Nineveh - Knowledge

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been found there. A deep sounding by Max Mallowan revealed evidence of habitation as early as the 6th millennium BC. Today, there is little evidence of these old excavations other than weathered pits and earth piles. In 1990, the only Assyrian remains visible were those of the entry court and the first few chambers of the Palace of Sennacherib. Since that time, the palace chambers have received significant damage by looters. Portions of relief sculptures that were in the palace chambers in 1990 were seen on the antiquities market by 1996. Photographs of the chambers made in 2003 show that many of the fine relief sculptures there have been reduced to piles of rubble.

848: 1491: 2389:. A roofing above it was begun in the late 1960s by Iraqis but was not completed. The result was a mixture of concrete and eroding mudbrick, which nonetheless does give some idea of the original structure. The excavator left some features unexcavated, allowing a view of the original Assyrian construction. The original brickwork of the outer vaulted passageway was well exposed, as was the entrance of the vaulted stairway to the upper levels. The actions of Nineveh's last defenders could be seen in the hastily built mudbrick construction which narrowed the passageway from 4 to 2 metres (13 to 7 ft). Around April 13, 2016, 1206: 3729:

across the Tigris was the famous Ninevah, in ruins but covered with villages and farms ... Ten years later another rabbi, Petachia of Ratisbon , also arriving at Mosul (which he called the 'New Ninevah') and crossing the river, visited 'Old Ninevah', which he described as desolate and 'overthrown like Sodom' with the land black like pitch, without a blade of grass. ... Myths apart, the localization of Ninevah remained a matter of common knowledge and beyond argument; various western travelers (such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier in 1644, and then Bourguignon d'Anville in 1779) confirmed it, and some soundings followed."

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was a reference to greater Nineveh, including the surrounding cities of Rehoboth, Calah and Resen The Book of Jonah depicts Nineveh as a wicked city worthy of destruction. God sent Jonah to preach to the Ninevites of their coming destruction, and they fasted and repented because of this. As a result, God spared the city; when Jonah protests against this, God states he is showing mercy for the population who are ignorant of the difference between right and wrong ("who cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand") and mercy for the beasts in the city.

1514: 254: 226: 2404:. It was excavated by Layard in the 19th century. The stone retaining wall and part of the mudbrick structure were reconstructed in the 1960s. The mudbrick reconstruction has deteriorated significantly. The stone wall projects outward about 20 metres (66 ft) from the line of main wall for a width of about 70 metres (230 ft). It is the only gate with such a significant projection. The mound of its remains towers above the surrounding terrain. Its size and design suggest it was the most important gate in Neo-Assyrian times. 2314: 2230:, University of Heidelberg, developed, focusing also on other areas of Nineveh. At Tell Kuyunjiq, activities started in 2021 with rescue and restoration measures for the destroyed reliefs in the throne room wing of the Southwest Palace. Excavations in the North Palace commenced in 2022. Since 2023, work is also conducted at the Nergal Gate, which had been bulldozed by IS. In the lower town, geophysical surveys were carried out north of Kuyunjiq in 2021 and 2023 in preparation of future research on residential areas. 1194: 247: 2239: 1642: 219: 2191:, who had taken part in King's expeditions. Some works were carried out outside Kuyunjiq, for instance on the mound of Tell Nebi Yunus, which was the ancient arsenal of Nineveh, or along the outside walls. Here, near the northwestern corner of the walls, beyond the pavement of a later building, the archaeologists found almost 300 fragments of prisms recording the royal annals of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and Ashurbanipal, beside a prism of Esarhaddon which was almost perfect. 2361:(Arabic: بوابة مسقي Derived from the passive participle of سَقَى saqā, “to give (sb) a drink, to water, to irrigate”.), it was perhaps used to take livestock to water from the Tigris which currently flows about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) to the west. It has been reconstructed in fortified mudbrick to the height of the top of the vaulted passageway. The Assyrian original may have been plastered and ornamented. It was bulldozed along with the Nergal and Adad Gates during 194: 4442: 79: 1578:, that include pictorial records documenting every construction step including carving the statues and transporting them on a barge. One picture shows 44 men towing a colossal statue. The carving shows three men directing the operation while standing on the Colossus. Once the statues arrived at their destination, the final carving was done. Most of the statues weigh between 9,000 and 27,000 kilograms (19,842 and 59,525 lb). 2577: 48: 2573:. The work tells of an uprising against king Sardanapalus by all the nations that were dominated by the Assyrian Empire. He is a great criminal who had one hundred prisoners of war executed. After a long struggle, the town is conquered by Median and Babylonian troops, led by prince Arbaces and priest Belesis. The king then sets his own palace on fire and dies inside together with all his concubines. 750: 2500:. In 2016, Daesh effectively destroyed the Adad Gate (along with the adjoining northern city walls), as well as the Mashki Gate (along with the eastern fortifications) (the Mashki Gate is in the process of being restored)). Daesh also called for intensive new housing in the Kuyunjiq part and opened a large road across the southern part of the site (currently known as Al Asady Road). 2113: 2089:. Niebuhr wrote afterwards that "I did not learn that I was at so remarkable a spot, till near the river. Then they showed me a village on a great hill, which they call Nunia, and a mosque, in which the prophet Jonah was buried. Another hill in this district is called Kalla Nunia, or the Castle of Nineveh. On that lies a village Koindsjug." 1548:), as he laid out new streets and squares and built within it the South West Palace, or "palace without a rival", the plan of which has been mostly recovered and has overall dimensions of about 503 by 242 metres (1,650 ft × 794 ft). It had at least 80 rooms, many of which were lined with sculpture. A large number of 3360: 2269:

The ruin mound of Kuyunjiq rises about 20 metres (66 ft) above the surrounding plain of the ancient city. It is quite broad, measuring about 800 by 500 metres (2,625 ft × 1,640 ft). Its upper layers have been extensively excavated, and several Neo-Assyrian palaces and temples have

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explored the ruins. Layard did not use modern archaeological methods; his stated goal was "to obtain the largest possible number of well preserved objects of art at the least possible outlay of time and money". In the Kuyunjiq mound, Layard rediscovered in 1849 the lost palace of Sennacherib with its

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was sacked, the allied forces eventually reached Nineveh, besieging and sacking the city in 612 BC, following bitter house-to-house fighting, after which it was razed. Most of the people in the city who could not escape to the last Assyrian strongholds in the north and west were either massacred

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The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. About 12 km in length, the wall system consisted of an ashlar stone retaining wall about 6 metres (20 ft) high surmounted by a mudbrick wall about 10 metres (33 ft)

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form the four corners of an irregular quadrilateral. The ruins of the "great city" Nineveh, with the whole area included within the parallelogram they form by lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally regarded as consisting of these four sites. The description of Nineveh in Jonah likely

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tablets were found in the palace. The solid foundation was made out of limestone blocks and mud bricks; it was 22 metres (72 ft) tall. In total, the foundation is made of roughly 2,680,000 cubic metres (3,505,308 cu yd) of brick (approximately 160 million bricks). The walls on

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dynasty. These toponyms refer to the areas to the North and South of the Khosr stream, respectively: Kuyunjiq is the name for the whole northern sector enclosed by the city walls and is dominated by the large (35 ha) mound of Tell Kuyunjiq, while Nabī (or more commonly Nebi) Yunus is the southern

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A teaching and research tool presenting a comprehensive picture of Nineveh within the history of archaeology in the Near East, including a searchable data repository for meaningful analysis of currently unlinked sets of data from different areas of the site and different episodes in the 160-year

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Liverani 2016, p. 23. "Toward 1170 the rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, who was traveling throughout the Near East passing from one Hebrew community to another, having arrived at Mosul (which he called 'Assur the Great') had a clear idea (thanks to information given to him by his local colleagues) that

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expedition of 1989–1990 and again in 2022 by the Iraqi-Italian Expedition. There is an outward projection of the city wall, though not as pronounced as at the Shamash Gate. The entry passage had been narrowed with mudbrick to about 2 metres (7 ft) as at the Adad Gate. Human remains from the

