36:
432:("star") or Maḫdianna ("lofty one of heaven") was frequently associated with Ninsianna. They appear together in multiple god lists. A certain Sîn-išmeanni described himself as "servant of Ninsianna and Kabta" on a cylinder seal. However, the exact nature of the relationship between these two deities, and even Kabta's gender, remain uncertain due to scarcity and state of preservation of available sources.
322:
is otherwise exclusively a title of gods, not goddesses. According to Daniel
Schwemer, direct references to masculine Ninsianna are overall relatively common. However, some evidence in favor of interpreting specific references to Ninsianna as designating this deity as a god rather than a goddess, for
652:
priest of this deity is attested in one document. A text from this location deals with an oracular inquiry to
Ninsianna about the well-being of Ur-Utu. A reference to a city gate of Ninsianna is also known, though the tablet is broken making the context it appears in difficult to ascertain.
627:
inscriptions mentioning
Ninsianna are known too. For example, three have been found in Sippar. Some such seals mention this deity alongside Adad. Occasionally Ninsianna appears as a theophoric element in personal names, with known examples including Ur-Ninsianna, Lu-Ninsianna, and
436:
considered it possible that the deity was male and functioned as the spouse of
Ninsianna, but there is also evidence in favor of viewing Kabta as a goddess, including a seal depicting two goddesses who might be Ninsianna and Kabta. According to Jeremiah Peterson, in the god list
318:) who helped him in battles against his enemies. Douglas Frayne nonetheless translates the inscription as if a feminine deity was meant, "for the goddess Ninsianna, my lord," though Manfred Krebernik in a review notes this is incorrect. Frayne himself acknowledges that
476:
also lists ALAM as a byname of Timua, though according to
Wilfred G. Lambert this is most likely a reference of the concept of deified statues, and does not indicate any relation to other deities whose names could be written with the same logogram, such as
276:
has characterized
Ninsianna as a "dimorphic (...) goddess," while Julia M. Asher-Greve—as a "bi-gendered deity." It has been proposed that Ninsianna was originally considered to be female, but her gender became variable due to contact between
147:. There is evidence that Ninsianna's gender varied between locations, and both feminine and masculine forms of this deity were worshiped. Due to their shared connection to Venus, Ninsianna was associated with Inanna. Furthermore, the deity
711:
and other goddesses, most of whom are known for association with either Ishtar or the city of Uruk. According to Julia Krul, she was introduced to the local pantheon in this period because of her association with Inanna-Ishtar.
511:
with other deities equates her with
Ninsianna. According to Julia Krul, the goal was to establish Antu as "Ištar’s superior in the domain of the heavens" as a part of a broader phenomenon of extending the scope of her cult in
606:
Ninsianna, according to Julia M. Asher-Greve treated as a goddess in this context, is one of the female deities most commonly mentioned in personal letters from the Old
Babylonian period, in which she appears less often than
681:, Ninsianna also came to be worshiped in this city in the late first millennium BCE. She is attested in the description of a parade of deities accompanying Ishtar during a parade celebrating the New Year festival (
1608:"Buchbesprechungen. Frayne, Douglas: Old Babylonian period (2003-1595 BC) (= The royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early periods, Volume 4). University of Toronto Press, Toronto/Buffalo, London 1990"
548:
which mentions the construction of a different temple of
Ninsianna might pertain to a house of worship located in Nippur, though other locations have been proposed as well in the past, including
656:
The use of
Ninsianna's name to refer to Venus declined after the Old Babylonian period. However, there is evidence that the feminine form of Ninsianna continued to be worshiped in the
285:
who represented the same celestial body as a male deity. However, according Westenholz Ninsianna's case is distinct from instances of deities whose gender changed due to
457:
The goddess Timua frequently appears in god lists and other lexical lists alongside Ninsianna and Kabta, and is also explained with the same phrase as both of them in
401:. The latter goddess own association with the planet Venus goes back to the Uruk period. However, their functions in Mesopotamian religion were separate. In
170:. The use of Ninsianna's name to refer to the planet Venus declined later, though the feminine form of this deity continued to be worshiped, for example in
245:, like a number of other astral deities. A compendium of oil omens states that oil spreading into the shape of a star is an omen pertaining to Ninsianna.
405:, Ninsianna and Inanna were worshiped separately from each other, with only the former serving as a divine representation of the planet Venus. Separate
1840:
Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
2018:
252:
presents Ninsianna both as a deity of justice, "judge, supreme advisor, who distinguishes between truth and falsehood," and as a divine warrior.
