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important benchmarks in human evolutionary development". This recognition, however, has not included the Maasai community, hence the longstanding conflict surrounding the use and management of the park. The
Wildlife Conservation Act of 2009 further restricted human use of Ngorongoro Crater and created a legal framework to politically disenfranchise and forcibly displace traditional pastoralists. The restriction on land use generates tension between the local Maasai communities and conservation authorities. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is seeking solutions to ease conflict and improve collaborative efforts toward conservation with the locals.
1231:) and the unsustainable usage of heavy poles from local forests. Although the NCAA has devised a set of "building codes" to guide such developments, the outcomes of code implementation are unknown. Lodge and tented camp developments are frequently well-located, disguised, and appropriately constructed, whereas pastoralist habitation is uncontrolled. Moving vehicle dust plumes have a minor impact on scenic qualities in the near term. Uncontrolled dwelling unit construction on the property would damage the site's integrity. The construction of structures must be regularly supervised and regulated.
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566:(SNP). This, however, caused problems with the Maasai and other tribes, resulting in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance (1959) that separated the conservation area from the national park. Maasai pastoralists living in Serengeti National Park were systematically relocated to Ngorongoro, increasing the population of Maasai and livestock living in the Crater. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority was established by the Game Park Laws (miscellaneous amendments) Act, 1976, and owns the majority of Ngorongoro Conservation Area land, including the Crater. The area became a
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with the realization that to influence the ongoing changes affecting their community, they must engage with external influences rather than remain isolated. For example, one senior traditional leader remarked that he sincerely regrets running away from school as a child, and he has probably certainly passed this attitude on to the younger members of his community. As a result, traditionally, the NCAA faced a significant issue in encouraging Maasai villages to use any schools they established. This alone will have dampened the NCAA's enthusiasm for school-building initiatives.
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1137:) by May 1962. They drained blood and caused painful skin sores that became infected, causing lion numbers to crash from 75–100 to 12. The population recovered to around 100 by 1975 and remained stable until 1983 when a persistent decline began. Numbers have generally remained below 60 animals since 1993, reaching a low of 29 in 1998. In 2001, 34 percent of the lion population died between January and April from a combination of tick-borne disease and
68:
710:. The crater, which formed when a large volcano erupted and collapsed on itself two to three million years ago, is 610 metres (2,000 feet) deep and its floor covers 260 square kilometres (100 square miles). Estimates of the height of the original volcano range from 4,500 to 5,800 metres (14,800 to 19,000 feet) high. The crater floor is 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) above sea level. The crater was voted by Seven Natural Wonders as one of the
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757:. The Lerai Stream drains the humid forests to the south of the Crater and feeds the Lerai Forest on the crater floor – when there is enough rain, the Lerai drains into Lake Magadi as well. Extraction of water by lodges and Ngorongoro Conservation Area headquarters reduces the amount of water entering Lerai by around 25%.
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Historically, the traditional Maasai culture has posed challenges for individuals seeking to assume complex managerial roles within their communities. Until recently, there was resistance among the Maasai towards embracing education as a necessity. It's only more recently that attitudes have shifted,
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Human-animal conflict occurs whenever livestock is lost to predatory animals and/or depredated by wildlife inside or near a conservation area. The Maasai have a long tradition of coexisting with wildlife and have developed a high tolerance for it. Poverty, food insecurity, increasing human population
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who live within NCA today are nearly five times the number that were there when the property was listed (1979). Emerging dwellings and settlements have apparent ramifications. Despite the fact that small-scale agriculture is currently illegal, communities are increasingly requesting the resumption of
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A side effect of the crater being a natural enclosure is that the lion population is significantly inbred. This is due to the very small amount of new bloodlines that enter the local gene pool, as very few migrating male lions enter the crater from the outside. Those who do enter the crater are often
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The conservation area land is multi-use and unique because it is the only conservation area in
Tanzania that protects wildlife while allowing human habitation. Land use is controlled to prevent negative effects on the wildlife population. For example, cultivation is prohibited at all but subsistence
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The scenic values of the place are being conserved. However, it is clear that houses and other infrastructure associated with the growing pastoralist population may have a negative impact on the values. Traditional building materials and techniques (based on locally available natural materials) are
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Since 1986, the crater's wildebeest population has fallen from 14,677 to 7,250 (2003–2005). The numbers of eland and
Thomson's gazelle also have declined while the buffalo population has increased greatly, probably due to the long prevention of fire which favors high-fibrous grasses over shorter,
