40:
291:. Böck also points out Ninizigibara is also attested in association with another medicine goddess, Ninisina, the tutelary deity of Isin, whose entourage overlaps to a degree with Inanna's. Attempts have been made to prove that Ninigizibara originally belonged to the circle of Ninisina rather than Inanna, and only came to be linked to the latter through syncretism between these two goddesses, but the evidence supporting this proposal is limited.
441:, which was performed on the instrument sharing her name in Mari during a ritual dedicated to Ishtar. Its lyrics describe how Inanna learned about a sacrilege committed in her bed in her absence. It has been suggested that even though known from a site in the west, it most likely reflects the cultic journey of Inanna and Ninigizibara attested in texts from Umma. In the song Ninigizibara appears alongside
338:
and Nanaya. According to Julia Krul, it is impossible to tell if worship of
Ninigizibara was a continuous element of the religion of Uruk. She considers it more likely that the priests active in the late first millennium BCE introduced or reintroduced various minor goddesses from god lists such as
345:
to the pantheon of the city as part of an effort to restructure Ishtar's retinue to make it as theologically complete as possible. Uri Gabbay points out there is also no indication that she was still understood as a deified instrument in this period. Ninigizibara is absent from records from the
417:. In the latter city, the instrument referred to as "Ningizippara" was covered with four pounds of silver and five shekels of gold. In Mari, in addition to religious texts, she is also attested in a school exercise listing various deities whose names start with the sign
279:. She proposed that this might be a sign that an association between her and Gula had a long history. Barbara Böck also considers it likely that there was only one Ninigizibara, associated with both Inanna and Gula. She points out a medicinal plant,
1076:
231:
as that of "minor gods who participate in the deliberations of the great gods, representing humanity," and notes that they were most likely believed to "soothe the angry heart of the deity," similar to the music associated with them.
307:. In the latter city, she took part in a procession of Inanna (locally referred to with the epithet Ninibgal) to nearby Zabalam. A reference to Ninigizibara (under the name Igizibara) receiving offerings in a temple of
501:
While the healing goddesses of the
Mesopotamian pantheon - Ninisina, Gula, Nintinugga and Ninkarrak - were initially separate deities, they were at times either partially conflated or treated as equivalents of each
275:, Ninigizibara was associated both with Inanna (under the name Ninibgal) but also with Gula in Umma, where she took part in a procession of both of these goddesses to
163:
at once makes it more plausible to interpret it as a large standing lyre than as a harp. The argument on the contrary depends on the reading of a harp-like archaic
143:. The precise meaning of this Sumerian term is a matter of scholarly debate, though it is generally accepted that it referred first and foremost to a type of
185:
was also a type of prayers accompanied by music, which later led to the use of the term to refer to another instrument associated with them, a type of
361:
Some attestations of
Ninigizibara are also known from other cities of ancient Mesopotamia. A year formula from the twenty first year of the reign of
461:
1048:
283:, was also called "Ninigizibarra's dog". Its association with Gula is well attested, and it could be called "Gula's dog" as well. Its name was
271:. Wolfgang Heimpel argues that it is impossible that the same goddess as the divine musician is meant in this passage. However, as pointed by
200:.BALAG, which can be literally translated from Sumerian as "balaĝ-bull", most likely a reference to the bull-shaped decorations on the
984:
100:. She could be regarded both as a physical instrument and as a minor deity. In both cases, she was associated with the goddess
1099:
1018:
997:
251:, Nigizibara is one of the deities syncretised with the eponymous medicine goddess. Other goddesses mentioned in it include
1267:
373:, (the divine) Ninigizibara" for Inanna. An offering to Ninigizibara and the goddess Ninme ("lady of battle"), possibly an
159:. This conclusion is also supported by Dahlia Shehata, who points out that possible references to two people playing a
1146:
986:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1257:
330:
period,she was among the deities who took part in a procession led by Ishtar. Among its other participants were
135:
Ninigizibara was both the name of a goddess and of individual instruments placed in a number of temples of
1272:
272:
196:
The name of the position held by
Ninigizibara in the court of Inanna was written in cuneiform as GU
167:
sign as analogous to the later sign BALAG referring to the instrument, which remains unproven. The
1277:
477:
347:
39:
460:") also appears next to Ninigizibara and yet another minor goddess from Inanna's entourage,
482:
172:
89:
1008:
8:
421:. She is paired in it with Nindagalzu, another similar musician goddess, associated with
1216:
1042:
374:
108:
is also attested, and it is possible she could serve as a minor healing deity herself.
