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849:, and coralâare endowed with sacred power. The innate value of these materials within Benin and the time and skill that is invested in working them reflect the earthly and otherworldly influence of the Oba and the great wealth of his kingdom. Benin's royal arts belong to a tradition that favors convention even as it promotes creativity and innovation, especially as a reflection of royal prerogative. Through time, rulers have used the arts to interpret the history of the kingdom and to orient themselves with the past in an effort to support their own initiatives and define their images for posterity.
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580:â a divine ruler for whom the craftsmen produced a range of ceremonially significant objects. The full complexity of these works can be appreciated through the awareness and consideration of two complementary cultural perceptions of the art of Benin: the Western appreciation of them primarily as works of art, and their understanding in Benin as historical documents and as mnemonic devices to reconstruct history, or as
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by the
British caused impairment in the creation of the arts. On February 18, 1897, the British arrived in Benin City to punish a massacre. The possessions of the Oba and his court became spoils of war. The objects were rounded up with little regard for their associated meaning; no systematic record
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are examples of art related to rituals at court. They are called âdoubleâ gongs because of second, smaller resonating cups at their front. Typically, the central image is the Oba in coral regalia supported by the high priests Osa and Osuan, officials who tend the altars of the kingdom's two patron
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Despite his divine status, the Oba can not rule alone. He must rely on others to fulfill his destiny, a dependence that is physically expressed when he walks or sits with his arms supported at the elbows and wrists by attendants. They help him bear the weight of his regalia, a constant reminder of
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Private and public ceremonies mark many of the important moments in Benin's yearly calendar. In the past, an elaborate series of rites were performed throughout the year to secure otherworldly support for the kingdom's well-being and to celebrate decisive events in its history. For the sake of
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or "altar to the hand," which celebrates the accomplishments of exceptional individuals. The hand is associated with action and productivity, and is considered the source of wealth, status, and success for all those who depend on manual skill and physical strength. Altars of this kind are
1037:(New York City). This box was used to hold kola nuts presented to visitors in the royal court of Benin. Leopards are one of the most commonly portrayed animals in African art. Intelligent and courageous, they often serve as metaphors for powerful individuals or associations
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This ivory double bell (Egogo) is one of the oldest surviving
African ivory sculptures; only six of these ivory gongs are known. They were used by the oba during the Emobo ceremony to drive away evil spirits. Carved with the oba, supported by his military commander and his
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have returned or promised to return their pieces. With the returning of the stolen work, many worry about the fate of the art, as there is now a battle for possession with
Nigeria among three different parties: the descendant of the last oba, the current governor,
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of southern region
Nigeria affirm the centrality of the Oba, or divine king, portraying his divine nature. While recording the kingdom's significant historical events and the Oba's involvement with them, they also initiate the Oba's interactions with the
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914:, an Oba's courtyard was the focal point for rituals in his honor. British troops reported 18 altars dedicated to previous Obas when they took possession of the palace in 1897. Today, all of the royal altars stand together in a single courtyard.
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gods. These gongs are still carried today by the Oba during Emobo, the last of the empowering rites of the Igue festival. The Oba gently taps the ivory instrument, creating a rhythmic sound to calm and dismiss unruly spirits from the kingdom.
1097:, the god of the waters and prosperity. Coral and red stones such as jasper and agate are also filled with supernatural energy, or ase, as are elephant ivory and brass, two other valuable materials that the Oba has historically controlled.
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to the northwest, and with later establishing a royal brass-casting guild. Others suggest brass casting developed independently in Benin and may have mutually benefited from exchange with Ile Ife. Casters in both regions used the
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dedicated to his father, commissioning the appropriate objects to adorn it and activating it on a regular basis with sacrifices of food or animal blood. The Oba does the same for his mother if she attained the title of
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973:, the Festival of Beads, in which the Oba's coral and red stone regalia is bathed in cow's blood to reinvest it with spiritual force; Ugie Erha Oba, which honors the Oba's father and all paternal ancestors;
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and advancements of the country. Overall, the Benin culture is an extremely important part of history because it is a culture not based on literature, and it is a culture that had great power before the
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The Oba is referred to metaphorically as âthe leopard of the house,â and images of the beautiful, cunning, and immensely dangerous cat appear frequently in Benin's royal arts. Before the
903:, ivory tusks and commemorative brass heads are made specifically for royal altars. Associated with trade, ivory and brass are durable and valuable, and their colorsâwhite like sacred
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from the Sky. As a result, he ordered the village to build a mound of earth painted white that would serve as a remembrance of his power and creation. He then recognized a man as the
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in 1897, domesticated leopards were kept in the palace to demonstrate the Oba's mastery over the wilderness. Leopard imagery is also frequently linked to the Oba's military might.