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in 1979, originally inscribed for its natural significance. It then received Mixed
Heritage Status in 2010. Its cultural recognition stemming from "an exceptionally long sequence of crucial evidence related to human evolution and human-environment dynamics…including physical evidence of the most
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The area's resident pastoralist community has gradually increased from approximately 8,700 in 1966 to 20,000 at the date of World
Heritage status (1979) to 93,136 in 2017. By 2027, the population is predicted to reach 161,000 people. The repercussions of this population growth include increased
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In 1921, the first game preservation ordinance was passed, which restricted hunting to permit holders throughout
Tanzania. In 1928, hunting was prohibited on all land within the crater rim, except the former Siedentopf farms. The National Park Ordinance of 1948 (implemented in 1951) created the
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in Arusha, Tanzania, in
February 2013. The Ngorongoro volcano was active from about 2.45 to 2 million years ago. Volcanic eruptions like that of Ngorongoro, which resulted in the formation of Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania, were very common. Similar collapses occurred in the case of
650:. Other volcanoes within the complex include Olmoti (2.01–1.79 Ma), Empakaai, Loolmalasin, Sadiman (3.7 Ma), Lemagrut, and Oldeani. The northwest portion of the conservation area consists of the Serengeti Plains, the Salei Plains, the Oldupai Gorge, and the Gol Mountains
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pastoralism practiced by the Maasai. The south and west of the area are volcanic highlands, including the famous
Ngorongoro Crater and the lesser-known Empakaai Crater. The southern and eastern boundaries are approximately defined by the rim of the
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The
Ngorongoro Conservation Area has a healthy resident population of most species of wildlife, and Masai people. The Ndutu Lake area to the west of the conservation area has particularly strong cheetah and lion populations. Common in the area are
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The lion population is also influenced to some extent by the takeover of prides by incoming males, which typically kill small cubs. The biggest influence, however, appears to be disease, particularly canine distemper.
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subsistence crop farming to attain food self-sufficiency, escalating tensions between residents and conservation organizations. Furthermore, approximately 300,000 domestic animals live with wildlife on NCA property.
1193:, 260,000 zebra, and 470,000 gazelles moving into the area in December and moving out in June. This movement changes seasonally with the rains, but the migration traverses almost the entire plains in search of food.
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Long-term data imply that lions in the crater were struck by four deadly disease outbreaks between 1962 and 2002. Drought in 1961 and rains throughout the 1962 dry season caused a massive build-up of blood-sucking
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The other major water source in the crater is the
Ngoitokitok Spring, near the eastern crater wall. There is a picnic site here open to tourists and a huge swamp fed by the spring, and the area is inhabited by
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and, to the northwest, adjoins the SNP and is contiguous with the southern Serengeti plains. These plains also extend to the north into the unprotected Loliondo division and are kept open to wildlife through
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High demands for natural resources and modernity from an increasing resident human population, as well as the need to promote and manage tourism, are the most pressing current concerns. The estimated 93,000
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Although thought of as "a natural enclosure" for a very wide variety of wildlife, 20 percent or more of the wildebeest and half the zebra populations vacate the crater in the wet season, while Cape buffalo
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in the 1950s and is continued today by their family. Some believe that millions of years ago, the site was that of a large lake, the shores of which were covered with successive deposits of
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Deocampo, D.M. (2005). "Evaporative evolution of surface waters and the role of aqueous CO2 in magnesium silicate precipitation: Lake Eyasi and Ngorongoro Crater, northern Tanzania".
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and is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) long. It lies in the rain shadow of the Ngorongoro highlands and is the driest part of the region. The gorge is named after 'Oldupaai', the
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within the area. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority administers the conservation area, an arm of the Tanzanian government, and its boundaries follow the boundary of the
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in the landscape, and limiting resources, on the other hand, are bringing cow and animal interactions closer together, as well as intensifying competition and conflict.
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765:, elephants, lions, and many others. Many other small springs can be found around the crater's floor, and these are important water supplies for the animals and local
730:, Doinyo Lengai is still active and had major eruptions in 2007 and 2008. Smaller ash eruptions and lava flows continue to slowly fill the current crater. Its name in
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In summer enormous numbers of Serengeti migrants pass through the plains of the reserve, including 1.7 million wildebeest, 260,000 zebra, and 470,000 gazelle.
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769:, especially during times of drought. Maasai were previously permitted to graze their cattle within the crater, but as of 2015 were restricted from doing so.
