366:, could sometimes lead to confusion, though ultimately the two were separate figures. It has been proposed that Anu paired with Ki represented heaven and earth as a unity prior to their cosmological separation, with Anu and Urash reflecting their later separated state instead. Another proposal is that Urash only represented the
532:
was referred to both as a daughter of Anu and as the "firstborn daughter of Urash", the male deity was meant in this case, and this epithet reflected the existence of two separate traditions about her parentage, rather than descent from the couple Urash and Anu.
340:
or "eternal time". He suggests the primordial deities Dūri and Dāri, whose names, while attested in
Sumerian texts, were loanwords derived from the Akkadian phrase "ever and ever", might have represented the latter concept.
146:, most commonly as his spouse, though traditions according to which she was one of his ancestors or even his alternate name are also known. She could be equated with other goddesses who could be considered his wives, namely
230:, as glosses. The precise origin of the name is a matter of dispute, though it is agreed that regardless of whether it originated in Sumerian or Akkadian, it was understood as "earth" or "
178:, even though texts describing them as children of Urash exist. Not much evidence for the worship of Urash is available, though offerings to her are mentioned in documents from the
138:
regarded as the personification of the earth. She should not be confused with a male deity sharing the same name, who had agricultural character and was worshiped in
297:. Frans Wiggermann outright refers to her as his most commonly recognized wife. She appears particularly commonly in association with him in texts from between the
518:
myth her parents should be considered unknown, as during her marriage a group of multiple gods fulfills the role which would normally belong to the parents.
489:, and by extension the king, addressed as her brother, also implicitly shares this ancestry. However, elsewhere the mother of this goddess is identified as
385:) appears, which indicates the two could be combined into a single designation for earth as a primordial being. The double name was initially misread as
1195:
Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
336:
earth deity, and
Ninurash, his female counterpart. Lambert speculated that in this context Urash might have been viewed as a descendant of either
500:
refers to the eponymous goddess as her daughter, but she had no fixed parentage. Urash might also have been regarded as the mother of the hero
234:". Urash was accordingly considered the deification of the earth. She has been characterized as a primeval deity, comparable in that regard to
471:
525:
worshiped in Dilbat was regarded as Anu's son was influenced by the relation between the latter with the former's female namesake.
990:
545:. Urash is also attested in a number of Old Babylonian letters, though she does not appear commonly in this context. According to
435:, numerous deities could be regarded as the children or grandchildren of Urash and Anu. Examples include the medicine goddesses
400:, but this proposal has been disproved and abandoned. In a fragmentary god list (KAV 52 // 54 // 71), Ku-Urash is paired with
154:, though they were not always regarded as identical. Numerous deities were regarded as children of Urash and Anu, for example
1203:
1149:
1043:
1003:
344:
A number of texts treat Urash as a name of Anu himself, which is presumed to be related to the infrequent use of the word
515:
474:
naming system), but while Anu is attested as his father elsewhere, with this one exception his mother was believed to be
510:, and in other compositions an emphasis is instead put on the absence of his parents. Additionally, evidence exists for
423:
might also refer to Anu and Antu. However, the latter was not commonly understood as a divine representation of earth.
332:. A genealogy of Anu which Wilfred G. Lambert refers to as the "Theogony of Anu" mentions the pair Urash, here a male
1261:
1238:
459:
also places Urash in this role, which can be considered an extension of his well attested position as a son of Anu.
992:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1307:
506:
1070:
419:, yet another goddess who could be paired with Anu. The formula AN URAŠ present on a number of seals from the
362:
It has been noted that the fact that in addition to Urash Anu could be paired with another earth deity,
1312:
546:
397:
328:
A tradition in which Urash was an ancestor of Anu is also known, for example from the god list
1033:
504:, though the evidence is indirect and limited to a single passage in the Old Babylonian poem
318:
305:
periods. In some cases, it is impossible to tell if the writing AN IB refers to Urash alone (
302:
17:
135:
8:
541:
While uncommon, offerings to Urash and Anu as a pair are attested in documents from the
1122:
313:, "queen of the gods", though in this context this name was only used as a descriptive
265:
243:
1267:
1257:
1254:
Natural phenomena: their meaning, depiction, and description in the ancient Near East
1234:
1209:
1199:
1180:
1155:
1145:
1114:
1076:
1066:
1039:
999:
112:
1226:
260:, and in some cases it is not certain whether he or the earth goddess is meant. In
1088:
1280:
1221:
Westenholz, Joan G. (2010). "Ninkarrak – an
Akkadian goddess in Sumerian guise".
