Ninkarrak - Knowledge

36: 672:, stand for Ninkarrak rather than the similarly named, but more obscure southern Mesopotamian goddess of daylight. Occasional shortening of Ninkarrak's name to "Ninkar" is known from Mesopotamian sources as well. This theory is also accepted by Alfonso Archi, who notes that identification of the Eblaite Ninkar with a minor Sumerian goddess of daylight would make it difficult to explain why devotion to her is relatively common, for example among women of the royal house. Irene Sibbing-Plantholt also presumes Ninkarrak was worshiped in Ebla. 556:," although in her survey of past scholarship on the matter, she ultimately concludes that none of the proposals can be accepted with certainty, and she agrees with the view that the variable orthography and apparent lack of connection between the meaning of the sign "KAR" and Ninkarrak's character might indicate that her name did not originate in Sumerian. Westenholz, who also voiced support for this view, pointed out Ninkarrak's name is absent from glossaries of dialectical 898: 929:, although not next to each other. Joan Goodnick Westenholz presumed that the link between the deities was based on their shared origin in what is modern Syria, while Irene Sibbing-Plantholt refers more broadly to both of them as being worshiped in the "Western and Eastern fringes of Mesopotamia" and identifies that as the cause. She also proposes that since Ninkarrak was associated with dogs and Išḫara with either 1324:. A temple excavated in that city has been identified as one dedicated to Ninkarrak. The identification was based on finds that include a tablet with a list of offerings that starts with her name (most likely used as a point of reference by priests maintaining it), as well as seals mentioning her, and other epigraphic evidence. Among the items excavated were 6637 beads made out of a variety of materials ( 589:). This view is also supported by Sibbing-Plantholt, who concludes that the Sumerian appearance of the name "could (...) have been carefully created by scholars who attempted to give the goddess a meaningful position within the religious framework". Westenholz proposed that Ninkarrak might have originally been one of the deities whose names belong to a proposed 1452:, she was one of the deities invoked in oath formulas in treaties, and a statue of her might have been present during related ceremonies. However, Klaas R. Veenhof argues that it cannot be said for sure whether Ninkarrak appears in documents from this kingdom as a local deity or whether she belonged instead to the pantheon of the other signatory of the treaty. 1506:. However, in the latter case the only evidence is a letter with the formula "just as I do not turn my back on Ninkarrak, I do not turn my back on you", which might only reflect the personal devotion of the author or the professional community he belonged to, and as such, does not necessarily confirm that she belonged to the local pantheon. 1356:, all of which likely were intended as an offering to Ninkarrak or a were a temple deposit. Archaeologists found a number of small bronze figurines of dogs inside the temple as well. Further excavations additionally uncovered a ceremonial axe and a scimitar with a devotional inscription mentioning Ninkarrak, both made out of 1279:

with repairing it, and describes its previous state in the following terms: "the temple had not been kept in good repair, so that its ground plan had become obliterated and its outlines unrecognizable, covered with dust, (which) was no longer named together with the sanctuaries of the gods, (whose)

298:. Dogs frequently are found associated with Ninkarrak and are interpreted as a symbol for her as well as for multiple other divine physician goddesses. While she was sometimes identified with other similar deities, certain traits were unique to her. Together with the distribution of evidence of her 1222:

area. A temple dedicated to her already existed there in the Old Babylonian period. It bore the ceremonial name Eulla, "house of rejoicing". The temple might have owned property in the city, as indicated by a reference to a field of Ninkarrak. A year name of Buntaḫtun-ila, a local ruler of Sippar

705:

already proposed it in his translation of the Carchemish inscription in 1938. That translation has been challenged in a recent publication by Sylvia Hutter-Braunsar, although as of 2022, the identification of Nikarawa as an alternate spelling of Ninkarrak's name is still regarded as plausible.

917:, later worshiped by various cultures of Mesopotamia, as well as by Hurrians and Hittites. She was believed to be capable of both inflicting and, if placated, curing illnesses, but she also functioned as a love goddess and was associated with the underworld and by extension with the goddess 734:). Mesopotamian goddesses associated with medicine were portrayed as surgeons in literary texts, cleaning wounds and applying bandages. One healing incantation invokes Ninkarrak with the formula "May Ninkarrak bandage you with her gentle hands". Her other area of expertise was believed to be 517:, arguing it can be translated roughly as "the one who 'does' the harbour", in their proposal a to be understood as synonym of "prostitute". Irene Sibbing-Plantholt notes that past popularity of this proposal relied on the presumption that goddesses were connected to supposed practices of " 762:

to refer to her as the "goddess of maladies". Irene Sibbing-Plantholt goes as far as suggesting that Ninkarrak might have been primarily a curse deity, and only acquired an association with healing as an extension of this role. She already appears in a curse formula from the reign of

998:, Ninkarrak, Gula, and Ninisina occur separately from each other, which indicates they were viewed as separate from each other at the time of its composition. However, as noted by Joan Goodnick Westenholz, the study of Ninkarrak as an independent deity was nonetheless neglected in 750:

and might indicate that healing goddesses were viewed as guardians of pregnant women, as well as mothers and newborns, who are demographic groups particularly endangered by this creature according to Mesopotamian beliefs. Notably Ninkarrak was not described as a divine

306:, individual Mesopotamian goddesses of medicine had distinct origins. It is possible that Ninkarrak only developed into a healing goddess due to already being associated with disease in curse formulas, in which she appears frequently as early as in the 1054:, and more. At the same time, each section appears to preserve information about the original character of the goddess mentioned in it. The one dedicated to Ninkarrak does not describe her abilities as a healer, but rather highlights her high status. 1039:, "lady of bandages (and) magical actions". Irene Sibbing-Plantholt notes that a difference between the respective characters of Ninkarrak and Ninisina is, that the former was not typically described as motherly, in contrast with the latter who was. 1378:

Kashtiliash, initially estimated as ruling c. 1690 BCE a date later than 1650 BCE has been proposed as well, based on closer analysis of artifacts. The beads, likely serving as a temple deposit, were specifically dated to his reign. His name has

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in modern Syria and according to Joan Goodnick Westenholz, might support the theory that she originated in the northwest of Mesopotamia. In Emar, she had no temple and does not appear in theophoric names. A curse formula invokes her alongside

990:. While they formed an interconnected network, and could be treated as equivalents or conflated, all of them were initially separate from each other. The differences among individual deities were particularly pronounced in the sphere of 794:. However, according to Sibbing-Plantholt it is not certain whether Ninkarrak's connection with dogs necessarily reflects her role as a healing deity, and might instead reflect the liminal character of dogs in Mesopotamian beliefs. 1231:

drum to her temple. A gate and a district of the city also were named after her. She also occurs in theophoric names, such as Puzur-Ninkarrak and Ṣilli-Ninkarrak. One bearer of the latter name was a scribe during the reign of

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was responsible for this phenomenon. Irene Sibbing-Plantholt notes that since Ninkarrak was worshiped there for longer than the other two goddesses, who are much more sparsely attested, their names were likely treated as her

