Nok culture - Knowledge

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exception of the circular stone foundation of a hut discovered in Puntun Dutse. The archaeological evidence indicates that Nok houses were built primarily of organic materials like wood, plant stalks, grasses, and animal hides, which decomposed without leaving visible traces in the soil. Typical Nok settlements were either hamlets or single compounds, similar in size to modern farmsteads found in the same area. There is no indication of agglomerations of people above village level, thus "no evidence that would warrant the existence of communities of a size that would be necessary to develop social stratification, which is regarded as one of the attributes of social complexity." Numerous excavations and prospections have indicated that no towns or any kind of urban environments existed in the Nok culture, and no evidence has been found for special buildings or areas occupied by high-ranking community members. The lack of substantial stratigraphies or evidence of mound formation processes further indicates that Nok sites had brief occupation episodes. In sum, the evidence indicates that Nok culture communities were small-scaled and organised in locally autonomous groups. According to Rupp et al. (2016):

1715:(NCMM), which is used to manage Nigeria's cultural heritage. NCMM Decree number 77 made it illegal for anyone other than authorized personnel to buy or sell antiquities within Nigeria or export an antiquity without a permit from the NCMM. Towards the end of the 1990s the federal government of Nigeria implemented the NCMM, which initiated a series of actions to work out strategies for combating the problems of looting and to map out a plan of action. The general consensus was that laws governing antiquities and penalties for offenders needed to be strictly enforced and that all archaeological sites should be monitored. The NCMM also recommended more aggressive public enlightenment campaigns as well as a series of sensitization programs across the nation. These programs are considered a success in terms of increased awareness by law enforcement agents, as well as the Nigerian customs authorities and 833: 1808: 1496:

increasing frequency and then disappear, being replaced with different pottery attributes. This change can sometimes allow one to divide the progression into different intervals based on the different attributes. In total approximately 90,000 potsherds have been collected, of which 15,000 have been considered diagnostic, meaning that they are decorated, sherds from the rim or the bottom of the vessel, or they have handles or holes in them. The results of the pottery analysis can be delineated into three distinct time periods: Early, Middle, and Late.

1463:, grinding stones seem to have been placed in a certain order, and at the site of Ido huge grinding slabs were arranged in an upright position with pots and stone beads next to them. This context is assumed to have been ritual in some way. Most of the grinders are merely hand-sized. Throughout Nok sites, there is an abundance of grinding slabs but there seems to be a low number of hand stones. It is possible that members of the Nok Culture used these grinders until they reached a certain state of wear, and then repurposed them as pestles. 1059: 1076: 1148: 1134: 87: 919: 494: 1159: 1405:

sites have been found in flat plains, on hilltops, and on the slopes and summits of mountains. There appears to have been a preference for specific topographic features like elevations and gentle slopes, possibly because they provided favourable drainage during the rainy season. In a preliminary study published in 2005, Rupp et al. stated that the foundation of a wall had been carved out of the underlying granite at the settlement site of Kochio, and that a '

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cultures. A joint research project with Goethe University and the National Commission for Museums and Monuments conducted since 2005 showed that more than 90% of Nok Culture sites known in the research area have been illegally looted. Art historical studies carried out shows that over 1,000 Nok terracotta sculptures have been illegally excavated and smuggled into Europe, the USA, Japan, and elsewhere. In February 2013,

1532: 3573: 926: 942: 1255:) figure and the torso of a seated figure wearing a belt around their waist and a necklace, which had added features (e.g., bows, knots); there are also sculptures portraying the head of a human figure that has a bird beak and the head of a male figure with a seashell on it, which may have been created by the same sculptor. Additionally, there are sculptures portraying figures wielding 1120: 1514:

deep horizontal lines. This band appears on the pots' upper half or directly under the rim of the bowls. Some bands have sharp ends as well as impressed zigzag lines or an incised wave or arc. Unlike the Early Nok period the Middle Nok ceramics tend to have more variety in the rim with everted rims, open bowls, bowls with inverted rims and incised line ornaments on the rims' lips.

1600:, valued for their high protein content, are also found at some sites. So far, pearl millet and cowpeas are the only crops known to have been cultivated by the Nok people. It is unclear whether they ate or farmed tubers of any kind. The numerous grinding stones found at Nok sites suggest that the grains were ground into flour and made into a type of porridge. 1414:"Rather than attributes of social complexity like signs of inequality, hierarchy, nucleation of settlement systems, communal and public monuments, or alternative African versions of complexity discussed in recent years, it has become apparent that the Nok Culture, no matter which concept is followed, developed complexity only in terms of ritual." 1467:

are found at almost every Nok site and are approximately palm-sized. They were probably used as hammerstones or for roughening the surface of a grinding stone. Not all of them are ball shaped, however, and many have chipping marks all over or at least in one place. These stone balls likely would have served as mobile grinding stones.