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is almost exclusively taken up with prophetic denunciations against Nineveh. Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold. Its end was strange, sudden, and tragic. According to the Bible, it was God's doing, his judgment on Assyria's pride. In fulfillment of prophecy, God made "an utter end of the

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Maul, S. M.; Miglus, P. A.; al-Magasees, A. Q.; et al. (2022). "في موقع تل النبي يونس - نينوى الأثرية ٢٠١٨-٢٠١٩ (ekal māšarti) تنقيبات البعثة الألمانية في القصر العسكري" [Excavations of the German mission in the Military Palace (ekal māšarti) on Tell Nebi Yunus – Archaeological site of

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At this time, Nineveh comprised about 7 square kilometres (1,730 acres) of land, and fifteen great gates penetrated its walls. An elaborate system of eighteen canals brought water from the hills to Nineveh, and several sections of a magnificently constructed aqueduct erected by Sennacherib were

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and others, and a vast treasury of specimens of Assyria was incrementally exhumed for European museums. Palace after palace was discovered, with their decorations and their sculptured slabs, revealing the life and manners of this ancient people, their arts of war and peace, the forms of their

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Tell Nebi Yunus is located about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of Kuyunjiq and is the secondary ruin mound at Nineveh. On the basis of texts of Sennacherib, the site has traditionally been identified as the "armory" of Nineveh, and a gate and pavements excavated by Iraqis in 1954 have been

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The site of ancient Nineveh is bisected by the Khosr river. North of the Khosr, the site is called Kuyunjiq, including the acropolis of Tell Kuyunjiq; the illegal village of Rahmaniye lay in eastern Kuyunjiq. South of the Khosr, the urbanized area is called Nebi Yunus (also Ghazliya, Jezayr,

2464:(known locally as Daesh), which first occupied the area in 2014. In early 2015, they announced their intention to destroy the walls of Nineveh if the Iraqis tried to liberate the city. They also threatened to destroy artifacts. On February 26, they destroyed several items and statues in the 1144: 3352: 1682:

or deported out of the city and into the countryside where they founded new settlements. Many unburied skeletons were found by the archaeologists at the site. The Assyrian Empire then came to an end by 605 BC, the Medes and Babylonians dividing its colonies between themselves.

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There is a large body of evidence to show that Assyrian monarchs built extensively in Nineveh during the late 3rd and 2nd millenniums BC; it appears to have been originally an "Assyrian provincial town". Later monarchs whose inscriptions have appeared on the high city include the

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archaeologists. From 1951 to 1958, Mohammed Ali Mustafa worked the site. The work was continued from 1967 through 1971 by Tariq Madhloom. Some additional excavation occurred by Manhal Jabur from the early 1970s to 1987. For the most part, these digs focused on Tell Nebi Yunus.

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of Judah who had not submitted to my yoke...him I shut up in Jerusalem his royal city like a caged bird. Earthworks I threw up against him, and anyone coming out of his city gate I made pay for his crime. His cities which I had plundered I had cut off from his land."

2101:, began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite bank of the river. While at Tell Kuyunjiq he had little success, the locals whom he employed in these excavations, to their great surprise, came upon the ruins of a building at the 20 km far-away mound of 2214:

conducted a series of surveys and digs at the site from 1987 to 1990, focusing his attentions on the several gates and the existent mudbrick walls, as well as the system that supplied water to the city in times of siege. The excavation reports are in progress.

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mašmaš). The context of the etymology surrounding the name is the Exorcist called a Mashmash in Sumerian, was a freelance magician who operated independent of the official priesthood, and was in part a medical professional via the act of expelling demons.

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within an area of 750 hectares (1,900 acres) circumscribed by a 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) fortification wall. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins overlaid by c. one third by the Nebi Yunus suburbs of the city of eastern Mosul.

2007:, set in the days of the Assyrian Empire, describes it as an "exceedingly great city of three days' journey in breadth", whose population at that time is given as "more than 120,000". Genesis 10:11–12 lists four cities "Nineveh, 4342: 2997:"Proud Nineveh" is an emblem of earthly pride in the Old Testament prophecies: "And He will stretch out His hand against the north And destroy Assyria, And He will make Nineveh a desolation, Parched like the wilderness." ( 2415:

Besides the possible Sin Gate at the north-west end of the site, a new gate has been discovered in 2021 to the north of the Shamash Gate and south of the Khosr river (in the area labeled as N by the Iraqi-Italian

1853:, Mosul eclipsed Nineveh, which was reduced to a Christian suburb with limited new construction. By the 13th century, Nineveh was mostly ruins and was subsequently absorbed into Mosul. A church was converted into 924: 2488:. Some of the artifacts sold and/or destroyed were from Nineveh. Just a few days after the destruction of the museum pieces, Daesh terrorists demolished parts of three other major UNESCO world heritage sites, 2222:, University of Heidelberg, established a rescue project in 2018, exploring and documenting the intrusive IS tunnels in the Assyrian Military Palace that is located below the destroyed Mosque of the prophet 990:. It is bordered by deserts to the south and mountains to the north. The cultural practices, technology, and economy in this region were shared and they followed a similar trajectory out of the neolithic. 1581:

The stone carvings in the walls include many battle scenes, impalings and scenes showing Sennacherib's men parading the spoils of war before him. The inscriptions boasted of his conquests: he wrote of

2378:). The reconstruction is conjectural, as the gate was excavated by Layard in the mid-19th century and reconstructed in the mid-20th century. The lamassu on this gate were defaced with a jackhammer by 1691: 1570:, with human heads. These were transported 50 kilometres (31 mi) from quarries at Balatai, and they had to be lifted up 20 metres (66 ft) once they arrived at the site, presumably by a 4727:

Wilkinson, Eleanor Barbanes, and Stephen Lumsden, "Pottery from the University of California, Berkeley Excavations in the Area of the Maški Gate (MG22), Nineveh, 1989-1990", Archaeopress, 2022

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high and 15 metres (49 ft) thick. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every 18 metres (59 ft). The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step

2296:, the tunnels under Tell Nebi Yunus were explored in 2018, in which a 3000-year-old palace was discovered, including a pair of reliefs, each showing a row of women, along with reliefs of 3385: 4333: 2429:

by a lack of proper protective roofing, vandalism and looting holes dug into chamber floors. Future preservation is further compromised by the site's proximity to expanding suburbs.

1711:(d. 354 BC). There are no later cuneiform tablets in Akkadian from Nineveh. Although devastated in 612, the city was not completely abandoned. Yet, to the Greek historians 1695:

records that Nineveh was "turned into mounds and heaps", but this is literary hyperbole. The complete destruction of Nineveh has traditionally been seen as confirmed by the Hebrew

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Diana Pickworth, Excavations at Nineveh: The Halzi Gate, Iraq, vol. 67, no. 1, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part Two, pp. 295–316, 2005

1137:(2900–2600 BC). This period is defined primarily by the characteristic pottery that is found widely throughout Upper Mesopotamia. Also, for the Upper Mesopotamian region, the 2254:", and the remains of the city walls (about 12 kilometres (7 mi) in circumference). The Neo-Assyrian levels of Kuyunjiq have been extensively explored. The other mound, 1885:

left that land, and built Nineveh". Some modern English translations interpret "Ashur" in the Hebrew of this verse as the country "Assyria" rather than a person, thus making

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named Nineveh one of 12 sites most "on the verge" of irreparable destruction and loss, citing insufficient management, development pressures and looting as primary causes.

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cited it as the most dangerous dam in the world), the cancellation of a second dam project in the 1980s to act as flood relief in case of failure, and occupation by

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Maul, S. M.; Miglus, P. A.; Schmitt, A.; et al. (2023). "Excavations of the Royal Palaces on Tell Nebi Yunus and Tell Kuyunjik at Nineveh, Seasons 2021–2023".

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final battle of Nineveh were found in the passageway. Located in the eastern wall, it is the southernmost and largest of all the remaining gates of ancient Nineveh.

