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Another large group has triangular, conic shapes. All masks have large geometric eyes and stylized features. The masks are often polychrome, but on many the color is lost; after the ceremonies they were left on the ground and quickly deteriorated because of termites and other conditions. The Dogon continue an ancient masquerading tradition, which commemorates the origin of death. According to their myths, death came into the world as a result of primeval man's transgressions against the divine order. Dama memorial ceremonies are held to accompany the dead into the ancestral realm and restore order to the universe. The performance of masqueraders – sometimes as many as 400 – at these ceremonies is considered absolutely necessary. In the case of the dama, the timing, types of masks involved, and other ritual elements are often specific to one or two villages and may not resemble those seen in locations only several kilometres distant. The masks also appear during baga-bundo rites performed by small numbers of masqueraders before the burial of a male Dogon. Dogon masks evoke the form of animals associated with their mythology, yet their significance is only understood by the highest ranking cult members whose role is to explain the meaning of each mask to a captivated audience.
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personal or family altars, altars for rain, altars to protect hunters, in market. As a general characterization of Dogon statues, one could say that they render the human body in a simplified way, reducing it to its essentials. Some are extremely elongated with emphasis on geometric forms. The subjective impression is one of immobility with a mysterious sense of a solemn gravity and serene majesty, although conveying at the same time a latent movement. Dogon sculpture recreates the hermaphroditic silhouettes of the Tellem, featuring raised arms and a thick patina made of blood and millet beer. The four Nommo couples, the mythical ancestors born of the god Amma, ornament stools, pillars or men's meeting houses, door locks, and granary doors. The primordial couple is represented sitting on a stool, the base of which depicts the earth while the upper surface represents the sky; the two are interconnected by the Nommo. The seated female figures, their hands on their abdomen, are linked to the fertility cult, incarnating the first ancestor who died in childbirth, and are the object of offerings of food and sacrifices by women who are expecting a child.
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3372:. Other statues were created for people such as hunters and farmers so others could leave offerings after long farming seasons or group hunts. The stylistic variations in Bambara art are extreme sculptures, masks and headdresses display either stylized or realistic features, and either weathered or encrusted patinas. Until quite recently, the function of Bambara pieces was shrouded in mystery, but in the last twenty years, field studies have revealed that certain types of figures and headdresses were associated with a number of the societies that structure Bambara life. During the 1970s a group of approximately twenty figures, masks and TjiWara headdresses belonging to the so-called 'Segou style' were identified. The style is distinct and recognizable by its typical flat faces, arrow-shaped noses, all-over body triangular scarifications and, on the figures, splayed hands.
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1523:, are one of the most commonly found forms of art in Western Africa. In their original contexts, ceremonial masks are used for celebrations, initiations, crop harvesting, and war preparation. The masks are worn by a chosen or initiated dancer. During the mask ceremony the dancer goes into a deep trance, and during this state of mind he "communicates" with his ancestors. The masks can be worn in three different ways: vertically covering the face: as helmets, encasing the entire head, and as a crest, resting upon the head, which was commonly covered by material as part of the disguise. African masks often represent a spirit and it is strongly believed that the spirit of the ancestors possesses the wearer. Most African masks are made with wood, and can be decorated with: Ivory, animal hair, plant fibers (such as raffia), pigments (like
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fact that, according to myth, the horse was the first animal present on earth. The Dogon style has evolved into a kind of cubism: ovoid head, squared shoulders, tapered extremities, pointed breasts, forearms, and thighs on a parallel plane, hairdos stylized by three or four incised lines. Dogon sculptures serve as a physical medium in initiations and as an explanation of the world. They serve to transmit an understanding to the initiated, who will decipher the statue according to the level of their knowledge. Carved animal figures, such as dogs and ostriches, are placed on village foundation altars to commemorate sacrificed animals, while granary doors, stools and house posts are also adorned with figures and symbols.
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ancient artistic traditions for which Africa is so well known have been preserved in
Burkina Faso because so many people continue to honor the ancestral spirits, and the spirits of nature. In great part, they honor the spirits through the use of masks and carved figures. Many of the countries to the north of Burkina Faso had become predominantly Muslim, while many of the countries to the south of Burkina Faso are heavily Christian. In contrast, many of the people of Burkina Faso continue to offer prayers and sacrifices to the spirits of nature and to the spirits of their ancestors. The result is that they continue to use the sorts of art that we see in museums in Europe and America.
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soul of the Asante nation within it. Gold was considered an earthly counterpart to the sun and was often utilized in art to display the importance of the king, making it an essential representation of their cultural and social values. Kente cloth is another extremely important art tradition of Akan culture. Tradition states that Kente cloth originated as weavers tried to copy the weaving abilities of spiders with their webs. Kente cloth is world renowned for its colors and patterns. Its original purpose was to portray royal power and authority, but has now become a symbol of tradition and has been adopted by several other cultures.
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hand-painted movie posters on canvas and flour sacks from the 1980s and 1990s have been exhibited at museums around the world and sparked viral social media attention due to their highly imaginative and stylized depictions of
Western films. This creative interpretation of Western culture through African art styles is also on display with the tradition of praise portraits depicting international celebrities, which often served as storefront advertising art, and have since become widely valued and collected in the global art market.
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2438:, explains that most Nok ceramics were shaped by hand from coarse-grained clay and subtractively sculpted in a manner that suggests an influence from wood carving. After some drying, the sculptures were covered with slip and burnished to produce a smooth, glossy surface. The figures are hollow, with several openings to facilitate thorough drying and firing. The firing process most likely resembled that used today in Nigeria, in which the pieces are covered with grass, twigs, and leaves and burned for several hours.
5797:. The museum was opened out of the desire to acquaint the people of Yugoslavia with the art and culture of Africa since there was a deeply rooted notion about Yugoslavia sharing a friendship with African countries thanks to their similar struggles; all of the original items in the museums were legally bought by the Yugoslav ambassador and journalist Zdravko Pečar and his wife Veda Zagorac, while more recent acquisition were either bought by the museum, received as gifts from Yugoslavs who lived in Africa or were
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fantasy coffins of
Southern Ghana, made in a variety of different shapes which represent the occupations or interests of the deceased or elevate their status. The Ga believe that an elaborate funeral will benefit the status of their loved ones in the after-life, so families often spare no expense when deciding which coffin they want for their relatives. These coffins can take the forms of cars, cocoa pods, chickens, or any other shape a family may decide best represents their deceased loved one.
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experience. These artists saw in
African art a formal perfection and sophistication unified with phenomenal expressive power. The study of and response to African art, by artists at the beginning of the twentieth century facilitated an explosion of interest in the abstraction, organization, and reorganization of forms, and the exploration of emotional and psychological areas hitherto unseen in Western art. By these means, the status of visual art was changed. Art ceased to be merely and primarily
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linked to specific societies or ceremonies. Bambara carvers have established a reputation for the zoomorphic headdresses worn by Tji-Wara society members. Although they are all different, they all display a highly abstract body, often incorporating a zig-zag motif, which represents the sun's course from east to west, and a head with two large horns. Bambara members of the Tji-Wara society wear the headdress while dancing in their fields at sowing time, hoping to increase the crop yield.
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social systems are quite different, and certainly their art is quite different. In terms of artistic styles the confusion stems from the fact that the Bwa, "gurunsi'" and Mossi make masks that are covered with red white and black geometric graphic patterns. This is simply the style of the
Voltaic or Gur peoples, and also includes the Dogon and other peoples who speak Voltaic languages.
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by Muslim neighbours. The revival of art after this was influenced by
Catholic European art in both iconography and elements of style, but retained its Ethiopian character. In the 20th century, Western artists and architects began to be commissioned by the government, and to train local students, and more fully Westernized art was produced alongside continuations of traditional church art.
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great deal of use of colourful textiles, and the more elaborate types are widely used as church vestments and as hangings, curtains and wrappings in churches, although they have now largely been supplanted by
Western fabrics. Examples of both types can be seen in the picture at the top of the article. Icons may normally be veiled with a semi-transparent or opaque cloth; very thin
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5140:. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these baskets is being steadily enhanced through color use and improved designs as they are increasingly produced for commercial use.
2418:, in terrain made by the erosion of water. The terracotta statues found there are hidden, rolled, polished, and broken. Rarely are works of great size conserved intact making them highly valued on the international art market. The terracotta figures are hollow, coil built, nearly life-sized human heads and bodies that are depicted with highly stylized features, abundant
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features. Myene art centers around Myene rituals for death. Female ancestors are represented by white painted masks worn by male relatives. The Bekota use brass and copper to cover their carvings. They use baskets to hold ancestral remains. Tourism is rare in Gabon, and unlike in other
African countries, art is not spurred on by commerce.
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4504:(axe) that he carried over his shoulder. Luba art was not very uniform because of the vast territory which the kingdom controlled. However, some characteristics are common. The important role of woman in the creation myths and political society resulted in many objects of prestige being decorated with female figures.
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must be subdivided into different areas. The
Makonde are known as master carvers throughout East Africa, and their statuary that can be found being sold in tourist markets and in museums alike. They traditionally carve household objects, figures and masks. Since the 1950s the so-called Modern Makonde
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Ethiopia has great ethnic and linguistic diversity, and styles in secular traditional crafts vary greatly in different parts of the country. There are a range of traditions in textiles, many with woven geometric decoration, although many types are also usually plain. Ethiopian church practices make a
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exist, there appears to be no surviving
Ethiopian Christian art from the Axumite period. However, the earliest works remaining show a clear continuity with Coptic art of earlier periods. There was considerable destruction of churches and their contents in the 16th century when the country was invaded
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Dogon art is extremely versatile, although common stylistic characteristics – such as a tendency towards stylization – are apparent on the statues. Their art deals with the myths whose complex ensemble regulates the life of the individual. The sculptures are preserved in innumerable sites of worship,
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There are three major and one minor type of Bambara mask. The first type, used by the N'tomo society, has a typical comb-like structure above the face, is worn during dances and may be covered with cowrie shells. The second type of mask, associated with the Komo society, has a spherical head with two
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Art used to advertise for local businesses, including barbershops, movie houses, and appliance stores has become internationally celebrated in galleries and has launched the careers of many contemporary African artists, from Joseph Bertiers of Kenya to several movie poster painters in Ghana. Ghanaian
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was straining against the constraints imposed by serving the world of appearances, African art demonstrated the power of supremely well-organized forms; produced not only by responding to the faculty of sight but also and often primarily, the faculty of imagination, emotion and mystical and religious
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Mulwalwa mask; 19th or early 20th century; painted wood and raffia; Ethnological Museum of Berlin. This mask embodies a powerful nature spirit. As there are no holes through which a performer could see, it was probably mounted on a wall at an initiation camp, signaling that the initiation was almost
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One of the principal obstacles to understanding the art of Burkina Faso, including that of the Bwa, has been a confusion between the styles of the Bwa, "gurunsi", and Mossi, and a confusion of the Bwa people with their neighbors to the west the Bobo people. This confusion was
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There are nearly eighty styles of masks, but their basic characteristic is great boldness in the use of geometric shapes, independent of the various animals they are supposed to represent. The structure of a large number of masks is based on the interplay of vertical and horizontal lines and shapes.
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Kneeling statues of protective spirits are placed at the head of the dead to absorb their spiritual strength and to be their intermediaries with the world of the dead, into which they accompany the deceased before once again being placed on the shrines of the ancestors. Horsemen are reminders of the
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Relief fragment with heads and figures; 5th century BC – 5th century AD; length: 50 cm (19.6 in.), height: 54 cm (21.2 in.), width: 50 cm (19.6 in.); terracotta; Musée du quai Branly. As most African art styles, the Nok style focuses mainly on people, rarely on animals.