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A motionless man was floating on water when he heard a voice from a spirit saying, "Open your eyes". As soon as the man opened his eyes he became one with the spirit. Soon after a
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model is formed over a clay core. When the model is complete, clay is carefully applied over the wax. It is then heated, melting the wax, which exits from a narrow channel. Next,
1243:, is asking for its art objects back, which are spread across Western Countries such as Britain, Germany, and the United States. In 2007, western museums joined Nigeria in the "
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in which Benin won. This war helped to establish unity and power in the Benin Empire. The wars Benin participated in and the people Benin conquered made Benin into an
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appear beside him, and the man then decided to whip the terrain he was on. A golden orb appeared, and this golden orb, which would later be known as the
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The origins of brass casting in Benin are debated. One popular story credits Oba Oguola (enthroned c. 1280) with sending for a master brass caster from
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660:: all of the history and stories we know of today from Benin were passed along from person to person from generation to generation. The so-called
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1859:"Oba with Animals, Altar to the Hand (Ikegobo) of Ezomo Ehenua [Nigeria; Edo peoples, court of Benin] (1991.17.113,1996.11)"
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2503:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Benin art
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Art in
Washington DC removed the Benin bronzes that they have from display and they say they have plans to repatriate them.
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Art of
Oceania, Africa, and the Americas from the Museum of Primitive Art: an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1093:. His coral crowns, shirts, aprons, necklaces, and accessories refer to those that Oba Ewuare is said to have stolen from
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1113:) are the highest-ranking craft guild within the hierarchical structure of the Iwebo society, followed by blacksmiths (
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is poured into the mold. Once cool, the hardened clay is chipped away, leaving behind an image now cast in bronze.
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1247:" to open discussion about the retrieval of the art pieces. The movement slowed until the recent wave of the
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2353:"Smithsonian Museum of African Art removes Benin bronzes from display and plans to repatriate them"
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Given the stylistic differences, the art of Benin has been divided by some authors, including
2267:"The kingdom of Benin was obliterated by the British, who still have the evidence on display"
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by launching its military and conquering other lands. This also led to the formation of many
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Antiquities from the city of Benin and from other parts of West Africa in the
British Museum
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Inneh, David (2007). "The Guilds
Working for the Palace". In Plankensteiner, Barbara (ed.).
2509:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)
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the Benin bronzes that their troops had looted from the
Kingdom of Benin. In late 2021 the
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2372:"Smithsonian's Museum of African Art Begins Process to Repatriate Its Benin Bronzes"
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The story of how the
Kingdom of Benin began as a culture and nation starts with the
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1707:"The British Conquest of Benin and the Oba's Return | The Art Institute of Chicago"
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is powerful, but Benin culture has not been given proper recognition by western
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to appear before him. Yet again, the man struck the earth with his whip, and a
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1398:. Exhibition catalogue Kunsthistoriches Museum Vienna mit MVK und OTM/Snoeck.
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was kept of their grouping or placement. Many of these objects were sold in
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1732:"Britain's pillaging of the Benin Bronzes begs for a reasonable resolution"
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The decline of Benin art occurred at the end of the 19th century when the
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are especially important to historians because they are a key part of the
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Gore, Charles (Summer 1997). "Casting Identities in Contemporary Benin".
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City of blood revisited : a new look at the benin expedition of 1897
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2214:"Nigeria demands unconditional return of looted artefacts from Germany"
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Box in the form of a leopard's head; 19th century; 17.1 x 14 cm (6
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objects. This original significance is of great importance in Benin.
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Work by Beninese artists at the University of Michigan Museum of Art
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2515:, a catalog from The British Museum (fully available online as PDF)
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856:, Benin art has been in existence since at least the 13th century.
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2436:"Benin Dialogue Group Consolidates Plans for a Museum in Nigeria"
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2187:"What are the Benin bronzes, and why are they so controversial?"
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Blood and bronze : the British empire and the sack of Benin
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Figure of a leopard; 1550â1680; bronze; height: 39.4 cm (15
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2533:"This Art was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?"
2326:"Benin Bronzes: Germany to return looted artefacts to Nigeria"
2293:"This Art Was Looted 123 Years Ago. Will It Ever Be Returned?"
1942:"The Cultural Significance Of Coral Beads To The Benin People"
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clay and red like fire and coral beadsârelate to royal power.
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Although only popularly known to Western audiences after the
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The story of the origin of Benin was not transferred through
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Portrait of the king Osemwende; circa 1810; Rietberg Museum
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The materials used in Benin's royal artsâprimarily brass,
2024:"Benin Bronze casting: The story of power and royalty..."