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Archaeologically, there is evidence of repairs at the temple of Nabu after 612 and for the continued use of Sennacherib's palace. There is evidence of syncretic

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and, consequently, suffered damage from a number of earthquakes. One such event destroyed the first temple of Ishtar, which was rebuilt in 2260 BC by the

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village. During the Late Chalcolithic period Nineveh was part one of the few Ubaid villages in Upper Mesopotamia which became a proto-city. Others include

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Polychrome painted jar, geometric designs and animals, the so-called "Scarlet Ware". From Tell Abu Qasim at Hamrin Basin, Iraq. 2800-2600 BCE. Iraq Museum

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and the West, it received wealth from many sources, so that it became one of the greatest of all the region's ancient cities, and the last capital of the

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This library or store of clay tablets was found in the royal palace complex in Nineveh; it contained thousands of tablets inscribed with cuneiform text.

4783:, publicly accessible, free depository of the data from the previously linked UC Berkeley Nineveh Archives project, fully linked and georeferenced in a 3703: 1979:). As recorded in Hebrew scripture, Nineveh was also the place where Sennacherib died at the hands of his two sons, who then fled to the vassal land of 1749:, which Stephanie Dalley asserts was written in the 4th century BC, is an account of the city's repentance and God's mercy which prevented destruction. 2226:

on Tell Nebi Yunus. Archaeological excavations are conducted since 2019. Subsequently, an extensive research project, currently under the direction of

1822:(591–628) built a fortress on the west bank, and two Christian monasteries were constructed around 570 and 595. This growing settlement was not called 1168:

culture also belongs to this period; this colourful painted pottery is somewhat similar to Jemdet Nasr ware. Scarlet Ware was first documented in the

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in 2014 resulting in fleeing workers and stolen equipment. If the dam fails, the entire site could be under as much as 45 feet (14 m) of water.

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chronology has been developed by archaeologists. According to this regional chronology, 'Ninevite 5' is equivalent to the Early Jezirah I–II period.

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It was the largest city in the world for approximately fifty years until the year 612 BC when, after a bitter period of civil war in Assyria, it was

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to smelt copper. Tell Arpachiyah has the oldest copper smelting remains, and Tepe Gawa has the oldest metal work. The copper came from the mines at

721:, "fish"). This may have simply intended "Place of Fish" or may have indicated a goddess associated with fish or the Tigris, possibly originally of 1610:, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) distant. The enclosed area had more than 100,000 inhabitants (maybe closer to 150,000), about twice as many as 4147: 1229: 4455: 4356: 3375: 1811: 1719:(c. 400 BC), Nineveh was a thing of the past; and when Xenophon passed the place in the 4th century BC he described it as abandoned. 3812:

From Nineveh to New York: The Strange Story of the Assyrian Reliefs in the Metropolitan Museum & the Hidden Masterpiece at Canford School

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considered to be part of the "armory" complex. Excavations in 1990 revealed a monumental entryway consisting of a number of large inscribed

2258:, has not been as extensively explored because there was an Arab Muslim shrine dedicated to that prophet on the site. On July 24, 2014, the 1205: 1909:

sects of Qumran, Genesis 10:11 affirms the apportionment of Nineveh to Ashur. The attribution of Nineveh to Ashur is also supported by the

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demolished both the gate and the adjacent wall by flattening them with a bulldozer. It has been restored by the Iraqi-Italian expedition.

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occupation. During the restoration project, seven damaged alabaster carvings from the time of Sennacherib were found at the gate in 2022.

2109:, in which large numbers of reliefs were found and recorded, though they had been damaged by fire and were mostly too fragile to remove. 1585:: "Its inhabitants, young and old, I did not spare, and with their corpses I filled the streets of the city." A full and characteristic 1096:

had expanded into Nineveh. At this time, the main temple of Nineveh becomes known as Ishtar temple, re-dedicated to the Semite goddess

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for several decades. Today, it is a common name for the half of Mosul that lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and the country's

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and are believed to have plundered others to sell overseas. The items were mostly from the Assyrian exhibit, which Daesh declared

2372:, it may have been used for some ceremonial purpose, as it is the only known gate flanked by stone sculptures of winged bull-men ( 4865: 3322: 3303: 2436:

is a persistent threat to Nineveh as well as the city of Mosul. This is in no small part due to years of disrepair (in 2006, the

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also predicts its destruction along with the fall of the empire of which it was the capital. Nineveh is also the setting of the

978:, depending on the version, built Nineveh. The context of Nineveh was as one of many centers within the regional development of 2768: 2594: 2286: 1064:

The greater Nineveh area is notable in the diffusion of metal technology across the near east as the first location outside of

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Maul, S. M.; Miglus, P. A.; et al. (2020). "Die Erforschung des ekal māšarti auf Tell Nebi Yunus in Ninive 2018–2019".

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believe that the garden which Sennacherib built next to his palace, with its associated irrigation works, were the original

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R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, "The site of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Nineveh excavated in 1929–30",

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because of its location as the highest navigable point on the Tigris. It was contemporary and had a similar function to

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Gurney, O.R. (1936). "Keilschrifttexte nach Kopien von T. G. Pinches. Aus dem Nachlass veröffentlicht und bearbeitet".

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R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hamilton, "The British Museum excavations on the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh 1930–31",

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and other artifacts have been excavated from the ruins of Nineveh, and are now located in museums around the world.

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universe, Ollanius Persson was supposedly born in Nineveh in 15,000 BCE, making him the oldest of the Perpetuals.

246: 4191:"Archaeologists restoring monument damaged by Islamic State discover ancient stone carvings unseen for millennia" 2673: 2293: 1866: 1061:, and regionally Susa, Eridu, Nippur. During the period between 4500 and 4000 BC it grew to 40 hectares in size. 982:. This area is defined as the plains which can support rain-fed agriculture. It exists as a narrow band from the 3524: 2476:. There were 300 items remaining in the museum out of a total of 1,900, with the other 1,600 being taken to the 1629:; Dalley's argument is based on a disputation of the traditional placement of the Hanging Gardens attributed to 3568: 3114: 122: 100: 61: 3674: 3513: 2145:. The study of the archaeology of Nineveh reveals the wealth and glory of ancient Assyria under kings such as 733:

genus of fish, further indicating the possibility of an association between the name Nineveh and fish. In the

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research partnership to develop the archive for open web use. Includes creative commons-licensed media items.

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Assyrian Discoveries: An Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, During 1873 and 1874

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Halzi Gate: Near the south end of the eastern city wall. Exploratory excavations were undertaken here by the

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Nineveh was an important junction for commercial routes crossing the Tigris on the great roadway between the

1431:(ruled 883–859 BC) onward, there was considerable architectural expansion. Successive monarchs such as 1193: 4885: 4875: 4860: 4744: 4594: 4564: 4460: 4412:

Herbert F. Tucker, Epic. Britain's Heroic Muse 1790–1910, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008, p. 256-261.

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was on an archeological dig near Nineveh before returning to the United States and leading the exorcism of

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The regional influence of Nineveh became particularly pronounced during the archaeological period known as

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between rival claimants for the throne, and in 616 BC Assyria was attacked by its own former vassals, the

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The Minor Prophets, with a Commentary, Explanatory and Practical, and Introductions to the Several Books

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The greatness of Nineveh was short-lived. In around 627 BC, after the death of its last great king

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Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Institute Publication 24

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The earliest piece of written evidence for the persistence of Nineveh as a settlement is possibly the

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in 2000 BC, with the transition into the Middle Bronze, Nineveh was absorbed into the rising power of

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restored the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh and probably encouraged resettlement. A number of cuneiform

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of 539/538 BC, but the reading of this is disputed. If correctly read as Nineveh, it indicates that

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city of Nineveh became one of Mitanni's vassals for half a century until the early 14th century BC.