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importance of ancestors as intermediaries between the living, the gods, and the supreme creator, and art is seen as a way to contact these spirits of ancestors. Art may also be used to depict gods, and is valued for its functional purposes. However, it is important to note that the arrival of both
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African art is produced using a wide range of materials and takes many distinct shapes. Because wood is a very common material, wood sculptures make up the majority of African art. Other materials used in creating African arts includes clay soil. Jewelry is a popular art form and is used to indicate
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are famous for the way they paint their houses. Distinct geometric forms against stark, contrasting colours form the basis of the Ndebele style, which encompassed everything from the architecture, clothing and tools of the people. While color has almost always had a role in drawing emotions in art,
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Two of these figures were ascribed great significance: a seated or standing maternity figure called Guandousou – known in the West as 'Bambara Queen' – and a male figure called Guantigui, who usually appears holding a knife. The two figures were surrounded by Guannyeni attendant figures standing or
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above all other metals and believes that it can portray the supernatural elements behind many things, including royal authority and cultural values. The Asante, who is a dominant Akan-speaking culture in Ghana, trace their origins back to the arrival of a golden-stool, which is now said to hold the
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A wide range of more-or-less traditional forms of art or adaptations of traditional style to contemporary taste is made for sale to tourists and others, including so-called "airport art". A number of vigorous popular traditions assimilate Western influences into African styles such as the elaborate
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are important elements in the art of many people, along with human figures, and are often highly stylised. There is a vast variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin and depending on the use of the object, but wide regional trends are apparent; sculpture is most common among
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were historically made of wood and other natural materials that have not survived from earlier than a few centuries ago, although rare older pottery and metal figures can be found in some areas. Some of the earliest decorative objects, such as shell beads and evidence of paint, have been discovered
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A lot of the art possesses a certain stiffness, with figures poised upright and rigid in a regal fashion. Bodily proportions also appear to be mathematically derived, giving rise to a sense of fantastic perfection in the figures depicted. This most likely was used to reinforce the godliness of the
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As the masks are held to be of great spiritual power, it is considered a taboo for anyone other than specially trained persons or chosen ones to wear or possess certain masks. These ceremonial masks are each thought to have a soul, or life force, and wearing these masks is thought to transform the
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Other Bambara figures, called Dyonyeni, are thought to be associated with either the southern Dyo society or the Kwore society. These female or hermaphrodite figures usually appear with geometric features such as large conical breasts and measure between 40 and 85 cm in height. The blacksmith
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The function of Nok terracotta sculptures remains unknown. For the most part, the terracotta is preserved in the form of scattered fragments. That is why Nok art is best known today only for the heads, both male and female, whose hairstyles are particularly detailed and refined. The statues are in
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Yorubas utilize a bush to make indigo-shaded batik-colored fabric. Ladies generally do the withering, while in the north, the specialty is drilled only by men. Weavers everywhere throughout the nation produce a splendid texture with ribbon structures. Oyo state is known for its fine loom materials
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Nigerian culture is illustrated through art and folklore. Nigeria draws its inspiration for their art from traditional folk heritage of the region. There are different types of artwork from the Nigerian culture. Some of these works of art can be stone carvings, potteries, glass work, wood carvings
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During and after the 19th and 20th century colonial period, Westerners long characterized African art as "primitive." The term carries with it negative connotations of underdevelopment and poverty. Colonization during the nineteenth century set up a Western understanding hinged on the belief that
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The study of African art until recently focused on the traditional art of certain well-known groups on the continent, with a particular emphasis on traditional sculpture, masks and other visual culture from non-Islamic West Africa, Central Africa, and Southern Africa with a particular emphasis on
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Among the corpus of Bambara figures, Boh sculptures are perhaps the best known. These statues represent a highly stylized animal or human figure, and are made of wood which is repeatedly covered in thick layers of earth impregnated with sacrificial materials such as millet, chicken or goat blood,
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Ghana is famous for creating the most famous bonafide African expressions and makes, these range from wood carvings, brass works, figures, gems and different types of materials. Ghana still holds up to be notoriety as a nation with endless saves of minerals, such as gold, diamond, silver, bronze,
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make masks and basketry, carvings, and sculptures. Fang art is characterized by organized clarity and distinct lines and shapes. Bieri, boxes to hold the remains of ancestors, are carved with protective figures. Masks are worn in ceremonies and for hunting. The faces are painted white with black
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School of Fine Art and Design came Bulinya Martins and Sarah Shiundu. The two by virtue of having learned many basic techniques in design are highly innovative both in style, use of color and execution. Unlike most contemporary Kenyan artist they paint using oils, acrylics and watercolors and/or
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Themes found throughout Dogon sculpture consist of figures with raised arms, superimposed bearded figures, horsemen, stools with caryatids, women with children, figures covering their faces, women grinding pearl millet, women bearing vessels on their heads, donkeys bearing cups, musicians, dogs,
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are primarily used during the annual ceremonies of the Guan society. During these ceremonies, a group of up to seven figures, measuring from 80 to 130 cm in height, are removed from their sanctuaries by the elder members of the society. The sculptures are washed, re-oiled and sacrifices are
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The primary ethnic groups in Mali are the Bambara (also known as Bamana) and the Dogon. Smaller ethnic groups consist of the Marka, and the Bozo fisherman of the Niger River. Ancient civilizations flourished in areas like Djene and Timbuktu, where a great variety of ancient bronze and terracotta
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A Kente is a traditional, multi-coloured, hand-woven, quilted cloth. It is also a sort of silk and cotton texture made of interlaced cloth strips. The cloth is central to the Ghanaian culture and it is also traditionally used to be worn as a wrap-around both men and women with slightly different
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have been extremely influential on African art forms across the continent. African art often stems from the themes of religious symbolism, functionalism and utilitarianism, and many pieces of art are created for spiritual rather than purely creative purposes. Many African cultures emphasize the
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of Jula interpreters at the turn of the century. these interpreters considered the two peoples to be the same and so referred to the Bobo as "Bobo-Fing" and to the Bwa as "Bobo-Oule." In fact these two peoples are not related at all. Their languages are quite different, their
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The third type has connections with the Nama society and is carved in the form of an articulated bird's head, while the fourth, minor type, represents a stylized animal head and is used by the Kore society. Other Bambara masks are known to exist, but unlike those described above, they cannot be
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in West Africa, who created elaborate ivory saltcellars that were hybrids of African and European designs, most notably in the addition of the human figure (the human figure typically did not appear in Portuguese saltcellars). The human figure may symbolise the living or the dead, may reference
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Burkina Faso is a small, landlocked country north of Ghana and south of Mali and Niger. Economically, it is one of the four or five poorest countries in the world. Culturally, it is extremely rich. In part, this is because so few people from Burkina have become Muslim or Christian. Many of the
3368:) adapted many artistic traditions and began to create display pieces. Before money was the main drive of creation of their artworks they used their abilities solely as a sacred craft for display of spiritual pride, religious beliefs and display of customs. Example artworks include the Bamana
1662:. Despite this, many contemporary African artists tend to have a difficult time finding a market for their work. Many contemporary African arts borrow heavily from traditional predecessors. Ironically, this emphasis on abstraction is seen by Westerners as an imitation of European and American
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quadruped-shaped troughs or benches, figures bending from the waist, mirror-images, aproned figures, and standing figures (Laude, 46–52). Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art. The Dogon people were not the first inhabitants of the cliffs of Bandiagara. Influence from
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tests narrowed the sculptures’ age down to between 2,000 and 2,500 years ago, making them some of the oldest in Western Africa. Many further dates were retrieved in the course of new archaeological excavations, extending the beginnings of the Nok tradition even further back in time.
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Pottery has a long custom in Nigeria. Pottery was well known from 100 B.C. These days Suleja, Abuja and Ilorin are viewed as significant figures of customary ceramics. Potters in Nigeria are frequently female, and usually practice for the methods to be passed on through families.
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the 19th and 20th centuries. Recently, however, there has been a movement among African art historians and other scholars to include the visual culture of other regions and time periods. The notion is that by including all African cultures and their visual culture over time in
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to prevent crop failure, infertility, and illness. Also, based on the dome-shaped bases found on several figures, they could have been used as finials for the roofs of ancient structures. Margaret Young-Sanchez, Associate Curator of Art of the Americas, Africa, and Oceania in
2486:(Paris). In this Nok work, the head is dramatically larger than the body supporting it, yet the figure possesses elegant details and a powerful focus. The neat protrusion from the chin represents a beard. Necklaces from a cone around the neck and keep the focus on the face.
4257:(USA). This mask may have represented a wise older man at boys' initiations. One of the principal Kuba dance masks is called pwoom itok. The chief identifying characteristic is the shape of the eyes, whose centers are cones surrounded by holes through which the wearer sees
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decoration. The cross motif emerges from the decoration, with the whole design often forming a rotated square or circular shape, though the designs are highly varied and inventive. Many incorporate curved motifs rising from the base, which are called the "arms of
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Emphasis on the human figure: The human figure has always been the primary subject matter for most African art, and this emphasis even influenced certain European traditions. For example, in the fifteenth century, Portugal traded with the Sapi culture near the
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Head goblet (Mbwoongntey); 19th century; wood; Brooklyn Museum. It has one-inch cylindrical lip with linear decoration. The hair is made up of crosshatched lines with a raised diamond-shaped segment on the back of the head. Its cheeks have curved multilinear
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2519:, USA). The mouth of this head is slightly open. It maybe suggests speech, that the figure has something to tell us. This is a figure that seems to be in the midst of a conversation. The eyes and the eyebrows suggest an inner calm or an inner serenity.
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paintings and artifacts, and indigenous southern crafts also contributed greatly to African art. Often depicting the abundance of surrounding nature, the art was often abstract interpretations of animals, plant life, or natural designs and shapes. The
1046:, contributing a narrative element rare in African sculpture; and royal regalia included gold sculptured elements. Many West African figures are used in religious rituals and are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. The
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which consists of geometric shapes that connect with his memory of his homeland. The sculpture resembles grazing sheep in the distance. He valued discovering art within the society of the artist, including culture, tradition, and background.
5627:, developed historical art styles similar to that of their Egyptian neighbors to the north. However, Nubian art was not merely a product of colonization by ancient Egypt, but rather due to a mutual exchange of ideas and ideologies along the
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shells and worn as personal ornaments 72,000 years ago. In Africa, evidence for the making of paints by a complex process exists from about 100,000 years ago and of the use of pigments from around 320,000 years ago. African rock art in the
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2577:(1440–1897), a pre-colonial African state located in what is now known as the South-South region of Nigeria. The Benin Bronzes are a group of more than a thousand metal plaques and sculptures that decorated the royal palace of the
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produce a wide variety of art including traditional figures, masks, artifacts and textiles, plus works in metals such as bronze. Artworks form the Igbo have been found from as early as the 9th century with the bronze artifacts found at
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As a result of natural erosion and deposition, Nok terracottas were scattered at various depths throughout the Sahel grasslands, causing difficulty in the dating and classification of the mysterious artifacts. Two archaeological sites,
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and animal skins (especially leopard) as symbols of wealth, prestige and power. Masks are also important to the Kuba. They are used both in the rituals of the court and in the initiation of boys into adulthood, as well as at funerals.
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art, which was inspired by their interest in abstract depiction. It was this appreciation of African sculpture that has been attributed to the very concept of "African art", as seen by European and American artists and art historians.
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Tinga Tinga art has roots in decorating hut walls in central and south Tanzania. It was first in 1968 when Edward Said Tingatinga started to paint on wooden sheets with enamel colours when Tinga Tinga art became known. The art of the
3008:, made of ceramic, brass and other materials. Much of their art is associated with the royal courts. They also produced elaborate masks and doors, full of details and painted in bright colors, such as blue, yellow, red and white.
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4816:; Royal Museum for Central Africa. Representing a disturbed man, the hooded V-looking eyes and the mask's artistic elements – face surfaces, distored features, and divided colour – evoke the experience of personal inner conflict
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3274:, USA) The raised marks and indentations on the back of this hunched Djenné figure may represent disease or, more likely, sacrification patterns. The facial expression and pose could depict an individual in mouring or in pain
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believes that "Nok artwork represents a style that was adopted by a range of iron-using farming societies of varying cultures, rather than being the diagnostic feature of a particular human group as has often been claimed."
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seated in various positions, holding a vessel, or a musical instrument, or their breasts. During the 1970s, numerous fakes from Bamako which were based on these sculptures entered the market. They were produced in Bamako.
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A collection of hundreds of original African painting images from living artists inside Africa. Representing 15 African countries and over 100 African Artists. Contains rich biographical information on many of its
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Leopard aquamanile; 17th century; brass; Ethnological Museum of Berlin. The bronze leopards were used to decorate the altar of the oba. The leopard, a symbol of power, appears in many bronze plaques, from the oba's
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rivers" in West Africa. Direct images of deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for ritual ceremonies. Since the late 19th century there has been an increasing amount of
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build funeral posts, carvings of human heads atop geometric designs are still created. Though the original posts no longer exist, these more recent creations are thought to be a continuation of the practice. The
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was in close and often hostile contact with Egypt, and produced monumental sculptures mostly derivative of styles that did not lead to the north. In West Africa, the earliest known sculptures are from the
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antelope horns on the top and an enlarged, flattened mouth. They are used during dances, but some have a thickly encrusted patina acquired during other ceremonies in which libations are poured over them.
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wood. Sculptures can be wooden, ceramic or carved out of stone like the famous Shona sculptures, and decorated or sculpted pottery comes from many regions. Various forms of textiles are made including
2898:
4025:
Colourful basketry with a coiled construction is common in rural Ethiopia. The products have many uses, such as storing grains, seeds and food and being used as tables and bowls. The Muslim city of
3428:
values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, sanctuaries, or kept with the
6416:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity - New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species"
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chiefs, dancers, or various trades or even may be an anthropomorphic representation of a god or have other votive functions. Another common theme is the intermorphosis of humans and animals.
908:
societies inspired by African traditions. Despite this diversity, there are unifying artistic themes present when considering the totality of the visual culture from the continent of Africa.
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members of the Dyo society used them during dances to celebrate the end of their initiation ceremonies. They were handled, held by dancers and placed in the middle of the ceremonial circle.
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4194:(Germany). The colors, red, brown & beige create a warm atmosphere of a savanna, being in contrast with the rows of blue beads. Like many other Kuba masks, this one is decorated with
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and European art in general began to exert some influence. However, Ethiopian art is highly conservative and retained much of its distinct character until modern times. The production of
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kola nuts and alcoholic drinks. They were employed by the Kono and the Komo societies and served as receptacles for spiritual forces, and could, in turn, be used for apotropaic purposes.
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offered to them at their shrines. These figures – some of which date from between the 14th and 16th centuries – usually display a typical crested coiffure, often adorned with a talisman.
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The exact number of pieces is uncertain. Most sources speak of a thousand pieces or several thousand pieces. According to Nevadomsky, there were between 3,000 and 5,000 pieces in total.
3907:
emerged in the 1st century BCE and dominated Ethiopia until the 10th century, having become very largely Christian from the 4th century. Although some buildings and large, pre-Christian
2608:, while the rest were purchased by other museums in Europe. Today, a large number are held by the British Museum, as well as by other notable collections in German and American museums.
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was centred on the state religion of the time. The art ranged from stone carvings of both massive statues and small statuettes, to wall art that depicted both history and mythology. In
4431:. Several types of raffia cloth are produced for different purposes, the most common form of which is a plain woven cloth that is used as the foundation for decorated textile production
3817:
Ethiopian art from the 4th century until the 20th can be divided into two broad groupings. First comes a distinctive tradition of Christian art, mostly for churches, in forms including
3788:
has a large collection of traditional art objects from Kenya including jewelry, containers, weapons, walking sticks, headrests, stools, utensils, and other objects available online.
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Masks are a piece of the animist confidence of the Yoruba individuals. The veils are painted, and fans wear them at memorial services and different functions to mollify the spirits.
3062:
2525:
5449:). The Narmer palette is the quintessential statement of the Egyptians' mythology of kingship. A clear manifesto of royal power, it is also one with multiple layers of symbolism
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4925:. Their most important artworks are the terracotta figurines. These figurines represent humans and animals. Other kinds of artifacts show that the Saos were skilled workers in
2342:
and bronze works. Benin and Awka are considered to be the central places for wood carving. Woodcarvers have been thriving throughout the south of Nigeria from time immemorial.
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and Gianni Baiocchi in Rome have helped expand the interest in the subject. Numerous exhibitions at the Museum for African Art in New York and the African Pavilion at the 2007
4987:
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4520:(Paris). This headrest presents 19th century Luba hairstyles, as well as the long limbs, bent-back legs, cylindrical torso and dynamic pose typical of the artist who made it
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is considered a major early representative of contemporary black African art. Contemporary African art was pioneered in the 1950s and 1960s in South Africa by artists like
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Mashabane, Phill (2018). "Africanism in art and architecture: The keynote address delivered at the twelfth annual conference of the South African Journal of Art History".
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and fiber art are important visual art forms across Africa and may be included in the study of African art. The term "African Art" does not usually include the art of the
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Visual abstraction: African artworks tend to favour visual abstraction over naturalistic representation. This is because many African artworks generalise stylistic norms.
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have also greatly influenced the art of the African continent, and traditions of both have been integrated into the beliefs and artwork of traditional African religion.
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cloth. Mosaics made of butterfly wings or coloured sand are popular in West Africa. Early African sculptures can be identified as being made of terracotta and bronze.