1719:. However, not all of the recommendations were implemented, because the Nigerian government did not have the resources to face the large scale of some of the challenges. For example, the government did not have the resources to place monitors at all archaeological sites, and terracotta figures still slip through Nigeria's borders. 1626:

millennium BC, right at the time of the Nok culture. Most West African trees are not domesticated but are part of the wild vegetation which is left after farmers clear their fields of their crops. Because they are left to grow they multiply naturally without needing to be planted. Trees can produce food, medicine and animal feed.

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Nok peoples may have migrated into the central region of Nigeria and brought into the area the agricultural knowledge of cultivating tamed pearl millet between 1500 BCE and 900 BCE. At almost all Nok sites, there are charred plant remains consisting of firewood and plant material for cooking. Remains

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From approximately c. 1500–900 BC the pottery of the Early Nok Period are mostly small and not very well preserved. They seem to be richly decorated with various elaborate patterns directly below the vessels' rims and covering a large part of the ceramic body. The lines made on the pottery seem to be

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and they started finding distinct Nok culture sites, although most were looted. Scientific field work began in 2005 to systematically investigate Nok archaeological sites and to better understand Nok terracotta sculptures within their Iron Age archaeological context, and was subsequently concluded in

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Stone rings have also been found at Nok Culture sites. They are normally found as fragments but can be identified as rings because of their flat, oval or triangular cross-sections and their shapes. These stone rings are very rare and their purpose is unknown, but their use as currency or a medium of

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stone fence' had been erected around a central area in the settlement. However in a subsequent study published in 2016 the authors concluded that these were in fact misinterpreted natural geological features, and that there was no evidence for any stone architecture at Nok sites, apart from the rare

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structures of furnace walls and bases. The most common type of artefact found was domestic pottery which can be divided into two different types. One type are bowls or shallow basins without lips and the other are globular pots which have averted lips. Because of this preliminary excavation, the Nok

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repossessed five Nok statuettes looted by a French thief in August 2010. The pieces had been seized by French customs agents and were repatriated following a Nigerian Government Directive. What further complicates the problem are the many workshops which fake Nok sculptures and then put them on the

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are determined to be settlement sites, on the basis of archaeological evidence discovered at the surface level of the sites, and determined to be of the Nok culture, on the basis of the type of archaeological evidence discovered, specifically, Nok terracotta remnants and Nok pottery. Nok settlement

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and burnished to produce a smooth, glossy surface. The figures are hollow, with several openings to facilitate thorough drying and firing. The firing process most likely resembled that used today in Nigeria, in which the pieces are covered with grass, twigs, and leaves and burned for several hours.

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we at first misinterpreted geological phenomena as constructional components of large-scale stone structures (Rupp et al. 2005: 287). Until today we have not come across any structure that resembles any kind of large-scale stone building and therefore we claim that the Nok Culture erected no stone

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Because of the acidic soil, no animal bones from the Nok culture have been preserved, leaving no direct evidence of what species they might have domesticated (or hunted). The only evidence for animals during the Nok culture period is the depictions of animals as figurines or terracotta sculptures.

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Ground stone axes were another tool commonly used by the Nok. They were typically made from fine-grained volcanic rock (siliceous rock is also sometimes seen), and may have been used in food preparation. These ax blades tend to be smallish in size, the largest reaching 20 centimeters. Stone balls

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The Late Nok period is from approximately c. 300–1 BC and has only a few known sites. There is little pottery available for analysis but from the pottery that was found there is a decrease in the strictness of the ornamental band. While bands are still used, they are more complexly decorated with

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The Middle Nok Period is approximately from c. 900–300 BC and in this time period there is a dramatic increase of sites, terracotta fragments and iron objects. Instead of the early period's decoration, which tended to cover most of the pot, instead, there is a decorative band which is bordered by

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Potsherds (pottery shards) are the most abundant archaeological artifacts at Nok sites. Since 2009, excavated pottery has been undergoing systematic analysis with a central aim to try and establish a chronology. Certain attributes of the pottery such as decoration, shape, and size appear with an

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Today, the terracotta sculptures are very highly sought after on the international art market, and so artifacts continue to be dug up without documentation of the contexts in which they were buried. A lack of extensive archaeological study has also severely limited our understanding of the Nok

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commenced in the Nok cultural area in 1994, and by 1995 two main local traders emerged. Each of the main traders could employ approximately 1,000 diggers to unearth terracottas every day. Although the majority of the terracottas were fragmented, some were intact and sellable. Because of this,

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tests dated the sculptures to a range of dates between about 2,900 and 2,000 years ago, making them some of the oldest in Western Africa. Many further dates were retrieved in the course of new archaeological excavations, extending the beginnings of the Nok tradition even further back in time.