1916:
1829:
1993:
461:. She is also attested in prayers from the Kassite period. A variant spelling of her name, Simua, might indicate that it was derived from
260:
Ninsianna's gender varies between known sources. A scholarly tablet from the archive of Ur-Utu, who served the chief lamentation priest (
677:
rituals involved offerings to Ninsianna, as well as the astral representations of other deities. While absent from texts from Uruk from
1881:"The Many Faces of Enheduanna's Inana: Literary Images of Inana and the Visual Culture from the Akkadian to the Old Babylonian Period"
591:, where a clay cone with an inscription commemorating this event has been found. Ninsianna is also mentioned in a curse formula of
1426:
272:, indicates that it is possible that as a personification of Venus, the deity was viewed as female at sunset and male at sunrise.
468:, "horn growing," though Manfred Krebernik remarks this even if this assumption is correct, it might only be the reflection of a
1970:
1892:
1848:
1805:
1774:
1745:
1700:
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158:, and includes references to the construction of two temples of this deity. Many further attestations are available from the
1575:
Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut
393:
vocabulary. Jeremiah Peterson instead favors the translation "goddess of the star." The association between Ninsianna and
186:
Ninsianna, the "Red Queen of Heaven," was a divine representation of the planet Venus. In the second millennium BCE this
2023:
1681:"'Star Anu, Lord of Heaven': The Influence of the Celestial Sciences on Temple Rituals in Hellenistic Uruk and Babylon"
238:, Ninsianna was depicted in the form of a goddess with a star on her horned crown, or a goddess accompanied by a star.
1669:
1551:
1497:
1428:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
2008:
619:. One of them invokes her in the role of a tutelary deity of a specific family. In another, the same deity and
353:
stone mentioned in them. Ninsianna was also considered female in the context of the worship of this deity in
349:
archives appear to present Ninsianna as a goddess, rather than a god, as evidenced by the connection to the
1885:
From Stone Age to Stellenbosch : studies on the Ancient Near East in honour of Izak (Sakkie) Cornelius
151:
appears alongside Ninsianna in many texts, but the character of the relation between them remains unclear.
425:, with the justification relying partially on the similarity between the names of Ninsianna and Ninisina.
1867:
1607:
599:. A second similar formula has been attributed either to him, to his son Zabazuna, or less plausibly to
234:
calls Ninsianna the "mistress who illuminates heaven." It has been proposed that in art, for example on
2033:
2013:
203:
41:
2038:
1961:
Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1997). "Nanaya: Lady of Mystery". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).
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273:
1988:
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Gender of Ninsianna seems to vary based on location as well. It is generally accepted that in
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678:
568:
208:
199:
163:
144:
579:. A temple dedicated to Ninisianna, É-ešbarzida ("House of True Decisions"), was rebuilt by
8:
1386:"Bird in the Sky – Babylonian Bird Omen Collections, Astral Observations and the manzāzu"
668:
636:
itself Ninsianna is one of best attested goddesses in various documents, next to Ishtar,
1910:
1823:
1706:
1413:
517:
433:
132:
1794:"Uruk in der Frühen Bronzezeit: Zu dessen Königen und Göttern und zur Lage von Kulaba"
648:. According to Rivkah Harris, a temple of Ninsianna must have existed in Sippar, as a
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1435:
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332:
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159:
128:
1449:
Beckman, Gary (1999). "The Goddess Pirinkir and Her Ritual from Ḫattuša (CTH 644)".
1933:
1688:
1657:
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The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
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64:
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on at least one occasion referred to Ninsianna as male, calling him as a “king” (
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657:
616:
508:
469:
269:
223:
1902:
1815:
1661:
339:
in such cases might be employed as a gender neutral term, similar to Sumerian
2002:
1947:
1784:
1755:
1623:
1572:
Ancient Sippar: a Demographic Study of an Old-Babylonian City, 1894-1595 B.C.