1089:" locally. Equally close connection between Ninkarrak and Gula is otherwise unattested. A difference between them has been identified based on curse formulas, where only Ninkarrak was invoked to bring incurable diseases. 1393:

The scarabs from the temple of Ninkarrak are considered a find of particular achaeoloigcal importance, as they represent the easternmost known location where such objects have been found in a sealed deposit dated to the

1174:, although it is also possible her inclusion depended instead, on the presence of her cult in areas bordering with Elam. A number of further possible early references are uncertain, as it is not clear when the writing 3855: 560:

forms, which would be expected for a Sumerian theonym, although this argument is not accepted by Sibbing-Plantholt as convincing evidence. Westenholz argued that the name was of foreign origin (much like these of

1275:, who reigned from 605 to 562 BCE, apparently was devoted to Ninkarrak and rebuilt the Eulla. Eight copies of an inscription commemorating this event are presently known. The king states that he was tasked by 1497:

While she is overall sparsely attested in sources from the Mesopotamian heartland before the end of the Old Babylonian period, sporadic references to her are also known from the southernmost cities, notably

1300:

refers to it as belonging to "Gula-Ninkarrak" and tentatively proposes that it was the same house of worship as the Egalmah. Joan Goodnick Westenholz describes the temple in Borsippa in similar terms.

513:") in the 1970s. This view is also accepted by a number of other researchers. Maurice Lambert in the 1950s and Piotr Steinkeller in the 1990s both suggested that Ninkarrak's name was an allusion to 1218:, although it is not certain whether she was present in the local pantheon before the Old Babylonian period or, whether she only was introduced there during the reign of Immerum, perhaps from the 1538:

and implores both of them to react if anyone damages the rest of the text by destroying "his seed and his name". In Ugarit, she is mentioned in a medical formula against eye disease written in

489:, which would require a hypothetical form Lakrak to be in use at some point, eventually leading to the spelling Karrak, although this suggestion was evaluated critically by Manfred Krebernik. 1011:

Ninkarrak was commonly associated with both Gula and Ninisina, who were interchangeable to a degree. An association between her and the latter of these two goddesses is first attested in the

1072:

present in the same passage, Esabad, belonged to Ninisina. A degree of interchangeability between Ninkarrak and Ninisina and between Ninkarrak and Gula is attested in sources from

1004: 1042:

A syncretistic hymn to Gula composed at some point between 1400 BCE and 700 BCE by Bulluṭsa-rabi equates her with a number of other goddesses, including Ninkarrak, but also Bau,

1080:(for example, the same man appears as "Puzur-Ninkarrak" in one document and as "Puzur-Gula" in another). According to Barbara Böck it is possible that large-scale migration from 223:). Finds from excavations undertaken at the site of the latter were used as evidence in more precisely dating the history of the region. Further attestations are available from 701:, which asks the goddess' dogs to devour anyone who damages the inscribed monument. The identification of Nikarawa with Ninkarrak has a long history in modern scholarship. 1398:. The excavation made it possible to date the artifacts with relative accuracy as certain features evident in them are not attested before 1650-1640 BCE (the reign of the 1406:

inscribed on them are regarded as "poorly executed and sometimes misunderstood", indicating Levantine, rather than Egyptian, origin, with similar ones being known from

1190:, while Irene Sibbing-Plantholt maintains a more cautious approach, and concludes that it remains uncertain which goddess is meant in early sources such as the 1253:(boundary stone) inscription, which states that if anyone will transgress the listed regulations, Ninkarrak will "take away his seed". Attestations from the 446:, although according to Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik, a second and less likely possibility is that it was based on a connection with the term 3571:

Concepts of kingship in antiquity: proceedings of the European Science Foundation Exploratory Workshop, held in Padova, November 28th-December 1st, 2007

1280:

regular offerings were cut off, they ceased to be mentioned, the cereal offerings were discontinued". He also built temples dedicated to Ninkarrak in

593:, originally proposed by Alfonso Archi. It has been argued that a number of deities known from sources from various ancient cities located in modern 3932:

The Image of Mesopotamian Divine Healers. Healing Goddesses and the Legitimization of Professional Asûs in the Mesopotamian Medical Marketplace

660:". However, it is generally accepted that the point of origin for Ninkarrak should be considered uncertain in the light of available evidence. 758:

Ninkarrak was also invoked in curses. In this capacity, she was implored to inflict various diseases upon potential transgressors, which led

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area, is regarded as a "substratum" deity in some recent studies too due to the implausibility of various proposed etymologies of his name.

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in the region. The proposed category of "Syrian substratum" deities includes a number of deities for the most part first attested in Ebla:

1194:

deity list. Other certain early attestations have been identified in incantations, inscriptions, theophoric names, and toponyms from the

1134:. According to Daniel T. Potts, she is one of the four deities from the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon mentioned in it, the other four being 1463:, where a festival involving offerings of sesame oil was held in her honor, in Išḫali, where she is attested in incantations, and in 925:

treaty, offering lists from Sippar and Mari, and especially, in curse formulas. Additionally, both appear in Naram-Sin's treaty with

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de Boer, Rients (2021). "Studies on the Old Babylonian Kings of Isin and Their Dynasties with an Updated List of Isin Year Names".

1482:) and she is also present in a small number of personal names from Nippur. It also is possible that she was worshiped at a site in 1159: 3352: 1474:

Ninkarrak also was worshiped in locations more closely related to the cults of other healing goddesses: she had a small chapel in

1068:, Ninkarrak is mentioned in association with the coronation of Ipḫur-Kiši, although in another copy Gula appears instead, and the 1514:

A goddess known from texts from Ebla who might correspond to Ninkarrak, Ninkar, appears in one of the offering lists, following

525:

rejected this view due to lack of a connection to Ninkarrak's sphere of activity. Douglas Frayne suggested that the name was a

199:. It is presumed that inconsistent orthography reflects ancient scholarly attempts at making it more closely resemble Sumerian 1390:

However, the temple remained in use later as well. and archaeologists speculate that the temple was remodeled multiple times.

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Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut

3133:"The Scarabs from the Ninkarrak Temple Cache at Tell 'Ašara/Terqa (Syria): History, Archaeological Context, and Chronology" 442:

writing of the name, NIN.IN.DUB, is likely derived from NIN.IN, used to represent the name of another goddess of medicine,

830:. However, with the exception of a single bilingual text, Ninkarrak was never associated with the daughter of Ninisina, 779:

temple" and imploring her to punish anyone who damages the monuments with diseases "which a physician cannot diagnose".