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system, combining cultivated crops with useful trees on the same plot of land. These plots are ecologically sustainable and inter-cropping of trees and several cultivated plant species were common from the savannas to the rain forest, with the origins of the practice going back to the first

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sculptures is still unknown. For the most part, the terracotta is preserved in the form of scattered fragments. That is why Nok art is well known today only for the heads, both male and female, whose hairstyles are particularly detailed and refined. The statues are in fragments because the

1035:. Questions arose about whether there were other societies like those in the Chad Basin, and these questions led the team to investigate the Nok Culture. In the early steps of the Frankfurt Nok Project, researchers had difficulty finding sites to excavate. The team began collaborating with 998:. The most famous finds at the site were the pottery graters which were shallow, flat-bottomed dishes which were deeply scored inside with diced patterns to produce a sharp abrasive surface. These pottery graters were probably used for food preparation. In the preliminary excavation a 1188:, and varied postures. Because of the homogeneous composition of the scultptures across the Nok cultural, in contrast to the varying compositions of Nok pottery, it is thought that Nok sculpture was made from a few clay deposits, suggesting a centralized and specialized production. 1002:

survey was used to try and locate furnaces. The survey revealed a total of 61 magnetic anomalies which were mostly located in a flat, central area which probably indicated the limits of actual occupation. Twenty of the anomalies revealed concentrations of

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hundreds of Nok Culture sites have been illegally dug in search of these terracotta sculptures. Valuable information about the Nok Culture is lost when these objects are taken from out of the ground and removed from their archaeological contexts.

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As a result of natural erosion and deposition, Nok terracottas were scattered at various depths throughout the Sahel grasslands, causing difficulty in the dating and classification of the mysterious artifacts. Luckily, two archaeological sites,

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region, a northern homeland is more probable than any other." Breunig (2017) expounded: "The people of the Nok culture must have come from somewhere else. So far, however, we have not found out what region, though we suspect the Sahel zone in

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The shapes of stone tools found at Nok sites change little throughout the entire span of the Nok Culture. What tends to strike researchers is a lack of cutting tools. Apart from stone axes, no tools with a cutting edge have been found.

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were discovered. Overall there is not a huge selection of plant remains, but this could simply mean they were not preserved. More recent evidence of Carbonized plant remains of the Nok suggest that they foraged for tree fruits.

1177:, in terrain made by the erosion of water. The terracotta statues found there are hidden, rolled, polished, and broken. Rarely are works of great size conserved intact making them highly valued on the international art market. 1239:

believes that "Nok artwork represents a style that was adopted by a range of iron-using farming societies of varying cultures, rather than being the diagnostic feature of a particular human group as has often been claimed."

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sites, difference in soil coloring of burial pits and their immediate geographic area, and burial pits containing materials from organic substances, this supports the conclusion that Nok sculptures were part of a complex

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who at the time was an administrative officer who had studied archaeology at the University of Cambridge. Fagg noticed that the head on the scarecrow looked similar to the sculpture that Young had found. He traveled to

1206:, explains that most Nok ceramics were shaped by hand from coarse-grained clay and subtractively sculpted in a manner that suggests an influence from wood carving. After some drying, the sculptures were covered with 1341:, such as considerable quantities of charcoal layered among Nok sculptures, goods (e.g., technically crafted ceramics, numerous stone-beaded necklaces) found in burial pits that support the view of them serving as 1446:

Grinding tools are very common at Nok sites. They are rarely preserved in one piece, but can still illustrate the different shapes and sizes of tools used throughout the Nok Culture. Grinding stones were made of

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remarkably fine or curving lines. There tend to be many lines that are close together and some even have crisscrossing lines beneath the rim. Pottery frequently had everted and broad, thick rims.

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Nok people may have developed terracotta sculptures through large-scale economic production. Among Nok terracotta sculptures at Pangwari, there are sculptures portraying a large teeth-bearing

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to prevent crop failure, infertility, and illness. Also, based on the dome-shaped bases found on several figures, they could have been used as finials for the roofs of ancient structures.

868:, Nigeria. The terracotta was accidentally unearthed at a level of 24 feet (7 m) from an alluvial tin mine. Young presented the sculptures to the Museum of the Department of Mines in 1523:

additional patterning. There also tends to be a returning pattern of body decoration. The variety of rim sizes and types seem to be increasing even more than in the Middle Nok period.

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Boullier, C.; A. Person; J.-F. Saliège & J. Polet (2001). Bilan chronologique de la culture Nok et nouvelle datations sur des sculptures. Afrique: Archéologie & Arts 2, 9-28.

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exchange has been suggested. Another rare find is stone beads, which are typically found as if strung on strings. Beads tend to be carefully made out of hard siliceous rock such as

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that may have included practices such as feasting. The earliest Nok terracotta sculptures may have developed in 900 BCE. Some Nok terracotta sculptures portray figures wielding

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Nok male figure; 500 BC – 500 AD; terracotta; 49.5 cm × 22.2 cm × 16.8 cm (19.5 in × 8.7 in × 6.6 in); from northern

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Breunig, P. & Rupp, N. (2006). Nichts als Kunst. Archäologische Forschungen zur früheisenzeitlichen Nok-Kultur in Zentral-Nigeria. Forschung Frankfurt 2-3, 73-76.