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Geology of National Parks of Central/Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania: Geotourism of the Gregory Rift Valley, Active Volcanism and Regional Plateaus
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805:, situated in the plains area. It is considered to be the seat of humanity after the discovery of the earliest known specimens of the human genus,
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Hodgetts, Timothy; Lewis, Melissa; Bauer, Hans; Burnham, Dawn; Dickman, Amy; Macdonald, Ewan; Macdonald, David; Trouwborst, Arie (2 June 2018).
60:
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The main feature of the Ngorongoro Conservation Authority is the Ngorongoro Crater, the world's largest inactive, intact and unfilled volcanic
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The 2009 Ngorongoro Wildlife Conservation Act placed new restrictions on human settlement and subsistence farming in the Crater, displacing
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2399:
3620:
2684:
Deocampo, D.M. (2004). "Hydrogeochemistry in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, and implications for land use in a World Heritage Site".
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Deocampo, D.M. (2004). "Hydrogeochemistry in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, and implications for land use in a World Heritage Site".
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activity diverted a nearby stream which began to cut down into the sediments, revealing seven main layers in the walls of the gorge.
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Kissui, B. M.; Mosser, A.; Packer, C. (2010). "Persistence and local extinction of lion prides in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania".
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716:
477:
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2113:"Downward trends in Ngorongoro Crater ungulate populations 1986–2005: Conservation concerns and the need for ecological research"
1904:"Downward trends in Ngorongoro Crater ungulate populations 1986–2005: Conservation concerns and the need for ecological research"
458:, a massive annual migration of millions of wildebeest, zebras, gazelles, and other animals. The conservation area also contains
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Boone, Randall B.; Galvin, Kathleen A.; Thornton, Philip K.; Swift, David M.; Coughenour, Michael B. (1 December 2006).
554:. The brothers regularly organized shooting parties to entertain their German friends. They also attempted to drive the
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1973:
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917:), the local population of which declined from about 108 in 1964–66 to between 11–14 in 1995, the African buffalo or
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prevented from contributing to the gene pool by the crater's male lions, who expel any outside competitors.
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The Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater to the north and is the main water source draining into the seasonal
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2314:(Soricidae) species complex from the montane islands of Tanzania, with descriptions of three new species"
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3059:
2999:
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411:
2022:
1283:"The historical ecology of the large mammal populations of Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, east Africa",
1046:) have been the subject of a long-term research study in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area since 1996.
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Because of the variety of animals present, the Ngorongoro Crater is a well-known tourist attraction.
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546:. Two German brothers (Adolph and Friedrich Siedentopf) farmed in the crater until the outbreak of
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No Europeans are known to have set foot in the Ngorongoro Crater until 1892 when it was visited by
202:
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476:, most of whom had been relocated to Ngorongoro from their ancestral lands to the north when the
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2888:
1700:"Living Inside a UNESCO World Heritage Site: The Perspective of the Maasai Community in Tanzania"
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sites in the world and research there has been instrumental in furthering understanding of early
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1747:"Improving the role of global conservation treaties in addressing contemporary threats to lions"
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Stanley, William T.; Hutterer, Rainer; Giarla, Thomas C.; Esselstyn, Jacob A. (21 April 2015).
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Information about northern Tanzania: a personal scrapbook of "cuttings" from published sources
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Information about northern Tanzania: a personal scrapbook of "cuttings" from published sources
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Maasailand Ecology: Pastoralist Development and Wildlife Conservation in Ngorongoro, Tanzania
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escarpment bounds the half-graben on the southwest. Within the complex, five volcanoes are
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2209:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – World Heritage Centre
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Explore Ngorongoro Conservation Area in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
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Out of the two recent volcanoes to the northeast of the Empakaai caldera, Kerimasi and
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infrastructure, grazing areas, human-wildlife confrontations, and land use conflicts.
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migration passes through the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, with 1.7 million
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642:. The caldera is fed by the Munge and Oljoro Nyuki Rivers, while the Ngoitokitok
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origin; it was named by the Maasai pastoralists after the sound produced by the
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635:, while three have calderas. Ngorongoro Volcano (2.5–1.9 Ma) is primarily
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1093:), which is restricted to montane forests on the edge of the crater. This
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1996:
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Sinclair, A. R. E.; Packer, C.; Mduma, S. A. R.; Fryxell, J. M. (2009).