5066:; Ethnological Museum of Berlin. Worn with full costume in a night masquerade to settle disputes and quell misbehavior, this calm visage was terrifying to wrong-doers
4006:, or figure of Christ, and the design often incorporates numerous smaller crosses. Engraved figurative imagery has sometimes been added. Crosses are mostly either
3240:
Djenné-Djenno is famous for its figurines which depict humans and animals including snakes and horses. They are made of terracotta, a material that has been used in
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More complex methods of producing art were developed in sub-Saharan Africa around the 10th century, some of the most notable advancements include the bronze work of
681:
2198:. The Akan people are known for their strong connection between visual and verbal expressions and a distinctive blending of art and philosophy. Akan culture values
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and fine art culture. This has been understudied until recently, due to scholars' and art collectors' emphasis on traditional art. Notable modern artists include
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Female figure; 13th-–15th century; terracotta covered with red ochre; height: 37.5 cm (14.7 in.), width: 31 cm (12.2 in.), depth: 24 cm (9.4 in.);
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1929:
Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance.
2826:(New York City). Blowing a horn or flute with his right hand, his left arm is truncated. He also wears a netted cap with chevron design decorated with a feather
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5782:
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4091:) that play a special role. Makonde are also part of the important contemporary artists of Africa today. An outstanding position is taken by George Lilanga.
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In Western African art, there is a focus on being expressive and unique while still being influenced by the art of those who came before. The art of the
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Black and white picture of a female figure with raised arm; 15th–17th century; wood (ficus, moraceae), sacrificial materials; height: 44.8 cm (17
1093:, there will be a greater understanding of the continent's visual aesthetics across time. Finally, the arts of the people of the African diaspora, in
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the Ndebele were one of the first Southern African tribes to utilise a wide array of colours to convey specific meaning as part of their very lives.
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4334:. They are not naturalistic portrayals but are intended as representations of the king's spirit and as an encapsulation of the principle of kingship
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shells, metal studs and nails. Decorative clothing is also commonplace and comprises another large part of African art. Among the most complex of
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peoples are skilled at carving wood and each culture produces wooden masks in wide variety. The Ivorian people use masks to represent animals in
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After these historical periods, the inhabitants of Sudan created artworks in different styles, both in indigenous African ways or influenced by
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All of the Nok statues are very stylized and similar in that they have this triangular shape eye with a perforated pupil, with arched eyebrows.
1674:, who, in the early twentieth century, was heavily influenced by traditional African art. This period was critical to the evolution of Western
1054:, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles and dots.
2848:; 16th century; ivory, iron & copper; Metropolitan Museum of Art. One of four related ivory pendant masks among the prized regalia of the
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Török, László. The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization. Leiden: Brill, 1997. Google Scholar. Web. 20 October 2011.
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1482:, but became also a true medium for philosophic and intellectual discourse, and hence more truly and profoundly aesthetic than ever before.
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Art beyond the West: the arts of the Islamic world, India and Southeast Asia, China, Japan and Korea, the Pacific, Africa, and the Americas
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is well known for its high-quality basketry, and many craft products of the Muslim minority relate to wider Islamic decorative traditions.
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Nearly all countries in Africa have at least a national museum housing African art, often very largely from that country, for example the
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has been the predominant religion in Ethiopia for over 1500 years, for most of this period in a very close relation, or union, with the
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The display of African art and artifacts in European museums has long been controversial in various ways, and the French-commissioned "
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Headrest; 19th century; wood; height: 18.5 cm (7.2 in), width: 19 cm (7.4 in), thickness: 8 cm (3.1 in);
2194:. Akan art is known for its vibrant artistic traditions, including textiles, sculptures, Akan gold weights, as well as gold and silver
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coast, as such areas had long been part of different traditions. For more than a millennium, the art of such areas had formed part of
6114:
McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".
7564:
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5785:" (2018) has marked a key moment, leading to an increase in the return of artefacts. However, there are other examples, such as the
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4014:, or hand crosses, with a shorter metal handle in the same casting as the head. Smaller crosses worn as jewellery are also common.
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is one important site. The "pre-Axumite" Iron Age culture of about the 5th century BCE to the 1st century CE was influenced by the
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contemporary Kenyan artists include Elimo Njau, founder of the Paa Ya Paa Art Centre, a Nairobi-based artists workshop. From the
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1050:-speaking peoples of the same region make pieces from wood with broad, flat surfaces and arms and legs shaped like cylinders. In
3432:(Laude, 20). The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made.
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etc. Ghana provides plenty of assistance for craftsmen to create and design jewelry, whether it be contemporary or traditional.
8634:
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Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa".
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Another important form of Ethiopian art, also related to Coptic styles, are crosses made from wood and metal. They are usually
1405:
2229:(London). This artwork represents an enemy chief killed in battle. Weighing 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), it was attached to the
8400:
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Beidelman, T. O., "Promoting African Art. The Catalogue to the Exhibit of African Art at the Royal Academy of Arts, London",
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5196:'s oldest known clay figures date from 400 to 600 AD and have cylindrical heads with a mixture of human and animal features.
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Traditional art describes the most popular and studied forms of African art which are typically found in museum collections.
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11 and his African-centred vision of art propelled the careers of countless African artists onto the international stage.
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are closely related to the simplified Coptic version of Late Antique and Byzantine Christian art. From the 16th century,
1658:. Many contemporary African artists are represented in museum collections, and their art may sell for high prices at art
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comparable to that of other African sites survives in a number of places and, until the arrival of Christianity, stone
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or Luba Empire (1585–1889) was a pre-colonial Central African state that arose in the marshy grasslands of the
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around 1500 BC and vanished under unknown circumstances around 500 AD, thus having lasted approximately 2,000 years.
2024:
2006:
1944:
1899:
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4173:. A great deal of the art was created for the courts of chiefs and kings and was profusely decorated, incorporating
4132:
2589:, which also included other sculptures in brass or bronze, including some famous portrait heads and smaller pieces.
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the maturity of Egyptian carving reached a peak it did not reach again for another 1,500 years during the reign of
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5503:(Paris). This finely executed relief represents the most succinct assurance of perpetual offering for the deceased
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in the 4th century AD, although the earliest surviving examples come from the church of Debre Selam Mikael in the
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Events of the Self: Portraiture and Social Identity: Contemporary African Photography from the Walther Collection
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4500:, the Luba Kingdom held the arts in high esteem. A carver held relatively high status, which was displayed by an
3943:, dated to the 12th century AD, and in nearby Geneta Maryam, dated to the 13th century AD. However, paintings in
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The Artist Himself in African Art Studies: Jan Vandenhoute's Investigation of the Dan Sculptor in Côte D'Ivoire
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Kingdom of Mapungubwe (1075–1220) was a pre-colonial state in Southern Africa located at the confluence of the
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There are different color variations for the kente, each color has different meanings. Here are some examples:
1973:
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rank, affiliation with a group, or purely aesthetics. African jewellery is made from such diverse materials as
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Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.
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Plaque equestrian an Oba on horseback with attendants; between 1550 and 1680; brass; height: 49.5 cm (19
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and through galleries like the Goodman Gallery in Johannesburg. More recently European galleries such as the
1273:
1195:
1190:
5336:; late 19th-early 20th century; hide, glass beads, metal beads, straw; 46.9 × 50.8 cm (18.5 × 20 in.);
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became aware of and inspired by, African art, amongst other art forms. In a situation where the established
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Distribution of population by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census.
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Collection of Contemporary Art, has gone a long way to counter many of the myths and prejudices that haunt
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17:
7748:"A French Court Fined Activists for Attempted Theft of a Museum Artifact. They Say It Belongs to Africans"
7399:
Ethiopian icons: catalogue of the collection of the Institute of Ethiopian studies, Addis Ababa university
5265:. In other graves from Mapengubwe were found objects made of iron, gold, copper, ceramic and glass beads.
3884:, often carved with simple reliefs, were erected as grave-markers and for other purposes in many regions;
8922:
8493:
8189:
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7826:. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2002)
7796:, 1st ed. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st en. paperback.
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Nok male figure; 500 BC-500 AD; terracotta; 49.5 × 22.2 × 16.8 cm (19.4 × 8.7 × 6.6 in); from northern
7776:
7747:
4532:
Figurine of a standing woman; late 19th or early 20th century; wood; 27.9 × 8.3 × 10.2 cm (11 × 3
4010:, with the metal head mounted on a long wooden staff, carried in religious processions and during the
1067:
is an example of this, and it has also spread to Western African communities outside of the continent.
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Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (2009-05-14). "Sudan, Democratic Republic of the".
3833:, and other metalwork such as crowns. Secondly there are popular arts and crafts such as textiles,
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Each special creative trait a person obtained was seen as a different way to please higher spirits.
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Plaque that probably represents a musician; 17th century; bronze; 48.26 cm (19 in.) x 18.42 (7
2597:
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1800:
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268:
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5655:, art showed more influence from Egypt as the people in the region were worshiping Egyptian gods.
5221:
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Warrior ancestor figure; 19th century; wood; 84.1 × 26 × 23.2 cm (33.1 × 10.2 × 9.1 in.); by
4558:
Heddle pulley with female head; late 19th or early 20th century; wood; 20.6 × 5.4 × 4.8 cm (8
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Little is known of the original function of the pieces, but theories include ancestor portrayal,
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355:
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8706:
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8405:
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Art has been developed. An essential step was the turning to abstract figures, mostly spirits (
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3143:
981:
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554:
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31:
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4198:. Like many Kuba types of masks, ngady-mwash mask is extensively polychromed, or multicolored
4063:
3936:
3923:, dated to the 11th century AD. However, the 7th-century AD followers of the Islamic prophet
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in what is now modern-day Nigeria. Collectively, the objects form the best-known examples of
1331:
preserves 6000-year-old carvings. Along with sub-Saharan Africa, the western cultural arts,
809:
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61:
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Teferi, Dawit (2015) , "A Short History of Ethiopian Church Art", in Briggs, Philip (ed.),
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seated figure; 5th century BC – 5th century AD; terracotta; 38 cm (1 ft. 3 in.);
1771:, a Sudanese artist who lived in Chicago. In the 1960s he created a metal sculpture called
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A Contextual Reading of Ethiopian Crosses Through Form and Ritual Kaleidoscopes of Meaning
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from circa the sixth century BC to as late as the sixteenth century AD, and lived by the
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5539:(Germany). Perhaps the most iconic image of a woman from the ancient world, the bust of
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also continue the designs of ancient tradition in the designs painted on their shields.
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ones, as they share a combination of white and black colors in roughly the same areas..
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variations for both of them. This fabric is worn by almost every Ghanaian tribe member.
1312:
The origins of African art lie long before recorded history. The region's oldest known
1216:
1117:
Sudanese basket-tray, tabar of weaved natural plant fibre, coloured in different colours
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are a form of small metal sculptures produced over the period 1400–1900; some represent
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Plaque with warriors and attendants; 16th–17th century; brass; height: 47.6 cm (18
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or baLuba are an ethno-linguistic group indigenous to the south-central region of the
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sculptures. Like in other regions, there is also a diversified tradition of producing
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Guardians of the Tradition: Historians and Historical Writing in Ethiopia and Eritrea
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museums have a section dedicated to the art from Sub-Saharan Africa, for example the
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4836:; Royal Museum for Central Africa. Stone sculptures are extremely rare in African art
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1980:
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published important works about the thematic, giving African art the status of an
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3640:
3626:
3529:
3307:
3220:
3202:
2905:
2823:
2512:
2308:
2276:
2081:
1716:
1704:
1615:
1340:
1230:
969:
539:
519:
452:
211:
196:
154:
122:
6505:
4022:-type cotton cloth is a speciality of Ethiopia, though usually with no pattern.
2802:
Figure of a horn blower; 1504–1550; copper alloy; 62.2 x 21.6 x 15.2 cm (24
2592:
In 1897 most of the plaques and other objects in the collection were taken by a
1458:
1113:
880:
describes modern and historical paintings, sculptures, installations, and other
9246:
9219:
9129:
9019:
8840:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8410:
8288:
6713:
Extreme Canvas 2 : The Golden Age of Hand-Painted Movie Posters from Ghana
6686:
5751:. Some colleges and universities hold collections of African art, for example
5712:
5517:
5419:
5258:
5170:
5164:
4331:
4288:
of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul; 1760–1780; wood; 49.5 x 19.4 x 21.9 cm (19
4150:
4083:
4067:
4048:
3948:
3741:
3425:
3369:
3357:
3206:
3163:
3112:
3076:
2758:
2605:
2218:
1742:
1700:
1576:
1454:
1381:
1302:
1123:
1051:
1027:
881:
836:
816:
703:
624:
437:
427:
417:
258:
253:
142:
108:
7262:
6996:
3896:, and produced cities with simple temples in stone, such as the ruined one at
2135:
9342:
9044:
8969:
8896:
8657:
8341:
7458:
7416:
7218:
7182:
6876:
6845:
6731:
6672:
6631:
6397:
6261:
5950:
5829:
5809:
5732:
5724:
5632:
5596:
5561:; circa 1327 BC; gold, glass and semi-precious stones; height: 54 cm (21
5438:
5254:
5177:
5037:
Fragment of a pectoral; 9th-16th century; cuprous alloy; Musée du quai Branly
4906:
4785:
4195:
4174:
4158:
4116:
3956:
3952:
3947:
predate the earliest surviving church paintings; for instance, the Ethiopian
3920:
3797:
3767:
3271:
3147:
2909:
2550:
2516:
2463:
1727:
1712:
1671:
1667:
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1627:
1611:
1599:
1462:
1450:
1434:
1430:
1414:
1393:
1332:
1265:
1102:
1023:
949:
935:
905:
831:
671:
659:
534:
476:
447:
442:
397:
360:
236:
206:
176:
6291:"The Use of Haematite, Tiger's Eye Stone and Ebony Wood for African Jewelry"
6081:
5047:
4993:
Anthropomorphic figurine; 9th-16th century; terracotta; Musée du quai Branly
4981:
Anthropomorphic figurine; 9th-16th century; terracotta; Musée du quai Branly
4969:
Anthropomorphic figurine; 9th-16th century; terracotta; Musée du quai Branly
3722:, as held with the spiritual masks mentioned above, in his illustrated book
3440:
art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs (Laude, 24).
3340:
3236:
Djenné-Djenno § Terra-cotta figurines from the Inner Niger Delta region
2173:
2164:
2155:
2126:
2115:
1639:
1388:, sometimes being limited to the work of court artisans and identified with
1022:
West African cultures developed bronze casting for reliefs, like the famous
9204:
9189:
9174:
9144:
9134:
9124:
9099:
9089:
9059:
9024:
8682:
8298:
6420:
6135:
6127:
6089:
5250:
5144:
5109:
5098:
4849:
4813:
4753:
4694:
4674:
4497:
4486:
4448:
4420:
4360:
4327:
4138:
4075:
3982:
3935:
was decorated with paintings. Other early paintings include those from the
3758:
3630:
3421:
3183:
3108:
2849:
2842:
2762:
2443:
2426:
2395:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1655:
1651:
1635:
1495:
1466:
1446:
1389:
1200:
1035:
931:
915:
821:
804:
794:
771:
676:
666:
641:
544:
509:
494:
489:
469:
367:
132:
6711:
5261:. The most famous Mapungubwe artwork is a tiny golden rhino, known as the
2988:
Female figure for a small temple; 20th century; Indianapolis Museum of Art
1426:
African art lacked technical ability due to its low socioeconomic status.