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without roulette decorations or chaff temper, as seen in the Nok and early Gajiganna sites, suggests that the third diffusion originated directly from the central

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Anon. 2015. Research continues into 3000 year-old Nok culture of sub-Saharan Africa. Adventures in Archaeology. Archaeology News from Past Horizons, February 8.

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Fagg, A. (1972). A preliminary report on an occupation site in the Nok valley, Nigeria: Samun Dukiya, AF/70/1. West African Journal of Archaeology 2, 75-79.

1596:, one of Africa's oldest grain crops, are commonly found. Pearl millet is highly productive and resistant to adverse growing conditions, including drought. 3211: 3338:

Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas. 2000. Nok Terracotta (500 B.C.–200 A.D.). The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.

1854: 1712: 1460: 1326:, which was constructed approximately 8000 years ago in the northern region of Nigeria; as the second earliest form of water vessel known in 717:, which was constructed approximately 8000 years ago in the northern region of Nigeria; as the second earliest form of water vessel known in 3163:"Making the invisible visible: tracing the origins of plants in West African cuisine through archaeobotanical and organic residue analysis" 2271:"Making the invisible visible: tracing the origins of plants in West African cuisine through archaeobotanical and organic residue analysis" 975: 473: 1374: 832: 816:

after 2500 BCE, in the context of southwards population movements (Ozainne et al. 2014; Neumann 2018; Fuller et al. 2021)…The presence of

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Rupp, N.; Ameje, J.; Breunig, P. (2005). New studies on the Nok Culture of Central Nigeria. Journal of African Archaeology 3, 2: 283-290.

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Hard pits from wild fruits have been found at many Nok sites. At some sites, fruit and seeds of other wild plants such as grasses and

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Brodie, Neil, and Donna Yates. 2012. Nok Terracottas. Trafficking Culture: Researching the Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects.

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peoples may be descendants of the Nok peoples. Based on stylistic similarities with the Nok terracottas, the bronze figurines of the

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figures are hollow, coil built, nearly life sized human heads and bodies that are depicted with highly stylized features, abundant

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The first Nok terracotta was discovered in 1928 by Colonel Dent Young, a co-owner of a mining partnership, near the village of

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network. The Nok terracotta depiction of a figure with a seashell on its head may indicate that the span of these riverine

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network. The Nok terracotta depiction of a figure with a seashell on its head may indicate that the span of these riverine

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Breunig, Peter (editor). 2014. Nok: African sculpture in archaeological context. Africa Magna Verlag, Germany, October 15.

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In 1989, German scientists were working in northeastern Nigeria's Chad Basin as part of a cooperative project between the

1370: 765: 2885: 2050: 127: 1487:. There are three different bead shapes: cylindrical, which is the most common shape, as well as rod and ring-shaped. 3559: 3549: 3539: 3477: 3442: 2920: 2844: 2817: 2570: 1877: 1551:

method of cultivating cowpeas and pearl millet as well as utilized oleaginous fruits. At Pangwari, pearl millet was

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and fats from animals on ceramics, the pottery may have been utilized to store meat, along with honey utilized for

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architecture, apart from the rare exception of the circular stone foundation of a hut discovered in Puntun Dutse

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Fagg, B. (1968). The Nok Culture: Excavations at Taruga. The West African Archaeological Newsletter 10, 27-30.

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may have developed in the Nok culture between 750 BCE and 550 BCE. Nok people may have independently invented

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Breunig and Rupp (2016) stated: "Their origin is unknown, but since the plants they used as crops (especially

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Fagg, B. (1959). The Nok Culture in prehistory. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 1 (4), 288-293.

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As each share cultural and artistic similarity with the Nok culture found in Nok, Sokoto, and Katsina, the

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Fagg, B. (1969). Recent work in West Africa: new light on the Nok Culture. World Archaeology 1 (1), 41-50.

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were first discovered in 1928. The Nok people and the Gajiganna people may have migrated from the Central

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Tylecote, R. (1975a). The origin of iron smelting in Africa. Westafrican Journal of Archaeology. 5, 1-9.

1926:"A question of rite—pearl millet consumption at Nok culture sites, Nigeria (second/first millennium BC)" 1786: 1749: 1357:, Nok sculptures are regarded to be the most early, large figurative art in continental Africa. Latter 752:, Nok sculptures are regarded to be the most early, large figurative art in continental Africa. Latter 3531:

Tylecote, R. (1975b). Iron smelting at Taruga, Nigeria. Journal of Historical Metallurgy 9 (2), 49-56.

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Fifteen years later, in 1943 near the village of Nok, in the center of Nigeria, a new series of clay

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Rupp, N.; Breunig, P.; Kahlheber, S. (2008). Exploring the Nok enigma. Antiquity, Project gallery.