311:, the local tutelary deity, is also known from this city. She is also attested in the
1220:
1208:
1175:
1142:
1095:
1024:
1014:
993:
241:
144:
117:
1200:
1165:
1134:
1130:
The
Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
1087:
1229:
155:, but Uri Gabbay argues the available evidence makes it more likely that it was a
1262:
1110:
1057:
1010:
The healing goddess Gula: towards an understanding of ancient babylonian medicine
418:
393:
indicates that
Ninigizibara was also worshiped in this city. She is listed after
355:
327:
312:
125:
457:
398:
390:
247:
105:
1189:"Eine mannshohe Leier im altbabylonischen Ištar-Ritual aus Mari (FM 3, no. 2)"
1091:
1251:
1212:
1179:
1028:
260:
1204:
128:
sign, and the goddess was called
Igizibara, "well regarded". In texts from
1138:
406:
308:
205:
168:
129:
120:. Another possibility is to translate it as "lady with a noble gaze". In
53:
45:
1170:
1157:
881:
879:
711:
709:
707:
705:
341:
288:
284:
252:
227:
instrument. Uri Gabbay characterizes the role of deities designated as
186:
1077:"The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia"
959:
937:
935:
442:
402:
394:
335:
256:
201:
164:
147:. Some translators, for example Wolfgang Heimpel, favor interpreting
1188:
1158:"Old Babylonian god-lists in retrospect: A new edition of TH 80.112"
1128:
876:
829:
702:
817:
362:
947:
932:
276:
422:
410:
386:
378:
331:
319:
268:
264:
179:. The use of this instrument during funerals is well attested.
136:
101:
193:. However, Ninigizibara herself was never regarded as a drum.
116:
Ninigizibara's name most likely means "well regarded lady" in
414:
382:
351:
323:
181:
465:
318:
304:
300:
156:
152:
121:
97:
69:
65:
866:
864:
521:
519:
223:, which also could designate both a type of deity and the
862:
860:
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854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
690:
668:
666:
664:
550:
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544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
639:
637:
624:
622:
609:
607:
582:
580:
578:
565:
563:
516:
366:
204:
of the instrument. However, the signs also served as a
841:
721:
354:
archive. She is also absent from legal texts and from
982:
920:
898:
896:
894:
885:
835:
823:
715:
678:
661:
531:
235:
16:
Mesopotamian goddess representing a string instrument
649:
634:
619:
604:
592:
575:
560:
377:, is also mentioned in a document from the reign of
104:. A connection between her and the medicine goddess
1055:
983:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
965:
953:
941:
781:
769:
757:
733:
456:). Ninmeurur (Sumerian: "lady who collects all the
445:. Both of them are described as Inanna's advisors (
908:
891:
805:
793:
745:
212:, "counselor" or "advisor." An analogous term was
175:have been identified as a possible example of the
1249:
1056:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
401:and Inanna. She is also attested to the west of
322:and gates of a sanctuary of Inanna. During the
287:with a word designating a disease, most likely
428:
1086:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 129–147.
139:. The instrument represented by her was the
96:instrument, usually assumed to be a type of
1047:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
38:
1227:
1169:
525:
1186:
1155:
1108:
870:
727:
628:
569:
554:
299:Ninigizibarra was chiefly worshiped in
1250:
1074:
926:
696:
684:
672:
655:
643:
613:
598:
586:
1126:
1006:
914:
902:
811:
799:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
132:the usual spelling is Ningizippara.