826:
9214:
9149:
8677:
8308:
8293:
7789:
6442:
5708:
5663:
5647:
along with distinct black-topped pottery of Nubian origin. In the latter
5623:
The people of Nubia, living in southern Egypt and the northern region of
5600:
5462:
5398:
5305:
5180:
appear to have had a special significance and were presumably mounted on
5081:
5063:
5010:
4910:
4729:
4633:
Anthropomorphic pot; early 20th century; pottery; 40.0 × 24.0 cm (15
4474:
4323:
4285:
4273:(USA). Like some of the masks, this belt is decorated with colorful beads
4166:
4162:
4128:
4071:
3967:
3724:
3719:
3652:
3241:
3135:
3041:
2889:
2880:
2757:
heads of the queen are known and are currently in the collections of the
2479:
2377:
2191:
1543:
1474:
1438:
1385:
1349:
1072:
1003:
977:
973:
943:
927:
799:
776:
766:
756:
693:
377:
350:
327:
322:
307:
302:
226:
186:
127:
95:
84:
8329:
7860:
6903:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
5731:. Not many western museums are dedicated only to African art, like the
5147:. Depictions of hunting, both animal and human figures were made by the
1356:, with clay figures typically with elongated bodies and angular shapes.
1158:
964:
in the north) was dominant until the 20th century. African art includes
911:
9079:
6206:
5876:
5667:
5148:
4950:
4857:
3862:
3704:
3700:
3673:
3590:
3162:
Headdress; early 1900s; wood, antelope skin, basketry, cane, metal; by
2999:
2586:
2574:
2403:
2387:
2230:
1692:
1623:
1595:
1406:
Proto-Cubism § African, Egyptian, Greek, Iberian & Oceanic art
1245:
1064:
1031:
965:
713:
612:
573:
549:
504:
499:
484:
392:
372:
201:
147:
7697:
Nyimpa kor ndzidzi: (Re)conceptualisation of the Museum of African Art
7638:
Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
7283:
6716:. Wolfe III, Ernie (1st ed.). : Kesho & Malaika Press. 2012.
5812:
against European museums to take back items he says belong to Africa.
5521:; 1352-1336 BC; limestone, plaster & paint; height: 48 cm (19
4613:
4269:
Belt (Yet); possibly early 1900s; cord, leather, glass beads, shells;
4002:". Except in recent Western-influenced examples, they usually have no
3714:
Ivory Coast(Côte d'Ivoire) also has modern painters and illustrators.
3639:
Bobo Mask (Nyanga) from Burkina Faso, made in the early 19th century.
3476:
Figure of a kneeling woman; circa 1500; wood; height: 35.2 cm (13
2406:
sculptures were first discovered in 1928. The Nok Culture appeared in
7195:
5540:
5465:
eating; 2589-2566 BC; limestone & paint; height: 37.7 cm (14
5424:
5174:
5051:
5025:
Zoomorphic figure; 9th-16th century; terracotta; Musée du quai Branly
4914:
4829:
3915:
Church paintings in Ethiopia were likely produced as far back as the
3838:
3524:
Stool; possibly late 19th to early 20th century; wood & pigment;
3394:
3256:
Terracotta seated figure; 13th century; earthenware; 29.9 cm (11
2973:
2949:
2885:
2766:
2582:
2554:
2419:
1856:
1768:
1731:
1675:
1479:
1362:
1318:
1098:
1015:
919:
901:
741:
723:
688:
617:
578:
529:
402:
159:
88:
6198:
4737:
4481:. The majority of them live in this country, residing mainly in its
3502:
Equestrian figure; 16th–17th century; wood; height: 68.9 cm (27
2604:
was being consolidated. Two hundred of the pieces were taken to the
1991:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1789:
7526:
Heath, Elizabeth (2010). Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.).
6966:
Museums and Their Voices: A Contemporary Study of the Benin Bronzes
6161:
6159:
6157:
5736:
5242:
5185:
5181:
5152:
5059:
4918:
4793:
4605:
4442:
4110:
4059:
3994:
3940:
3924:
3877:
3834:
3818:
3810:
2870:
2536:
2415:
2383:
2087:
2077:
1551:
1528:
1127:
1038:, as well as in terracotta or metal, from the 12th–14th centuries.
698:
588:
583:
568:
432:
92:
8004:
6319:
6294:
4223:
Pwoom Itok mask; late 19th century; 39.1 x 28.6 x 29.8 cm (15
4157:
between the 17th and 19th centuries in the region bordered by the
3900:, which is impressive for its date in the 4th or 5th century BCE.
7886:
Art of the Dogon: selections from the Lester Wunderman collection
7137:"Art & Life in Africa – The University of Iowa Museum of Art"
6411:
5760:
5341:
5234:
4797:
4490:
4154:
4142:
4088:
4011:
3990:
3846:
3696:
3345:
2933:
2462:
Because of the similarities between the two sites, archaeologist
2399:
2195:
1659:
1647:
1366:
1353:
1237:
1139:
1043:
939:
751:
459:
263:
231:
166:
91:
plaque with warriors and attendants (16th-17th century); Bottom:
27:
Art originating from indigenous Africans or the African continent
7855:, Vol. 92, H. 1./3. (1997), pp. 3–20, Anthropos Institute,
7396:
6983:
Nevadomsky, Joseph (2005). "Casting in Contemporary Benin Art".
6154:
5389:
Persisting for 3,000 years and thirty dynasties, the "official"
4812:
Mbangu mask; wood, pigment & fibres; height: 27 cm; by
4752:
Chair (throne) of a chief; 19th or early 20th century; wood; by
4728:
Mask; early 20th century; wood, raffia & color pigments; by
3424:
art consists primarily of sculptures. Their art revolves around
2948:
Bronze ceremonial vessel in form of a snail shell; 9th century;
8035:
7670:
7284:"Indiana University Art Museum Arts of Kenya Online Collection"
5648:
5603:
is perhaps the most iconic object to survive from ancient Egypt
5532:
5500:
5129:
5125:
4930:
4926:
4452:
4424:
4406:
3893:
3865:
has been the main formative influence on Ethiopian church art.
3773:
3762:
3761:
exist ancient petroglyphs depicting human figures and animals.
3562:
3437:
3020:
Head of a king or dignitary; 12th–15th century AD; terracotta;
2754:
2447:
2430:
2312:
1663:
1535:
1524:
1516:
1369:
1324:
1094:
241:
171:
8907:
7999:
7982:. Translated by Peter Whigham. New York: New American Library.
3707:
to depict deities, or to represent the souls of the departed.
2724:
Rooster figure; 18th century; brass; overall: 45.4 cm (17
1678:
in visual arts, symbolized by Picasso's breakthrough painting
1352:
which thrived between 1,500 BC and 500 AD in modern
1105:, have also begun to be included in the study of African art.
7837:
6386:"Themes in the Understanding of Traditional African Religion"
6228:
6185:
Mark, Peter (1999). "Is There Such a Thing as African Art?".
5775:
5624:
5543:
is difficult to contextualize because it seems so exceptional
5446:
5173:
left more impressive buildings than sculpture, but the eight
5143:
The oldest evidence ancient paintings from both Botswana and
5121:
5055:
4876:
Statuette of a woman; 19th century or early 20th century; by
4861:
4428:
4052:
4026:
3986:
3908:
3881:
3858:
3826:
3429:
3072:
3044:; circa 1300 AD; copper; height: 29.2 cm; discovered at
2957:
2774:
1643:
1547:
1512:
1377:
1373:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1249:
1204:
1143:
1135:
1131:
999:
961:
7163:
Short Biography of Gilbert G. Groud. Retrieved 29 April 2022
5151:
dating before civilization over 20,000 years old within the
3302:
Equestrian figure; 13th–15th century; height: 70.5 cm;
2904:
Maiden spirit mask; early 20th century; wood & pigment;
2373:
while fabric from Abia state utilizes a broadloom strategy.
7722:"Colonizers Stole Africa's Art; This Man Is Taking It Back"
6840:. Vol. 20, no. 6. Cricket Media. pp. 18–21.
6147:
6145:
5628:
5496:
5120:
In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of
4934:
4922:
4501:
3999:
3963:
3928:
3897:
3885:
3327:
2845:
2450:, were found containing Nok art that had remained unmoved.
2222:
2199:
1584:
1508:
1429:
At the start of the twentieth century, art historians like
1313:
998:"groups of settled cultivators in the areas drained by the
87:
figure (5th century BCE-5th century CE); Centre:
6400:– via EBSCOhost (indexed in Atla Religion Database).
2291:
Soul washer badge (Akrafokonmu); 18th-19th century; gold;
2245:
Doll (Akuaba); 20th century; 27.3 x 11.4 x 3.8 cm (10
1291:(Nigeria); 14th-15th century AD; bronze; height: 36 cm (14
7475:. (Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies.) St. Gorgias Press.
7175:
Introduction to African arts of Kenya, Zaire, and Nigeria
6496:
Strother, Z. S. (2011). À la recherche de l’Afrique dans
6055:
6053:
5778:. There are also many smaller museums in the provinces.
5137:
3134:
Carved door; circa 1920–1940; wood with iron staples; by
3053:
3045:
3025:
3005:
2566:
2391:
1534:
Statues, usually of wood or ivory, are often inlaid with
7786:
Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. 4 Feb. 2013.
6142:
3845:
goes back almost three thousand years to the kingdom of
2414:
fragments because the discoveries are usually made from
2041:
1575:, sculpture on the outside areas of the building of the
7345:, Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides, p. 242,
6761:"How Ghana's Gory, Gaudy Movie Posters Became High Art"
6667:. Vol. 10, no. 8. Cricket Media. p. 33.
6109:
6107:
5801:
to the museum by the ambassadors of African countries.
4673:
Plank mask (emangungu); possibly early 1900s; wood; by
1014:
African art has had an important influence on European
956:, is also different from that of most of Africa, where
946:, although with many particular local characteristics.
7510:
6564:
Arts of Africa: Jean Pigozzi's Contemporary Collection
6050:
6032:
6030:
5783:
Report on the restitution of African cultural heritage
3107:
Pair of door panels and a lintel; circa 1910–1914; by
2585:, created from the thirteenth century onwards, by the
2386:
population whose material remains are named after the
1779:
7930:
Art and oracle: African art and rituals of divination
2928:); late 19th-early 20th century; wood & pigment;
7970:
7441:
Ethiopian crosses: a cultural history and chronology
6104:
5819:
5793:
relations with many African countries thanks to the
5320:
Murals in the Ndebele from the Maastricht University
30:"African arts" redirects here. For the journal, see
7578:"Was the great Pharaoh Ramesses II a true redhead?"
6404:
6027:
4614:
Other ethnic groups of Democratic Republic of Congo
7975:
7949:
7905:
7595:
7532:. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–89, 14–15.
7334:
7332:
7330:
6611:
5385:Egyptian influence in architecture and visual arts
4363:); 19th century; wood; 7.5 × 26.6 × 6.4 cm (2
7397:Carolyn Gossage; Stanley Chojnacki, eds. (2000).
3120:
892:. The definition may also include the art of the
9340:
8000:Website with more than 130 art museums in Africa
7869:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
7438:
6950:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
6936:Geology Dictionary – Alluvial, Aquiclude, Arkose
6675:– via EBSCOhost MAS Ultra: School Edition.
6473:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
6465:
6463:
6013:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context
5631:. The earliest art of the region comes from the
4768:Funerary figure (tumba); 19th century; wood; by
1149:
7833:, Art & Life in Africa, University of Iowa.
7634:
7439:Chojnacki, Stanisław; Gossage, Carolyn (2006).
7327:
7113:, Art & Life in Africa, University of Iowa.
6264:, "Africa, Art, and History: An Introduction",
6113:
5953:: "Africa, Art, and History: An Introduction",
4099:
3962:Ethiopian painting, on walls, in books, and in
3931:in temporary exile mentioned that the original
3872:The rock-hewn Church of Bet Maryam in Lalibela.
3687:, 2007, mixed materials: tusche and wax crayon
2332:Hand-Built pot by Ladi Kwali (YORYM-2004.1.919)
1767:Another notable contemporary African artist is
7947:
6539:A Life of Picasso: The Cubist Rebel, 1907–1916
6187:Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University
4133:19th Century Drinking Horn § Kuba Kingdom
4062:is known for paintings by modern artists like
3966:, is highly distinctive, though the style and
3537:
1753:
8923:
8020:
7952:Genesis: ideas of origin in African sculpture
7009:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
6871:(26). Cox Matthews & Associates Inc: 46.
6460:
6347:. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 30 September 2021
5599:, Egypt); Egyptian Museum. The mummy mask of
5275:Southern Ndebele people § Arts and craft
4141:(also rendered as the Kingdom of the Bakuba,
3662:
2324:Queen Mother Pendant Mask- Iyoba MET DP231460
1719:, which showcased the Sindika Dokolo African
858:
7956:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
7933:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
7912:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
7889:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
7519:
7504:
5062:; wood colored with kaolin (chiny clay); by
3786:Eskenazi Museum of Art at Indiana University
3711:wearer into the entity the mask represents.
3004:Yoruba art is best known for the heads from
98:, king Mishe miShyaang maMbul (18th century)
7926:
7053:. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
6899:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "alluvium".
6384:Bourdillon, Michael F. C. (10 March 1975).
6175:, April 2008. Retrieved on 31 January 2013.
6059:
5925:
4427:palm cultivation and the weaving of raffia
4326:are royal memorial portraits carved by the
3581:Zoomorphic figurine; 12th-16th century; by
2972:Bronze ornamental staff head; 9th century;
1923:promotes the subject in a subjective manner
1900:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1818:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1557:
1399:
8930:
8916:
8027:
8013:
7694:
7511:Binkley, David A; Patricia Darish (2009).
7365:
7048:
7022:
7020:
6982:
6972:. International Museum Studies. p. 7.
6644:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6536:
6383:
6345:Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia
6038:The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology
5007:Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de La Rochelle
4359:Itoon (diviner's instrument, in form of a
865:
851:
7647:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T082205
7295:
7293:
6879:– via EBSCOhost MasterFILE Premier.
6858:
6848:– via EBSCOhost MasterFILE Premier.
6517:
3978:for use continued up to the present day.
2600:, which took place as British control in
2025:Learn how and when to remove this message
2007:Learn how and when to remove this message
1945:Learn how and when to remove this message
1838:Learn how and when to remove this message
1762:
7908:Royal art of Benin: the Perls collection
7903:
7882:
7546:
6832:Kowalski, Jeff Karl (July–August 2018).