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of Nigeria (11th century CE – 15th century CE) – may have been shaped by the earlier West African

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of Nigeria (11th century CE – 15th century CE) – may have been shaped by the earlier West African

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Little is known of the original function of the pieces, but theories include ancestor portrayal,

1020: 808:." Champion et al. (2022) suggested that they may have come from the Central Sahara, and stated: 706: 177: 147: 883:. A clerk in charge of the mine had found a head and had taken it back to his home for use as a 3459: 3162: 2511:; van der Merwe, N. J. (1968). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa". 1779: 1338: 812:

The cultivation of pearl millet diffused from the desiccating West and Central Sahara into the

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The trial excavations took place during a period of eight days. The finds included objects of

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Ayoade J.O. (1983) Introduction To Climatology For The Tropics, John Wiley & Sons ltd UK

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was created in the central region of Nigeria during the first millennium BCE. As part of Nok

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Miller, Duncan E.; Van Der Merwe, N.J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa".

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Preliminary excavations at the beginning of January 1961 began near a remote valley named

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Margaret Young-Sanchez, Associate Curator of Art of the Americas, Africa, and Oceania in

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Fagg, B., (1990): Nok terracottas. Lagos: National Commission for Museums and Monuments.

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In 1979, Nigeria's National Commission of Museums and Monuments Decree established the

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Olubunmi A.O. (2007) The Rise and Fall of The Yoruba Race, The 199 Publishing Palace

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Shaw, T., (1981). The Nok sculptures of Nigeria. Scientific American 244(2): 154-166.

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Since the 1970s, Nok terracotta figures have been heavily looted. Even larger-scale

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tradition of the Nok culture. Nok settlement sites are often found on mountaintops.

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Fagg, Bernard (1969). "Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture".

2132: 3467: 3357: 2834: 2550: 2117:"Pits, pots and plants at Pangwari: Deciphering the nature of a Nok Culture site" 1832: 1423: 1295: 1260: 1207: 1075: 888: 840:

remains from third to first millennium cal bc. The arrows indicate directions of

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may have independently developed in the Nok culture between 750 BCE and 550 BCE.

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and cultivated, cowpeas were cultivated, and various forms of vegetation (e.g.,

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was created in the central region of Nigeria during the first millennium BCE.

3587: 3388: 2630: 2508: 2429: 2377: 2305: 2210: 2140: 2016: 1757: 1745: 1684: 1652: 1378: 1347: 1236: 1031:. This project examined the beginnings of sedentary farming societies in the 837: 773: 734: 646: 387: 317: 297: 51: 38: 2622: 2421: 2202: 1147: 1133: 493: 3313: 3253: 2562: 2338:

Ramsamy, Edward; Elliott, Carolyn M.; Seybolt, Peter J. (January 5, 2012).

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in pottery). The honey may have been utilized by Nok agriculturalists to

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Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia

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may also be continuations of the traditions of the earlier Nok culture.

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Olubunmi A.O. (2009) On Ijesa Racial Purity, The 199 Publishing Palace

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As of 3500 years ago, Nok agriculturalists gathered and utilized

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Because of the similarities between the two sites, archaeologist

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Breunig, Peter; Kahlheber, Stefanie; Rupp, Nicole (June 2008).

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made of either iron or stone are also absent from Nok sites.

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One Nok sculpture portrays two individuals, along with their

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areas was revealing and destroying archaeological material.

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to the region of Nok. Nok culture may have emerged in 1500

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is a population whose material remains are named after the

3069:"Archaeobotanical Studies at Nok sites: an Interim Report" 3038:"An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture" 3007:"An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture" 2972:"An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture" 2941:"An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture" 2604:"An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture" 1125:

Nok rider and horse; 53 cm tall; age: 1,400 to 2,000 years

965:

showing the major sites of the Nok culture (clickable map)

630:. Nok people may have also migrated from the West African 1644: 948: 897: 880: 869: 861: 635: 627: 601: 571: 551: 538: 24: 2711:

Shaw, Thurstan (1981). "The Nok sculptures of Nigeria".

1729:

Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation

1263:, which may be indicative of Nok people engaging in the 657:, which may be indicative of Nok people engaging in the 1012:

Culture would start being regarded as belonging to the

887:, a role that it filled (successfully) for a year in a 3514:

Jemkur, J. (1992). Aspects of the Nok Culture. Zaria.