124:, the name was written without the
48:, presumed to be an example of the
13:
236:Ninigizibara as a medicine goddess
14:
1289:
886:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
836:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
824:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
716:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
975:
966:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
954:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
942:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
495:
369:states that he "fashioned the
1:
1199:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
509:
433:Ninigizibarra appears in the
326:festival held in Uruk in the
208:writing of the Akkadian word
28:Divine representation of the
1234:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1193:Altorientalische Forschungen
1115:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1062:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
111:
7:
1268:Music and singing goddesses
1228:Waetzoldt, Hartmut (2014),
992:. Academic Press Fribourg.
471:
10:
1294:
1156:Nicolet, Grégoire (2022).
1109:Heimpel, Wolfgang (1998),
429:In Mesopotamian literature
294:
1164:(99). OpenEdition: 9–78.
1092:10.1515/9783110340297.129
381:presumed to originate in
61:
37:
26:
21:
1187:Shehata, Dahlia (2017).
488:
273:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
1111:"Ninigizibara I and II"
1013:. Leiden, Netherlands.
1258:Mesopotamian goddesses
1230:"Umma A. Philologisch"
1205:10.1515/aofo-2017-0008
1007:Böck, Barbara (2014).
478:Bull Headed Lyre of Ur
44:Replica of one of the
1139:10.1163/9789004364943
348:Neo-Babylonian period
1127:Krul, Julia (2018).
1075:Gabbay, Uri (2014).
483:Music of Mesopotamia
425:rather than Inanna.
358:from Seleucid Uruk.
173:Royal Cemetery at Ur
92:associated with the
90:Mesopotamian goddess
1171:10.4000/syria.14285
968:, pp. 470–471.
699:, pp. 139–140.
1084:Music in Antiquity
1101:978-3-11-034026-6
1020:978-90-04-26146-4
999:978-3-7278-1738-0
375:epithet of Inanna
145:string instrument
75:
74:
62:Major cult center
1285:
1273:Health goddesses
1243:
1242:
1241:
1224:
1183:
1173:
1152:
1123:
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611:
602:
596:
590:
584:
573:
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558:
552:
529:
523:
503:
499:
389:provisions from
356:theophoric names
80:, also known as
42:
19:
18:
1293:
1292:
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1284:
1283:
1282:
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989:
978:
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746:
738:
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561:
553:
532:
524:
517:
512:
507:
506:
500:
496:
491:
474:
454:
450:
431:
313:theophoric name
297:
263:, Ungal-Nibru,
238:
221:
217:
199:
114:
57:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1275:
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1245:
1244:
1225:
1184:
1153:
1147:
1124:
1106:
1100:
1072:
1053:
1019:
1004:
998:
979:
977:
974:
971:
970:
958:
956:, p. 471.
946:
944:, p. 470.
931:
929:, p. 134.
919:
907:
890:
888:, p. 126.
875:
873:, p. 383.
840:
838:, p. 100.
828:
816:
804:
792:
790:, p. 133.
780:
778:, p. 132.
768:
766:, p. 130.
756:
744:
742:, p. 131.
732:
730:, p. 384.
720:
718:, p. 115.
701:
689:
687:, p. 141.
677:
675:, p. 138.
660:
658:, p. 136.
648:
646:, p. 132.
633:
618:
616:, p. 133.
603:
601:, p. 129.
591:
589:, p. 139.
574:
559:
557:, p. 382.
530:
528:, p. 322.
526:Waetzoldt 2014
514:
513:
511:
508:
505:
504:
493:
492:
490:
487:
486:
485:
480:
473:
470:
452:
448:
430:
427:
391:Sippar-Amnanum
350:, such as the
315:Ur-Igizibara.
296:
293:
237:
234:
219:
215:
197:
113:
110:
73:
72:
63:
59:
58:
43:
35:
34:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1290:
1279:
1278:Ancient music
1276:
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1256:
1255:
1253:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
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1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:(in German).
1194:
1190:
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1181:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1148:9789004364936
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1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
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1085:
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1073:
1063:
1059:
1058:"Nin-me-urur"
1054:
1050:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1001:
995:
988:
987:
981:
980:
967:
962:
955:
950:
943:
938:
936:
928:
923:
917:, p. 73.