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ending), although this view is generally considered implausible. Sibbing-Plantholt proposes the derivation from nin-kara

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Irene Sibbing-Plantholt points out that parallels may be drawn between the roles of Ninkarrak and the rainbow goddess

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Ninkarrak was regarded as a healing goddess and functioned as a divine physician. Evidence from deity lists such as

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Early occupation of the structure has been dated to roughly the same period as the reigns of three kings of Terqa:

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Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources

4138: 4120:, a website documenting the excavations carried out at Terqa by a Joint American Expedition between 1976 and 1986 806:, who could also function as the husband of other medicine goddesses. They appear together on two seals from the 802:

Ninkarrak was usually not paired with any male deities, although sometimes she appears in association with

782:

References were often made to Ninkarrak's dogs, which were regarded as fearsome. She can be identified on

597:

bear names that originally came from an unknown language predating the era of predominance of speakers of

941: 1459:, although its ceremonial name and precise location are unknown. It is known that she was worshiped in 1399: 644:

According to Westenholz's proposal, the area where Ninkarrak was originally worshiped "could be in the

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Between Syria and the Highlands: studies in honor of Giorgio Buccellati & Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati

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was meant to make it resemble Sumerian theonyms, which often started with this sign (examples include

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in the past, with no dedicated studies published between 1918 and 2010, and no separate entry in the

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through the presence of these animals. A dog statuette was found during excavations of her temple in

485:, expanding on this proposal, suggested that it might have been derived from the name of the city of 299: 3791:. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East (in German). Vol. 107. Brill. pp. 518–530. 1522:. An offering of a mace to her is also attested, although Alfonso Archi considers it to be unusual. 4148: 1444:, although she was not a major goddess in this area in the first millennium BCE. In the kingdom of 1244: 1183: 522: 435: 1178:

refers to Ninkarrak and when to the goddess of daylight, Ninkar, who was regarded as analogous to

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Silva Anatolica: Anatolian studies presented to Maciej Popko on the occasion of his 65th birthday

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In Mari, Kakka, seemingly a local healing goddess, was associated with Ninkarrak, but also with

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Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi

3843:"Ancient Terqa and its temple of Ninkarrak: The Excavations of the Fifth and Sixth Seasons" 1403: 1349: 526: 224: 176: 3704: 3322:

Archi, Alfonso (2019). "Šamagan and the Mules of Ebla. Syrian Gods in Sumerian Disguise".

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text, listing deities greeted by the king during a long ritual and a number of hymns from

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and Middle Babylonian periods are infrequent overall: her name is only mentioned on three

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is attributed to both Išḫara and Ninkarrak in their respective sections of the deity list

8: 3461:

Böck, Barbara (2015). "Ancient Mesopotamian Religion: A Profile of the Healing Goddess".

1427: 937:, they might have been perceived as complementary deities, due to their animal symbols. 922: 739: 694: 518: 434:

sources, despite the standard spelling being generally employed consistently through the

3573:. Padova Winona Lake, Ind: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria Distributed by Eisenbrauns. 4034: 3810: 3724: 3716: 3621: 3496: 3404: 3246: 3207: 3160: 1449: 1127: 1060: 764: 188: 3423: 1320:

and in therapeutic incantations. She was particularly strongly associated with nearby

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Ninkarrak is the only healing goddess attested, and a reference to the property of a

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A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-umm and AN:Anu šá Ameli

1031:. In the late hymn to Ninisina, Ninkarrak appears as one of her names, described as 4057: 3985: 3792: 3700: 3605: 3478: 3470: 3431: 3388: 3300: 3191: 3144: 1519: 1380: 1297: 1147: 995: 875: 630: 618: 610: 602: 482: 4052:

Westenholz, Joan G. (2010). "Ninkarrak – an Akkadian goddess in Sumerian guise".

3905:

The archaeology of Elam: formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state

3823: 3634: 3547: 3528: 3509: 1487: 1468: 1348:), including some shaped as animals (a frog, a cow, and a duck) as well as nine 1289: 1195: 1171: 1112:(where the former Kakka appears in Ninkarrak's section) and from the later myth, 1077: 902: 844: 645: 578: 477: 324: 307: 272: 668:

Joan Goodnick Westenholz proposed that the name "Ninkar" attested in texts from

4123: 1293: 979: 864: 818:, which indicates that her parentage was understood to be identical to that of 283: 180: 132: 4061: 3949: 3796: 3343: 3195: 1288:. The latter, Ehursagsikilla, "house, pure mountain", survived as late as the 1261:, never in clear association with a specific figure depicted, and on a single 1170:. Her inclusion might indicate that she belonged to the state pantheon of the 826:, was sometimes said to be Ninkarrak's child instead. They appear together in 552:, "Lady of the mourning cloth", which according to her would fit Ninkarrak's " 4132: 4113: 4030: 3999: 3922: 3878: 3772:

Ancient Sippar: a Demographic Study of an Old-Babylonian City, 1894-1595 B.C.

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dedicated to her is known. Later Assyrian sources mentioning her include the

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Multiple sources attest the existence of a connection between Ninkarrak and

622: 311: 204: 3770: 1456: 1345: 1341: 1316:, she appears in a list of deities and offerings to them from the reign of 1219: 1191: 1051: 958:

In addition to Ninkarrak, multiple other healing goddesses belonged to the

921:. Examples of texts that mention Išḫara together with Ninkarrak include an 657: 606: 514: 236: 3990: 3304: 3180:"Rearranging the Gods in Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty (SAA 2 6:414—465)" 460:

also gives Ninekisiga, possibly to be understood as "lady of the house of

3978:"The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources" 3609: 3435: 3323: 3148: 1313: 1167: 1151: 1126:

The oldest certain attestation of Ninkarrak occurs in the treaty between

1114: 1065: 999: 827: 759: 702: 634: 330: 4038: 3483: 3250: 3211: 3164: 1573:, presumably a part of a scribal school curriculum, mentions Ninkarrak. 1150:, while the remaining twenty six are Elamite and include, among others, 282:. She shared her role in the Mesopotamian pantheon with deities such as 4015:"Nin-Isina(k)s Journey to Nippur. A bilingual divine journey revisited" 4014: 3720: 3474: 3408: 3226: 3179: 3132: 2337: 2335: 1491: 1479: 1368: 1224: 1202:, although in deity lists, Ninkarrak's name is not attested before the 971: 946: 867:

instead, and a text where in different copies her name alternates with

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Like a number of other healing goddesses, Ninkarrak was described as a

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Hutter-Braunsar, Sylvia (2019). "Die Gottheit Nikarawa in Karkamiš".

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Shunuhru-ammu, ruling c. 1650 BCE according to the initial estimates.