1060:
1014:
298:
1113:. 46/47. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 149–155.
420:
416:
199:
151:
1230:
1080:
514:
being regarded as Urash's daughter, though Jan Lisman argues that based on an
1301:
1184:
1159:
1118:
542:
448:
412:
203:
179:
67:
1271:
1256:. Amsterdam, North-Holland: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
1213:
550:
321:
and it did not imply an equation with the goddess usually designated by it,
183:
444:
390:
363:
147:
63:
522:
479:
465:
367:
309:) or Anu and her as a pair. As Anu's spouse, Urash could be addressed as
253:
171:
75:
1126:
268:
has additionally suggested that a possible phonetic variant of the term
1106:
501:
432:
227:
87:
440:
333:
322:
242:. In some cases, Urash could be inserted into texts dealing with the
95:
1193:
1168:
965:
953:
553:
in this location, should be considered a form of the female Urash.
1173:
Journal of the
Ancient Near Eastern Society "Ex Oriente Lux" (JEOL)
1062:
Three Šulgi Hymns: Sumerian Royal Hymns
Glorifying King Šulgi of Ur
902:
830:
452:
436:
162:. However, in some cases multiple genealogies existed, for example
155:
91:
83:
1249:
602:
549:, the deity Urash-Nibru, "Urash of the city of Nippur", who had a
455:. The only source directly referring to a deity as the mother of
374:
350:
314:
277:
1179:. Leiden: Dutch Ancient Near Eastern Society “Ex Oriente Lux”.
529:
511:
495:
490:
484:
456:
377:
copies and a number of other sources the double name Ki-Urash (
257:
207:
187:
175:
159:
139:
99:
79:
348:
to refer to heaven rather than earth, attested for example in
226:
are also attested, in some cases, for example in the god list
854:
475:
401:
337:
247:
239:
231:
167:
878:
725:
723:
256:
was also the name of a male agricultural deity worshiped in
820:
818:
816:
695:
693:
691:
678:
676:
578:
460:
198:
Urash's name was usually represented by the cuneiform sign
163:
71:
801:
633:
631:
629:
568:
566:
789:
767:
765:
740:
738:
720:
710:
708:
431:
As already attested in hymns traditionally attributed to
393:
294:
235:
143:
53:
813:
688:
673:
663:
661:
648:
646:
482:
is described as a daughter of Urash and Anu in the hymn
931:
929:
866:
777:
626:
563:
914:
842:
762:
750:
735:
705:
382:
354:, but the details of these developments are unknown.
123:
1169:"The (Inchoate) Marriage of Lugalbanda and Ninsumuna"
988:
971:
959:
908:
890:
836:
658:
643:
614:
608:
590:
926:
989:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
941:
463:is addressed as a son of Urash and Anu in the hymn
415:from the Old Babylonian period equates Urash with
283:
1299:
521:It is also possible that the fact that the male
389:and thus misinterpreted as a reference to the
202:, typically prefaced by the so-called "divine
404:, a figure attested among Anu's ancestors in
210:, though phonetic syllabic spellings such as
370:surface of earth, rather than its totality.
250:, due to shared association with the earth.
142:. She is well attested in association with
1278:
1247:
1220:
860:
795:
729:
682:
264:both deities appear in separate sections.
1086:
884:
824:
699:
637:
584:
572:
1191:
1031:
872:
783:
1139:
1104:
920:
848:
807:
771:
756:
744:
714:
667:
652:
620:
596:
357:
276:, is the second element of the theonym
14:
1300:
1198:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
1166:
1012:
935:
896:
293:Urash is well attested as a spouse of
1144:. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
1058:
947:
470:(all names of hymns given follow the
193:
1250:"Mythological Foundations of Nature"
166:was usually regarded as the son of
24:
25:
1324:
972:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
960:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
909:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
837:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
609:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1279:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998),
1248:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1992).