111: 4890: 2693: 2516: 1865:. The modern city of Mosul is occasionally referred to as Nineveh, such as during the operation to 948: 768: 96: 31: 2726:

Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Nineveh — ܢܝܢܘܐ " in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014,

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with their mounds, are located on a level part of the plain at the junction of the Tigris and the

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R. Campbell Thompson and M. E. L. Mallowan, "The British Museum excavations at Nineveh 1931–32",

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is based on the sacking and fall of Nineveh by the combined rebel armies led by the Babylonians.

2609: 2532: 2477: 2130: 2076: 1927: 1834: 1769: 1575: 89: 17: 2180:, at the beginning of the 20th century. Their efforts concentrated on the site of the Temple of 3856:

R. Campbell Thompson and R. W. Hutchinson, "The excavations on the temple of Nabu at Nineveh",

2939: 2524: 2520: 2333: 1854: 1827: 1395: 1387: 1018: 3975:"Shelby White – Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications – Nineveh Publication Grant" 3407: 3298:

Menko Vlaardingerbroek (2004), "The Founding of Nineveh and Babylon in Greek Historiography",

3104: 2827: 2273: 2019:", ambiguously stating that either Resen or Calah is "the great city". The ruins of Kuyunjiq, 4451: 3403: 2959: 2794: 2585: 1787:. The Parthians also established a municipal mint at Nineveh coining in bronze. According to 1686: 2266:

religious sanctuaries it deemed "un-Islamic", but also to loot that site through tunneling.

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Caves in the Zagros Mountains adjacent to the north side of the Nineveh Plains were used as

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as the founder of Νίνου πόλις (Ninopolis), although there is no historical basis for this.

868: 537: 4212: 3173:"The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 (Thames and Hudson) 2745: 2640:, Jonah, much like his biblical counterpart, must travel to Nineveh due to God’s demands. 880:

Jammasa), including Tell Nebi Yunus where the mosque of the Prophet Jonah and a palace of

8: 4615: 2627: 2622: 2569: 2536: 2469: 2142: 2121: 2052: 1773: 1703: 1513: 1432: 1424: 1351: 1314: 1286: 908: 839:

sector around of the mosque of Prophet Yunus/Jonah, which is located on Tell Nebi Yunus.

819: 760: 573: 499: 491: 281: 4815: 4523: 4510:

Campbell Thompson, R.; Hutchinson, R. W. (1929), "A century of exploration at Nineveh",

4266:"Cultural Assessment of Iraq: The State of Sites and Museums in Northern Iraq – Nineveh" 2799:. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30. 2098: 701: 37:"Ninevites" redirects here. For the South African criminal and resistance movement, see 4535: 3064: 2604: 2219: 2072: 2056: 1914: 1890: 1815: 1739:

tablets have been found at Nineveh. They probably date from the time of the revival of

1161: 983: 892:

destroying swaths of the city walls) the area is called Jounub Ninawah or Shara Pepsi.

553: 533: 4799: 4750: 2917:

A Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature

532:

Its ruins lie across the river from the historical city center of Mosul. The two main

4770:

at the British Museum's website. Includes photographs of items from their collection.

4728: 4691: 4664: 4637: 4497: 4479: 4018: 4008: 3815: 3639: 3629: 3236: 3187: 3110: 3068: 2965: 2833: 2800: 2774: 1622: 1522: 1403: 1113: 1093: 979: 904: 896: 726: 697: 622: 479: 420: 136: 4607:

Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum

4548:

Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum

2929:

Layard, 1849, p.xxi, "...called Kuyunjiq by the Turks, and Armousheeah by the Arabs"

1955:

Nineveh was the flourishing capital of the Assyrian Empire and was the home of King

1893:'s notion that Nimrod built Nineveh has been disputed by eighteenth century scholar 1386:

reclaimed it in 1365 BC while overthrowing the Mitanni Empire and creating the

4830: 4794: 4527: 3399: 3228: 3056: 2688: 2661: 2650: 2564: 2313: 2195: 2169:

religion, the style of their architecture, and the magnificence of their monarchs.

2008: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1838: 1736: 1618: 1428: 987: 722: 660: 382: 55: 38: 4584: 4554: 4376:"Archaeologists uncover 2,700-year-old intricate rock carvings in ancient Nineveh" 2071:

The location of Nineveh was known, to some, continuously through the Middle Ages.

4895: 4809: 4767: 3034: 2599: 2508: 2161: 2082: 2060: 1850: 1803: 1784: 1780: 1732: 1697: 1506: 1452: 1383: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1026: 1015: 1014:

at Nineveh uncovered soil layers that have been dated to early in the era of the

967: 933: 929: 852: 664: 609: 459: 447: 435: 2246:

Today, Nineveh's location is marked by two large mounds, Tell Kuyunjiq and Tell

2238: 1029:

a few kilometers to the northeast. Nineveh was a typical farming village in the

525:

it was the seat of a Christian bishop. It declined relative to Mosul during the

4880: 4652: 4574: 4494:

Sculptures from the north palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.)

4400: 4235:"Iraqi Digital Investigation Team Confirms ISIS Destruction of Gate in Nineveh" 3447:

VanderKam, "Jubilees, Book of", in L. H. Schiffman and J. C. VanderKam (eds.),

3423: 2912: 2589: 2207: 2173: 2157: 2134: 1799: 1728: 1646: 1586: 1571: 1526: 1476: 1318: 1104:

from the Hurro-Urartian pantheon. This temple was called 'House of Exorcists' (

955:

Nineveh was one of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. Texts from the

685: 549: 522: 3657: 3628:(10th anniversary ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. p. 1361. 3060: 2137:, but others were dispersed elsewhere as two large pieces which were given to 2133:

with 22,000 cuneiform clay tablets. Most of Layard's material was sent to the

1641: 4824: 4446: 4164: 4022: 3139: 2654: 2485: 2461: 2317:

Simplified plan of ancient Nineveh showing city wall and location of gateways

2259: 2044: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1997: 1882: 1862: 1806:, Nineveh was not an administrative centre. By the 2nd century AD there were 1745: 1399: 1359: 1181: 1089: 1042: 1030: 1003: 889: 319: 306: 3792:

A. H. Layard, A second series of the monuments of Nineveh, John Murray, 1853

3643: 3233:

The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced

2460:

By far, the greatest threat to Nineveh has been purposeful human actions by

1562:

door figures weighing up to 30,000 kilograms (30 t); these were winged

1553:

top, made out of mud brick, were an additional 20 metres (66 ft) tall.

3380: 2645: 2465: 2150: 2059:

churches commemorate the three days Jonah spent inside the fish during the

1918: 1878: 1654: 1563: 1518: 1448: 1169: 1046: 900: 885: 835: 772: 545: 3202:

Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995)

3126: 2353:

Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists:

710: 4784: 2588:, created a painting of the same name inspired by the poem. English poet 2473: 2227: 1956: 1753: 1590: 1538: 1456: 1440: 1285:

In the final phase of the Early Bronze, Mesopotamia was dominated by the

1274: 1173: 1153: 1101: 1100:, in the form of Ishtar of Nineveh. Ishtar of Nineveh was conflated with 1085: 975: 956: 937: 872: 652: 596: 526: 510: 292: 2035:

Nineveh's repentance and salvation from evil can be found in the Hebrew

1849:

on the west bank and turned it into an administrative centre. Under the

1685:

It is not clear whether Nineveh came under the rule of the Medes or the

521:. The city was never again a political or administrative centre, but by 193: 4539: 4289:"Mosul dam engineers warn it could fail at any time, killing 1m people" 3356: 3211: 3011: 2614: 2172:

The mound of Kuyunjiq was excavated again by the archaeologists of the

2146: 2126: 1910: 1819: 1807: 1792: 1444: 1258: 1022: 881: 684:

The original meaning of the name is unclear but may have referred to a

2105:, which, on further exploration, turned out to be the royal palace of 1795:, a claimant to the Parthian throne with Roman support, took Nineveh. 1783:. There is evidence of more changes in Sennacherib's palace under the 1657:, the Neo-Assyrian Empire began to unravel through a series of bitter 1006:. Nineveh itself was founded as early as 6000 BC during the late 4401:

Christians of Iraq: Ba-oota d' Ninevayee or the Fast of the Ninevites

3186:, pp. 56 (quoted), 65–71, 1998 (2nd edn.), The British Museum Press, 2998: 2708: 2489: 2433: 2218:

After Mosul’s liberation from the control of the Islamic State (IS),

2106: 2102: 2024: 1993: 1942: 1716: 1674: 1666: 1658: 1633:

together with a combination of literary and archaeological evidence.