1934:
1812:"Cultivation and Conservation in Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania"
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gradually giving way to the use of imported materials (e.g., cement and
492:
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2023:"Ngorongoro Crater Conservation Area | Seven Natural Wonders of Africa"
1494:
Northern Tanzania: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar
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1514:"Hanby, Jeannette & Bygott, David: Ngorongoro Conservation Area"
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around the year 1700. Both groups were driven from the area by the
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Protected area and a World Heritage Site in Arusha Region, Tanzania
828:, which stretches along eastern Africa. Olduvai is in the eastern
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occur widely on the plains to the west of the Ngorongoro Crater.
1109:
870:
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517:
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1685:"Advisory Body Evaluation ICOMOS (Ngorongoro Conservation Area)"
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feed into the Goringop swamp. Lake Magadi is a shallow (1.7 m)
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wall, which also prevents animal migration in these directions.
1438:"Pastoralists' Right to Land and Natural Resources in Tanzania"
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1171:
1061:
985:
665:
567:
2307:
909:, live in the crater. Large mammals in the crater include the
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in the center of the crater. This lake is known by two names:
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came to the area about 2,000 years ago and were joined by the
1094:
1001:
528:
380:
2310:"Phylogeny, phylogeography and geographical variation in the
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in Arusha Region. The western portion of the park abuts the
353:
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1054:) stay; their highest numbers are during the rainy season.
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2111:
Estesa, R. D.; Atwood, J. L. & Estes, A. B. (2006).
1809:
1363:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1218:
taking their livestock into the Ngorongoro for grazing
1117:
The crater has one of the densest known population of
723:, but they were much smaller in magnitude and impact.
368:
332:
282:
2829:
2083:"Management of Black Rhino in the Ngorongoro Crater"
1356:
550:, after leasing the land from the administration of
520:
species have occupied the area for 3 million years.
450:, and the area comprising the two parks and Kenya's
395:
377:
67:
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2378:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T112503346A112503349.en
1902:Estesa, R. D.; Atwood, J. L.; Estes, A. B. (2006).
1496:, authored by Phillip Briggs, 2006, pages 197, 198
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386:
347:
297:
19:"Ngorongoro" redirects here. For the district, see
2274:Education, Jacana; Watson, Dave (12 August 2008).
2230:
1965:Serengeti III: Human Impacts on Ecosystem Dynamics
824:The Olduvai Gorge is a steep-sided ravine in the
3636:Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
1901:
1287:, authored by Louise Oates and Paul A. Rees, 2012
3572:
2428:
1957:
1955:
885:Wildebeest and zebra near Ngorongoro Crater lake
2945:
2273:
1698:Melubo, Kokel; Lovelock, Brent (4 March 2019).
1629:
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1429:
1427:
1101:due to deforestation from smallholder farming.
801:The Ngorongoro Conservation Area also protects
2046:
1697:
893:Rhinoceros in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area
3545:Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA)
2931:
2815:
2353:Giarla, T.; Dando, T.; Kennerley, R. (2017).
1952:
1424:
1148:
1113:Lioness yawns in Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania
933:). There also are many other ungulates: the
2404:, United States Public Broadcasting System"
2164:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated.
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
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905:Approximately 25,000 large animals, mostly
790:
753:as the Maasai called it, meaning salt; and
3537:Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA)
2938:
2924:
2822:
2808:
2648:"The Case of NCA in Ngororongoro District"
2201:
2159:
1406:
3532:Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
2770:"UNEP-WCMC World Heritage Site Datasheet"
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2329:
2318:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
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1570:"Ngorongoro Conservation Area | Tanzania"
1278:
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857:. Excavation work there was pioneered by
512:). Based on fossil evidence found at the
3601:Tourist attractions in the Arusha Region
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2683:
1882:
1630:Homewood, K. M.; Rodgers, W. A. (2004).
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2749:Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority
2624:"2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment"
2600:"2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment"
2576:"2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment"
2552:"2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment"
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161:Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority
3550:Marine Parks and Reserves Unit (MPRU)
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619:, the eastern boundary marked by the
136:8,292 km (3,202 sq mi)
3541:Tanzania Forest Service Agency (TFS)
3387:Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park
2795:UNESCO World Heritage Site Datasheet
2680:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
2346:
1484:
693:
654:. These inselbergs are part of the
418:, 180 km (110 mi) west of
3616:Protected areas established in 1959
2364:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1548:. Harry N. Abrams. September 2001.
1042:) are rarely seen. Spotted hyenas (
688:Panoramic view of Ngorongoro Crater
13:
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2301:
1704:Tourism Planning & Development
1656:
1445:Oregon Review of International Law
981:) occur mainly near Lerai Forest.