981:
507:Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave
317:reflecting her position in the
284:Associations with other deities
373:In a god list known from late
13:
1:
1065:, Bar-Ilan University Press,
1035:Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography
556:
182:and it is possible she had a
1285:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1140:Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013).
1107:"Literary Texts from Nimrud"
1105:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1999).
1093:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1019:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
124:
7:
1225:. BRILL. pp. 377–405.
1087:Krebernik, Manfred (2014),
1013:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1971),
426:
272:, supplied with the prefix
10:
1329:
1111:Archiv für Orientforschung
536:
116:
27:Mesopotamian earth goddess
1231:10.1163/9789004187474_020
1192:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
1142:Babylonian creation myths
493:. The hymn designated as
59:
49:
44:
37:
32:
1223:Von Göttern und Menschen
1032:Horowitz, Wayne (1998).
547:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
398:Daniel David Luckenbill
1308:Mesopotamian goddesses
288:
1059:Klein, Jacob (1981),
319:Mesopotamian pantheon
1167:Lisman, Jan (2019).
358:Other spouses of Anu
136:Mesopotamian goddess
887:, pp. 402–403.
863:, pp. 382–383.
810:, pp. 423–424.
587:, pp. 401–402.
246:, the ancestors of
266:Wilfred G. Lambert
244:Enki-Ninki deities
194:Name and character
1205:978-3-447-04456-1
1151:978-1-57506-861-9
1045:978-0-931464-99-7
1005:978-3-7278-1738-0
122:
106:
105:
16:(Redirected from
1320:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1275:
1244:
1217:
1188:
1163:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1028:
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1026:
1009:
997:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
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933:
924:
918:
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906:
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635:
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606:
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588:
582:
576:
570:
384:
129:
121:romanized:
120:
118:
39:Goddess of earth
30:
29:
21:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1313:Earth goddesses
1298:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1264:
1241:
1206:
1152:
1131:
1129:
1097:
1095:
1073:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1038:. Eisenbrauns.
1024:
1022:
1006:
995:
984:
979:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
934:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
895:
891:
883:
879:
871:
867:
861:Westenholz 2010
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
814:
806:
802:
796:Wiggermann 1992
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
763:
755:
751:
743:
736:
730:Wiggermann 1992
728:
721:
713:
706:
698:
689:
683:Wiggermann 1998
681:
674:
666:
659:
651:
644:
636:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
595:
591:
583:
579:
571:
564:
559:
539:
429:
360:
291:
286:
223:
215:
196:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1326:
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1310:
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1204:
1189:
1164:
1150:
1137:
1102:
1084:
1071:
1056:
1044:
1029:
1010:
1004:
985:
983:
980:
977:
976:
974:, p. 101.
964:
962:, p. 251.
952:
950:, pp. 37.
940:
925:
923:, p. 154.
913:
901:
899:, p. 300.
889:
885:Krebernik 2014
877:
875:, p. 168.
865:
853:
851:, p. 421.
841:
829:
827:, p. 403.
825:Krebernik 2014
812:
800:
798:, p. 284.
788:
786:, p. 231.
776:
774:, p. 424.
761:
759:, p. 418.
749:
747:, p. 420.
734:
732:, p. 291.
719:
717:, p. 408.
704:
702:, p. 402.
700:Krebernik 2014
687:
685:, p. 138.
672:
670:, p. 311.
657:
655:, p. 312.
642:
640:, p. 404.
638:Krebernik 2014
625:
623:, p. 415.
613:
601:
599:, p. 407.
589:
585:Krebernik 2014
577:
575:, p. 401.
573:Krebernik 2014
561:
560:
558:
555:
538:
535:
516:Early Dynastic
428:
425:
421:Kassite period
359:
356:
303:Old Babylonian
290:
287:
285:
282:
221:
213:
195:
192:
104:
103:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1325:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1263:0-444-85759-1
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1240:9789004187481
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
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1143:
1138:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
994:
993:
987:
986:
973:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
938:, p. 75.
937:
932:
930:
922:
917:
911:, p. 68.
910:
905:
898:
893:
886:
881:
874:
873:Schwemer 2001
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
839:, p. 96.