916:
911:
905:, p. 80.
904:
899:
897:
895:
887:
882:
880:
872:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
837:
832:
826:, p. 79.
825:
820:
814:, p. 12.
813:
808:
802:, p. 63.
801:
796:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
754:, p. IX.
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
710:
708:
706:
698:
693:
686:
681:
674:
669:
667:
665:
657:
652:
645:
640:
638:
631:, p. 74.
630:
625:
623:
615:
610:
608:
600:
595:
588:
583:
581:
579:
572:, p. 58.
571:
566:
564:
556:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
527:
522:
520:
515:
498:
494:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
444:
440:
439:Uru-Ama'irabi
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
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242:Bulluṭsa-rabi
233:
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55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
25:
20:
1238:, retrieved
1233:
1196:
1192:
1161:
1129:
1118:, retrieved
1114:
1083:
1066:, retrieved
1061:
1032:. Retrieved
1009:
985:
976:Bibliography
961:
949:
922:
910:
871:Heimpel 1998
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
728:Heimpel 1998
723:
692:
680:
651:
629:Shehata 2017
594:
570:Nicolet 2022
555:Heimpel 1998
497:
446:
438:
434:
432:
385:. A list of
370:
360:
340:
317:
298:
280:
245:
239:
228:
224:
213:
209:
195:
190:
180:
176:
160:
148:
140:
134:
115:
93:
86:Ningizippara
85:
81:
77:
76:
52:instrument.
49:
29:
1236:(in German)
1064:(in German)
927:Gabbay 2014
697:Gabbay 2014
685:Gabbay 2014
673:Gabbay 2014
656:Gabbay 2014
644:Gabbay 2014
614:Gabbay 2014
599:Gabbay 2014
587:Gabbay 2014
206:logographic
78:Ningizibara
54:Iraq Museum
46:lyres of Ur
22:Ningizibara
1252:Categories
1240:2022-05-31
1120:2022-05-31
1068:2022-05-31
1034:2022-05-31
510:References
468:god list.
413:in modern
289:diphtheria
285:homonymous
253:Nintinugga
187:kettledrum
32:instrument
1221:164943659
1213:2196-6761
1180:0039-7946
1133:. Brill.
1043:cite book
1029:868971232
915:Krul 2018
903:Krul 2018
812:Böck 2014
800:Böck 2014
788:Böck 2014
776:Böck 2014
764:Böck 2014
752:Böck 2014
740:Böck 2014
464:, in the
462:Ninḫinuna
443:Ninmeurur
403:Babylonia
399:Ulmašītum
395:Annunitum
342:An = Anum
336:Ninsianna
257:Ninkarrak
202:sound box
171:from the
165:cuneiform
112:Character
82:Igizibara
472:See also
363:Ibbi-Sin
328:Seleucid
246:Hymn to
229:mundalku
210:mundalku
118:Sumerian
88:, was a
379:Sumu-El
303:and in
295:Worship
281:bu'šānu
277:Zabalam
191:lilissu
189:called
1263:Inanna
1219:
1211:
1178:
1145:
1098:
1027:
1017:
996:
502:other.
423:Ningal
411:Tuttul
387:barley
332:Ninsun
320:Nanaya
269:Ninlil
265:Ninsun
137:Inanna
102:Inanna
1217:S2CID
1162:Syria
1080:(PDF)
990:(PDF)
489:Notes
447:ad-gi
437:song
435:balaĝ
415:Syria
405:, in
383:Larsa
371:balaĝ
352:Eanna
324:Akitu
309:Shara
225:balaĝ
214:ad-gi
182:Balaĝ
177:balaĝ
169:lyres
161:balaĝ
151:as a
149:balaĝ
141:balaĝ
94:balaĝ
50:balaĝ
30:balaĝ
1209:ISSN
1176:ISSN
1143:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1049:link
1025:OCLC
1015:ISBN
994:ISBN
466:Isin
409:and
407:Mari
305:Umma
301:Uruk
267:and
248:Gula
157:lyre
153:harp
130:Mari
122:Umma
106:Gula
98:lyre
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