523:Hunter-gatherers were replaced by
14:
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3621:1959 establishments in Tanganyika
3558:Ngorongoro Conservation Authority
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702:Ngorongoro from inside the crater
3641:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
3611:World Heritage Sites in Tanzania
2903:
2843:
2715:South African Journal of Geology
1305:. 20 August 2012. Archived from
1254:List of Ngorongoro Crater plants
1249:List of reduplicated place names
1197:Threats to the Conservation Area
849:It is one of the most important
774:
677:
430:geological area of northeastern
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269:
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59:
43:
2706:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.10.006
2640:
2616:
2592:
2568:
2544:
2511:
2478:
2464:
2392:
2267:
2153:
2104:
2075:
2069:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2003.10.006
2040:
2021:Sharaf, Yasir (12 April 2017).
2014:
1997:"About – Seven Natural Wonders"
1989:
1968:. University of Chicago Press.
1803:
1738:
1691:
1676:
1657:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1650:
1623:
1562:
1506:
1299:"Dar registers "three wonders""
1068:) occurs widely in the crater.
840:word for the wild sisal plant,
712:Seven Natural Wonders of Africa
3606:World Heritage Sites in Danger
3581:Biosphere reserves of Tanzania
2207:"Ngorongoro Conservation Area"
1868:. Springer. pp. 103–114.
1636:. Cambridge University Press.
1470:
1391:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1378:
1350:
1321:
1291:
527:a few thousand years ago. The
500:The name of the crater has an
1:
3631:Serengeti volcanic grasslands
3485:Mafia Islands Marine Reserve
1751:Biodiversity and Conservation
1716:10.1080/21568316.2018.1561505
1599:"Heartbreak on the Serengeti"
1366:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
1259:
941:) (7,000 estimated in 1994),
3626:East African montane forests
3392:Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve
3377:Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park
2865:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
2674:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
2277:Ngorongoro Visitor Map Guide
2140:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.009
1931:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.02.009
1663:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1436:Laltaika, Elifuraha (2013).
1178:may have declined recently.
462:, one of the most important
259:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
38:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
7:
3514:Menai Bay Conservation Area
2090:African Wildlife Foundation
1607:. p. 4. Archived from
1242:
876:
869:. Around 500,000 years ago
478:British colonial government
10:
3657:
3586:Geography of Arusha Region
3554:Tanzania Wildlife Division
2371:: e.T112503346A112503349.
2162:Africa's Great Rift Valley
1545:Africa's Great Rift Valley
1413:'Tourism is a curse to us'
794:
611:consists of eight extinct
598:
434:. The area is named after
412:UNESCO World Heritage Site
173:UNESCO World Heritage Site
25:
18:
3524:
3367:
3209:
3083:
2957:
2900:
2855:Kilimanjaro National Park
2850:
2841:
2540:– via Google Books.
2507:– via Google Books.
2460:– via Google Books.
2297:– via Google Books.
2253:10.1007/s10144-009-0176-y
1836:10.1007/s10745-006-9031-3
1771:10.1007/s10531-018-1567-1
1659:"34 COM 8B.13 - Decision"
1149:Outside Ngorongoro Crater
915:Diceros bicornis michaeli
803:Oldupai or Olduvai Gorges
734:means 'Mountain of God'.
558:herds out of the crater.
244:
240:
230:
220:
210:
195:
187:
179:
170:
166:
156:
148:
140:
132:
95:
80:
54:
42:
37:
3505:Zanzibar Marine Reserve
3382:Mafia Island Marine Park
1121:, numbering 62 in 2001.
1104:
1024:Acinonyx jubatus raineyi
791:Oldupai or Olduvai Gorge
581:The area is part of the
454:game reserve is home to
26:Not to be confused with
2889:Serengeti National Park
2764:Tanzania Tourist Bureau
2754:Ngorongoro crater facts
2120:Biological Conservation
2001:sevennaturalwonders.org
1911:Biological Conservation
1683:ICOMOS, UNESCO (2010).
1340:Oxford University Press
843:Sansevieria ehrenbergii
832:Plains in northeastern
564:Serengeti National Park
482:Serengeti National Park
448:Serengeti National Park
3212:nature forest reserves
2894:Stone Town of Zanzibar
1219:
1114:
1040:Panthera pardus pardus
931:Hippopotamus amphibius
902:
894:
886:
742:
703:
497:
255:
191:(iv)(vii)(viii)(ix)(x)
3591:Volcanoes of Tanzania
2860:Kondoa Rock-Art Sites
2400:""The Crater Lions",
1336:UK English Dictionary
1303:Daily News (Tanzania)
1213:
1160:Alcelaphus buselaphus
1112:
1032:Lycaon pictus lupinus
1028:East African wild dog
939:Connochaetes taurinus
901:Cheetah in Ngorongoro
900:
892:
884:
740:
701:
496:Ngorongoro Crater Map
495:
488:History and geography
253:
152:Over 500,000 per year
3444:Tanga Marine Reserve
2831:World Heritage Sites
2686:Applied Geochemistry
2149:on 7 September 2016.