6831:
6229:Vangheluwe, S.; Vandenhoute, J. (2001).
5747:, and African Art Museum of Maryland in
5694:
5220:
5046:
4070:, and for traditional as well as modern
4042:
3867:
3801:
3672:
3634:
3609:; Museo de Arte Africano Arellano Alonso
3352:. Female (left) and male Vertical styles
3339:
2327:
2319:
2040:
1736:
1567:
1409:
1112:
7172:
7017:
6962:
6941:
6938:. Geology.Com. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
6926:. Geotech.org. Retrieved on 2012-02-12.
6898:
6883:
6586:
6469:
6390:Journal of Theology for Southern Africa
6222:
4917:in territory that later became part of
2777:) and the Ethnological Museum of Berlin
1384:, became highly prestigious in much of
14:
9341:
7745:
7719:
7338:
7290:
7231:
7201:African art and agency in the workshop
7028:"Benin plaque: the oba with Europeans"
6859:Hernandez, Sandra (18 February 1999).
6561:
6392:. University of KwaZulu-Natal: 37–50.
6036:Mitchell, Peter and Lane, Paul (2013)
5979:
5128:are noted for their skill at crafting
5095:Prehistoric art § Southern Africa
4708:Female figure; 20th century; wood; by
3587:Museo de Arte Africano Arellano Alonso
1268:; 16th-17th century; bronze; from the
8911:
8008:
7525:
7129:
7067:
6758:
6318:. Squinti African Art. Archived from
6293:. Squinti African Art. Archived from
5717:Musée du Quai Branly – Jacques Chirac
5188:sculptors in soapstone have achieved
3738:Prehistoric art § Horn of Africa
1365:and the terracotta and metalworks of
1026:, to decorate palaces and for highly
7671:"The African Art Museum of Maryland"
7263:"Sarah Shiundu | Inside African Art"
6658:
6616:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River.
6520:South African Journal of Art History
6410:
6184:
5985:
5966:
5844:Traditional African religions portal
5789:which was opened in 1977 because of
4693:Head of a scepter; 19th century; by
4169:in the south-east of the modern-day
3951:of the 4th–6th centuries AD contain
3182:Headdress; early 1900s; wood, hair;
2924:A mask known as the Queen of Women (
2346:Examples of Nigerian Traditional Art
1956:
1906:
1865:
1816:adding citations to reliable sources
1783:
1745:in the shape of a red rooster, Ghana
1153:
1057:
8034:
7699:. Belgrade: Museum of African Art.
6476:. Africa Magna Verlag. p. 21.
6040:. Oxford University Press. p. 375.
5673:
5356:Prehistoric art § North Africa
5268:
3348:c. late 19th early 20th centuries,
1920:This section contains wording that
1780:By country, civilizations or people
24:
7872:. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag.
7845:
7824:"African Christianity in Ethiopia"
7769:
7720:Feiger, Leah (22 September 2020).
7116:
6167:"African Influences in Modern Art"
6016:, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag,
5969:"African Christianity in Ethiopia"
5967:Ross, Emma George (October 2002).
5862:African art in Western collections
5691:African art in Western collections
5608:
5190:considerable international success
5088:
3993:plates with elaborate and complex
3851:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
3813:. Traditional Ethiopian church art
3718:criticizes the ancient beliefs in
2888:. Their masks are similar to the
2511:Male head; 550–50 BC; terracotta;
1925:without imparting real information
1485:
1009:African art in Western collections
25:
9365:
8673:Confederation of African Football
7987:
7746:Haynes, Suyin (14 October 2020).
6785:"people - Sharjah Art Foundation"
6759:Brown, Ryan Lenora (2016-02-04).
6449:from the original on 12 June 2007
5787:Museum of African Art in Belgrade
5701:Museum of African Art in Belgrade
4423:culture, men are responsible for
4094:
1881:This section has multiple issues.
1707:in London and collectors such as
1622:, Odhiambo Siangla, Elias Jengo,
1554:is another well known technique.
1500:History of painting § Africa
1445:. At the same time, artists like
984:of these and other regions. Many
9242:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
9010:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7051:The Return of Cultural Treasures
6865:Black Issues in Higher Education
6612:Kampen-O'Riley, Michael (2013).
6443:""New" Giraffe Engravings Found"
5836:
5822:
5643:. Art from this period exhibits
5548:
5508:
5454:
5410:
5325:
5313:
5293:
5030:
5018:
4998:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4942:
4869:
4841:
4821:
4805:
4777:
4761:
4745:
4721:
4701:
4686:
4666:
4626:
4593:
4551:
4525:
4509:
4479:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4398:
4352:
4339:
4278:
4262:
4216:
4203:
4190:Ngady-Mwash mask; 19th century;
4183:
4171:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3892:to the north, and settlers from
3598:
3574:
3544:
3517:
3512:in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art
3495:
3469:
3457:
3322:Male figure; 14th-17th century;
3315:
3295:
3279:
3249:
3229:
3191:
3175:
3155:
3127:
3100:
3084:
3061:
3033:
3013:
2981:
2965:
2941:
2917:
2897:
2831:
2795:
2782:
2739:
2734:in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art
2717:
2710:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
2681:
2676:in.); Metropolitan Museum of Art
2639:
2613:
2524:
2504:
2491:
2472:
2300:
2284:
2238:
2211:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2114:
2105:
2096:
1961:
1911:
1870:
1788:
1531:also are included in the masks.
1376:castings, often ornamented with
1281:
1257:
1229:
1157:
71:
60:
49:
8937:
7811:(2001) Prentice Hall, New York
7807:Blackmun Visonà, Monica et al.
7739:
7713:
7688:
7663:
7628:
7604:
7570:
7555:
7478:
7465:
7432:
7423:
7390:
7359:
7302:
7276:
7255:
7225:
7189:
7166:
7154:
7103:
7079:
7042:
6976:
6963:Dohlvik, Charlotta (May 2006).
6956:
6929:
6917:
6892:
6861:"Exhibiting a Pattern of Pride"
6852:
6834:"Symbols of the Asante Kingdom"
6825:
6801:
6777:
6752:
6704:
6679:
6652:
6605:
6580:
6555:
6530:
6511:
6490:
6435:
6377:
6359:
6333:
6308:
6283:
6271:
6255:
6213:
6178:
5899:
5349:
5300:Murals in the Ndebele from the
5263:golden rhinoceros of Mapungubwe
5227:golden rhinoceros of Mapungubwe
5199:
4790:Royal Museum for Central Africa
4602:Royal Museum for Central Africa
4436:
4104:
4039:Culture of Tanzania § Arts
3933:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
3614:
3464:Person who wears a Satimbe mask
2666:in.), diameter: 11.4 cm (4
1889:or discuss these issues on the
7515:. Milan: 5 Continents Edition.
7089:. Phaidob. 2007. p. 302.
6341:"African Art and Architecture"
6235:. Academia Press. p. 19.
6172:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
6004:
5973:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
5960:
5944:
5930:. Phaidon. pp. 309, 314.
5919:
5741:National Museum of African Art
5475:in.), length: 52.5 cm (20
3731:
3526:National Museum of African Art
3304:National Museum of African Art
3121:Other ethnic groups of Nigeria
3091:Gelede mask; circa 1900–1915;
2749:; early 16th century; bronze;
2221:trophy head; circa 1870; pure
2190:Akan art originated among the
1850:
1726:. The appointment of Nigerian
13:
1:
7374:University of Rochester Press
7199:; Till Förster, eds. (2013).
7124:Art of the Upper Volta Rivers
6659:Ross, Doran H. (April 1994).
6219:Honour & Fleming, 556–561
5912:
5729:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
5571:in.), width: 39.3 cm (15
5371:Ancient Egyptian architecture
5210:
4882:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
4409:; 20.3 x 85.7 cm (8 x 33
4192:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
3244:for some ten thousand years.
3226:figures have been unearthed.
3022:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
2858:Southern Nigeria Protectorate
2751:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
1666:and totemic artists, such as
1590:Africa is home to a thriving
1542:is the colorful, strip-woven
1527:), stones, and semi-precious
1274:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
1217:Prehistoric art § Africa
1196:Traditional African religions
1191:Traditional African religions
1150:Traditional African religions
7582:The University of Manchester
7203:. Indiana University Press.
7049:Greenfield, Janette (2007).
6924:Glossary of Geological Terms
6367:"Purpose and Meaning of ART"
5988:"When Artifact 'Became' Art"
5768:Sierra Leone National Museum
5635:, which was contemporary to
4471:Democratic Republic of Congo
4100:Democratic Republic of Congo
3917:introduction of Christianity
2544:
2382:The Nok culture is an early
1421:, oil on canvas, 116 x 89 cm
1221:History of art § Africa
1108:
1030:royal heads from around the
958:Traditional African religion
7:
8401:International organisations
7978:Introduction to African Art
7641:. OUP USA. pp. 253ff.
7139:. uiowa.edu. Archived from
5926:Fortenberry, Diane (2017).
5815:
5581:in.), depth: 49 cm (19
5485:in.), depth: 8.3 cm (3
5158:
5103:
4032:
3955:imitating the contemporary
3791:
3742:Rock art § East Africa
3538:Other ethnic groups of Mali
2436:The Cleveland Museum of Art
1987:the claims made and adding
1754:Pop art and advertising art
1511:, which might either be of
1134:, coconut shell, beads and
10:
9370:
8653:Africa Cricket Association
8459:Countries by GDP (nominal)
7809:A History of Art in Africa
7366:De Lorenzi, James (2015),
6266:A History of Art in Africa
6116:Journal of Human Evolution
5986:Kino, Carol (2012-10-26).
5955:A History of Art in Africa
5721:Metropolitan Museum of Art
5703:at the time of its opening
5688:
5684:
5677:
5612:
5378:
5364:
5353:
5272:
5214:
5203:
5162:
5113:
5107:
5092:
5069:
4949:Anthropomorphic figurine;
4898:
4714:Indianapolis Museum of Art
4617:
4446:
4440:
4419:in.); Brooklyn Museum. In
4114:
4108:
4036:
3795:
3750:
3735:
3666:
3663:Ivory Coast(Côte d'Ivoire)
3624:
3618:
3567:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3488:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3335:
3268:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3233:
3218:
2997:
2976:; Nigerian National Museum
2868:
2632:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2558:
2548:
2375:
2336:
2293:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2085:
2075:
1854:
1561:
1489:
1403:
1214:
1210:
1188:
884:from native or indigenous
29:
9255:
9228:
8945:
8869:
8776:
8705:
8668:Australian-rules football
8643:
8585:
8576:
8528:
8521:
8449:
8440:
8337:
8328:
8259:Countries and territories
8254:
8245:
8205:
8162:
8055:
8046:
7831:"The Art of Burkina Faso"
7471:Maria Evangelatou. 2017.
7310:"Christian Ethiopian art"
7197:Sidney Littlefield Kasfir
7173:Parrott, Fred J. (1972).
7111:"The Art of Burkina Faso"
7074:Benin Diplomatic Handbook
6997:10.1162/afar.2005.38.2.66
6537:Richardson, John (2007).
6151:Honour & Fleming, 557
5872:African traditional masks
5537:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
5375:Contemporary art in Egypt
4784:Mask (kifwebe); wood; by
3972:Roman Catholic church art
3651:the result of the use by
3186:; Cleveland Museum of Art
3093:Detroit Institute of Arts
3050:Ife Museum of Antiquities
3024:(Germany); discovered at
2993:
2747:Bronze Head of Queen Idia
2531:Male figure; terracotta;
1681:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
1400:Influence on Western art
989:in Africa, dating to the
42:
8995:Central African Republic
7695:Sladojević, Ana (2017).
7612:"Sudan, Egypt and Nubia"
6809:"Transatlantic Dialogue"
6687:"Joseph Bertiers, Kenya"
5892:
5887:Category:African artists
5857:Contemporary African art
5772:Nigerian National Museum
5427:; height: 63 cm (24
5360:
5338:Birmingham Museum of Art
5231:Mapungubwe National Park
5042:
4905:The Sao civilisation in
4469:in what is now southern
3746:
3605:Equestrian figurine; by
3416:
3350:Art Institute of Chicago
3201:(hippopotamus) mask; by
2954:Nigerian National Museum
2930:Birmingham Museum of Art
2875:Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu
2854:Benin Expedition of 1897
2771:Nigerian National Museum
2598:Benin Expedition of 1897
2533:Detroit Institute of Art
1861:
1773:Grazing at Shendi (1969)
1730:as artistic director of
1724:Contemporary African Art
1670:, Amedeo Modigliani and
1564:Contemporary African art
1558:Contemporary African art
1083:
972:art, the Islamic art of
8715:Countries by population
8428:United States of Africa
7948:LaGamma, Alisa (2003).
7866:Breunig, Peter (2014).
7780:(subscription required)
7567:Retrieved 29 April 2022
7238:Amazwi Contemporary Art
7126:, 1987, Paris: Chaffin.
6587:Enwezor, Okwui (2010).
6280:Retrieved 28 April 2022
6082:10.1126/science.1211535
6010:Breunig, Peter (2014),
5804:The Congolese activist
5285:Southern Ndebele people
4889:
4679:Cleveland Museum of Art
4271:Cleveland Museum of Art
3976:illuminated manuscripts
3945:illuminated manuscripts
3831:illuminated manuscripts
3324:Cleveland Museum of Art
3214:
3168:Cleveland Museum of Art
2864:
2422:, and varied postures.
2045:Kente fabric from Ghana
1496:Painting § African
976:, the Christian art of
8464:Countries by GDP (PPP)
8406:Pan-African Parliament
8197:Science and technology
7794:A World History of Art
7777:"Ethiopia and Eritrea"
7529:Encyclopedia of Africa
7486:"Ethiopian Handicraft"
6999:(inactive 2024-04-09).
6744:: CS1 maint: others (
6562:Magnin, André (2005).
6355:– via EBSCOhost.
6128:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
5755:in Washington, DC and
5704:
5279:Ndebele house painting
5246:
5067:
4894:
4055:
3873:
3814:
3688:
3669:Culture of Ivory Coast
3643:
3365:
3353:
2698:in.) x 8.89 cm (3
2333:
2325:
2046:
1763:Minimalist African art
1746:
1587:
1422:
1118:
1101:and the south-eastern
980:, and the traditional
287:Art of the Middle East
32:African Arts (journal)
9354:Visual arts by region
9155:São Tomé and Príncipe
9015:Republic of the Congo
8117:European colonisation
8080:Pre-colonial kingdoms
7838:True African Art .com
7836:Yamokoski, Gathinja,
7829:Roy, Christopher D.,
6591:. Göttingen: Steidl.