2337: 1784: 1365:

of Niger (3rd century CE – 10th century CE), Koma of

760:

of Niger (3rd century CE – 10th century CE), Koma of

2859: 2507: 2469: 2406:"New Studies on the Nok Culture of Central Nigeria" 2404:Rupp, Nicole; Ameje, James; Breunig, Peter (2005). 3377:"Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria" 1111:Female statue; 48 cm tall; age: 900 to 1,500 years 3469:Nok | African Sculpture in Archaeological Context 2667:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 2247:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1924:Champion, Louis; et al. (15 December 2022). 1377:of Mali (11th century CE – 12th century CE), and 900:where Young showed Fagg other recently uncovered 772:of Mali (11th century CE – 12th century CE), and 3585: 2912:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context 2809:Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context 2403: 2185:Männel, Tanja M.; Breunig, Peter (12 Jan 2016). 1997:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 891:field. This scarecrow was eventually noticed by 1391: 1373:of Nigeria (9th century CE – 10th century CE), 768:of Nigeria (9th century CE – 10th century CE), 2697:The Nok Culture: Art in Nigeria 2500 Years Ago 2053:. In Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M (eds.). 3161:Dunne, Julie; Höhn, Alexa (14 January 2022). 2551:"African Firsts in the History of Technology" 2184: 2057:. Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124. 1713:National Commission for Museums and Monuments 1679:, Nok ceramics may have been used to process 1508: 904:figures. Eventually it became clear that the 729:, Nok ceramics may have been used to process 467: 3036:Breunig, Peter; Rupp, Nicole (13 Dec 2016). 3005:Breunig, Peter; Rupp, Nicole (13 Dec 2016). 2970:Breunig, Peter; Rupp, Nicole (13 Dec 2016). 2939:Breunig, Peter; Rupp, Nicole (13 Dec 2016). 2044: 2042: 1499: 3432: 3417: 3358:France Hands Over Stolen Nigerian Artifacts 3265: 3263: 3167:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 3035: 3004: 2969: 2938: 2601: 2555:Ancient Africa: A Global History, to 300 CE 2278:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2187:"The Nok Terracotta Sculptures of Pangwari" 1698: 1547:, the people of the Nok culture employed a 1517: 1430:in the 9th century BCE or 8th century BCE. 994:hammer-stones, and small concentrations of 2801: 2799: 2706: 2704: 2557:. Princeton University Press. p. 19. 2333: 2331: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1543:Akin to the peoples of the Chad Basin and 492: 474: 460: 3303: 3243: 3188:1983/aeae6475-7998-4929-ae38-ea5d7cce36e2 3186: 3160: 3113: 3103: 3060: 2465: 2463: 2121:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 2039: 1941: 1860:. In Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.). 879:were discovered by accident while mining 3260: 2902: 2836:Nok: Ein Ursprung afrikanischer Skulptur 2544: 2542: 2503: 2501: 2255: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 1923: 1862:The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics 1855:"State Formation in Precolonial Nigeria" 1530: 1337:Based on evidence from the sites of Nok 982:, a quantity of iron slag, fragments of 831: 3465: 3458:Atwood, R. (2011). The NOK of Nigeria. 3325: 3323: 3138:"AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Nok people" 2908: 2832: 2805: 2796: 2789: 2739: 2701: 2595: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2328: 2055:The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian History 2048: 1967: 1902: 1864:. Oxford University Press. p. 35. 1852: 1670: 3586: 3356:Mustapha Suleiman (February 3, 2013), 3154: 2886:"The Ancient Nok Culture Kaduna State" 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2460: 2115:Franke, Gabriele; et al. (2020). 2114: 1846: 638:and continued to persist until 1 BCE. 3269: 3210:Dunne, Julie B.; et al. (2021). 3209: 3203: 3066: 2934: 2932: 2695:Chesi, G. & Merzeder, G. (2006). 2602:Breunig, Peter; Rupp, Nicole (2016). 2548: 2539: 2498: 2268: 2163: 2095: 2051:"Prehistoric Developments In Nigeria" 1986: 1984: 3437:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 3381:Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin 3374: 3368: 3320: 2745: 2710: 2392: 2063:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190050092.013.5 1963: 1961: 1930:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 1870:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.1 1616: 1369:(7th century CE – 15th century CE), 1330:, the Nok terracotta depiction of a 764:(7th century CE – 15th century CE), 721:, the Nok terracotta depiction of a 3085: 3079: 2915:. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna. 2839:. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna. 2812:. Frankfurt am Main: Africa Magna. 2766: 1990: 1302:, and exchanged them in a regional 824:and possibly split before reaching 693:, and exchanged them in a regional 13: 3472:. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag. 3452: 3270:Dunne, Julie; et al. (2021). 