838:
833:
826:
821:
819:
817:
809:
804:
797:
792:
785:
784:Horowitz 1998
780:
773:
768:
766:
758:
753:
746:
741:
739:
731:
726:
724:
716:
711:
709:
701:
696:
694:
692:
684:
679:
677:
669:
664:
662:
654:
649:
647:
639:
634:
632:
630:
622:
617:
611:, p. 17.
610:
605:
598:
593:
586:
581:
574:
569:
567:
562:
554:
552:
548:
544:
543:Ur III period
534:
531:
526:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
497:
492:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:, as well as
442:
438:
434:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
355:
353:
352:
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335:
331:
326:
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320:
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308:
304:
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296:
281:
279:
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271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
209:
205:
204:determinative
201:
191:
189:
185:
181:
180:Ur III period
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
127:
114:
110:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:(sometimes),
77:
74:(sometimes),
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1288:, retrieved
1284:
1253:
1222:
1194:
1176:
1172:
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1110:
1096:, retrieved
1092:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1034:
1023:, retrieved
1018:
1015:"Geštinanna"
991:
982:Bibliography
967:
955:
943:
921:Lambert 1999
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
849:Lambert 2013
844:
832:
808:Lambert 2013
803:
791:
779:
772:Lambert 2013
757:Lambert 2013
752:
745:Lambert 2013
715:Lambert 2013
668:Lambert 2013
653:Lambert 2013
621:Lambert 2013
616:
604:
597:Lambert 2013
592:
580:
540:
527:
520:
505:
494:
483:
464:
430:
413:lexical list
410:
405:
391:Egyptian god
386:
378:
372:
361:
349:
345:
343:
329:
327:
310:
306:
292:
273:
269:
261:
252:
219:
211:
197:
131:
125:
108:
107:
90:(possibly),
1021:(in German)
936:Lisman 2019
897:Edzard 1971
480:Geshtinanna
466:Ishme-Dagan
172:Geshtinanna
76:Geshtinanna
1302:Categories
1290:2023-04-06
1132:2023-04-08
1098:2023-04-06
1081:1333355368
1072:9652260185
1051:2023-04-06
1025:2023-04-06
948:Klein 1981
557:References
502:Lugalbanda
433:Enheduanna
334:cosmogonic
102:(possibly)
88:Lugalbanda
1185:0075-2118
1160:861537250
1119:0066-6440
441:Ninkarrak
406:An = Anum
330:An = Anum
323:Ninhursag
311:bēlet-ilī
262:An = Anum
228:An = Anum
96:Ninkarrak
45:Genealogy
1272:32242903
1214:48145544
1127:41668445
1089:"Uraš A"
453:Ishtaran
437:Ninisina
427:Children
375:Assyrian
299:Akkadian
156:Ninisina
134:, was a
113:Sumerian
92:Ninisina
84:Ishtaran
60:Children
1281:"Nammu"
537:Worship
379:ki-uraš
351:Nabnitu
315:epithet
278:Ninurta
1270:
1260:
1237:
1212:
1202:
1183:
1158:
1148:
1125:
1117:
1079:
1069:
1042:
1002:
551:temple
530:Nanaya
528:While
512:Ninsun
496:Nisaba
491:Duttur
485:Shulgi
457:Ishkur
445:Amurru
383:𒀭𒆠𒅁
368:arable
258:Dilbat
224:-ra-aš
216:-ra-aš
208:DINGIR
188:Nippur
184:temple
176:Duttur
160:Ishkur
140:Dilbat
130:), or
100:Ninsun
80:Ishkur
64:Amurru
50:Spouse
1123:JSTOR
996:(PDF)
523:Urash
476:Nammu
472:ETCSL
402:Alala
387:ki-ib
338:Nammu
254:Urash
248:Enlil
240:Nammu
232:tilth
168:Nammu
132:Urash
33:Urash
18:Urash
1268:OCLC
1258:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1210:OCLC
1200:ISBN
1181:ISSN
1156:OCLC
1146:ISBN
1115:ISSN
1077:OCLC
1067:ISBN
1040:ISBN
1000:ISBN
461:Enki
451:and
439:and
417:Antu
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