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Current Issues Surrounding the Return of Looted Benin Art
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644:, and he ordered that the priest must always wear white.
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January 2020 article about the Benin Bronzes from the
2410:"Who Benefits When Western Museums Return Looted Art?"
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Art and oracle: African art and rituals of divination
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The Art Newspaper - International art news and events
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A newly installed Oba is responsible for creating an
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full of people appeared. He then became known as the
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576:, Benin art was produced mainly for the court of the
1809:"altar; religious/ritual equipment | British Museum"
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The Oba's divine right to rule is reiterated in his
2073:Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria
1572:"BeninâKings and Rituals: Court Arts from Nigeria"
1396:Benin - Kings and Rituals. Court Arts from Nigeria
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899:. While bells and rattle staffs are placed on all
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2265:Wiggins, Nick; Fennell, Marc (29 November 2020).
1682:"The Royal Altars | The Art Institute of Chicago"
1283:and took one of the Benin heads and gifted it to
1227:Looted objects from the Benin Punative Raid, 1897
965:Benin's other important ritual festivals include
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2527:Benin Collections in the Archive of Folk Culture
1865:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000
1784:"Benin collections at National Museums Scotland"
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708:to arrive in Benin were very impressed with the
1885:"Igue: Benin's New Year festival - Daily Trust"
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1997:"The Oba: Leopard of the House (Ekpen N'Owa)"
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1555:(in Romanian). Editura Meridiane. p. 48.
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958:, emphasizes the end-of-year festival called
917:One of the objects unique to Benin art is an
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1758:"Museum Insights / The Raid on Benin, 1897"
656:. In fact, Benin as a culture was based on
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1594:"Overview | The Art Institute of Chicago"
1341:"Benin | historical kingdom, West Africa"
1049:Leopard aquamanile; 17th century; brass;
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2507:Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection
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2050:"Ile Ife, Nigeria (ca. 500 B.C.E.- ) âą"
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2370:Maximiliano Duron (5 November 2021).
2351:Catherine Hickley (28 October 2021).
2099:A Short History of Benin, 4th Edition
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2048:Egu, Ken Chiedozie (16 March 2011).
1551:MihÄilescu, Plutarh-Antoniu (1968).
1394:Barbara Plankensteiner, ed. (2007).
1259:. Many countries, universities, and
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993:Leopard imagery in the arts of Benin
704:-paying towns. Therefore, the first
692:(r. 1440â1473) that Benin became an
491:Third Generation of Nigerian writers
2529:, from the American Folklife Center
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1231:After the British 1897 pillaged of
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2291:Marshall, Alex (23 January 2020).
2149:"The origins of the Benin bronzes"
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1321:from the original on 13 March 2023
1287:; that piece remains today in the
1157:Horse and rider; 16â17th century;
1128:, the capital city of the Ancient
954:convenience, the current monarch,
588:Importance of art in Benin culture
77:
25:
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2408:Frum, David (14 September 2022).
1863:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2881:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2649:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2147:Jeffreys, M. D. W. (June 1951).
1782:Arts, Global; Cultures; Design.
1657:"Benin Bronzes | British Museum"
1207:agreed to return to present-day
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680:(1515â1516). The Idah war was a
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934:Art related to rituals at court
2489:Penn Museum â Benin Collection
2434:Berlin, Staatliche Museen zu.
2241:"What was life like in Benin?"
1574:. The Art Institute of Chicago
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1117:) and ivory and wood carvers (
940:Benin court and ceremonial art
825:Benin court and ceremonial art
13:
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2212:Augoye, Jayne (8 July 2021).
1294:
1213:Smithsonian Museum of African
1051:Ethnological Museum of Berlin
981:Kingdom in the 16th century.
720:
2097:Egharevba, Jacob U. (1968).
1627:. Rowman & Littlefield.
7:
984:Finely carved ivory double
664:(they are actually made of
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3004:
2101:. Ibadan University Press.
1553:ĂntĂąlnire cu arta africanÄ
1506:World History Encyclopedia
1077:Metropolitan Museum of Art
937:
878:, foreground, that of Oba
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732:in the following periods:
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2165:10.1080/00020185108706840
1967:"Double-Gong and Striker"
1834:"Digital Benin - Ikáșčgobá»"
1788:National Museums Scotland
568:. Primarily made of cast
2634:Central African Republic
2002:Art Institute of Chicago
1972:Art Institute of Chicago
1919:Art Institute of Chicago
1462:Docherty, Paddy (2021).