2929: 2733:10.1038/scientificamerican0281-154 1981: 1418: 1359:artistic traditions of West Africa 1173:discoveries are usually made from 754:artistic traditions of West Africa 85: 14: 3635: 3565: 1958: 1539:in 400 BC showing the Nok culture 1027:, Nigeria, and archaeologists of 3571: 2346:. SAGE Publications. p. 8. 1991:Sun, Z. J.; et al. (2017). 1977:. Goethe University. p. 24. 1806: 1794: 1691:for the production of medicinal 1621:The Nok people probably used an 1157: 1146: 1132: 1118: 1104: 1074: 1057: 940: 924: 917: 851:, including 5. Nok region sites. 741:for the production of medicinal 443: 23:. For the Nigerian village, see 3619:1928 archaeological discoveries 3426: 3411: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3130: 3029: 2998: 2963: 2890:Nigeria Information & Guide 2878: 2853: 2826: 2689: 2675: 1968:Breunig, Peter (January 2017). 1355:ancient Egyptian figurative art 986:, pottery, figurine fragments, 750:ancient Egyptian figurative art 642: 16:Ancient civilization of Nigeria 3609:10th-century BC establishments 3042:Journal of African Archaeology 3011:Journal of African Archaeology 2976:Journal of African Archaeology 2945:Journal of African Archaeology 2611:Journal of African Archaeology 2410:Journal of African Archaeology 2191:Journal of African Archaeology 1825: 1735: 1659:. As evidenced by remnants of 1433: 1388:tradition of the Nok culture. 925: 855: 641:Nok people may have developed 1: 3614:3rd-century disestablishments 3375:Lamp, Frederick John (2011). 2760:10.1080/00438243.1969.9979425 2133:10.1080/0067270X.2020.1757902 1819: 1813:Traditional African religions 1043: 2683:"Nok art of Ancient Nigeria" 2340:"Part I: Prehistory To 1400" 1583:followed by the Nok people. 1392:Settlements and architecture 7: 3624:Iron Age cultures of Africa 3433:Shillington, Kevin (2005). 3092:Journal of World Prehistory 2549:Ehret, Christopher (2023). 1773: 1727:reported that the Nigerian 1490: 1204:The Cleveland Museum of Art 1064:Nok sculpture, terracotta, 1029:Goethe University Frankfurt 1007:and nine of them contained 941: 19:For the water spirits, see 10: 3640: 3296:10.1038/s41467-021-22425-4 3236:10.1038/s41467-021-22425-4 3179:10.1007/s12520-021-01476-0 3105:10.1007/s10963-019-09131-2 3067:Kahlheber, S; et al. 2862:"Exploring the Nok enigma" 2472:Journal of African History 2298:10.1007/s12520-021-01476-0 1943:10.1007/s00334-022-00902-0 1629: 1526: 1509:Middle Nok Period ceramics 18: 3466:Breunig, P., ed. (2014). 2484:10.1017/s0021853700025949 2009:10.1007/s10967-017-5297-8 1971:Exploring the Nok Culture 1647:products (e.g., gathered 1586: 1500:Early Nok Period ceramics 1396:In the central region of 1310:may have extended to the 814:West African savanna zone 790: 701:may have extended to the 580: 544: 532: 524: 510: 500: 491: 3462:July/August 2011, 34-38. 1699:Looting and repatriation 1603: 1518:Late Nok Period ceramics 836:West African sites with 799:) are indigenous to the 434:List of years in Nigeria 3086:Kay, Andrea U. (2019). 2909:Breunig, Peter (2014). 2833:Breunig, Peter (2013). 2806:Breunig, Peter (2014). 2625:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2623:10.3213/2191-5784-10298 2422:10.3213/1612-1651-10056 2205:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2203:10.3213/2191-5784-10300 2049:Breunig, Peter (2022). 1853:Obikili, Nonso (2018). 1638: 1561:Canarium schweinfurthii 1322:, there is the earlier 1139:"The thinker" c. 298 AD 1021:University of Maiduguri 713:, there is the earlier 3594:Archaeology of Nigeria 2563:10.2307/j.ctv34kc6ng.5 1780:Early Nigerian history 1540: 1416: 1339:archaeological culture 1271:, of untamed animals. 852: 830: 90: 27:. For other uses, see 3276:Nature Communications 3216:Nature Communications 3142:www.101lasttribes.com 2685:. September 28, 2011. 2352:10.4135/9781452218458 2269:Dunne, J. B. (2022). 1732:market as authentic. 1657:West African cuisines 1534: 1412: 835: 810: 643:terracotta sculptures 89: 3580:at Wikimedia Commons 2513:Current Anthropology 1677:traditional medicine 1671:Traditional medicine 1402:archaeological sites 1168:The function of Nok 1037:Umaru Yusuf Potiskum 974:near the village of 958:class=notpageimage| 727:traditional medicine 528:c. 1500 BC — c. 1 BC 3288:2021NatCo..12.2227D 3228:2021NatCo..12.2227D 2725:1981SciAm.244b.154S 2713:Scientific American 2290:2022ArAnS..14...30D 1581:subsistence pattern 1229:thermo-luminescence 1000:proton magnetometer 488: 128:Pre-colonial period 48: / 21:Neck (water spirit) 3418:Shillington (2005) 1541: 1328:Sub-Saharan Africa 1087:Kimbell Art Museum 853: 719:Sub-Saharan Africa 501:Geographical range 486: 450:Nigeria portal 91: 79:History of Nigeria 3576:Media related to 3489:978-3-937248-46-2 3435:History of Africa 2748:World Archaeology 2369:978-1-4129-8176-7 2072:978-0-19-005009-2 1617:Trees and farming 1577:Hunting-gathering 1575:) were utilized. 