnuna
38:𒀭𒊩𒌆𒄯𒊕
5105:Gilgamesh
4996:Ninsianna
4966:Gugalanna
4925:Ninshubur
4854:Ninhursag
4664:0373-6032
4423:0066-6440
4370:470337605
4332:cite book
4324:861537250
4272:242954896
4158:910605723
4059:0145-3661
3994:156832396
3957:0006-1913
3899:165868664
3821:255918382
3813:0373-6032
3736:161657064
3728:0022-2968
3686:"Šulpaʾe"
3621:"NIN-maḫ"
3446:882106763
3289:Katz 2008
3192:Katz 2010
2801:Katz 2007
2777:Katz 2003
2679:Katz 2008
2068:Citations
1864:Mythology
1715:from the
1711:-Amorite
1673:Napirisha
1669:Kiririsha
1637:Shuzianna
1625:Šassūrātu
1618:gud-balaĝ
1604:An = Anum
1538:An = Anum
1527:An = Anum
1417:Bēlet-ilī
1403:Bēlet-ilī
1343:An = Anum
1316:deities:
1308:) in the
1306:Tell Brak
1217:Belet-Ili
1151:Anzu Epic
1093:Ninḫarsag
1060:Ninḫursaĝ
967:An = Anum
961:Mythology
903:Ušumgallu
804:Gilgamesh
721:Ninsikila
691:Ningirima
686:Ningirida
541:Asaruludu
428:Nanna/Sin
411:Ninhursag
300:Babylonia
201:Kiririsha
180:(only in
134:(only in
124:(only in
87:Genealogy
49:fertility
33:Ninhursag
5115:Ziusudra
5095:Enmerkar
5064:Mušḫuššu
4885:Ishtaran
4672:23281604
4639:51770219
4592:(2006).
4431:41670228
4224:48145544
4120:"Ḫasīsu"
4067:20062705
4021:51770219
3653:(1998).
3609:"NIN-LÁ"
3561:(2006).
3551:56414097
2041:See also
1908:Ninkurra
1900:Ninnisig
1898:(called
1709:Akkadian
1667:goddess
1569:Ningirsu
1474:Hymn of
1425:Diĝirmaḫ
1392:Function
1379:Entemena
1328:Diĝirmaḫ
1318:Shaushka
1272:shassuru
1261:𒀭𒁮𒆠𒈾
1256:Sumerian
1248:Diĝirmaḫ
1239:temple.
1222:Akkadian
1211:𒀭𒀀𒊒𒊒
1206:Sumerian
1170:ḪAR.SAG̃
1163:Sumerian
1109:Sumerian
1089:Ninursag
1083:ḪAR.SAG̃
1069:𒀭𒎏𒄯𒊕
1064:Sumerian
928:Lamashtu
898:Mušmaḫḫū
829:Ziusudra
799:Enmerkar
746:Sarpanit
726:Ninšubur
701:Ninkilim
666:Ninmarki
641:Maštabba
606:Kajamanu
566:Enbilulu
536:Anunnaki
285:Anatolia
243:a series
241:Part of
150:Children
92:Siblings
64:Akkadian
5016:Sherida
4991:Ninkasi
4986:Ninimma
4930:Ninurta
4905:Ninegal
4727:in the
4716:in the
4482:8800122
4167:"Lisin"
2002:Worship
1979:In the
1924:Genesis
1800:kudurru
1788:3000 BC
1748:Ašratum
1740:Athirat
1695:Hittite
1684:Shalash
1665:Elamite
1641:Ninmada
1633:Ninimma
1602:In the
1536:In the
1352:Malgium
1322:Nabarbi
1314:Hurrian
1302:Alalakh
1294:Shalash
1282:in the
1252:Damkina
1233:Ninmena
1229:Ninurta
1149:in the
1147:Ninurta
913:Humbaba
834:Apkallu
814:Shamhat
696:Ninkasi
661:Nindara
576:Erragal
531:Agasaya
508:Ninurta
463:Enkimdu
458:Dumuzid
317:Semitic
312:Iranian
251:Ancient
231:Athirat
211:Shalash
178:Ninurta
110:Consort
5090:Enkidu
5074:Rabisu
5059:Huwawa
5011:Nungal
5006:Ninsun
4981:Namtar
4976:Isimud
4951:Azimua
4920:Ninlil
4910:Ningal
4900:Ninazu
4895:Nisaba
4890:Nergal
4844:Inanna
4670:
4662:
4637:
4627:
4602:
4480:
4470:
4429:
4421:
4368:
4358:
4322:
4312:
4293:
4270:
4222:
4212:
4156:
4146:
4065:
4057:
4019:
4009:
3992:
3982:
3955:
3897:
3864:
3848:
3838:
3819:
3811:
3759:
3734:
3726:
3661:
3639:
3596:
3571:
3549:
3539:
3511:
3473:
3444:
3434:
2057:Inanna
2012:Nippur
1992:Marduk
1965:Others
1896:Ninsar
1881:Nippur
1808:Nanaya
1804:Hathor
1744:Ugarit
1653:Mumudu
1649:Ninmug
1645:Ninšar
1609:sukkal
1577:Ninlil
1561:Lagash
1503:Nippur
1501:, and
1489:Šulpae
1468:Family
1407:Lagash
1399:Nintur
1368:Lagash
1358:Ninmaḫ
1310:Khabur
1231:. As
1214:) and
1178:Ninmah
1128:Lagash
1105:Ninmah
1019:Sukkal
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