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was consistently regarded as Ninkarrak's father while her mother was

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A temple of Ninkarrak was located somewhere in the proximity of the

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basin, one side of the triangle formed by the Habur river ending at

626: 3566: 3265: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2434: 2432: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2347: 2212: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2152: 2150: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2030: 2028: 1988: 1986: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1746: 1744: 1601: 1551: 1337: 1281: 1254: 963: 934: 819: 803: 747: 743: 735: 681: 586: 582: 574: 494: 443: 439: 287: 268: 152: 122: 97: 1932: 1756: 1688: 1686: 1640: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 726: 4025:. Department of Oriental Studies, University of Vienna: 277–294. 3108: 2997: 1652: 1550:. Both of them are mentioned in an incantation against the demon 1515: 1372: 1285: 1249: 1237: 1163: 1135: 752: 614: 562: 537: 408: 263:. It is possible that references to "Ninkar" from the texts from 232: 200: 41: 3096: 3084: 3072: 2910: 2677: 2507: 2468: 2429: 2398: 2386: 2162: 2147: 2130: 2025: 1983: 1893: 1861: 1741: 3639:. Studies in Ancient Near Eastern Records (SANER). De Gruyter. 3567:"Dynastic Gods and Favourite Gods in the Neo-Babylonian Period" 2320: 1683: 1613: 1582: 1570: 1530: 1475: 1415: 1407: 1357: 1333: 1276: 1215: 1155: 1105: 1073: 1047: 1043: 975: 918: 886: 868: 831: 787: 653: 566: 557: 506: 392: 329:, it is not attested before the second millennium BCE, and the 256: 248: 208: 53: 3060: 1005:

Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie

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Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie

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Knut Tallqvist understood it as a topographical name, "Lady (

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from the same city as well, in this case following the pair

3190:(1). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG): 1–24. 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1547: 1546:

origin. In addition to Ninkarrak, the formula also invokes

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Attestations of Ninkarrak are known from sources from both

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The worship of Ninkarrak is well attested in sources from

822:, another healing goddess. The son of the latter goddess, 183:. It has been proposed that her name originates in either 4117: 3693:

The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures

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Ninkarrak was also present in the pantheon of the middle

310:. In the context of those texts she could be paired with 80: 2900: 2898: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2816: 2814: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2752: 2750: 2614: 2612: 2599: 2597: 1849: 1710: 1664: 1448:, also located in the north of Mesopotamia in the upper 775:, calling her the "goddess who promotes my cause at the 720:

indicates that theologians perceived her as the default

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It is possible that Ninkarrak, under the name Nikarawa (

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del Olmo Lete, Gregorio; Rowe, Ignacio Márquez (2014).

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invoked Ninkarrak in a curse formula on one of his

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inscriptions from Carchemish, were about Ninkarrak.

3744:

House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia

3507: 3351:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). 2624: 2531: 2492: 2013: 1944: 1920: 1878: 1810: 1658: 847:-ĝaʾuga (reading of the first sign uncertain, with 738:. As attested for the first time in texts from the 322:While the standard spelling of Ninkarrak's name is 302:they serve as an indication that even if partially 3636:Incantations and Anti-Witchcraft Texts from Ugarit 3237:(4). GBPress - Gregorian Biblical Press: 414–425. 2079: 1421: 1096:. This local goddess is regarded as distinct from 797: 4019:Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 3929: 3632: 3546:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998b), 3527:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998a), 3114: 3102: 3090: 3078: 3006: 2964: 2916: 2688: 2588: 2561: 2513: 2474: 2438: 2411: 2392: 2326: 2290: 2173: 2156: 2141: 2058: 2034: 1992: 1899: 1872: 1750: 1735: 1692: 1634: 1607: 1595: 1292:. A number of sources refer to it as a temple of 175:) was a goddess of medicine worshiped chiefly in 4130: 3508:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998), 411:a damaged name has been restored tentatively as 3982:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 3786: 3143:. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press: 431–444. 1938: 889:, this goddess compares herself to Ninkarrak. 855:both being possibilities), the wife of the god 3266:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background" 3268:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.). 742:, she could be invoked to ward off the demon 471:of the theonym, Ninkarrak, is unknown. Early 4083:. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. 4012: 3789:Hrozný and Hittite. The First Hundred Years 3699:(2). University of Chicago Press: 200–203. 2423: 1486:. A year name of one of the kings from the 913:, a goddess first attested in sources from 4051: 3066: 3054: 2979: 2928: 2771: 2741: 2671: 2576: 2486: 2368: 2314: 2230: 2206: 2194: 2112: 2097: 2073: 2007: 1977: 1965: 1914: 1789: 1723: 1704: 1677: 1186:argued that the latter is known only from 953: 40:A depiction of a goddess of medicine on a 34: 3989: 3863:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection. 3847:Near Eastern Archaeology Society Bulletin 3821: 3482: 2302: 1247:Sippar, her name occurs only on a single 3907:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3137:Ägypten und Levante/Egypt and the Levant 896: 16:Mesopotamian and Syrian medicine goddess 4078: 3975: 3959:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia 3956: 3840: 3595: 3564: 3421: 3374: 3270:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman 3042: 2991: 2940: 2865: 2844: 2832: 2788: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2278: 2266: 2046: 1843: 1831: 1471:(Ninkarrak-ummī and Ninkarrak-ṣillī). 730:addresses her as the "great doctoress"( 4131: 3768: 3741: 3387:. Egypt Exploration Society: 149–162. 3130: 2952: 2904: 2889: 2877: 2820: 2805: 2756: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2603: 1509: 1019:texts, Ninkarrak often appears in the 464:," as an alternate name of Ninkarrak. 3902: 3885: 3853: 3705:10.1086/amerjsemilanglit.55.2.3088096 3659: 3321: 3294: 3263: 3224: 3177: 3030: 3018: 2549: 2537: 2254: 2242: 2085: 1887: 1855: 1819: 1804: 1375:, defeated by the latter in 1721 BCE 3686: 3460: 2501: 2019: 1953: 1926: 1478:(where the main healing goddess was 1027:. One example is the text known as, 994:, in contrast with theology. In the 3604:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 5–27. 3381:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1108:, who is known from the deity list 191:possibly spoken in parts of modern 13: 3328:. Rome: Arbor Sapientiae editore. 3227:"Studies in the Ebla Pantheon, II" 1057:In a version of the literary text 859:, with Ninkarrak, although in the 675: 317: 14: 4165: 4107: 3930:Sibbing-Plantholt, Irene (2022). 3662:The god Dagan in Bronze Age Syria 2526:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2463:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2451:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2381:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2357:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2342:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 2125:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 1763:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013 663: 2219:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998a 1647:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998b 44:includes a dog among her symbols 3123: 1659:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998 1422:Other Mesopotamian attestations 798:Associations with other deities 577:) and the addition of the sign 407:, while in an incantation from 1367:Yadikh-abu, a contemporary of 637:, the main deity of the upper 493:suggested derivation from the 1: 3103:del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014 3091:del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014 3079:del Olmo Lete & Rowe 2014 1576: 1023:version, while Ninisina - in 746:, which is also attested for 333:shows a degree of variety in 3828:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 3746:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 3664:. Leiden Boston, MA: Brill. 3552:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 3533:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 3514:Reallexikon der Assyriologie 1029:Ninisina's Journey to Nippur 901:A Hurro-Hittite relief from 709: 207:dedicated to her existed in 7: 4056:. Brill. pp. 377–405. 4013:Wagensonner, Klaus (2008). 3841:Liggett, Renata M. (1982). 3822:Krebernik, Manfred (1997), 3360:. Academic Press Fribourg. 3272:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press. 1467:, where she appears in the 1227:, states that he brought a 227:, including the kingdom of 10: 4170: 3976:Veenhof, Klaas R. (2018). 3854:Litke, Richard L. (1998). 3742:George, Andrew R. (1993). 3178:Allen, Spencer L. (2013). 3131:Ahrens, Alexander (2010). 1400:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 1121: 982:(possibly originally from 679: 652:and the other side by the 395:, her name was written as 380:(from Mari), and possibly 352:, while in texts from the 337:texts. Spellings from the 168: 4124:Animal figures from Terqa 4062:10.1163/9789004187474_020 3797:10.1163/9789004413122_030 3196:10.13109/wdor.2013.43.1.1 1542:. It is presumed to have 1518:of Hadani and his spouse 1209: 892: 415:. Two further spellings, 148: 138: 128: 118: 113: 103: 90: 76: 71: 63: 49: 33: 26: 21: 4079:Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). 4054:Von Göttern und Menschen 3687:Gelb, Ignace J. (1938). 1303: 1184:Joan Goodnick Westenholz 523:Joan Goodnick Westenholz 436:Middle Babylonian period 4114:The temple of Ninkarrak 3957:Taracha, Piotr (2009). 3769:Harris, Rivkah (1975). 3689:"The Dogs of Nikarawas" 3565:Da Riva, Rocío (2010). 3295:Archi, Alfonso (2015). 3264:Archi, Alfonso (2013). 3225:Archi, Alfonso (1997). 954:Other healing goddesses 4139:Mesopotamian goddesses 3903:Potts, Daniel (1999). 3469:(10). Wiley: 327–334. 3424:"The Pantheon of Emar" 3422:Beckman, Gary (2002). 