6316:"What is African Art"
6278:Art of central africa
5698:
5678:Further information:
5619:Architecture of Sudan
5354:Further information:
5302:Maastricht University
5239:Mapungubwe Collection
5224:
5217:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
5093:Further information:
5050:
4618:Further information:
4393:in.); Brooklyn Museum
4046:
3871:
3805:
3778:University of Nairobi
3736:Further information:
3676:
3638:
3343:
3071:; 12th–15th century;
2753:(Germany). Four cast
2656:in.), width: 41.9 (16
2402:, where their famous
2331:
2323:
2067:Yellow: preciousness
2044:
1855:Further information:
1740:
1571:
1490:Further information:
1433:, Michał Sobeski and
1413:
1404:Further information:
1215:Further information:
1116:
1036:Benin City, Edo State
410:Art of Southeast Asia
117:Periods and movements
8688:Stadiums by capacity
8635:World Heritage Sites
8112:European exploration
7972:Rachewiltz, Boris de
7927:LaGamma, A. (2000).
7675:africanartmuseum.org
7122:Roy, Christopher D.
7109:Roy, Christopher D.
7030:. The British Museum
6661:"Coffins With Style"
6373:. 29 September 2019.
5795:Non-Aligned Movement
5680:African-American art
5641:Middle Kingdom Egypt
5615:Visual arts of Sudan
5391:art of Ancient Egypt
5367:Art of Ancient Egypt
4955:Musée du quai Branly
4953:; 9th-16th century;
4600:Kifwebe mask; wood;
4588:in); Brooklyn Museum
4518:Musée du quai Branly
4147:pre-colonial kingdom
4008:processional crosses
3288:Musée du quai Branly
3069:Bronze head from Ife
2484:Musée du quai Branly
2064:White: purification
1812:improve this section
9285:Plazas de soberanía
9231:States with limited
8372:Freedom of religion
8357:Heads of government
8149:Scramble for Africa
7822:Ross, Emma George.
7775:Biasio, Elisabeth,
7087:32,000 YEARS OF ART
6901:Glossary of geology
6541:. New York: Knopf.
6074:2011Sci...334..219H
5660:Byzantine Christian
5593:Valley of the Kings
5558:Mask of Tutankhamun
5116:Culture of Botswana
4153:. The Kuba Kingdom
4145:or Bushongo) was a
3855:Coptic Christianity
3621:Art of Burkina Faso
2852:; taken during the
2456:thermo-luminescence
2070:Blue: peacefulness
1550:. Boldly patterned
1521:legendary creatures
1443:ethnographic object
954:Christian tradition
596:Art of the Americas
335:Art of Central Asia
39:
8097:Indian Ocean trade
7792:and John Fleming,
7616:The British Museum
7376:, pp. 15–16,
6500:de Carl Einstein.
5992:The New York Times
5749:Columbia, Maryland
5705:
5461:Stele of Princess
5417:Both sides of the
5332:A beaded apron or
5247:
5229:; 1075–1220; from
5068:
5005:Head; terracotta;
4854:Kimbell Art Museum
4056:
3953:illuminated scenes
3874:
3815:
3689:
3681:in the Ivory Coast
3644:
3354:
3140:Hood Museum of Art
2334:
2326:
2227:Wallace Collection
2061:Black: maturation
2054:Colors And Meaning
2047:
1972:possibly contains
1747:
1588:
1423:
1242:Kimbell Art Museum
1169:. You can help by
1119:
986:African sculptures
222:Post-Impressionism
37:
9336:
9335:
9030:Equatorial Guinea
8905:
8904:
8772:
8771:
8701:
8700:
8517:
8516:
8494:Natural resources
8436:
8435:
8382:Linguistic rights
8324:
8323:
8241:
8240:
7994:African Art Facts
7904:Ezra, K. (1992).
7883:Ezra, K. (1988).
7878:978-3-937248-46-2
7784:Grove Art Online.
7706:978-86-85249-21-1
7656:978-0-19-530991-1
7539:978-0-19-533770-9
7401:. Milano: Skira.
7383:978-1-58046-519-9
7352:978-1-84162-922-3
7234:"Bulinya Martins"
7096:978-0-7148-7729-7
7060:978-0-521-80216-1
6723:978-0-615-54525-7
6598:978-3-86930-157-0
6548:978-0-375-71150-3
6414:(15 March 2018).
6165:Murrell, Denise.
6068:(6053): 219–222.
6022:978-3-937248-46-2
5937:978-0-7148-7502-6
5882:The Africa Center
5852:Culture of Africa
5806:Mwazulu Diyabanza
5753:Howard University
5518:Bust of Nefertiti
5423:; circa 3100 BC;
5257:rivers, south of
5237:, South Africa);
5206:South African art
5169:The culture from
4772:; Rietberg Museum
4756:; Rietberg Museum
4467:Upemba Depression
4322:(New York City).
3656:colonial officers
3583:Tennenkou culture
3266: in.) high;
2708:in.), irregular;
2596:force during the
2565:Benin art is the
2311:stamps carved in
2183:Akan gold weights
2035:
2034:
2027:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1974:original research
1955:
1954:
1947:
1904:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1604:William Kentridge
1471:Amedeo Modigliani
1441:, not only of an
1419:Nu à la serviette
1187:
1186:
1058:Thematic elements
1040:Akan gold weights
894:African diasporas
890:African continent
875:
874:
385:Art of South Asia
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
9361:
9329:
9328:(United Kingdom)
9324:Tristan da Cunha
9320:Ascension Island
9312:
9299:
9290:
8947:Sovereign states
8932:
8925:
8918:
8909:
8908:
8885:
8878:
8663:Afro-Asian Games
8583:
8582:
8526:
8525:
8504:Renewable energy
8469:Countries by HDI
8447:
8446:
8335:
8334:
8252:
8251:
8053:
8052:
8029:
8022:
8015:
8006:
8005:
7983:
7981:
7967:
7955:
7944:
7923:
7911:
7900:
7781:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7692:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7593:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7574:
7568:
7559:
7553:
7550:
7544:
7543:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7488:. Archived from
7482:
7476:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7443:. Milan: Skira.
7436:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7336:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7288:
7287:
7280:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7270:
7259:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7240:. Archived from
7229:
7223:
7222:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7177:. Arco Pub. Co.
7170:
7164:
7161:Gilbert G. Groud
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7133:
7127:
7120:
7114:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7083:
7077:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7024:
7015:
7014:
7008:
7000:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6960:
6954:
6947:Breunig (2014).
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6838:Dig into History
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6743:
6735:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6643:
6635:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6566:. Milan: Skira.
6559:
6553:
6552:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6515:
6509:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6470:Breunig (2014).
6467:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6454:
6445:. The 153 Club.
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
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5983:
5977:
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5942:
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5923:
5906:
5903:
5867:African folk art
5846:
5841:
5840:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5799:diplomatic gifts
5745:Washington, D.C.
5674:African Diaspora
5645:Egyptian faience
5590:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5570:
5569:
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5458:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5414:
5381:Culture of Egypt
5329:
5317:
5297:
5269:Southern Ndebele
5072:Culture of Gabon
5034:
5022:
5002:
4990:
4978:
4966:
4946:
4901:Sao civilization
4873:
4845:
4825:
4809:
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4725:
4705:
4690:
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4652:
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4620:Mangbetu Pottery
4597:
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4576:
4572:
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4457:Ngongo ya Chintu
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4392:
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3905:Kingdom of Aksum
3753:Culture of Kenya
3716:Gilbert G. Groud
3685:Gilbert G. Groud
3602:
3578:
3560:
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3548:
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2839:Benin ivory mask
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2602:Southern Nigeria
2579:Kingdom of Benin
2571:Kingdom of Benin
2561:Kingdom of Benin
2528:
2508:
2495:
2476:
2408:northern Nigeria
2304:
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2012:
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1989:inline citations
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1620:Zerihun Yetmgeta
1592:contemporary art
1540:African textiles
1492:African textiles
1439:aesthetic object
1333:ancient Egyptian
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1270:Kingdom of Benin
1261:
1233:
1182:
1179:
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1154:
1142:, mud cloth and
991:Middle Stone Age
934:areas along the
898:African-American
867:
860:
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343:Art of East Asia
105:
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40:
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8764:Youth in Africa
8742:Life expectancy
8697:
8639:
8615:Africanfuturism
8572:
8513:
8509:Stock exchanges
8432:
8320:
8279:Natural history
8237:
8201:
8158:
8107:Muslim conquest
8102:Bantu expansion
8042:
8033:
7990:
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7846:Further reading
7779:
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7770:General sources
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6424:
6409:
6405:
6382:
6378:
6371:The Sunday News
6365:
6364:
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6348:
6339:
6338:
6334:
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6323:
6314:
6313:
6309:
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6276:
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6199:10.2307/3774788
6183:
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6105:
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6035:
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5909:
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5842:
5835:
5828:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5757:Spelman College
5693:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5653:Kingdom of Kush
5621:
5613:Main articles:
5611:
5609:Nubia and Sudan
5604:
5591:in.); from the
5587:
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5582:
5577:
5573:
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5567:
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5491:
5487:
5486:
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5466:
5459:
5450:
5443:Egyptian Museum
5433:
5429:
5428:
5415:
5387:
5377:
5365:Main articles:
5363:
5358:
5352:
5345:
5330:
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5309:
5298:
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5273:Main articles:
5271:
5241:(University of
5219:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5194:Southern Africa
5167:
5161:
5118:
5112:
5106:
5101:
5091:
5089:Southern Africa
5078:
5076:Punu-Lumbo mask
5045:
5038:
5035:
5026:
5023:
5014:
5003:
4994:
4991:
4982:
4979:
4970:
4967:
4958:
4947:
4903:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4878:Holoholo people
4874:
4865:
4846:
4837:
4826:
4817:
4810:
4801:
4782:
4773:
4766:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4734:Rietberg Museum
4726:
4717:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4682:
4671:
4662:
4661:(New York City)
4659:Brooklyn Museum
4655:Mangbetu people
4649:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4622:
4616:
4609:
4598:
4589:
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4579:
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4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4547:
4546:(New York City)
4544:Brooklyn Museum
4538:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4521:
4514:
4463:Kingdom of Luba
4459:
4445:
4439:
4432:
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4410:
4403:
4394:
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4384:
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4364:
4357:
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4344:
4335:
4320:Brooklyn Museum
4314:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4255:Brooklyn Museum
4249:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4188:
4135:
4125:Kuba masquerade
4121:Kuba divination
4113:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4041:
4035:
3957:Byzantine style
3890:Kingdom of Kush
3800:
3794:
3755:
3749:
3744:
3734:
3671:
3665:
3641:Brooklyn Museum
3633:
3627:Nomoli figurine
3623:
3617:
3610:
3607:Bankoni culture
3603:
3594:
3579:
3570:
3569:(New York City)
3557:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3540:
3533:
3530:Washington D.C.
3522:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3491:
3490:(New York City)
3482:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3465:
3462:
3426:Dogon religious
3419:
3338:
3331:
3320:
3311:
3308:Washington D.C.
3300:
3291:
3284:
3275:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3238:
3232:
3223:
3221:Culture of Mali
3217:
3210:
3203:Kalabari people
3196:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3160:
3151:
3132:
3123:
3116:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3080:
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3018:
3002:
2996:
2989:
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2970:
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2913:
2906:Brooklyn Museum
2902:
2877:
2869:Main articles:
2867:
2860:
2836:
2827:
2824:Brooklyn Museum
2818:
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2800:
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2644:
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2634:(New York City)
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2557:
2549:Main articles:
2547:
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2529:
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2513:Brooklyn Museum
2509:
2500:
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2487:
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2380:
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2295:(New York City)
2289:
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2279:(New York City)
2277:Brooklyn Museum
2271:
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2110:
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2090:
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2082:Adinkra symbols
2076:Main articles:
2073:Red: bloodshed
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2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2002:
1996:
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1962:
1951:
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1717:Venice Biennale
1705:October Gallery
1616:Yinka Shonibare
1573:Fest für Neptun
1566:
1560:
1502:
1488:
1486:Traditional art
1408:
1402:
1382:precious stones
1341:Kingdom of Kush
1316:were made from
1310:
1309:
1308:
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1306:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1277:
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1223:
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1193:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1167:needs expansion
1152:
1111:
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662:
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118:
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9367:
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9331:
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9291:
9273:Canary Islands
9269:
9267:
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8698:
8696:
8695:
8693:Tour d'Afrique
8690:
8685:
8680:
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8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8649:
8647:
8641:
8640:
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8597:
8592:
8586:
8580:
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8573:
8571:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8548:Climate change
8545:
8540:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8484:Infrastructure
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8450:
8444:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8433:
8431:
8430:
8425:
8424:
8423:
8413:
8411:Pan-Africanism
8408:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8387:Women's rights
8384:
8379:
8374:
8364:
8362:Heads of state
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8338:
8332:
8326:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8269:Impact craters
8266:
8264:Highest points
8261:
8255:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8230:
8225:
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8215:
8209:
8207:
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8200:
8199:
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8193:
8192:
8182:
8180:Historiography
8177:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8154:Decolonisation
8151:
8146:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
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8071:
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8044:
8043:
8032:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8009:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7989:
7988:External links
7986:
7985:
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7895:
7880:
7864:
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7738:
7712:
7705:
7687:
7662:
7655:
7627:
7603:
7594:
7569:
7554:
7545:
7538:
7518:
7503:
7492:on 1 July 2012
7477:
7464:
7449:
7431:
7422:
7407:
7389:
7382:
7358:
7351:
7326:
7301:
7289:
7275:
7265:. 22 June 2015
7254:
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6789:sharjahart.org
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6332:
6307:
6282:
6270:
6254:
6241:
6221:
6212:
6177:
6153:
6141:
6122:(5): 453–563.
6103:
6049:
6026:
6003:
5978:
5959:
5943:
5936:
5928:THE ART MUSEUM
5917:
5916:
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5869:
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5833:
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5814:
5713:British Museum
5689:Main article:
5686:
5683:
5675:
5672:
5649:Napatan period
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5460:
5453:
5451:
5420:Narmer Palette
5416:
5409:
5405:ruling caste.