1549: 1495: 1436: 1105: 1007: 730: 518: 4531: 78: 4445: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 1960: 1922: 1765: 1760:

has been found and a Greek inscription attached to a shrine of the

1708: 1630: 1598: 1177: 1065: 3055:(Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale): 38. 2773:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p. 67, 2576: 1593:, and now in the British Museum. He later wrote about a battle in 4751:

John Malcolm Russell, "Stolen stones: the modern sack of Nineveh"

4334:"Iraq: Isis militants pledge to destroy remaining archaeological" 4035: 3998: 3353:"العبادي يطلق على عمليات تحرير نينوى تسمية "قادمون يا نينوى" أمن" 3155:

Ashrafian, H. (2011). "An extinct Mesopotamian lion subspecies".

2984:

Geoffrey Turner, "Tell Nebi Yūnus: The ekal māšarti of Nineveh",

2850:

Despite the modern scholarly consensus that the book is fictional

2598:

mentions Nineveh in its first line. Nineveh is also mentioned in

2481: 2426: 2397: 2374: 2338: 2329:

Gate, taken prior to the gate's destruction by ISIL in April 2016

2298: 2277: 1788: 1761: 1712: 1662: 1614:

at the time, placing it among the largest settlements worldwide.

1611: 1594: 1582: 1558: 1480: 1468: 1464: 1371: 1367: 1322: 1302: 1265:. The early city (and subsequent buildings) was constructed on a 715: 475: 3960:

Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: The 1968–69 Campaign",

3947:

Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: The 1967–68 Campaign",

3934:

Tariq Madhloom, "Excavations at Nineveh: A preliminary report",

552:, Jonah was a prophet who preached to Nineveh. Large numbers of 3690: 2727: 2698: 2493: 2369: 2347: 2199: 2036: 2020: 2012: 1984: 1970: 1886: 1846: 1757: 1678: 1607: 1494:

Refined low-relief section of a bull-hunt frieze from Nineveh,

1472: 1460: 1326: 1097: 1069: 1058: 1050: 971: 960: 807: 689: 678: 487: 3398: 3099: 3097: 2187:

The excavations started again in 1927, under the direction of

1645:

The walls of Nineveh at the time of Ashurbanipal. 645-640 BC.

1556:

Some of the principal doorways were flanked by colossal stone

1329:, whose cult was responsible for the city's early importance. 1247:

Pottery jar, Tepeyatagi, Khudat district, Kura-Araxtes culture

4788: 4209:"ISIS 'bulldozed' ancient Assyrian city of Nimrud, Iraq says" 2548: 2503: 2497: 2401: 2251: 2223: 2048: 1988: 1858: 1823: 1743:

in the century following the collapse of Assyria. The Hebrew

1670: 1407: 1363: 1054: 963: 888:

below it are located. South of the street Al-'Asady (made by

834:

by the Arabs, it is thought to have some connection with the

811: 734: 603: 585: 541: 514: 483: 277: 4140:"Exclusive Photos Show Destruction of Nineveh Gates by ISIS" 4055: 3142:: "Out of that land went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh". 4509: 3094: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2362: 2326: 2181: 1906: 1740: 1567: 1484: 1081: 999: 932:

ruler, discovered in Nineveh in 1931, presumably depicting

509:

by a coalition of its former subject peoples including the

486:

in northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the

403: 203: 1451:

maintained and founded new palaces, as well as temples to

867:

The remains of ancient Nineveh, the areas of Kuyunjiq and

3320:

Peter Webb, "Nineveh and Mosul", in O. Nicholason (ed.),

2425:

By 2003, the site of Nineveh was exposed to decay of its

2112: 1587:

set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish

1346:

Artist's impression of a hall in an Assyrian palace from

851:

View of the village of "Nunia" or "Ninive", published by

536:, or mound-ruins, within the walls are Tell Kuyunjiq and 397: 391: 4747:

of Nineveh taken in May 2003 showing damage from looters

3781:

The Monuments of Nineveh; From Drawings Made on the Spot

4357:"ISIL video shows destruction of 7th century artifacts" 3138:

Genesis 10:11 attributes the founding of Nineveh to an

2289:

and "bull-man" sculptures, some apparently unfinished.

1574:. There are also 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) of stone 1532: 1298: 4711:- Early worship of Ishtar, Early / Prehistoric Nineveh 4661:

Imagining Babylon: The Modern Story of an Ancient City

2206:

The British archaeologist and Assyriologist Professor

1830:. It may have been called Hesnā ʿEbrāyē (Jews' Fort). 1525:, from the Northern Palace in Nineveh, as seen at the 1172:

basin in Iraq. Later, it was also found in the nearby

182: 4836:

Populated places established in the 6th millennium BC

4812:: Babylonian Chronicle Concerning the Fall of Nineveh 3624:

Barker, Kenneth L.; Burdick, Donald W., eds. (1995).

3409:

The sacred and profane history of the world connected

2679:

Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State

1959:, King of Assyria, during the Biblical reign of King 1768:

dated to the 2nd century AD has also been found. The

1406:(1114–1076 BC), both of whom were active builders in 412: 394: 388: 2280:

excavated at Tell Nebi Yunus by Iraqi archaeologists

1772:

may still have been in use until around the time of

1156:. Ninevite 5 pottery is roughly contemporary to the 1021:. The development and culture of Nineveh paralleled 400: 4841:

Populated places disestablished in the 13th century

4146:, The National Geographical Society, archived from 3012:

The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Period from Nineveh

385: 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4663:], translated by Campbell, Alisa, De Gruyter, 4332: 3451:, Oxford University Press (2000), Vol. I, p. 435. 688:. The city was said to be devoted to "the goddess 490:River and was the capital and largest city of the 4774:University of California Digital Nineveh Archives 3658:"Jonah 4 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre" 3326:(Oxford University Press, 2018), vol. 2, p. 1078. 3282:Stephanie Dalley (1993), "Nineveh after 612 BC", 1366:in the 14th century BC, by orders of the king of 1321:(1809-1775) in about 1800 BC as a centre of 529:and was mostly abandoned by the 13th century AD. 4822: 3897:Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 3884:Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 3871:Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 3150: 3148: 2919:. New York: The Judaica Press, Inc. p. 888. 1881:, Nineveh is first mentioned in Genesis 10:11: " 4476:Sennacherib's "Palace without Rival" at Nineveh 4464:(New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. 4072:"Officials: ISIS blows up Jonah's tomb in Iraq" 3768:Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon 2964:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. 2832:. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated. 2796:Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: A Theological Commentary 4676: 4188: 3335:J. E. Reade (1998), "Greco-Parthian Nineveh", 1992:place". It became a "desolation". The prophet 1257:At this time, Nineveh was still an autonomous 641: 626: 4367: 3623: 3145: 3028:Kuyunjiq / Tell Nebi Yunis (ancient: Nineveh) 2097:In 1842, the French Consul General at Mosul, 1939:The Prophet Jonah before the Walls of Nineveh 1889:, rather than Ashur, the founder of Nineveh. 1589:in 701; it is the "finest" from the reign of 672: 568:Artist's impression of Assyrian palaces from 4133: 4131: 4129: 3367: 1974: 1964: 1861:, which continued to attract pilgrims until 771:. There might be a discussion about this on 616: 4816:Layard's Nineveh and its Remains- full text 3834:, S. Low-Marston-Searle and Rivington, 1876 2085:recorded its location during the 1761–1767 1541:who made Nineveh a truly influential city ( 589: 4677:Scott, M. Louise; MacGinnis, John (1990), 3843:Hormuzd Rassam and Robert William Rogers, 3221: 2944:E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 2504:Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh's Wish) 2382:forces and the gate was utterly destroyed. 2198:, several excavations were carried out by 2156:The work of exploration was carried on by 2129:. He also unearthed the palace and famous 1779:The city was actively resettled under the 198:The reconstructed Mashki Gate of Nineveh ( 192: 4126: 3154: 2923: 2875:" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013. 2233: 1377: 1358:The goddess's statue was sent to Pharaoh 1313:The historic Nineveh is mentioned in the 791:Learn how and when to remove this message 700:and Assyrian names for that goddess. The 163:Learn how and when to remove this message 4701:- Nineveh 5, Vessel Pottery 2900 BC 4685: 4651: 4599:, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1899 4569:, Printed by order of the Trustees, 1891 4373: 4211:. Rappler. March 5, 2015. Archived from 3706:. Syrian Orthodox Church. Archived from 3047:Lambert, W. (2004). "Ištar of Nineveh". 2825: 2575: 2332: 2320: 2312: 2272: 2237: 2111: 1933: 1692:Chronicle Concerning the Fall of Nineveh 1640: 1512: 1489: 1341: 1211:Painted bowl – Uruk-Nineveh 5 transition 1143: 1041:In 5000 BC, Nineveh transitioned from a 923: 858: 846: 563: 4631: 4623: 4491: 4473: 4159: 4157: 3696: 3376:"How ISIS Is Spinning the Mosul Battle" 3323:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 3304:Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 3046: 2957: 2951: 2911: 2484:for security reasons prior to the 2014 1905:has since shown that, according to the 1092:on the Euphrates. By 3000 BC, the 822:, a Turkish name (Layard used the form 470:), also known in early modern times as 66:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 4823: 4714: 4450: 4286: 4116:"Five Historical Sites in Mesopotamia" 4113: 3373: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3227: 3127:Polish-Syrian Expedition to Tell Arbid 3081: 2905: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2792: 2766: 2420: 2308: 2141:and eventually found their way to the 1308: 4704: 4137: 3388:from the original on 20 October 2016. 3363:from the original on 19 October 2016. 3302:vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 2860: 2858: 2744:. geography.about.com. Archived from 2739: 2558: 2092: 1969:) and the lifetime of Judean prophet 1833:In 627, the city was the site of the 1636: 4757:; looting of sculptures in the 1990s 4613: 4154: 3449:Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls 3018:Vol. 3, No. 1 (1936), 104–110. 2396:Shamash Gate: Named for the sun god 1533:Sennacherib's development of Nineveh 1152:Ninevite 5 was preceded by the Late 1124: 743: 482:, located in the modern-day city of 463: 183: 101:adding citations to reliable sources 72: 4496:, British Museum Publications Ltd, 3374:Winter, Charlie (20 October 2016). 3329: 3309: 3257:"Wall panel; relief British Museum" 2878: 2120:In 1847 the young British diplomat 2043:, and referred to in the Christian 1975: 1965: 1872: 1180:. It is also contemporary with the 1075: 673: 617: 451: 439: 24: 4636:, Trustees of the British Museum, 4545: 4374:Milligan, Mark (3 November 2022). 4189:Hadani Ditmars (25 October 2022). 4058:Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 4001:Zeitschrift für Orient-Archäologie 3267: 2855: 2592:'s well-known, fanciful 1903 poem 2409:University of California, Berkeley 2262:destroyed the shrine as part of a 2212:University of California, Berkeley 1841:and the Sasanians. In 641, it was 1252: 25: 4917: 4738: 4060:. 16 (in print) (published 2024). 2988:, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 68–85, 1970 2447:In an October 2010 report titled 1337: 1080:Nineveh became a trade colony of 347:7.5 km (2.9 sq mi) 68: instead of cuneiform script. 4440: 4423:"Recessional by Rudyard Kipling" 4345:from the original on 2022-06-21. 4138:Romey, Kristin (19 April 2016), 2826:Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009). 2742:"Largest Cities Through History" 2684:Historical urban community sizes 2580:John Martin, The Fall of Nineveh 1722: 1427:, particularly from the time of 1418: 1292: 1280: 1240: 1228: 1216: 1204: 1192: 919: 748: 714:) is a fish within a house (cf. 381: 252: 245: 224: 217: 77: 46: 4871:Former populated places in Iraq 4688:Agatha Christie and Archaeology 4492:Barnett, Richard David (1976), 4478:, University Of Chicago Press, 4415: 4406: 4403:, re-accessed 11 September 2016 4393: 4349: 4325: 4307: 4287:Borger, Julian (2 March 2016). 4280: 4258: 4249: 4227: 4201: 4182: 4107: 4089: 4064: 4049: 4029: 3992: 3967: 3954: 3941: 3928: 3915: 3902: 3889: 3876: 3863: 3850: 3837: 3824: 3814:, Yale University Press, 1997, 3804: 3795: 3786: 3773: 3760: 3747: 3738:Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1888), 3732: 3722: 3683: 3668: 3650: 3617: 3606: 3595: 3584: 3573: 3562: 3551: 3540: 3529: 3518: 3507: 3496: 3482: 3468: 3454: 3441: 3416: 3412:, vol. 1, pp. 106–107 3392: 3345: 3292: 3249: 3205: 3196: 3176: 3167: 3132: 3120: 3075: 3040: 3021: 3004: 2991: 2978: 2932: 2674:Cities of the ancient Near East 2368:Nergal Gate: Named for the god 1897:. The discovery of the fifteen 1863:its destruction by ISIL in 2014 1261:. It was incorporated into the 1235:Proto-Elamite ware 3100 BC 1036: 709: 633: 369:Battle of Nineveh (612 BC) 253: 225: 88:needs additional citations for 4866:History of Nineveh Governorate 4781:CyArk Digital Nineveh Archives 4745:Joanne Farchakh-Bajjaly photos 4681:, vol. 52, pp. 63–73 4474:Russell, John Malcolm (1992), 4272:News. May 2003. Archived from 3109:. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 2819: 2786: 2760: 2733: 2720: 2066: 1332: 830:"sheep" in Turkish); known as 13: 1: 4721:– Early / Prehistoric Nineveh 4432: 4237:. Bellingcat. August 29, 2016 3845:Asshur and the Land of Nimrod 2961:The Ancient Mesopotamian City 2958:Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). 2793:Jenson, Philip Peter (2009). 2450:Saving Our Vanishing Heritage 2385:Adad Gate: Named for the god 2242:Humvee down after ISIS attack 1946: 1542: 1499: 941: 725:origin. The word נון/נונא in 647:. The city was also known as 4856:Archaeological sites in Iraq 4795:Photos of Nineveh, 1989–1990 4690:, The British Museum Press, 4114:Fatima, Eman (5 July 2024). 