3115:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 3007:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2965:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2917:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2689:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2589:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2562:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2514:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2475:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2439:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2412:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2393:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2327:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2291:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2174:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2157:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2142:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2059:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 2035:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1993:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1900:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1873:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1751:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1736:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1693:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1635:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1608:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1596:Sibbing-Plantholt 2022 1426:In documents from the 906: 767:. The Babylonian king 532:rendering of Sumerian 3991:10.3917/assy.112.0049 3886:Murat, Leyla (2009). 3660:Feliu, Lluís (2003). 3375:Assmann, Jan (1992). 3305:10.1515/9781614517887 3297:Ebla and Its Archives 1396:Old Babylonian period 1204:Old Babylonian period 1059:Great Revolt against 960:Mesopotamian pantheon 900: 808:Old Babylonian period 724:goddess of medicine. 354:Old Babylonian period 241:southern Mesopotamian 3610:10.1515/za-2021-0003 3184:Die Welt des Orients 3149:10.1553/AEundL20s431 1939:Hutter-Braunsar 2019 843:equates the goddess 225:northern Mesopotamia 203:. The best attested 177:northern Mesopotamia 3069:, pp. 389–390. 3033:, pp. 585–586. 2967:, pp. 111–112. 2880:, pp. 435–436. 2591:, pp. 115–116. 2564:, pp. 106–107. 2489:, pp. 385–386. 2317:, pp. 395–396. 2293:, pp. 113–114. 2233:, pp. 393–394. 2209:, pp. 382–383. 2100:, pp. 377–378. 2061:, pp. 117–118. 1941:, pp. 518–530. 1858:, pp. 278–287. 1738:, pp. 109–110. 1707:, pp. 380–381. 1610:, pp. 107–108. 1510:Outside Mesopotamia 1428:Old Assyrian period 1033:be-let rik-si up-ša 863:she corresponds to 740:Old Assyrian period 695:hieroglyphic Luwian 519:temple prostitution 239:area, from various 187:or an unidentified 3475:10.1111/rec3.12165 1223:contemporary with 1128:Naram-Sin of Akkad 907: 871:'s is known too. 765:Naram-Sin of Akkad 688:ni-ka+ra/i-wa/i-sa 462:funerary offerings 454:." The deity list 255:, as well as from 189:substrate language 4090:978-0-85668-442-5 3941:978-90-04-51241-2 3934:. Boston: Brill. 3914:978-0-511-48961-7 3870:978-0-9667495-0-2 3671:978-90-04-13158-3 3646:978-1-61451-492-3 3580:978-88-95672-01-4 3430:. Warsaw: Agade. 3367:978-3-7278-1738-0 3335:978-88-31341-01-1 3314:978-1-61451-716-0 3279:978-1-937040-11-6 1273:Nebuchadnezzar II 1245:Middle Babylonian 861:Emesal Vocabulary 697:inscription from 599:Semitic languages 491:Thorkild Jacobsen 391:may be found. In 195:, rather than in 158: 157: 149:Luwian equivalent 139:Nippur equivalent 50:Major cult center 4161: 4154:Ugaritic deities 4144:Health goddesses 4102: 4075: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3993: 3972: 3961:. Harrassowitz. 3953: 3926: 3899: 3888:"Goddess Išhara" 3882: 3862: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3818: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3765: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3683: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3629: 3592: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3504: 3486: 3463:Religion Compass 3457: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3318: 3291: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2803: 2792: 2786: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2754: 2745: 2739: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2675: 2669: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2607: 2601: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2427: 2424:Wagensonner 2008 2421: 2415: 2409: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2177: 2171: 2160: 2154: 2145: 2139: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1996: 1990: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1912: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1876: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1808: 1802: 1793: 1787: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1681: 1675: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1632: 1611: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1469:theophoric names 1298:Andrew R. George 1243:In sources from 1078:theophoric names 905:depicting Išḫara 693:), appears in a 656:river ending at 483:William W. Hallo 356:, forms such as 280:divine physician 170: 38: 28:Divine physician 19: 18: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4149:Eblaite deities 4129: 4128: 4110: 4105: 4091: 4072: 4043: 4041: 4004: 4002: 3969: 3942: 3915: 3871: 3860: 3833: 3831: 3807: 3778: 3776: 3754: 3733: 3731: 3672: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3581: 3557: 3555: 3538: 3536: 3519: 3517: 3446: 3413: 3411: 3393:10.2307/3822069 3368: 3357: 3336: 3315: 3280: 3255: 3253: 3216: 3214: 3169: 3167: 3126: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3067:Westenholz 2010 3065: 3061: 3055:Westenholz 2010 3053: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2980:Westenholz 2010 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2929:Westenholz 2010 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2795: 2787: 2778: 2772:Westenholz 2010 2770: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2742:Westenholz 2010 2740: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2678: 2672:Westenholz 2010 2670: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2577:Westenholz 2010 2575: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2493: 2487:Westenholz 2010 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2369:Westenholz 2010 2367: 2363: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2315:Westenholz 2010 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2231:Westenholz 2010 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2207:Westenholz 2010 2205: 2201: 2195:Westenholz 2010 2193: 2180: 2172: 2163: 2155: 2148: 2140: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2113:Westenholz 2010 2111: 2104: 2098:Westenholz 2010 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2074:Westenholz 2010 2072: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2008:Westenholz 2010 2006: 1999: 1991: 1984: 1978:Westenholz 2010 1976: 1972: 1966:Westenholz 2010 1964: 1960: 1952: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1915:Westenholz 2010 1913: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1879: 1871: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1818: 1811: 1803: 1796: 1790:Westenholz 2010 1788: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1724:Westenholz 2010 1722: 1711: 1705:Westenholz 2010 1703: 1699: 1691: 1684: 1678:Westenholz 2010 1676: 1665: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1583: 1579: 1512: 1488:dynasty of Isin 1424: 1306: 1290:Parthian period 1212: 1172:Akkadian Empire 1124: 1036: 956: 895: 837:The deity list 800: 712: 691: 684: 678: 676:Luwian Nikarawa 666: 551: 536:, "Lady of the 424: 420: 404: 400: 389: 370:nin-ni-ka-ra-ak 346: 320: 318:Name and origin 308:Akkadian Empire 251:, and possibly 243:cities such as 129:Umma equivalent 119:Isin equivalent 95: 45: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4167: 4157: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4109: 4108:External links 4106: 4104: 4103: 4089: 4076: 4070: 4049: 4010: 3984:(112): 49–90. 