5362:
5359:
5351:
5348:
5347:
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5331:
5324:
5322:
5319:
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5270:
5267:
5259:Great Zimbabwe
5215:Main article:
5212:
5209:
5204:Main article:
5201:
5198:
5178:Zimbabwe Birds
5171:Great Zimbabwe
5165:Zimbabwean art
5163:Main article:
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5108:Main article:
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5090:
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4332:Central Africa
4284:
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4215:
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4209:
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4200:
4189:
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4151:Central Africa
4109:Main article:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Central Africa
4093:
4068:George Lilanga
4037:Main article:
4034:
4031:
3949:Garima Gospels
3796:Main article:
3793:
3790:
3748:
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3667:Main article:
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3391:
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3378:
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3358:Bambara people
3337:
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3333:
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3314:
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3294:
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3255:
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3207:British Museum
3197:
3190:
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3164:Ejagham people
3161:
3154:
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3133:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3113:British Museum
3106:
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3077:British Museum
3067:
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2759:British Museum
2745:
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2723:
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2714:
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2645:
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2606:British Museum
2546:
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2376:Main article:
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2112:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2056:
2055:
2033:
2032:
2015:
2014:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1863:
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1796:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1743:fantasy coffin
1701:Walter Battiss
1577:Deutsche Welle
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1487:
1484:
1455:Georges Braque
1401:
1398:
1392:, as with the
1303:British Museum
1287:
1280:
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1052:Central Africa
952:, with a long
906:South American
882:visual culture
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625:Art of Oceania
621:
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586:
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152:
151:
150:
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140:
138:Pre-Romanesque
130:
125:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:History of art
101:
100:
82:
70:
69:
68:
59:
58:
57:
48:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9366:
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9321:
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9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9070:Guinea-Bissau
9068:
9066:
9063:
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9058:
9056:
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9046:
9043:
9041:
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8809:
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8779:
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8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8732:Ethnic groups
8730:
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8721:
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8710:
8708:
8704:
8694:
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8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8658:African Games
8656:
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8650:
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8646:
8642:
8636:
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8569:
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8559:
8556:
8554:
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8549:
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8543:Caste systems
8541:
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8538:Birth control
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8524:
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8510:
8507:
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8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8454:Central banks
8452:
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8439:
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8426:
8422:
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8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8342:African Union
8340:
8339:
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8333:
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8327:
8317:
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8300:
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8280:
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8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8142:Trans-Saharan
8140:
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8135:
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8130:
8128:
8125:
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8018:
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8011:
8010:
8007:
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7980:
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7959:
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7953:
7946:
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7940:9780870999338
7936:
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7919:9780870996320
7915:
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7875:
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7858:
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7825:
7821:
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7817:0-13-442187-6
7814:
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7507:
7491:
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7442:
7435:
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7410:
7404:
7400:
7393:
7385:
7379:
7375:
7372:, Rochester:
7371:
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7354:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7305:
7296:
7294:
7285:
7279:
7264:
7258:
7244:on 2019-03-20
7243:
7239:
7235:
7228:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7210:9780253007490
7206:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7184:
7180:
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7169:
7162:
7157:
7143:on 2013-06-30
7142:
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6813:africa.si.edu
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6573:88-7624-296-1
6569:
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6540:
6533:
6525:
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6514:
6507:
6504:, 14: 30–55.
6503:
6499:
6493:
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6483:9783937248462
6479:
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6407:
6399:
6395:
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6380:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6322:on 2012-01-19
6321:
6317:
6311:
6297:on 2012-01-19
6296:
6292:
6286:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6263:
6262:Suzanne Blier
6258:
6244:
6242:9789038202860
6238:
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6193:(1/2): 7–15.
6192:
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6019:
6015:
6014:
6007:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5952:
5951:Suzanne Blier
5947:
5939:
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5902:
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5863:
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5858:
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5853:
5850:
5849:
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5839:
5834:
5831:
5830:Africa portal
5820:
5813:
5811:
5810:direct action
5807:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5733:Africa Museum
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5707:Many art and
5702:
5697:
5692:
5681:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5633:Kerma culture
5630:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5560:
5559:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5464:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5439:Hierakonpolis
5426:
5422:
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5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5382:
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5207:
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5176:
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5127:
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5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4996:
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4945:
4940:
4939:
4938:
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4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4907:Middle Africa
4902:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4828:Tomb figure;
4824:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:Songye people
4780:
4775:
4771:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4719:
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4507:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4473:. Today, the
4472:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4362:
4355:
4350:
4347:scarification
4342:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4287:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4196:cowrie shells
4193:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:cowrie shells
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:Kuba textiles
4112:
4092:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
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3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:Tigray Region
3918:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:The powerful
3901:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3798:Ethiopian art
3789:
3787:
3782:
3781:combination.
3779:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3768:Kikuyu people
3764:
3760:
3754:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
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3608:
3601:
3596:
3592:
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3584:
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3564:
3563:Tellem people
3561:in.); by the
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3520:
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3329:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3272:New York City
3269:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3230:Djenné-Djenno
3227:
3222:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3148:New Hampshire
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
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3074:
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3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2910:New York City
2907:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
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2798:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
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2748:
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2720:
2715:
2711:
2684:
2679:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2551:Benin Bronzes
2538:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2517:New York City
2514:
2507:
2502:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:Graham Connah
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2427:grave markers
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
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2348:
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2343:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2231:Asante king's
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2011:
2008:
2000:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1970:This section
1968:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1938:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1858:
1842:
1839:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1797:This section
1795:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:Okwui Enwezor
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:Artur Walther
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1672:Henri Matisse
1669:
1668:Pablo Picasso
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:Bili Bidjocka
1629:
1628:Lubaina Himid
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Kendell Geers
1609:
1605:
1601:
1600:Marlene Dumas
1597:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1581:Schürmann-Bau
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:Henri Matisse
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Pablo Picasso
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Leo Frobenius
1432:
1431:Carl Einstein
1427:
1420:
1416:
1415:Pablo Picasso
1412:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1394:Benin Bronzes
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1304:
1290:
1289:Head from Ife
1284:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1165:This section
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1103:United States
1100:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:Benin Bronzes
1020:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Ethiopian art
947:
945:
941:
937:
936:Mediterranean
933:
932:North African
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
846:
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838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
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823:
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818:
815:
811:
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807:
806:
803:
801:
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796:
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792:
786:
785:
778:
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773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
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753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
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733:
732:
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715:
712:
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707:
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702:
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697:
695:
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690:
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635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
603:Pre-Columbian
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:Art of Africa
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
479:
478:
477:Art of Europe
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
412:
411:
404:
401:
399:
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389:
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386:
379:
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374:
371:
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366:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
352:
349:
348:
347:
345:
344:
339:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
318:South Arabian
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
288:
280:
279:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
259:Conceptualism
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
237:Expressionism
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
207:Impressionism
205:
204:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Neoclassicism
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
97:
94:
90:
86:
74:
63:
52:
41:
33:
19:
9316:Saint Helena
9258:Dependencies
9180:South Africa
9170:Sierra Leone
8975:Burkina Faso
8938:
8747:Urbanization
8707:Demographics
8683:Rugby Africa
8594:
8590:Architecture
8474:Billionaires
8367:Human rights
8137:Indian Ocean
8068:North Africa
7996:By CasildArt
7977:
7951:
7929:
7907:
7885:
7867:
7852:
7808:
7793:
7783:
7755:. Retrieved
7751:
7741:
7729:. Retrieved
7725:
7715:
7696:
7690:
7678:. Retrieved
7674:
7665:
7637:
7630:
7619:. Retrieved
7615:
7606:
7597:
7585:. Retrieved
7581:
7572:
7557:
7548:
7528:
7521:
7512:
7506:
7494:. Retrieved
7490:the original
7480:
7472:
7467:
7440:
7434:
7425:
7398:
7392:
7368:
7361:
7341:
7318:. Retrieved
7316:. 2016-12-22
7314:Smarthistory
7313:
7304:
7278:
7267:. Retrieved
7257:
7246:. Retrieved
7242:the original
7237:
7232:AmazwiSite.
7227:
7200:
7191:
7174:
7168:
7156:
7145:. Retrieved
7141:the original
7131:
7123:
7118:
7105:
7086:
7081:
7073:
7069:
7050:
7044:
7032:. Retrieved
7005:cite journal
6991:(2): 66–96.
6988:
6985:African Arts
6984:
6978:
6965:
6958:
6949:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6900:
6894:
6885:
6868:
6864:
6854:
6837:
6827:
6816:. Retrieved
6812:
6803:
6792:. Retrieved
6788:
6779:
6768:. Retrieved
6765:The Atlantic
6764:
6754:
6712:
6706:
6695:. Retrieved
6693:. 2016-09-04
6690:
6681:
6664:
6654:
6613:
6607:
6588:
6582:
6563:
6557:
6538:
6532:
6526:(3): iv-vii.
6523:
6519:
6513:
6501:
6498:Negerplastik
6497:
6492:
6472:
6451:. Retrieved
6437:
6425:. Retrieved
6421:The Atlantic
6419:
6406:
6389:
6379:
6370:
6361:
6349:. Retrieved
6344:
6335:
6324:. Retrieved
6320:the original
6310:
6299:. Retrieved
6295:the original
6285:
6273:
6265:
6257:
6246:. Retrieved
6231:
6224:
6215:
6190:
6186:
6180:
6170:
6119:
6115:
6065:
6061:
6037:
6012:
6006:
5995:. Retrieved
5991:
5981:
5972:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5927:
5921:
5901:
5803:
5791:Yugoslavia's
5780:
5765:
5709:ethnographic
5706:
5670:traditions.
5657:
5622:
5556:
5516:
5418:
5403:
5395:2600 BC
5388:
5350:North Africa
5333:
5282:
5248:
5200:South Africa
5168:
5145:South Africa
5142:
5119:
5110:Botswana art
5099:San rock art
5079:
4904:
4850:Hemba people
4814:Pende people
4770:Sundi people
4754:Hemba people
4710:Lumbo people
4695:Yombe people
4675:Bembe people
4498:Kuba Kingdom
4495:
4460:
4449:Luba Kingdom
4437:Luba Kingdom
4361:hippopotamus
4167:Kasai rivers
4139:Kuba Kingdom
4136:
4105:Kuba Kingdom
4080:
4057:
4024:
4016:
4003:
3983:copper alloy
3980:
3961:
3939:churches of
3927:who fled to
3914:
3902:
3876:Prehistoric
3875:
3816:
3783:
3772:
3763:Bantu tribes
3759:Lake Turkana
3756:
3723:
3713:
3709:
3690:
3679:Childsoldier
3677:
3649:
3645:
3631:Burkina Faso
3615:Burkina Faso
3450:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3355:
3344:Two Bambara
3239:
3224:
3198:
3184:Idoma people
3109:Olowe of Ise
3003:
2925:
2878:
2850:Oba of Benin
2843:queen mother
2763:World Museum
2591:
2564:
2461:
2444:Samun Dukiya
2440:
2424:
2416:alluvial mud
2412:
2396:Kaduna State
2381:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2205:
2189:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2048:
2036:
2021:
2003:
1994:
1971:
1941:
1932:
1921:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1883:Please help
1880:
1834:
1828:October 2012
1825:
1810:Please help
1798:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1721:
1709:Jean Pigozzi
1697:Cyril Fradan
1689:Fathi Hassan
1686:
1679:
1656:South Africa
1652:Johannesburg
1642:are held in
1636:Henry Tayali
1589:
1572:
1533:
1506:
1503:
1467:Joseph Csaky
1459:André Derain
1447:Paul Gauguin
1428:
1424:
1418:
1360:
1358:
1317:
1311:
1201:Christianity
1194:
1175:
1171:adding to it
1166:
1120:
1090:
1087:
1028:naturalistic
1021:
1013:
948:
924:architecture
910:
877:
876:
805:Art movement
772:Graphic arts
762:Architecture
637:Cook Islands
623:
622:
594:
593:
561:
560:
559:
475:
474:
408:
407:
383:
382:
341:
340:
333:
332:
293:Mesopotamian
286:
249:Contemporary
83:Top: Seated
18:Nigerian art
9349:African art
9264:territories
9233:recognition
9185:South Sudan
9075:Ivory Coast
8939:African art
8757:urban areas
8678:FIBA Africa
8377:LGBT rights
8075:Archaeology
7790:Hugh Honour
6351:11 December
5957:, pp. 15–19
5763:, Georgia.
5629:Nile Valley
5601:Tutankhamun
5531:in.); from
5495:in.); from
5463:Nefertiabet
5437:in.); from
5306:Netherlands
5134:Mokola Palm
5082:Fang people
5064:Fang people
5011:La Rochelle
4911:Chari River
4834:Boma people
4730:Yaka people
4493:provinces.
4475:Luba people
4129:Ndop (Kuba)
4076:textile art
4064:Tinga Tinga
4051:carving in
3968:iconography
3843:Its history
3732:East Africa
3725:Magie Noire
3720:black magic
3370:n'tomo mask
3242:West Africa
3136:Nupe people
3042:Obalufon II
2452:Radiocarbon
2390:village of
2378:Nok culture
2233:state sword
2192:Akan people
1851:West Africa
1544:Kente cloth
1475:avant-garde
1386:West Africa
1350:Nok culture
1124:Tiger's eye
1091:African art
1073:Ivory Coast
978:East Africa
974:West Africa
966:prehistoric
944:Islamic art
928:textile art
878:African art
800:Art history
777:Digital art
767:Photography
757:Calligraphy
540:Anglo-Saxon
520:Hellenistic
465:Singaporean
227:Art Nouveau
187:Romanticism
155:Renaissance
123:Prehistoric
38:African art
9343:Categories
9298:(Portugal)
9247:Somaliland
9165:Seychelles
9130:Mozambique
9115:Mauritania
9100:Madagascar
9055:The Gambia
8990:Cape Verde
8727:Emigration
8630:Philosophy
8610:Literature
8056:Chronology
7963:0300096879
7896:0870995073
7802:0333371852
7757:8 February
7731:8 February
7621:2022-12-29
7450:8876248315
7408:8881186462
7320:2017-07-27
7269:2019-03-20
7248:2019-03-20
7147:2014-12-12
6910:0922152349
6818:2018-11-26
6794:2018-11-26
6770:2020-10-18
6697:2020-10-18
6453:2007-05-31
6326:2012-01-15
6301:2012-01-15
6248:2014-12-12
6046:0191626147
5997:2014-12-12
5913:References
5877:Tribal art
5808:has taken
5719:in Paris,
5668:modern art
5399:Rameses II
5379:See also:
5211:Mapungubwe
5186:Zimbabwean
5149:San people
5136:and local
5114:See also:
5070:See also:
4951:terracotta
4858:Fort Worth
4608:, Belgium)
4542:× 4 in.);
4496:As in the
4447:See also:
4330:people of
4155:flourished
4115:See also:
3863:Coptic art
3861:, so that
3807:Bet Maryam
3751:See also:
3705:caricature
3625:See also:
3591:Valladolid
3395:statuettes
3389:Statuettes
3366:Bamanankaw
3219:See also:
3056:, Nigeria)
3000:Yoruba art
2960:, Nigeria)
2926:Eze Nwanyi
2822:x 6 in.);
2587:Edo people
2575:Edo Empire
2559:See also:
2404:terracotta
2086:See also:
1997:April 2022
1981:improve it
1935:April 2022
1886:improve it
1693:Irma Stern
1640:bienniales
1624:Olu Oguibe
1596:El Anatsui
1343:in modern
1246:Fort Worth
1065:Dan people
904:or art in
896:, such as
837:Naturalist
817:Figurative
736:Techniques
704:Manichaean
682:Protestant
632:Australian
428:Vietnamese
418:Indonesian
323:Phoenician
269:Minimalism
254:Postmodern
217:Decorative
182:Revivalism
143:Romanesque
9120:Mauritius
8563:Languages
8553:Etiquette
8479:Education
8352:Democracy
8347:Elections
8247:Geography
8206:By region
8190:conflicts
8063:Antiquity
7853:Anthropos
7552:Fanso 19.