3912:, vol. 10, pp. 110–111, 1954 3860:, vol. 79, pp. 103–148, 1929 3847:, Curts & Jennings, 1897 3284:Altorientalische Forschungen 2728:http://syriaca.org/place/144 2584:Atherstone's friend, artist 2438:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1810:present and by 554 it was a 1158:Early Transcaucasian culture 993: 842: 7: 4007:(published 2021): 128–213. 3899:, vol. 20, pp. 71–186, 1933 3886:, vol. 19, pp. 55–116, 1932 3873:, vol. 18, pp. 79–112, 1931 3704:"Three Day Fast of Nineveh" 3235:. Oxford University Press. 3216:University of Chicago Press 3106:A Dictionary of Archaeology 2667: 2543:(ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ) which means 2529:Assyrian Church of the East 2325:Photograph of the restored 1987:). The book of the prophet 1704:Retreat of the Ten Thousand 1413: 1188:Styles related to Nineveh 5 1002:settlements, most famously 10: 4922: 4851:Destroyed populated places 4686:Trümpler, C., ed. (2001), 3964:, vol. 25, pp. 43–49, 1969 3938:, vol. 23, pp. 76–79, 1967 3084:Rchiv Fiir Orientforschung 2637:Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie 2513:Ancient Church of the East 2400:, it opens to the road to 1627:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 914: 863:Village in Nineveh in 2019 737:, Jonah is referred to as 604: 424: 36: 29: 4707:The A to Z of Mesopotamia 4705:Leick, Gwendolyn (2010), 4461:Easton's Bible Dictionary 3951:, vol 24, pp. 45–51, 1968 3801:Liverani 2016, pp. 32–33. 3061:10.1017/S0021088900001595 2865:Oxford English Dictionary 2767:Kripke, Saul A. (1980) , 2704:Short chronology timeline 2555:also maintain this fast. 1931:(Antiquities, i, vi, 4). 1921:, and by Roman historian 608:) under influence of the 496:largest city in the world 364: 356: 351: 343: 335: 298: 288: 273: 211: 191: 180: 4512:The Geographical Journal 4315:"Globalheritagefund.org" 4097:"Explore the IS Tunnels" 4037:Nineveh 2018–2019]. 3306:, Part One, pp. 233–241. 2829:Handbook on the Prophets 2714: 2694:List of megalithic sites 2517:Chaldean Catholic Church 2116:Bronze lion from Nineveh 1901:texts found amongst the 1348:The Monuments of Nineveh 1199:Painted jar – Ninevite 5 959:period later offered an 949:Rijksmuseum van Oudheden 570:The Monuments of Nineveh 502:takes its name from it. 32:Nineveh (disambiguation) 4846:Ancient Assyrian cities 4632:Lambert, W. G. (1992), 4624:Lambert, W. G. (1968), 3755:Nineveh and Its Remains 2533:Saint Thomas Christians 2478:National Museum of Iraq 2131:library of Ashurbanipal 2077:Petachiah of Regensburg 1928:Antiquities of the Jews 1770:library of Ashurbanipal 1689:in 612. The Babylonian 1677:. In about 616 BC 1576:Assyrian palace reliefs 642: 627: 559: 4777:history of excavations 4719:, Simon & Schuster 4679:Notes on Nineveh, Iraq 4452:Easton, Matthew George 3925:, vol. 11, pp. 4, 1955 3921:Mohammed Ali Mustafa, 3908:Mohammed Ali Mustafa, 3810:John Malcolm Russell, 3428:www.pseudepigrapha.com 2581: 2563:English Romantic poet 2539:observe a fast called 2525:Syriac Orthodox Church 2521:Syriac Catholic Church 2342: 2337:Eastern city wall and 2330: 2318: 2281: 2243: 2234:Archaeological remains 2149:(681–669 BC) and 2125:71 rooms and colossal 2117: 1952: 1843:conquered by the Arabs 1650: 1617:Some scholars such as 1529: 1510: 1396:Middle Assyrian Empire 1388:Middle Assyrian Empire 1378:Middle Assyrian period 1355: 1149: 1019:archaeological culture 952: 864: 856: 590: 580:The English placename 577: 540:, site of a shrine to 54:This article contains 4717:Our oriental heritage 4715:Durant, Will (1954), 4361:america.aljazeera.com 4341:. February 27, 2015. 4276:on February 15, 2004. 3490:1611 King James Bible 3404:James Talboys Wheeler 2899:Encyclopaedia Judaica 2867:, 3rd ed. "Ninevite, 2579: 2567:wrote an epic titled 2336: 2324: 2316: 2276: 2241: 2115: 1937: 1766:Herakles Epitrapezios 1687:Neo-Babylonian Empire 1644: 1516: 1493: 1345: 1147: 927: 862: 850: 769:clarify the paragraph 741:"owner of the fish". 567: 320:36.35944°N 43.15278°E 264:Show map of Near East 27:Ancient Assyrian city 4614:King, W. L. (1914), 3662:www.mechon-mamre.org 3010:M. E. L. Mallowan, " 2770:Naming and Necessity 2610:Arthur O'Shaughnessy 2455:Global Heritage Fund 2178:Leonard William King 2139:Lady Charlotte Guest 2075:visited it in 1170; 2039:, also known as the 1839:Eastern Roman Empire 1317:during the reign of 761:confusing or unclear 663:; Ninwe (ܢܸܢܘܵܐ) in 97:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 4886:Tells (archaeology) 4876:Ancient Mesopotamia 4861:Hebrew Bible cities 4524:1929GeogJ..74..406P 4425:. 14 December 2022. 4321:on August 20, 2012. 4270:National Geographic 4144:National Geographic 4103:. 22 November 2018. 3783:, John Murray, 1849 3770:, John Murray, 1853 3757:, John Murray, 1849 3626:The NIV Study Bible 3359:. 17 October 2016. 3157:Veterinary Heritage 2901:. Gale Group. 2008. 2740:Rosenberg, Matt T. 2628:War Gods of Babylon 2570:The Fall of Nineveh 2537:Syro-Malabar Church 2421:Threats to the site 2309:City wall and gates 2294:liberation of Mosul 2264:campaign to destroy 2153:(669–626 BC). 2143:Metropolitan Museum 2122:Austen Henry Layard 1774:Alexander the Great 1756:cults. A statue of 1433:Tiglath-pileser III 1425:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1402:(1274–1245 BC) and 1352:Austen Henry Layard 1315:Old Assyrian Empire 1309:Old Assyrian period 909:Neo-Assyrian Empire 903:, thus uniting the 574:Austen Henry Layard 554:Assyrian sculptures 544:. According to the 500:Nineveh Governorate 492:Neo-Assyrian Empire 316: / 282:Nineveh Governorate 261:Nineveh (Near East) 177: 4808:2016-11-10 at the 4766:2015-09-26 at the 4165:"Gates of Nineveh" 3744:, Volume II, p.123 3710:on 25 October 2012 3261:The British Museum 3184:Assyrian Sculpture 3033:2020-11-05 at the 2582: 2559:In popular culture 2553:Ethiopian Orthodox 2343: 2331: 2319: 2282: 2244: 2118: 2093:Excavation history 2073:Benjamin of Tudela 1953: 1891:Sir Walter Raleigh 1816:Church of the East 1651: 1637:After Ashurbanipal 1564:Mesopotamian lions 1530: 1511: 1382:The Assyrian king 1356: 1297:After the fall of 1162:Jemdet Nasr period 1150: 1053:, Brak, Hamoukar, 953: 928:Bronze head of an 865: 857: 818:was, according to 702:Assyrian cuneiform 578: 325:36.35944; 43.15278 175: 4709:, Scarecrow Press 4670:978-1-61451-602-6 4657:Immaginare Babele 4518:(4), Luzac: 406, 4195:The Art Newspaper 4150:on April 19, 2016 4014:978-3-7861-2860-1 3580:Zephaniah 2:13–15 3400:Shuckford, Samuel 3242:978-0-19-966226-5 3229:Dalley, Stephanie 2839:978-1-58558-365-2 2806:978-0-567-44289-5 2748:on 18 August 2016 2643:In the 1973 film 2621:The 1962 Italian 2189:Campbell Thompson 2087:Danish expedition 2057:Oriental Orthodox 1835:Battle of Nineveh 1523:Mesopotamian lion 1404:Tiglath-Pileser I 1125:Ninevite 5 period 1094:Kish civilization 980:Upper Mesopotamia 897:Mediterranean Sea 801: 800: 793: 494:, as well as the 480:Upper Mesopotamia 474:, was an ancient 431: 374: 373: 233:Shown within Iraq 173: 172: 165: 147: 62:rendering support 16:(Redirected from 4913: 4901:Book of Jubilees 4720: 4710: 4700: 4682: 4673: 4646: 4628: 4620: 4610: 4609:, British Museum 4600: 4590: 4580: 4570: 4560: 4550: 4542: 4506: 4488: 4465: 4444: 4443: 4427: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4317:. Archived from 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4295:. guardian.co.uk 4284: 4278: 4277: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4215:on July 24, 2020 4205: 4199: 4198: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4135: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4033: 4027: 4026: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3977:. Archived from 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3867: 3861: 3854: 3848: 3841: 3835: 3828: 3822: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3621: 3615: 3613:Genesis 10:11–12 3610: 3604: 3599: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3544: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3462:Greek Septuagint 3458: 3452: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3349: 3343: 3333: 3327: 3318: 3307: 3296: 3290: 3280: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3225: 3219: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3194: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3152: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3044: 3038: 3025: 3019: 3008: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2891: 2876: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2846: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2689:Isaac of Nineveh 2662:Warhammer 40,000 2651:Lankester Merrin 2565:Edwin Atherstone 2545:Nineveh's Prayer 2196:Second World War 2099:Paul-Émile Botta 1978: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1951: 1948: 1923:Flavius Josephus 1915:King James Bible 1911:Greek Septuagint 1903:Dead Sea Scrolls 1895:Samuel Shuckford 1873:Biblical Nineveh 1826:until after the 1619:Stephanie Dalley 1547: 1544: 1504: 1501: 1429:Ashurnasirpal II 1390:(1365–1050 BC). 