3973: 3968:978-3447058858 3967: 3954: 3940: 3927: 3913: 3900: 3883: 3869: 3851: 3838: 3819: 3805: 3784: 3766: 3752: 3739: 3684: 3670: 3657: 3645: 3630: 3593: 3579: 3562: 3543: 3524: 3505: 3458: 3444: 3419: 3372: 3366: 3348: 3334: 3319: 3313: 3299:. De Gruyter. 3292: 3278: 3261: 3222: 3175: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3117:, p. 120. 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 389. 3047: 3035: 3023: 3021:, p. 601. 3011: 3009:, p. 115. 2996: 2984: 2982:, p. 386. 2969: 2957: 2955:, p. 168. 2945: 2933: 2931:, p. 384. 2921: 2919:, p. 113. 2909: 2907:, p. 435. 2894: 2892:, p. 433. 2882: 2870: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2823:, p. 434. 2810: 2808:, p. 431. 2793: 2776: 2774:, p. 387. 2761: 2759:, p. 102. 2746: 2744:, p. 392. 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2691:, p. 119. 2676: 2674:, p. 391. 2659: 2657:, p. 162. 2647: 2645:, p. 153. 2635: 2623: 2621:, p. 155. 2608: 2606:, p. 152. 2593: 2581: 2579:, p. 385. 2566: 2554: 2552:, p. 111. 2542: 2530: 2528:, p. 273. 2518: 2516:, p. 160. 2506: 2504:, p. 332. 2491: 2479: 2477:, p. 278. 2467: 2465:, p. 116. 2455: 2453:, p. 115. 2443: 2441:, p. 122. 2428: 2426:, p. 284. 2416: 2414:, p. 116. 2397: 2395:, p. 127. 2385: 2383:, p. 253. 2373: 2371:, p. 377. 2361: 2346: 2344:, p. 100. 2331: 2319: 2307: 2303:Krebernik 1997 2295: 2283: 2281:, p. 124. 2271: 2269:, p. 123. 2259: 2257:, p. 183. 2247: 2245:, p. 177. 2235: 2223: 2221:, p. 361. 2211: 2199: 2197:, p. 383. 2178: 2176:, p. 117. 2161: 2159:, p. 114. 2146: 2144:, p. 112. 2129: 2127:, p. 252. 2117: 2115:, p. 395. 2102: 2090: 2078: 2076:, p. 379. 2063: 2051: 2049:, p. 159. 2039: 2037:, p. 111. 2024: 2022:, p. 330. 2012: 2010:, p. 388. 1997: 1995:, p. 118. 1982: 1980:, p. 394. 1970: 1968:, p. 382. 1958: 1956:, p. 329. 1943: 1931: 1929:, p. 201. 1919: 1917:, p. 390. 1904: 1902:, p. 107. 1892: 1877: 1875:, p. 159. 1860: 1848: 1846:, p. 119. 1836: 1824: 1809: 1807:, p. 418. 1794: 1792:, p. 397. 1767: 1755: 1753:, p. 110. 1740: 1728: 1726:, p. 381. 1709: 1697: 1695:, p. 109. 1682: 1680:, p. 380. 1663: 1661:, p. 348. 1651: 1649:, p. 386. 1639: 1637:, p. 108. 1612: 1600: 1598:, p. 106. 1580: 1578: 1575: 1565:A copy of the 1511: 1508: 1423: 1420: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1376: 1305: 1302: 1269:Neo-Babylonian 1211: 1208: 1200:Ur III periods 1123: 1120: 1034: 955: 952: 894: 891: 799: 796: 711: 708: 689: 680:Main article: 677: 674: 665: 664:Eblaite Ninkar 662: 549: 481:) of Karrak". 432:Neo-Babylonian 422: 418: 413:ne-ni-ka-ra-ak 402: 398: 387: 344: 319: 316: 271:, attested in 169:𒀭𒊩𒌆𒋼𒀀𒊏𒀝 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 96:but sometimes 92: 88: 87: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 51: 47: 46: 39: 31: 30: 27: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4166: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4071:9789004187481 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3825: 3824:"Meme(-šaga)" 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3806:9789004413122 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3753:0-931464-80-3 3749: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3515: 3511: 3510:"Nin-ekisiga" 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3445:83-87111-12-0 3441: 3437: 3436:2027.42/77414 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3128: 3116: 3111: 3105:, p. 45. 3104: 3099: 3093:, p. 70. 3092: 3087: 3081:, p. 69. 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3045:, p. 51. 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2994:, p. 23. 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2943:, p. 82. 2942: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2868:, p. 23. 2867: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2847:, p. 24. 2846: 2841: 2835:, p. 16. 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2791:, p. 14. 2790: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2727:, p. 56. 2726: 2721: 2715:, p. 55. 2714: 2709: 2703:, p. 45. 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2540:, p. 25. 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2425: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2359:, p. 79. 2358: 2353: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2329:, p. 14. 2328: 2323: 2316: 2311: 2305:, p. 56. 2304: 2299: 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2075: 2070: 2068: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1935: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1901: 1896: 1890:, p. 43. 1889: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1840: 1834:, p. 55. 1833: 1828: 1822:, p. 15. 1821: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1660: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1609: 1604: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1450:Khabur valley 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Elamite ruler 1129: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013:Ur III period 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 962:, among them 961: 951: 949: 948: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 904: 899: 890: 888: 885:dedicated to 884: 879: 878:in treaties. 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 795: 793: 789: 785: 780: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 756: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728: 723: 719: 718: 707: 704: 700: 696: 692: 683: 673: 671: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 629:, as well as 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 555: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479: 474: 473:Assyriologist 470: 465: 463: 459: 458: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 414: 410: 406: 394: 390: 383: 382:nin-ḫar-ra-ak 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 340: 339:Ur III period 336: 332: 328: 326: 315: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:nin-kar-ra-ak 166: 162: 154: 151: 147: 144: 141: 137: 134: 131: 127: 124: 121: 117: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 94:usually none, 93: 89: 86: 82: 79: 75: 70: 66: 62: 59: 55: 52: 48: 43: 37: 32: 25: 20: 4081:The Hurrians 4080: 4053: 4042:. Retrieved 4022: 4018: 4003:. Retrieved 3981: 3958: 3931: 3904: 3895: 3891: 3856: 3846: 3832:, retrieved 3827: 3788: 3777:. Retrieved 3771: 3743: 3732:. Retrieved 3696: 3692: 3661: 3650:. Retrieved 3635: 3601: 3597: 3570: 3556:, retrieved 3551: 3548:"NIN.IN.DUB" 3537:, retrieved 3532: 3529:"NIN-ĝaʾuga" 3518:, retrieved 3513: 3484:10261/125303 3466: 3462: 3427: 3412:. Retrieved 3384: 3380: 3353: 3324: 3296: 3269: 3254:. Retrieved 3234: 3230: 3215:. Retrieved 3187: 3183: 3168:. Retrieved 3140: 3136: 3124:Bibliography 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3062: 3050: 3043:Beckman 2002 3038: 3026: 3014: 2992:de Boer 2021 2987: 2960: 2948: 2941:Veenhof 2018 2936: 2924: 2912: 2885: 2873: 2866:Liggett 1982 2845:Liggett 1982 2840: 2833:Liggett 1982 2828: 2789:Liggett 1982 2725:Da Riva 2010 2720: 2713:Da Riva 2010 2708: 2701:Da Riva 2010 2696: 2650: 2638: 2633:, p. 4. 2626: 2584: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2482: 2470: 2458: 2446: 2419: 2388: 2376: 2364: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2279:Taracha 2009 2274: 2267:Taracha 2009 2262: 2250: 2238: 2226: 2214: 2202: 2120: 2093: 2088:, p. 7. 2081: 2054: 2047:Assmann 1992 2042: 2015: 1973: 1961: 1934: 1922: 1895: 1851: 1844:Taracha 2009 1839: 1832:Wilhelm 1989 1827: 1765:, p. 6. 