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1409:
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for this deity. According to Walther Sallaberger, a tablet from the reign of
533:
444:
398:
235:
155:
35:
1858:
1561:
1507:
1462:
541:
1766:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
1570:
692:
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1938:
1524:
1401:
580:
413:. As an extension of the association between Inanna and Ninsianna, in the
249:
1926:"The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources"
1471:
673:
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529:
211:
sources. It refers to Ninsianna as the name of Venus during the month of
660:. The existence of a temple dedicated to her in Nippur is attested in a
507:
A late hymn which uses "rare and unusual lexical equations" to identify
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1874:, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy
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422:
346:
328:
300:, he was worshiped as a male deity. Similar evidence is known from
166:
periods, including royal inscriptions, personal letters, seals and
875:
858:
623:
are asked for a blessing for the person it was addressed to. Many
1451:
Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques
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116:
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The oldest evidence for the worship of Ninsianna comes from the
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could be used to represent the astral body in various works of
171:
53:
909:
174:. In the Hellenistic period, she appears in ritual texts from
1687:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 219–234.
1612:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
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632:
Yar’ip-Ninsianna. In Old Babylonian sources from the city of
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314:
309:
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came to be used more commonly instead, with the exception of
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136:
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69:
1989:
A šir-namursaĝa to Ninsiana for Iddin-Dagan (Iddin-Dagan A)
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418:
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1030:
1028:
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highlight a connection to light and radiance. A text from
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139:. This theonym also served as the name of the planet in
44:. Ninsianna is mentioned as a name for the planet Venus.
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as analogous to Ninsianna. Pinikir's gender varies in
450:, Ninsianna, Kabta and Maḫdianna are all explained as
1490:
Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature
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text, but its ceremonial name is not listed in it. A
532:
and is attested for the first time in texts from the
1199:
1067:
841:
1798:
Uruk - altorientalische Metropole und Kulturzentrum
1544:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1425:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1312:
762:
1360:
1336:
1324:
387:. The same explanation of her name is given in an
368:
2000:
1878:
1685:Scholars and Scholarship in Late Babylonian Uruk
918:
528:Ninsianna was worshiped in various locations in
1930:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
1390:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
563:of Ninsianna is well attested in the following
409:of them both are also attested in sources from
194:, though in the first millennium BCE the name
1994:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
417:, the former was partially syncretised with
1791:
1106:
571:as well. She was worshiped by the kings of
331:, is uncertain, as it is possible that the
241:Ninsianna was occasionally associated with
1960:
1915:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1828:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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135:considered to be the personification of
1963:Sumerian Gods and their Representations
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1872:Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses
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379:states that Ninsianna was regarded as “
2019:Androgynous and hermaphroditic deities
2001:
1843:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1618:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 122–141.
1568:
1541:
1517:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.)
1514:
1487:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1229:
1217:
1205:
1076:
1019:
992:
1740:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
1879:van Dijk-Coombes, Renate M. (2021).
1678:
1649:
1384:Anor, Netanel; Cohen, Yoram (2021).
1366:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1193:
540:pertaining to the construction of a
230:, "radiant god." A late source from
611:, but with comparable frequency to
552:, which he considers unlikely, and
13:
14:
2055:
1981:
1355:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1242:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1146:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1119:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1047:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
969:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
950:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
904:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
889:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
870:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
817:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
757:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
587:, and might have been located in
1796:. In van Ess, Margarete (ed.).
1519:. University of Toronto Press.
1376:
369:Associations with other deities
131:: "Red Queen of Heaven") was a
1:
1792:Sallaberger, Walther (2021).
715:
1736:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1724:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1718:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980),
1637:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1593:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1546:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1457:(1). PERSEE Program: 25–39.
536:, such as an inscription of
181:
7:
1763:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
1693:10.1007/978-3-030-04176-2_7
1631:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
1606:Krebernik, Manfred (1997).
1434:. Academic Press Fribourg.
143:texts until the end of the
10:
2060:
1924:Veenhof, Klaas R. (2018).
1868:"Ninsi'anna (god/goddess)"
1866:Stephens, Kathryn (2016),
1769:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
1587:Heimpel, Wolfgang (1998),
1542:George, Andrew R. (1993).
1492:. Potomac, MD: CDL Press.
523:
323:example an inscription of
204:Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
42:Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
2024:Sky and weather goddesses
1837:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
1738:Babylonian creation myths
1662:10.1163/9789004364943_004
1488:Foster, Benjamin (1996).
454:, and thus as goddesses.
255:
112:
107:
96:
91:
83:
75:
63:
49:
33:
26:
21:
16:Mesopotamian astral deity
1800:(in German). Wiesbaden.
1515:Frayne, Douglas (1990).
274:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
28:Personification of Venus
1569:Harris, Rivkah (1975).