2049:Applied Geochemistry
1309:on 22 September 2012
1174:. The population of
1058:less fibrous types.
1014:Crocodylus niloticus
984:Absent are Giraffe,
979:Kobus ellipsiprymnus
466:sites in the world.
464:paleoanthropological
117:3.21000°S 35.46000°E
3210:Forest reserves and
2884:Selous Game Reserve
2782:on 1 September 2012
2727:2005SAJG..108..493D
2698:2004ApGC...19..755D
2245:2010PopEc..52..103K
2160:Pavitt, N. (2001).
2132:2006BCons.131..106E
2061:2004ApGC...19..755D
2027:XPATS International
1940:on 7 September 2016
1923:2006BCons.131..106E
1828:2006HumEc..34..809B
1763:2018BiCon..27.2747H
1604:National Geographic
1386:"Ngorongoro Crater"
1358:"Ngorongoro Crater"
1135:Stomoxys calcitrans
1085:species of mammal:
1081:The crater has one
947:Equus quagga boehmi
818:Paranthropus boisei
583:Serengeti ecosystem
571:World Heritage Site
444:Ngorongoro District
438:, a large volcanic
416:Ngorongoro District
157:Governing body
113: /
85:Ngorongoro District
21:Ngorongoro District
3596:Calderas of Africa
3509:Chumbe Marine Park
3055:Udzungwa Mountains
2416:on 11 October 2008
2233:Population Ecology
1864:Scoon, R. (2018).
1421:, 6 September 2009
1220:
1115:
1066:Leptailurus serval
998:Damaliscus lunatus
990:Aepyceros melampus
971:Eudorcas thomsonii
967:Thomson's gazelles
903:
895:
887:
743:
704:
552:German East Africa
498:
256:
211:Reference no.
122:-3.21000; 35.46000
49:View of the crater
3568:
3567:
3329:Uluguru Mountains
3075:Rumanyika-Karagwe
2980:Jozani Chwaka Bay
2913:
2912:
2877:
2871:
2735:10.2113/108.4.493
2331:10.1111/zoj.12230
1757:(10): 2747–2765.
1597:Robert M. Poole.
1574:Wild Safari Guide
1555:978-0-8109-0602-0
1394:. Merriam-Webster
1346:on 22 March 2020.
1076:lesser flamingoes
826:Great Rift Valley
811:as well as early
694:Ngorongoro Crater
633:dome-shaped cones
615:within the Eyasi
593:East African Rift
436:Ngorongoro Crater
254:Inside the crater
248:
247:
206:
3648:
3269:West Kilimanjaro
3151:Mpanga-Kipengere
3121:Lukwika-Lumesule
3005:Mahale Mountains
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2847:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2775:. Archived from
2774:
2738:
2709:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2412:. Archived from
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2357:Crocidura mdumai
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2280:. Jacana Media.
2271:
2265:
2264:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2203:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2142:. Archived from
2117:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1933:. Archived from
1908:
1899:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1510:
1504:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1442:
1433:
1422:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1342:. Archived from
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1176:African wild dog
1139:canine distemper
1091:Crocidura mdumai
955:Taurotragus oryx
911:black rhinoceros
778:
728:Ol Doinyo Lengai
681:
613:shield volcanoes
428:Crater Highlands
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
359:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
321:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
276:
275:
268:
200:
128:
127:
125:
124:
123:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
70:
69:
63:
47:
35:
34:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3520:
3369:
3363:
3211:
3205:
3079:
2953:
2947:Protected areas
2944:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2848:
2837:
2828:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2768:
2745:
2670:
2668:Further reading
2665:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2351:
2347:
2312:Crocidura monax
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2179:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1906:
1900:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1808:
1804:
1743:
1739:
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1611:on 29 June 2012
1595:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1355:
1351:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1266:
1262:
1245:
1229:corrugated iron
1199:
1168:Crocuta crocuta
1151:
1107:
1052:Syncerus caffer
1044:Crocuta crocuta
1036:African leopard
949:) (4,000), the
935:blue wildebeest
923:Syncerus caffer
879:
855:human evolution
799:
793:
788:
787:
786:
784:
779:
696:
691:
690:
689:
687:
682:
668:about (800–500
656:Mozambique Belt
601:
490:
456:Great Migration
361:
325:
316:
315:
278:
272:
263:
262:
175:
121:
119:
115:
112:
107:
104:
102:
100:
99:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
50:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3654:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3539:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3334:Udzungwa Scarp
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3040:Saanane Island
3037:
3032:
3030:Rubondo Island
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2958:National Parks
2955:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2873:Kilwa Kisiwani
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2743:External links
2741:
2740:
2739:
2721:(4): 493–504.