1758: 1731: 1700: 1654: 1642: 1603: 1564: 1524: 1513: 1496: 1473: 1457:Diyala River 1454: 1435: 1425: 1392: 1389: 1362: 1346:rock crystal 1342:lapis lazuli 1307: 1267: 1258: 1248: 1242: 1228: 1213: 1196:Old Akkadian 1192:Abu Salabikh 1175: 1125: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1091: 1058: 1056: 1052:Ninigizibara 1041: 1032: 1028: 1010: 1003: 996:Weidner list 957: 945: 939: 923:Old Assyrian 908: 880: 873: 860: 852: 848: 838: 836: 828:incantations 801: 781: 757: 731: 725: 715: 713: 687: 685: 667: 643: 541: 533: 515:prostitution 502: 497:form of the 476: 466: 455: 447: 427: 416: 412: 396: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 349: 342: 323: 321: 277: 172: 160: 159: 3830:(in German) 3554:(in German) 3535:(in German) 3516:(in German) 2953:George 1993 2905:Ahrens 2010 2890:Ahrens 2010 2878:Ahrens 2010 2821:Ahrens 2010 2806:Ahrens 2010 2757:George 1993 2655:Harris 1975 2643:Harris 1975 2631:Harris 1975 2619:George 1993 2604:Harris 1975 1404:hieroglyphs 1152:Inshushinak 1115:Enuma Elish 1000:Assyriology 760:Jan Assmann 755:, however. 703:Ignace Gelb 646:Habur river 440:logographic 331:orthography 304:syncretised 219:(in modern 211:(in modern 114:Equivalents 4133:Categories 4044:2022-08-26 4005:2022-08-26 3950:1312171937 3834:2021-07-28 3779:2022-08-25 3734:2021-09-18 3652:2022-08-25 3558:2022-08-24 3539:2022-08-24 3520:2022-08-24 3414:2021-09-18 3344:1137837171 3256:2021-08-03 3231:Orientalia 3217:2021-09-18 3170:2021-08-02 3031:Archi 2015 3019:Archi 2015 2550:Potts 1999 2538:Litke 1998 2255:Murat 2009 2243:Murat 2009 2086:Allen 2013 1888:Archi 2019 1856:Feliu 2003 1820:Archi 2013 1805:Archi 1997 1577:References 1569:myth from 1544:Babylonian 1492:Suen-magir 1480:Nintinugga 1369:Samsuiluna 972:Nintinugga 903:Yazılıkaya 732:azugallatu 699:Carchemish 591:substratum 554:liminality 534:nin-gir-ak 452:embankment 430:appear in 428:nin-ka-rak 421:-ra-ak(-a) 378:nin-ḫar-ra 374:nin-kar-ak 366:nin-kar-ak 362:nin-kar-ra 350:nin-kar-ra 327:-kar-ra-ak 292:Nintinugga 235:, and the 143:Nintinugga 4118:terqa.org 4031:0084-0076 4000:0373-6032 3923:813439001 3879:470337605 3815:213448417 3729:170093750 3713:1062-0516 3626:235779493 3618:1613-1150 3589:664134580 3501:145349556 3493:1749-8171 3401:0307-5133 3288:882106763 3243:0030-5367 3204:0043-2547 3157:1015-5104 2502:Böck 2015 2020:Böck 2015 1954:Böck 2015 1927:Gelb 1938 1461:Shaduppum 1330:carnelian 1318:Zimri-Lim 1312:area. In 1310:Euphrates 1296:instead. 1234:Hammurabi 1110:An = Anum 1094:Ninshubur 1087:cognomina 1061:Narām-Sîn 1017:bilingual 947:An = Anum 940:The name 935:scorpions 857:Lugalabba 840:An = Anum 769:Hammurabi 736:exorcisms 717:An = Anum 710:Character 639:Euphrates 567:Dilmunite 469:etymology 457:An = Anum 397:ni-ka-rak 335:cuneiform 215:) and in 161:Ninkarrak 72:Genealogy 22:Ninkarrak 4099:21036268 4039:23861637 3762:27813103 3680:52107444 3454:51004996 3251:43078145 3212:23608127 3165:23789950 1560:Asalluḫi 1552:Lamashtu 1540:Akkadian 1350:Egyptian 1338:hematite 1282:Borsippa 1225:Sumulael 1025:Sumerian 1021:Akkadian 964:Ninisina 820:Ninisina 804:Pabilsag 748:Ninisina 744:Lamashtu 722:Akkadian 682:Nikarawa 587:Ninisina 583:Ningirsu 575:Meskilak 569:deities 546:genitive 544:being a 540:" (with 530:Akkadian 527:phonetic 499:Sumerian 495:genitive 444:Ninisina 341:include 288:Ninisina 269:Nikarawa 201:theonyms 197:Sumerian 185:Akkadian 165:Akkadian 153:Nikarawa 123:Ninisina 104:Children 98:Pabilsag 3721:3088096 3409:3822069 1516:Resheph 1437:Tākultu 1402:). The 1383:origin. 1381:Kassite 1373:Babylon 1354:scarabs 1352:-style 1286:Babylon 1259:kudurru 1255:Kassite 1250:kudurru 1238:Babylon 1229:lilissu 1176:nin-kar 1164:Pinikir 1136:Ninurta 1130:and an 1122:Worship 986:), and 753:midwife 615:Hadabal 603:Hurrian 565:or the 563:Tishpak 538:scalpel 417:nin-kar 409:Alalakh 386:nin-kar 358:nin-kar 343:nin-kar 233:Assyria 205:temples 91:Consort 77:Parents 42:kudurru 4097: 4087: 4068: 4037: 4029: 3998: 3965: 3948: 3938: 3921: 3911: 3877: 3867: 3813: 3803: 3760: 3750: 3727: 3719: 3711: 3678: 3668: 3643: 3624: 3616: 3587: 3577: 3499: 3491: 3452: 3442: 3407: 3399: 3364: 3342: 3332: 3311: 3286: 3276: 3249: 3241: 3210: 3202: 3163: 3155: 1571:Amarna 1536:Išḫara 1531:Ugarit 1520:Adamma 1476:Nippur 1432:temple 1416:Ugarit 1414:, and 1408:Byblos 1358:bronze 1344:, and 1334:gypsum 1277:Marduk 1220:Diyala 1216:Sippar 1210:Sippar 1166:, and 1160:Hutran 1156:Humban 1148:Manzat 1146:, and 1144:Išḫara 1106:Anshar 1102:sukkal 1100:, the 1074:Sippar 1070:temple 1048:Nanshe 1044:Ninsun 976:Nippur 974:(from 966:(from 931:snakes 919:Allani 911:Išḫara 893:Išḫara 887:Nanaya 876:Manzat 869:Ninmug 832:Gunura 788:Sippar 773:steles 654:Tigris 631:Kubaba 627:Aštabi 623:Išḫara 619:Adamma 611:Barama 558:emesal 507:harbor 393:Ugarit 312:Išḫara 294:, and 273:Luwian 257:Ugarit 249:Nippur 237:Diyala 209:Sippar 64:Symbol 54:Sippar 4035:JSTOR 3861:(PDF) 3811:S2CID 3725:S2CID 3717:JSTOR 3622:S2CID 3497:S2CID 3405:JSTOR 3358:(PDF) 3247:JSTOR 3208:JSTOR 3161:JSTOR 1567:Adapa 1500:Larsa 1442:Assur 1412:Sidon 1326:agate 1322:Terqa 1304:Terqa 1271:king 1188:Girsu 1168:Simut 1140:Ilaba 1098:Kakka 1064:from 1037:-še-e 1015:. In 881:In a 816:Urash 792:Terqa 786:from 784:seals 727:Šurpu 658:Akkad 650:Terqa 635:Dagan 595:Syria 571:Inzak 501:word 487:Larak 448:indub 245:Larsa 221:Syria 217:Terqa 193:Syria 181:Syria 85:Urash 58:Terqa 4095:OCLC 4085:ISBN 4066:ISBN 4027:ISSN 3996:ISSN 3963:ISBN 3946:OCLC 3936:ISBN 3919:OCLC 3909:ISBN 3875:OCLC 3865:ISBN 3801:ISBN 3758:OCLC 3748:ISBN 3709:ISSN 3676:OCLC 3666:ISBN 3641:ISBN 3614:ISSN 3585:OCLC 3575:ISBN 3489:ISSN 3450:OCLC 3440:ISBN 3397:ISSN 3362:ISBN 3340:OCLC 3330:ISBN 3309:ISBN 3284:OCLC 3274:ISBN 3239:ISSN 3200:ISSN 3153:ISSN 1558:and 1548:Damu 1529:and 1527:Emar 1504:Uruk 1502:and 1484:Isin 1465:Nuzi 1446:Apum 1314:Mari 1294:Gula 1284:and 1263:seal 1198:and 1082:Isin 1066:Mari 992:cult 984:Umma 980:Gula 968:Isin 942:Meme 927:Elam 915:Ebla 883:hymn 865:Gula 851:and 849:ereš 824:Damu 777:Ekur 670:Ebla 607:Kura 601:and 585:and 573:and 511:quay 509:", " 467:The 438:. A 426:and 401:(rik 384:and 348:and 300:cult 284:Gula 267:and 265:Ebla 261:Emar 259:and 253:Uruk 229:Apum 213:Iraq 179:and 133:Gula 108:Damu 83:and 4116:on 4058:doi 3986:doi 3793:doi 3701:doi 3606:doi 3602:111 3479:hdl 3471:doi 3432:hdl 3389:doi 3301:doi 3192:doi 3145:doi 1371:of 1360:. 1240:. 1236:of 1206:. 1180:Aya 1104:of 1008:. 988:Bau 978:), 970:), 933:or 853:égi 845:NIN 834:. 812:Anu 579:NIN 521:." 503:kar 478:Nin 450:, " 325:nin 296:Bau 81:Anu 67:dog 4135:: 4093:. 4064:. 4033:. 4023:98 4021:. 4017:. 3994:. 3980:. 3944:. 3917:. 3896:45 3894:. 3890:. 3873:. 3845:. 3826:, 3809:. 3799:. 3756:. 3723:. 3715:. 3707:. 3697:55 3695:. 3691:. 3674:. 3620:. 3612:. 3600:. 3583:. 3569:. 3550:, 3531:, 3512:, 3495:. 3487:. 3477:. 3465:. 3448:. 3438:. 3426:. 3403:. 3395:. 3385:78 3383:. 3379:. 3338:. 3307:. 3282:. 3245:. 3235:66 3233:. 3229:. 3206:. 3198:. 3188:43 3186:. 3182:. 3159:. 3151:. 3141:20 3139:. 3135:. 2999:^ 2972:^ 2897:^ 2852:^ 2813:^ 2796:^ 2779:^ 2764:^ 2749:^ 2732:^ 2679:^ 2662:^ 2611:^ 2596:^ 2569:^ 2494:^ 2431:^ 2400:^ 2349:^ 2334:^ 2181:^ 2164:^ 2149:^ 2132:^ 2105:^ 2066:^ 2027:^ 2000:^ 1985:^ 1946:^ 1907:^ 1880:^ 1863:^ 1812:^ 1797:^ 1770:^ 1743:^ 1712:^ 1685:^ 1666:^ 1615:^ 1584:^ 1562:. 1556:Ea 1490:, 1418:. 1410:, 1340:, 1336:, 1332:, 1328:, 1265:. 1182:. 1162:, 1158:, 1154:, 1142:, 1138:, 1118:. 1050:, 1046:, 950:. 810:. 633:. 625:, 621:, 617:, 613:, 609:, 542:ak 505:(" 376:, 372:, 368:, 364:, 360:, 314:. 290:, 286:, 247:, 231:, 171:, 167:: 56:, 4101:. 4074:. 4060:: 4047:. 4008:. 3988:: 3971:. 3952:. 3925:. 3898:. 3881:. 3849:. 3817:. 3795:: 3782:. 3764:. 3737:. 3703:: 3682:. 3655:. 3628:. 3608:: 3591:. 3503:. 3481:: 3473:: 3467:9 3456:. 3434:: 3417:. 3391:: 3370:. 3346:. 3317:. 3303:: 3290:. 3259:. 3220:. 3194:: 3173:. 3147:: 1085:" 1035:2 690:2 550:2 423:2 419:2 405:) 403:2 399:x 388:2 345:7 163:(

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