1277:Nigerian National Museum
1266:Godwin Nogheghase Obasek
1193:Benin Expedition of 1897
1101:the burden of kingship.
854:Benin Expedition of 1897
61:This article is part of
1940:admin (29 March 2022).
1366:"Benin Standing Figure"
1345:Encyclopedia Britannica
1251:movement following the
1187:The Punitive Expedition
819:The royal arts of Benin
1621:Robert., Home (1983).
1527:"THE BENIN â IDAH WAR"
1309:"The Kingdom of Benin"
1253:murder of George Floyd
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866:Benin ancestral altars
838:and honor his deified
829:The royal arts of the
755:from the origins-1360
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2794:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2654:Republic of the Congo
1813:www.britishmuseum.org
1661:www.britishmuseum.org
1370:Peyton Wright Gallery
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823:Further information:
774:the Flowering Period
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236:Religion and folklore
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51:Bronze Head of Queen
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1273:General Yakubu Gowon
1245:Benin Dialogue Group
224:World Heritage Sites
2924:Plazas de soberanĂa
2870:States with limited
1314:National Geographic
1257:subsequent protests
807:the Decline Period
763:the Ancient Period
752:the Archaic Period
730:Boris de Rachewiltz
2494:2009-06-15 at the
2297:The New York Times
1946:The Street Journal
1914:"Rituals at Court"
1738:. 21 December 2018
1502:"Kingdom of Benin"
1500:Cartwright, Mark.
1470:C. Hurst & Co.
1275:, walked into the
1249:Black Lives Matter
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796:the "Renaissance"
785:the Apogee Period
624:, and this caused
511:Nigeria portal
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71:Culture of Nigeria
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2669:Equatorial Guinea
2076:. Ghent: Snoeck.
1711:archive.artic.edu
1686:archive.artic.edu
1598:archive.artic.edu
1478:978-1-78738-456-9
1085:The Oba's regalia
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418:New Yam Festivals
16:(Redirected from
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2120:(3): 54â61, 93.
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860:Ancestral altars
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674:history of Benin
594:Kingdom of Benin
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42:Benin ivory mask
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2029:. 10 April 2010
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1372:. 11 March 2015
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1109:Brass casters (
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2955:Saint Helena
2897:Dependencies
2819:South Africa
2809:Sierra Leone
2614:Burkina Faso
2536:
2519:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2439:
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2414:The Atlantic
2413:
2375:
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2356:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2296:
2286:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2245:BBC Bitesize
2244:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2217:
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2159:(2): 87â92.
2156:
2152:
2142:
2117:
2114:African Arts
2113:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2072:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2026:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
2000:
1976:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1917:
1893:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1862:
1853:
1841:. Retrieved
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1816:. Retrieved
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1791:. Retrieved
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1765:. Retrieved
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1714:. Retrieved
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1701:
1689:. Retrieved
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1601:. Retrieved
1597:
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1576:. Retrieved
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1534:. Retrieved
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1509:. Retrieved
1505:
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1395:
1374:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
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698:trade routes
668:) and other
647:
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578:Oba of Benin
549:
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312:Architecture
301:
274:Folk beliefs
247:Christianity
219:Miss Nigeria
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186:Video gaming
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33:Benin bronze
26:
2903:territories
2872:recognition
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2419:22 November
1167:Switzerland
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897:queenmother
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365:Pounded yam
330:Jollof rice
2937:(Portugal)
2886:Somaliland
2804:Seychelles
2769:Mozambique
2754:Mauritania
2739:Madagascar
2694:The Gambia
2629:Cape Verde
2271:abc.net.au
1951:24 January
1511:24 January
1487:1242465258
1468:. London:
1325:24 January
1295:References
1119:igbesanwan
924:terracotta
880:Akenzua II
810:1691â1819
799:1648â1691
788:1575â1648
777:1500â1575
766:1360â1500
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550:Benin art
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380:Puff-puff
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18:Benin art
2982:Category
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2957: /
2950:(France)
2944: /
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2859:Zimbabwe
2834:Tanzania
2684:Ethiopia
2679:Eswatini
2659:Djibouti
2624:Cameroon
2609:Botswana
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1319:Archived
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2920:Melilla
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2729:Liberia
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2674:Eritrea
2644:Comoros
2619:Burundi
2594:Algeria
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2310:12 July
2276:12 July
2250:10 July
2225:12 July
2197:12 July
2134:3337500
2033:10 July
2008:10 July
1869:3 April
1578:2 April
1376:11 June
1350:10 July
1261:museums
1241:Nigeria
1209:Nigeria
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1126:Ile Ife
1091:regalia
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423:Olokun
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1980:2021
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1871:2013
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