2710:
2692:(5): 755–767.
2681:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2639:
2615:
2591:
2567:
2543:
2529:
2510:
2496:
2477:
2463:
2449:
2427:
2391:
2345:
2324:(1): 185–215.
2300:
2286:
2266:
2239:(1): 103–111.
2223:
2177:
2170:
2152:
2126:(1): 116–117.
2103:
2074:
2055:(5): 755−767.
2039:
2013:
1988:
1974:
1951:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1822:(6): 809–828.
1802:
1737:
1710:(2): 197–216.
1690:
1675:
1649:
1642:
1622:
1586:
1561:
1554:
1530:
1505:
1483:
1469:
1423:
1405:
1377:
1349:
1320:
1290:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1198:
1195:
1150:
1147:
1106:
1103:
1097:is considered
878:
875:
795:Main article:
792:
789:
781:
780:
773:
772:
771:
763:hippopotamuses
695:
692:
684:
683:
676:
675:
674:
640:trachyandesite
609:volcanic group
600:
597:
539:in the 1800s.
489:
486:
408:protected area
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
97:
93:
92:
82:
78:
77:
65:
64:
58:
57:
56:
55:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3653:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:Organizations
3523:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Mount Longido
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
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3412:Fungu Yasini
3370:and reserves
3368:Marine parks
3349:Mount Rungwe
3314:Mount Hanang
3289:West Chenene
3160:
3070:Burigi-Chato
3060:Ugalla River
3000:Lake Manyara
2970:Gombe Stream
2864:
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2777:the original
2718:
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2466:
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1344:the original
1332:
1329:"Ngorongoro"
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1293:
1284:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1204:pastoralists
1200:
1184:
1167:
1159:
1152:
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1134:
1131:stable flies
1127:
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1013:
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989:
983:
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970:
962:
954:
946:
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927:hippopotamus
922:
919:Cape buffalo
914:
904:
867:volcanic ash
863:Louis Leakey
848:
841:
823:
816:
808:Homo habilis
806:
800:
759:
754:
750:
744:
725:
705:
621:Gregory Rift
602:
588:transhumance
580:
576:
560:
541:
525:pastoralists
522:
509:
502:onomatopoeic
499:
480:established
474:pastoralists
468:
258:
257:
32:
3489:Shungumbili
3244:Kazimzumbwi
3229:Lake Duluti
3191:Swaga Swaga
2990:Kilimanjaro
2879:Songo Mnara
2786:1 September
2632:20 December
2608:20 December
2584:20 December
2560:20 December
2420:6 September
2096:21 February
1615:21 February
1185:The annual
1072:Lake Magadi
973:) (3,000).
925:), and the
851:prehistoric
741:Lake Magadi
644:hot springs
617:half-graben
607:Ngorongoro
548:World War I
510:ngoro ngoro
452:Maasai Mara
420:Arusha City
414:located in
141:Established
120: /
96:Coordinates
3575:Categories
3299:Essimingor
3294:ChemiChemi
3239:Pugu Hills
3234:Biharamulo
3161:Ngorongoro
3136:Mkungunero
2032:25 October
1944:23 October
1917:(1): 107.
1849:4 February
1579:4 February
1313:28 January
1260:References
1191:wildebeest
1156:hartebeest
1099:endangered
975:Waterbucks
815:, such as
672:) in age.
652:inselbergs
629:Lake Eyasi
625:Escarpment
556:wildebeest
516:, various
232:Endangered
196:Designated
108:35°27′36″E
105:03°12′36″S
91:, Tanzania
28:Rongorongo
3427:Makatumbi
3407:Pangavini
3304:Kilombero
3284:Kilombero
3274:Kilombero
3254:Kilombero
3111:Liparamba
3101:Kijereshi
3050:Tarangire
3045:Serengeti
2340:0024-4082
1779:0960-3115
1732:134262021
1724:2156-8316
1523:1 January
1477:"Mbulu",
1457:1543-9860
1010:crocodile
907:ungulates
830:Serengeti
813:hominidae
747:salt lake
659:quartzite
484:in 1959.