1463:10.3406/ktema.1999.2206
687:), which also involved
502:Hurrian religious texts
2009:Mesopotamian goddesses
569:Old Babylonian periods
192:Mesopotamian astronomy
1965:. STYX Publications.
1939:10.3917/assy.112.0049
1525:10.3138/9781442678033
1402:10.3917/assy.115.0051
931:Anor & Cohen 2021
919:van Dijk-Coombes 2021
679:Neo-Babylonian period
145:Old Babylonian period
1679:Krul, Julia (2019).
1650:Krul, Julia (2018).
421:’s dynastic goddess
218:Many of Ninsianna's
1396:(1). CAIRN: 51–80.
1196:, pp. 225–226.
995:, pp. 297–298.
492:indicates that the
1232:, p. 712-713.
518:Hellenistic period
434:Wilfred G. Lambert
248:An inscription of
207:, which relied on
133:Mesopotamian deity
113:Hurrian equivalent
2034:Stellar goddesses
2014:Mesopotamian gods
1972:978-90-56-93005-9
1894:978-3-96327-150-2
1850:978-3-447-04456-1
1807:978-3-447-11368-7
1776:978-3-86835-019-7
1747:978-1-57506-861-9
1702:978-3-030-04175-5
1534:978-1-4426-7803-3
1441:978-3-7278-1738-0
1133:, pp. 58–59.
1049:, pp. 95–96.
662:Middle Babylonian
638:Inanna of Zabalam
415:Isin-Larsa period
397:goes back to the
283:Semitic languages
122:
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50:Major cult center
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488:A god list from
281:and speakers of
226:uses the phrase
168:theophoric names
38:
19:
18:
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703:, Ilid-eturra,
671:version of the
573:dynasty of Isin
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371:
345:. Prayers from
308:. Rim-Sîn I of
258:
184:
45:
29:
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1982:External links
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1932:(112): 49–90.
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1359:
1357:, p. 126.
1347:
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1321:, p. 188.
1311:
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1299:
1297:, p. 155.
1287:
1285:, p. 152.
1270:
1258:
1246:
1244:, p. 251.
1234:
1222:
1220:, p. 709.
1210:
1198:
1186:
1184:, p. 425.
1174:
1172:, p. 508.
1170:Krebernik 2011
1162:
1150:
1135:
1123:
1121:, p. 434.
1111:
1109:, p. 355.
1096:
1081:
1066:
1051:
1039:
1037:, p. 441.
1024:
1022:, p. 297.
1009:
1007:, p. 125.
1005:Krebernik 1997
997:
985:
983:, p. 487.
973:
971:, p. 255.
954:
935:
923:
908:
906:, p. 127.
893:
874:
857:
840:
838:, p. 284.
821:
819:, p. 254.
800:
761:
759:, p. 101.
742:
740:, p. 488.
720:
719:
717:
714:
658:Kassite period
525:
522:
470:folk etymology
464:
428:A deity named
383:of the star,”
370:
367:
270:Sippar-Amnanum
257:
254:
236:cylinder seals
224:Sippar-Amnanum
209:Old Babylonian
200:Neo-Babylonian
183:
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164:Old Babylonian
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1614:(in German).
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1207:
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1195:
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1183:
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1159:
1158:Peterson 2009
1154:
1148:, p. 95.
1147:
1142:
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1132:
1131:Peterson 2009
1127:
1120:
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1103:
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1094:, p. 58.
1093:
1092:Peterson 2009
1088:
1086:
1079:, p. 34.
1078:
1073:
1071:
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1063:
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951:
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933:, p. 58.
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920:
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891:, p. 93.
890:
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872:, p. 86.
871:
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854:
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534:Ur III period
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399:Ur III period
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382:
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373:The god list
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62:
59:
55:
52:
48:
43:
37:
32:
25:
20:
2029:Stellar gods
1987:
1962:
1951:. Retrieved
1929:
1884:
1871:
1839:
1797:
1765:
1737:
1727:, retrieved
1723:
1684:
1652:
1641:, retrieved
1636:
1615:
1611:
1597:, retrieved
1592:
1577:. Retrieved
1571:
1543:
1516:
1489:
1454:
1450:
1427:
1393:
1389:
1377:Bibliography
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1266:Veenhof 2018
1261:
1254:Veenhof 2018
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1189:
1182:Lambert 2013
1177:
1165:
1153:
1126:
1114:
1042:
1000:
988:
981:Heimpel 1998
976:
926:
853:Beckman 1999
836:Lambert 1980
738:Heimpel 1998
693:Ninigizibara
682:
672:
669:Neo-Assyrian
665:metrological
655:
649:
605:
558:
527:
506:
487:
473:
462:
458:
456:
451:
447:
445:lexical text
438:
427:
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372:
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340:
336:
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313:
295:
261:
259:
247:
240:
227:
217:
202:
185:
153:
141:astronomical
124:
123:
1887:. Münster.