1459:. At the site of 1441:Projectile points 590: 589: 484: 483: 199: 198: 3631: 3575: 3483: 3448: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3372: 3366: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3307: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3190: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3117: 3107: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2936: 2927: 2926: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2803: 2794: 2791: 2764: 2763: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2658: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2275: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2238: 2182: 2161: 2160: 2112: 2093: 2092: 2046: 2037: 2036: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1945: 1921: 1900: 1899: 1859: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1829: 1811: 1810: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1768:kingdom of Benin 1689:medicinal plants 1557:Caesalpinioideae 1545:Kintampo culture 1457:metamorphic rock 1348:funerary culture 1316:maritime history 1161: 1150: 1136: 1122: 1108: 1078: 1061: 944: 943: 928: 927: 921: 838:archaeobotanical 826:northern Nigeria 739:medicinal plants 707:maritime history 647:funerary culture 496: 489: 485: 476: 469: 462: 448: 447: 446: 195: 104: 103: 88: 66: 65: 63: 62: 60: 59: 58: 53: 49: 46: 45: 44: 41: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3584: 3583: 3568: 3480: 3455: 3453:Further reading 3445: 3429: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3373: 3369: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3268: 3261: 3208: 3204: 3159: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3084: 3080: 3065: 3061: 3034: 3030: 3003: 2999: 2968: 2964: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2767: 2744: 2740: 2709: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2660: 2659: 2617:(3): 242, 247. 2606: 2600: 2596: 2573: 2547: 2540: 2506: 2499: 2468: 2461: 2402: 2393: 2370: 2336: 2329: 2273: 2267: 2256: 2240: 2239: 2183: 2164: 2113: 2096: 2073: 2047: 2040: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1966: 1959: 1922: 1903: 1880: 1857: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1776: 1738: 1701: 1675:As part of Nok 1673: 1641: 1632: 1619: 1606: 1589: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1436: 1428:iron metallurgy 1424:Iron metallurgy 1421: 1419:Iron metallurgy 1394: 1261:bows and arrows 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1109: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1079: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1053: 1052: 1046: 968: 967: 966: 960: 954: 953: 952: 951: 945: 937: 936: 935: 929: 858: 844:diffusion into 793: 785:Iron metallurgy 655:bows and arrows 576: 480: 444: 442: 193: 188:Fourth Republic 168:Second Republic 86: 56: 54: 52:9.500°N 8.000°E 50: 47: 42: 39: 37: 35: 34: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3637: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3582: 3581: 3567: 3566:External links 3564: 3563: 3562: 3552: 3542: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3478: 3463: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3443: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3367: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3319: 3259: 3202: 3153: 3129: 3098:(2): 179–228. 3078: 3075:. Nyame Akuma. 3059: 3028: 2997: 2962: 2928: 2921: 2901: 2877: 2852: 2845: 2825: 2818: 2795: 2765: 2738: 2719:(2): 154–166. 2700: 2688: 2674: 2594: 2581:j.ctv34kc6ng.5 2571: 2538: 2525:10.1086/200878 2509:Stuiver, Minze 2497: 2459: 2391: 2368: 2327: 2254: 2162: 2127:(2): 129–188. 2094: 2071: 2038: 1980: 1957: 1936:(3): 263–283. 1901: 1878: 1845: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1803: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1737: 1734: 1700: 1697: 1672: 1669: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1618: 1615: 1605: 1602: 1588: 1585: 1569:Phyllanthaceae 1549:mixed cropping 1528: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1435: 1432: 1420: 1417: 1393: 1390: 1314:coast. In the 1298:River) of the 1245:therianthropic 1156: 1155: 1154: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1051:Nok sculptures 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1045: 1042: 956: 955: 947: 946: 939: 938: 931: 930: 923: 922: 916: 915: 914: 857: 854: 792: 789: 705:coast. In the 689:River) of the 615:, where their 588: 587: 582: 578: 577: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 548: 546: 542: 541: 536: 530: 529: 526: 522: 521: 512: 508: 507: 502: 498: 497: 482: 481: 479: 478: 471: 464: 456: 453: 452: 439: 438: 437: 436: 428: 427: 423: 422: 421: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 237: 236: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 206: 205: 201: 200: 197: 196: 190: 184: 183: 180: 178:Third Republic 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 160: 154: 153: 150: 148:First Republic 144: 143: 140: 138:British period 134: 133: 130: 124: 123: 120: 114: 113: 110: 100: 99: 93: 92: 82: 81: 75: 74: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3636: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3560:0-471-10407-8 3557: 3553: 3551: 3550:978-2458-17-1 3547: 3543: 3541: 3540:978-2457-38-8 3537: 3533: 3530: 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2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2678: 2670: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2572:9780691244105 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2244: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 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