236:1984–1989
3499:Barakuni
3359:Meru-Usa
3264:Mwambesi
3146:Moyowosi
3141:Msanjesi
3096:Ikorongo
2951:Tanzania
2870:Ruins of
2835:Tanzania
2656:11 March
2384:4 August
2261:21028139
1844:56251977
1797:30996533
1668:9 August
1518:ntz.info
1418:Guardian
1398:2 August
1370:2 August
1243:See also
1187:ungulate
877:Wildlife
834:Tanzania
721:Empakaai
637:basaltic
623:Western
605:Pliocene
578:levels.
432:Tanzania
188:Criteria
149:Visitors
81:Location
3494:Nyororo
3432:Kimbubu
3397:Bongoyo
3354:Magamba
3309:Minziro
3279:Pindiro
3249:Vikindu
3116:Lukwati
3091:Grumeti
3035:Saadani
3020:Nyerere
3015:Mkomazi
2723:Bibcode
2694:Bibcode
2676:at the
2536:12 June
2503:12 June
2456:12 June
2293:12 June
2241:Bibcode
2128:Bibcode
2057:Bibcode
2006:12 June
1981:12 June
1919:Bibcode
1824:Bibcode
1788:6435094
1759:Bibcode
1462:12 June
1180:Servals
1172:jackals
1170:), and
1083:endemic
1034:), and
1020:Cheetah
1008:), and
959:Grant's
957:), and
871:seismic
708:caldera
599:Geology
533:Datooga
518:hominid
506:cowbell
440:caldera
406:) is a
203:session
3474:Maziwi
3464:Ulenge
3437:Latham
3422:Kendwa
3402:Mbudya
3324:Mkingu
3196:Uwanda
3186:Selous
3181:Rungwa
3156:Muhesi
3106:Kizigo
3065:Kigosi
3010:Mikumi
2995:Kitulo
2985:Katavi
2965:Arusha
2527:
2494:
2447:
2402:Nature
2338:
2284:
2259:
2213:3 June
2168:
2092:. 2003
1972:
1872:
1842:
1795:
1785:
1777:
1730:
1722:
1640:
1552:
1500:
1455:
1334:Lexico
1216:Maasai
1062:Serval
986:impala
965:) and
838:Maasai
767:Maasai
755:Magadi
732:Maasai
717:Olmoti
666:schist
627:. The
568:UNESCO
537:Maasai
471:Maasai
410:and a
225:Africa
221:Region
3469:Yambe
3459:Kwale
3454:Mwewe
3449:Kirui
3417:Sinda
3344:Chome
3319:Rondo
3219:Amani
3201:Pande
3176:Rukwa
3166:Pande
3131:Maswa
3126:Lwafi
3025:Ruaha
2780:(PDF)
2773:(PDF)
2651:(PDF)
2627:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2579:(PDF)
2555:(PDF)
2257:S2CID
2147:(PDF)
2116:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1907:(PDF)
1840:S2CID
1728:S2CID
1441:(PDF)
1119:lions
1105:Lions
1095:shrew
1002:oribi
951:eland
751:Makat
529:Mbulu
201:(3rd
199:1979
183:Mixed
3339:Nilo
3171:Piti
2788:2012
2678:UNEP
2658:2023
2634:2020
2610:2020
2586:2020
2562:2020
2538:2018
2525:ISBN
2505:2018
2492:ISBN
2458:2018
2445:ISBN
2422:2017
2386:2022
2369:2017
2336:ISSN
2295:2018
2282:ISBN
2215:2014
2166:ISBN
2098:2008
2034:2021
2008:2018
1983:2018
1970:ISBN
1946:2007
1870:ISBN
1851:2021
1793:PMID
1775:ISSN
1720:ISSN
1670:2022
1638:ISBN
1617:2008
1581:2021
1550:ISBN
1525:2023
1498:ISBN
1464:2017
1453:ISSN
1400:2019
1372:2019
1315:2013
1214:The
994:topi
861:and
859:Mary
719:and
663:mica
661:and
603:The
180:Type
144:1959
133:Area
3259:Rau
2949:of
2876:and
2833:in
2731:doi
2719:108
2702:doi
2409:PBS
2373:doi
2326:doi
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2249:doi
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