1639:(in German)
1595:(in German)
1307:George 1993
1295:Foster 1996
1283:Harris 1975
1230:Frayne 1990
1218:Frayne 1990
1206:George 1993
1077:George 1993
1020:Frayne 1990
993:Frayne 1990
577:Iddin-Dagan
530:Mesopotamia
443:and in the
108:Equivalents
56:, possibly
2003:Categories
1953:2022-09-14
1903:1294273921
1816:1255365039
1729:2022-01-28
1643:2022-09-14
1599:2022-01-31
1589:"Ninsiana"
1579:2022-09-14
716:References
575:, such as
565:Isin-Larsa
448:Proto-Diri
289:, such as
287:syncretism
160:Isin-Larsa
1948:0373-6032
1911:cite book
1824:cite book
1785:460044951
1756:861537250
1711:165727684
1656:. Brill.
1624:0084-5299
1481:0221-5896
1418:246562402
1410:0373-6032
1367:Krul 2018
1343:Krul 2018
1331:Krul 2018
1319:Krul 2018
1194:Krul 2019
701:Ninmeurur
642:Annunitum
601:Anubanini
593:Iddin-Sin
581:Rim-Sîn I
474:An = Anum
459:An = Anum
440:An = Anum
376:An = Anum
325:Iddin-Sin
291:Ninshubur
279:Sumerians
266:Annunitum
250:Rim-Sîn I
243:haruspicy
228:ilum elum
182:Character
125:Ninsianna
100:possibly
92:Genealogy
22:Ninsianna
1859:48145544
1562:27813103
1508:34149948
705:Šaĝepada
646:Zarpanit
597:Simurrum
546:Amar-Sin
494:Hurrians
423:Ninisina
333:Akkadian
329:Simurrum
262:kalamāḫu
220:epithets
129:Sumerian
87:variable
1992:in the
1720:"Kabta"
634:Babylon
630:Mariote
621:Ilabrat
524:Worship
516:in the
498:Pinikir
496:viewed
347:Kassite
188:theonym
117:Pinikir
2044:Inanna
1969:
1946:
1901:
1891:
1857:
1847:
1814:
1804:
1783:
1773:
1754:
1744:
1709:
1699:
1668:
1622:
1560:
1550:
1531:
1506:
1496:
1479:
1438:
1416:
1408:
709:Ninsun
697:Išartu
689:Nanaya
674:Mîs-pî
650:pašišu
609:Ishtar
550:Sippar
542:temple
538:Shulgi
483:Belili
411:Nippur
395:Inanna
390:emesal
381:Ishtar
355:Nippur
342:dingir
298:Sippar
256:Gender
196:Dilbat
172:Nippur
97:Spouse
84:Gender
79:a star
76:Symbol
65:Planet
54:Nippur
1707:S2CID
1432:(PDF)
1414:S2CID
684:akītu
585:Larsa
479:Alala
463:si-mu
430:Kabta
407:cults
403:Larsa
335:word
320:lugal
315:lugal
310:Larsa
306:Girsu
264:) of
213:Nisan
149:Kabta
137:Venus
102:Kabta
70:Venus
1967:ISBN
1944:ISSN
1917:link
1899:OCLC
1889:ISBN
1855:OCLC
1845:ISBN
1830:link
1812:OCLC
1802:ISBN
1781:OCLC
1771:ISBN
1752:OCLC
1742:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1620:ISSN
1558:OCLC
1548:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1504:OCLC
1494:ISBN
1477:ISSN
1436:ISBN
1406:ISSN
644:and
625:seal
617:Gula
567:and
561:cult
559:The
554:Uruk
514:Uruk
509:Antu
490:Emar
481:and
419:Isin
363:Uruk
361:and
359:Isin
351:šuba
304:and
232:Uruk
176:Uruk
162:and
40:The
1934:doi
1689:doi
1658:doi
1521:doi
1467:hdl
1459:doi
1398:doi
1394:115
615:or
613:Aya
595:of
583:of
337:ilu
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