1244: 1232: 1223:Jemdet Nasr ware 1220: 1208: 1196: 1184:period in Susa. 1076:Early Bronze Age 988:Zagros mountains 970:10:11 says that 946: 943: 826:, diminutive of 796: 789: 785: 782: 776: 752: 751: 744: 713: 692:of Nineveh" and 676: 675: 645: 635: 630: 620: 619: 607: 606: 593: 465: 453: 441: 429: 426: 415: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 331: 330: 328: 327: 326: 321: 317: 314: 313: 312: 309: 265: 256: 255: 249: 237: 236:Show map of Iraq 228: 227: 221: 196: 186: 185: 178: 174: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 56:cuneiform script 50: 49: 39:Umkosi Wezintaba 21: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4891:Hassuna culture 4821: 4820: 4810:Wayback Machine 4768:Wayback Machine 4741: 4724: 4698: 4671: 4653:Liverani, Mario 4644: 4605: 4593: 4583: 4573: 4563: 4553: 4532:10.2307/1784268 4504: 4486: 4441: 4435: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4372: 4368: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4339:The Independent 4331: 4330: 4326: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4285: 4281: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4136: 4127: 4112: 4108: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4081: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4054: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4015: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3916: 3907: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3881: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3636: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3530: 3525:Isaiah 37:37–38 3523: 3519: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3397: 3393: 3372: 3368: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3330: 3319: 3310: 3297: 3293: 3281: 3268: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3182:Reade, Julian, 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3102: 3095: 3080: 3076: 3045: 3041: 3035:Wayback Machine 3026: 3022: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2913:Jastrow, Marcus 2910: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2879: 2863: 2856: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2670: 2600:Rudyard Kipling 2561: 2506: 2423: 2311: 2236: 2220:Peter A. Miglus 2095: 2083:Carsten Niebuhr 2069: 2061:Fast of Nineveh 2051:. To this day, 1949: 1875: 1857:to the prophet 1855:a Muslim shrine 1851:Umayyad dynasty 1804:Sasanian Empire 1785:Parthian Empire 1781:Seleucid Empire 1733:Cyrus the Great 1725: 1698:Book of Ezekiel 1639: 1545: 1535: 1507:Pergamon Museum 1502: 1421: 1416: 1384:Ashur-uballit I 1380: 1340: 1335: 1311: 1295: 1283: 1263:Akkadian Empire 1255: 1253:Akkadian period 1248: 1245: 1236: 1233: 1224: 1221: 1212: 1209: 1200: 1197: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1078: 1039: 1027:Tell Arpachiyah 996: 968:Book of Genesis 947:, Iraq Museum. 944: 934:Sargon of Akkad 922: 917: 853:Carsten Niebuhr 845: 797: 786: 780: 777: 766: 757:This paragraph 753: 749: 696:was one of the 610:Biblical Hebrew 584:comes from the 562: 538:Tell Nabī Yūnus 436:Biblical Hebrew 413: 384: 380: 324: 322: 318: 315: 310: 307: 305: 303: 302: 269: 268: 267: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 257: 240: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 229: 207: 200:since destroyed 187: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 71: 70: 69: 60:Without proper 51: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4919: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4797: 4792: 4778: 4771: 4758: 4748: 4740: 4739:External links 4737: 4736: 4735: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4702: 4697:978-0714111483 4696: 4683: 4674: 4669: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4634:Supplement III 4629: 4621: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4581: 4571: 4561: 4546:Bezold, Carl, 4543: 4507: 4502: 4489: 4484: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4428: 4414: 4405: 4392: 4380:Heritage Daily 4366: 4348: 4324: 4306: 4279: 4257: 4248: 4226: 4200: 4181: 4169:Madain Project 4153: 4125: 4106: 4088: 4063: 4048: 4028: 4013: 3991: 3966: 3953: 3940: 3927: 3914: 3901: 3888: 3875: 3862: 3849: 3836: 3830:George Smith, 3823: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3779:A. H. Layard, 3772: 3766:A. H. Layard, 3759: 3753:A. H. Layard, 3746: 3731: 3721: 3695: 3682: 3667: 3649: 3634: 3616: 3605: 3594: 3583: 3572: 3569:Isaiah 10:5–19 3561: 3550: 3539: 3528: 3517: 3506: 3495: 3481: 3467: 3453: 3440: 3415: 3391: 3366: 3344: 3328: 3308: 3291: 3266: 3248: 3241: 3220: 3204: 3195: 3175: 3166: 3144: 3131: 3119: 3093: 3074: 3039: 3020: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2970: 2950: 2946:, p. 1083 2931: 2922: 2904: 2877: 2854: 2838: 2818: 2805: 2785: 2779: 2759: 2732: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2590:John Masefield 2560: 2557: 2541:Ba'uta d-Ninwe 2505: 2502: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2394: 2383: 2366: 2310: 2307: 2292:Following the 2235: 2232: 2228:Stefan M. Maul 2208:David Stronach 2174:British Museum 2158:Hormuzd Rassam 2135:British Museum 2094: 2091: 2068: 2065: 1874: 1871: 1845:, who built a 1828:Arab conquests 1800:Late Antiquity 1764:. A statue of 1729:Cyrus Cylinder 1724: 1721: 1701:and the Greek 1647:British Museum 1638: 1635: 1606:discovered at 1534: 1531: 1527:British Museum 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1379: 1376: 1339: 1338:Mitanni period 1336: 1334: 1331: 1319:Shamshi-Adad I 1310: 1307: 1294: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1191: 1189: 1160:ware, and the 1126: 1123: 1117: 1109: 1086:Uruk Expansion 1077: 1074: 1045:village to an 1038: 1035: 995: 992: 945: 2270 BC 921: 918: 916: 913: 844: 841: 799: 798: 756: 754: 747: 729:refers to the 727:Old Babylonian 686:patron goddess 561: 558: 523:Late Antiquity 372: 371: 366: 362: 361: 358: 354: 353: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 300: 296: 295: 290: 286: 285: 275: 271: 270: 260: 251: 250: 244: 243: 242: 241: 232: 223: 222: 216: 215: 214: 213: 212: 209: 208: 197: 189: 188: 181: 171: 170: 85: 83: 76: 64:, you may see 52: 45: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4918: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 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3383: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3355:(in Arabic). 3354: 3348: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3289:(1): 134–147. 3288: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3244: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3199: 3193: 3192:9780714121413 3189: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3037:colostate.edu 3036: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2971:9780191588457 2967: 2963: 2962: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2780:0-674-59846-6 2776: 2772: 2771: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2655:Regan MacNeil 2652: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2612:'s 1873 poem 2611: 2607: 2606: 2602:'s 1897 poem 2601: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486:Fall of Mosul 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2315: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2265: 2261: 2260:Islamic State 2257: 2253: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045:New Testament 2042: 2041:Old Testament 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:Book of Jonah 2001: 1999: 1998:Book of Tobit 1995: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1972: 1962: 1958: 1944: 1941:, drawing by 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1746:Book of Jonah 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723:Later history 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1546: 700 BC 1540: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 695 BC 1497: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 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