7459:838853616
7417:848786240
7219:863036303
7183:594445459
6877:0742-0277
6846:1539-7130
6740:cite book
6732:855806853
6673:0749-1387
6640:cite book
6632:798221651
6398:0047-2867
5541:Nefertiti
5535:(Egypt);
5441:(Egypt);
5425:greywacke
5184:. Modern
5182:monoliths
5175:soapstone
5052:Ngil mask
5013:, France)
4915:Lake Chad
4884:(Germany)
4830:soapstone
4653:in.); by
4058:Art from
3937:rock-hewn
3839:jewellery
3115:, London)
3040:Mask for
3028:(Nigeria)
2974:Igbo-Ukwu
2950:Igbo-Ukwu
2886:Igbo Ukwu
2767:Liverpool
2583:Benin art
2569:from the
2555:Benin art
2545:Benin art
2307:Calabash
1985:verifying
1892:talk page
1857:Vodun art
1799:does not
1769:Amir Nour
1741:A modern
1732:Documenta
1676:modernism
1608:Karel Nel
1480:aesthetic
1363:Igbo Ukwu
1319:Nassarius
1276:(Germany)
1178:July 2018
1128:haematite
1109:Materials
1099:Caribbean
1016:Modernist
982:artifacts
920:sculpture
916:metalwork
902:Caribbean
832:Narrative
742:Sculpture
672:Christian
660:Religions
535:Byzantine
448:Cambodian
443:Malaysian
398:Bhutanese
356:Hong Kong
212:Symbolism
160:Mannerism
9322: /
9318: /
9311:(France)
9305: /
9283: /
9279: /
9275: /
9220:Zimbabwe
9195:Tanzania
9045:Ethiopia
9040:Eswatini
9020:Djibouti
8985:Cameroon
8970:Botswana
8892:Category
8737:HIV/AIDS
8568:Religion
8533:Abortion
8489:Internet
8416:Politics
8392:feminism
8330:Politics
8185:Military
8163:By topic
8127:Atlantic
8090:Sahelian
8040:articles
7974:(1966).
7861:40465352
7841:artists.
7587:29 April
7342:Ethiopia
7076:, p. 23.
7034:July 18,
6953:, p. 22.
6502:Gradhiva
6447:Archived
6427:15 March
6412:Yong, Ed
6136:11102266
6098:40455940
6090:21998386
5816:See also
5737:Brussels
5727:and the
5725:New York
5245:Museums)
5243:Pretoria
5159:Zimbabwe
5155:desert.
5153:Kalahari
5104:Botswana
5060:Cameroon
4919:Cameroon
4794:Tervuren
4606:Tervuren
4443:Luba art
4211:complete
4111:Kuba art
4060:Tanzania
4033:Tanzania
3995:openwork
3941:Lalibela
3925:Muhammad
3878:rock art
3835:basketry
3819:painting
3811:Lalibela
3809:church,
3792:Ethiopia
3699:and the
3593:, Spain)
3393:Bambara
3209:(London)
3079:(London)
2871:Igbo art
2537:Michigan
2384:Iron Age
2368:Textiles
2088:Akrafena
2078:Akan art
1660:auctions
1552:mudcloth
1417:; 1907;
1305:(London)
1140:chitenge
1044:proverbs
1034:town of
888:and the
886:Africans
822:Funerary
795:Abstract
747:Painting
677:Catholic
667:Buddhist
642:Hawaiian
545:Ottonian
510:Scythian
495:Etruscan
490:Cycladic
470:Bruneian
423:Filipino
368:Japanese
298:Egyptian
133:Medieval
9307:Réunion
9303:Mayotte
9294:Madeira
9289:(Spain)
9281:Melilla
9205:Tunisia
9175:Somalia
9160:Senegal
9145:Nigeria
9135:Namibia
9125:Morocco
9090:Liberia
9085:Lesotho
9035:Eritrea
9005:Comoros
8980:Burundi
8955:Algeria
8876:Outline
8778:By year
8720:density
8605:Cuisine
8578:Culture
8522:Society
8499:Poverty
8442:Economy
8421:parties
8289:Central
8284:Regions
8274:Islands
8213:Central
8175:Empires
8170:Economy
8132:Barbary
8122:Slavery
8085:Empires
8048:History
7680:4 April
7565:Archive
7496:22 June
6268:, p. 16
6207:3774788
6070:Bibcode
6062:Science
5761:Atlanta
5685:Museums
5664:Islamic
5651:of the
5586:⁄
5576:⁄
5566:⁄
5526:⁄
5490:⁄
5480:⁄
5470:⁄
5432:⁄
5342:Alabama
5255:Limpopo
5235:Limpopo
5130:baskets
4957:(Paris)
4913:around
4798:Belgium
4648:⁄
4638:⁄
4583:⁄
4573:⁄
4563:⁄
4537:⁄
4491:Maniema
4483:Katanga
4414:⁄
4405:Cloth;
4388:⁄
4378:⁄
4368:⁄
4313:⁄
4303:⁄
4293:⁄
4248:⁄
4238:⁄
4228:⁄
4159:Sankuru
4143:Songora
4089:Shetani
4084:Makonde
4072:Makonde
4049:Makonde
4047:Modern
4020:chiffon
4012:liturgy
3823:crosses
3757:Around
3697:Senoufo
3556:⁄
3507:⁄
3481:⁄
3362:Bambara
3346:Chiwara
3336:Bambara
3290:(Paris)
3261:⁄
3144:Hanover
2934:Alabama
2856:in the
2841:of the
2817:⁄
2807:⁄
2769:), the
2729:⁄
2703:⁄
2693:⁄
2671:⁄
2661:⁄
2651:⁄
2625:⁄
2594:British
2420:jewelry
2400:Nigeria
2359:Pottery
2337:Nigeria
2315:(Ghana)
2309:adinkra
2270:⁄
2260:⁄
2250:⁄
2219:Ashanti
2196:jewelry
1979:Please
1820:removed
1805:sources
1687:Today,
1648:Senegal
1507:Wooden
1390:royalty
1367:Ile Ife
1354:Nigeria
1296:⁄
1238:Nigeria
1211:History
1126:stone,
970:ancient
912:Pottery
752:Pottery
694:Islamic
525:Iberian
438:Myanmar
378:Tibetan
351:Chinese
328:Ottoman
313:Arabian
308:Persian
303:Hittite
283:Regions
232:Fauvism
192:Realism
167:Baroque
128:Ancient
9326:
9309:
9296:
9287:
9262:other
9215:Zambia
9210:Uganda
9150:Rwanda
9105:Malawi
9065:Guinea
8960:Angola
8897:Portal
8752:cities
8600:Cinema
8558:Health
8316:Rivers
8038:
8036:Africa
7960:
7937:
7916:
7893:
7876:
7859:
7815:
7800:
7703:
7653:
7536:
7457:
7447:
7415:
7405:
7380:
7349:
7299:Biasio
7217:
7207:
7181:
7093:
7057:
6907:
6875:
6844:
6730:
6720:
6671:
6630:
6620:
6595:
6570:
6545:
6480:
6396:
6239:
6205:
6134:
6096:
6088:
6044:
6020:
5934:
5597:Thebes
5533:Amarna
5501:Louvre
5373:, and
5344:, USA)
5334:meputo
5277:, and
5251:Shashe
5126:Gumare
5097:, and
4933:, and
4931:copper
4927:bronze
4864:, USA)
4738:Zürich
4489:, and
4455:, and
4453:Lukasa
4425:raffia
4407:raffia
4318:in.);
4253:in.);
4165:, and
4131:, and
4004:corpus
3909:stelae
3894:Arabia
3882:stelae
3849:. The
3740:, and
3695:, the
3693:Baoulé
3653:French
3532:, USA)
3486:in.);
3438:Tellem
3330:, USA)
3310:, USA)
3150:, USA)
2994:Yoruba
2936:, USA)
2912:, USA)
2790:palace
2761:, the
2755:bronze
2630:in.);
2539:, USA)
2448:Taruga
2431:charms
2429:, and
2313:Ntonso
2275:in.);
1699:, and
1664:Cubist
1650:, and
1638:. Art
1536:cowrie
1525:kaolin
1517:animal
1498:, and
1469:, and
1370:Bronze
1338:Nubian
1325:Sahara
1266:plaque
1264:Benin
1252:, USA)
1219:, and
1097:, the
1095:Brazil
960:(with
940:Berber
714:Taoist
647:Papuan
613:Muisca
574:Yoruba
550:Viking
505:Celtic
500:Dacian
485:Minoan
393:Indian
373:Korean
361:Taiwan
242:Cubism
202:Modern
172:Rococo
148:Gothic
9277:Ceuta
9190:Sudan
9140:Niger
9095:Libya
9080:Kenya
9060:Ghana
9050:Gabon
9025:Egypt
8965:Benin
8883:Index
8645:Sport
8625:Music
8620:Media
8304:South
8299:North
8228:South
8223:North
7857:JSTOR
6970:(PDF)
6665:Faces
6203:JSTOR
6094:S2CID
5893:Notes
5776:Lagos
5625:Sudan
5447:Cairo
5361:Egypt
5304:(the
5132:from
5122:Etsha
5056:Gabon
5054:from
5043:Gabon
4862:Texas
4832:; by
4716:(USA)
4681:(USA)
4487:Kasai
4429:cloth
4324:Ndops
4163:Lulua
4053:ebony
4027:Harar
3987:brass
3964:icons
3859:Egypt
3827:icons
3774:Bantu
3747:Kenya
3430:Hogon
3422:Dogon
3417:Dogon
3376:Masks
3199:Otobo
3170:(USA)
3095:(USA)
3073:brass
2958:Lagos
2775:Lagos
2712:(USA)
2351:Masks
1862:Ghana
1644:Dakar
1583:) in
1548:Ghana
1513:human
1509:masks
1378:ivory
1374:brass
1345:Sudan
1329:Niger
1314:beads
1301:in);
1250:Texas
1205:Islam
1144:kente
1136:ebony
1132:sisal
1084:Scope
1048:Mande
1004:Congo
1000:Niger
995:Masks
962:Islam
827:Naïve
789:Types
724:Vodun
719:Vodou
689:Hindu
618:Inuit
579:Benin
530:Roman
515:Greek
453:Khmer
403:Newar
96:n'dop
89:Benin
9200:Togo
9110:Mali
9000:Chad
8861:2020
8856:2019
8851:2018
8846:2017
8841:2016
8836:2015
8831:2014
8826:2013
8821:2012
8816:2011
8811:2010
8806:2009
8801:2008
8796:2007
8791:2006
8786:2005
8309:West
8294:East
8233:West
8218:East
7958:ISBN
7935:ISBN
7914:ISBN
7891:ISBN
7874:ISBN
7813:ISBN
7798:ISBN
7759:2021
7752:Time
7733:2021
7726:Vice
7701:ISBN
7682:2020
7651:ISBN
7589:2022
7534:ISBN
7513:Kuba
7498:2012
7455:OCLC
7445:ISBN
7429:Ross
7413:OCLC
7403:ISBN
7378:ISBN
7347:ISBN
7215:OCLC
7205:ISBN
7179:OCLC
7091:ISBN
7055:ISBN
7036:2010
7011:link
6905:ISBN
6873:ISSN
6842:ISSN
6746:link
6728:OCLC
6718:ISBN
6669:ISSN
6646:link
6628:OCLC
6618:ISBN
6593:ISBN
6568:ISBN
6543:ISBN
6506:link
6478:ISBN
6429:2018
6394:ISSN
6353:2023
6237:ISBN
6132:PMID
6086:PMID
6042:ISBN
6018:ISBN
5932:ISBN
5770:and
5699:The
5666:and
5639:and
5617:and
5555:The
5515:The
5497:Giza
5383:and
5283:The
5253:and
5225:The
5138:dyes
5124:and
5080:The
5074:and
4935:iron
4923:Chad
4921:and
4890:Chad
4502:adze
4461:The
4421:Kuba
4373:× 10
4328:Kuba
4286:Ndop
4243:x 11
4233:x 11
4137:The
4000:Adam
3991:cast
3929:Axum
3898:Yeha
3886:Tiya
3847:D'mt
3837:and
3784:The
3691:The
3629:and
3356:The
3328:Ohio
3215:Mali
2890:Fang
2881:Igbo
2879:The
2873:and
2865:Igbo
2846:Idia
2553:and
2454:and
2446:and
2223:gold
2200:gold
2080:and
1803:any
1801:cite
1634:and
1585:Bonn
1529:gems
1380:and
1372:and
1203:and
1032:Bini
1002:and
968:and
810:List
709:Sikh
699:Jain
608:Maya
589:Luba
584:Kuba
569:Igbo
433:Thai
93:Kuba
9260:and
8595:Art
7643:doi
6993:doi
6195:doi
6124:doi
6078:doi
6066:334
5774:in
5759:in
5743:in
5739:,
5735:in
5723:in
5637:Old
5058:or
4895:Sao
4643:× 9
4578:× 1
4568:× 2
4383:× 2
4308:x 8
4298:x 7
4149:in
4066:or
3985:or
3857:of
3701:Dan
3111:; (
3054:Ife
3046:Ife
3026:Ife
3006:Ife
2812:x 8
2573:or
2567:art
2480:Nok
2398:of
2394:in
2392:Nok
2388:Ham
2265:x 1
2255:x 4
1983:by
1814:by
1546:of
1519:or
1327:in
1173:.
942:or
555:Rus
460:Lao
264:Pop
85:Nok
9345::
7782:.
7750:.
7724:.
7673:.
7649:.
7614:.
7580:.
7453:.
7411:.
7329:^
7312:.
7292:^
7236:.
7213:.
7019:^
7007:}}
7003:{{
6989:38
6987:.
6869:15
6867:.
6863:.
6836:.
6811:.
6787:.
6763:.
6742:}}
6738:{{
6726:.
6689:.
6663:.
6642:}}
6638:{{
6626:.
6524:33
6522:.
6462:^
6418:.
6388:.
6369:.
6343:.
6201:.
6191:58
6189:.
6169:,
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