Rongorongo - Knowledge

2392:), while variants were specified by alphabetic suffixes. Altogether he assigned 600 numeric codes. The hundreds place is a digit from 0 to 7, and categorizes the head, or overall form if there is no head: 0 and 1 for geometric shapes and inanimate objects; 2 for figures with "ears"; 3 and 4 for figures with open mouths (they are differentiated by their legs/tails); 5 for figures with miscellaneous heads; 6 for figures with beaks; and 7 for fish, arthropods, etc. The digits in tens and units places were allocated similarly, so that, for example, glyphs 206, 306, 406, 506, and 606 all have a downward-pointing wing or arm on the left, and a raised four-fingered hand on the right: 2424: 48: 874:

hair-line cut; this is a typical convention for this shape. Several researchers, including Barthel, believe that these superficial cuts were made by obsidian, and that the texts were carved in a two-stage process, first sketched with obsidian and then deepened and finished with a worn shark tooth. The remaining hair-line cuts were then either errors, design conventions (as at right), or decorative embellishments. Vertical strings of chevrons or lozenges, for example, are typically connected with hair-line cuts, as can be seen repeatedly in the closeup of one end of tablet

912: 454: 2343: 1090: 514: 832: 5977: 6061: 979:. But no homeland is likely to have had a tradition of writing in Polynesia or even in South America. Thus rongorongo appears to have been an internal development. Given that few if any of the Rapanui people remaining on the island in the 1870s could read the glyphs, it is likely that only a small minority were ever literate. Indeed, early visitors were told that literacy was a privilege of the ruling families and priests who were all kidnapped in the 1013: 2510: 771: 754: 1197: 3145: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3096: 3089: 3082: 2915: 2790: 2783: 1099: 281: 3674: 3152: 3138: 3110: 3103: 3075: 2999: 2992: 2985: 2978: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2922: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2602: 1216: 842: 292: 3159: 2929: 2755: 2679: 2609: 2595: 3665: 2358: 1186: 854: 1282: 848: 1172: 1108: 1301:(Macri 1995), but not old enough to have been incorporated into the petroglyphic tradition. The most complex candidate for petroglyphic rongorongo is what appears to be a short sequence of glyphs, one a ligature, carved on a cave wall. But the sequence does not appear to have been carved in a single hand (see image at right), and the cave is near the house that produced the 3438:

scribal quirks on the "Large St. Petersburg" . The rongorongo script is a "contour script" (Barthel 1955:360) with various internal or external lines, circles, dashes or dots added Often such features exist only in the hair-line pre-etching effected by obsidian flakes and not incised with a shark's tooth. This is particularly evident on the "Small Vienna" .

931:. Nearly all those with heads are oriented head up and are either seen face on or in profile to the right, in the direction of writing. It is not known what significance turning a glyph head-down or to the left may have had. Heads often have characteristic projections on the sides which may be eyes (as on the 784:, left to right and bottom to top. That is, the reader begins at the bottom left-hand corner of a tablet, reads a line from left to right, then rotates the tablet 180 degrees to continue on the next line. When reading one line, the lines above and below it would appear upside down, as can be seen in the image 672: 951: 3600:

Métraux (1940) reports that, "The present population of 456 natives is entirely derived from the 111 natives left after the abandonment of the island by the French missionaries in 1872." However, Routledge (1919) gives a figure of 171 left after an evacuation led by Father Roussel in 1871, mostly old

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Practical experiments with the material available on have proved that the above-mentioned parts of the banana tree are not only an ideal writing material, but that in particular a direct correspondence exists between the height of the lines of writing and the distance between the veins on the leaves

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On the Large St. Petersburg (r3) the original tracing with an obsidian flake describes a bird's bill identical to a foregoing one; but when incising, the scribe reduced this bill to a much more bulbous shape since he now was working with the different medium of a shark's tooth. There are many such

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The Bishop questioned the Rapanui wise man, Ouroupano Hinapote, the son of the wise man Tekaki he, himself, had begun the requisite studies and knew how to carve the characters with a small shark's tooth. He said that there was nobody left on the island who knew how to read the characters since the

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believed that carving on wood was a secondary development in the evolution of the script based on an earlier stage of incising banana leaves or the sheaths of the banana trunk with a bone stylus, and that the medium of leaves was retained not only for lessons but to plan and compose the texts of the

2552:, none of the texts are understood. There are three serious obstacles to decipherment, assuming rongorongo is truly writing: the small number of remaining texts, the lack of context such as illustrations in which to interpret them, and the poor attestation of the Old Rapa Nui language, since modern 1449:

undertook a 1914–1915 scientific expedition to Rapa Nui with her husband to catalog the art, customs, and writing of the island. She was able to interview two elderly informants, Kapiera and a leper named Tomenika, who allegedly had some knowledge of rongorongo. The sessions were not very fruitful,

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In every hut one finds wooden tablets or sticks covered in several sorts of hieroglyphic characters: They are depictions of animals unknown on the island, which the natives draw with sharp stones. Each figure has its own name; but the scant attention they pay to these tablets leads me to think that

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Two dozen wooden objects bearing rongorongo inscriptions, some heavily weathered, burned, or otherwise damaged, were collected in the late 19th century and are now scattered in museums and private collections. None remain on Easter Island. The objects are mostly tablets shaped from irregular pieces

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Dans toutes les cases on trouve des tablettes de bois ou des bâtons couverts de plusieurs espèces de caractères hiéroglyphiques: ce sont des figures d'animaux inconnues dans l'île, que les indigènes tracent au moyen de pierres tranchantes. Chaque figure a son nom; mais le peu de cas qu'ils font de

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states, "It was probably used as a memory aid or for decorative purposes, not for recording the Rapanui language of the islanders." If this is the case, then there is little hope of ever deciphering it. For those who believe it to be writing, there is debate as to whether rongorongo is essentially

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There is some arbitrariness to which glyphs are grouped together, and there are inconsistencies in the assignments of numerical codes and the use of affixes which make the system rather complex. However, despite its shortcomings, Barthel's is the only effective system ever proposed to categorize

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tools still used to carve wood in Polynesia, to flute and polish the tablets and then to incise the glyphs. The glyphs are most commonly composed of deep smooth cuts, though superficial hair-line cuts are also found. In the closeup image at right, a glyph is composed of two parts connected by a

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which is missing from Barthel, presumably because the carving went over the side of the tablet and was missed by Barthel's rubbing. (This missing sequence is right in the middle of Barthel's calendar.) However, other discrepancies between the two records are straightforward contradictions. For

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As European-introduced diseases and raids by Peruvian slavers, including a final devastating raid in 1862 and a subsequent smallpox epidemic, had reduced the Rapa Nui population to under two hundred by the 1870s, it is possible that literacy had been wiped out by the time Eyraud discovered the

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after being inspired by readings from Christian scripture, involved greater contact than the signing of a single treaty. The glyphs could be crudely written rongorongo, as might be expected for Rapa Nui representatives writing with the novel instrument of pen on paper. That the script was not

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have been made, but none have been successful. Although some calendrical and what might prove to be genealogical information has been identified, none of the glyphs can actually be read. If rongorongo does prove to be writing and to be an independent invention, it would be one of very few

3479:"The conventional radiocarbon age obtained is 80 ±40 BP and the 2-sigma calibration age (95% probability) is Cal AD 1680 to Cal AD 1740 (Cal BP 270 to 200) and Cal AD 1800 to 1930 (Cal BP 150 to 20) and AD 1950 to 1960 (Cal BP 0 to 0); in fact, this rongorongo was collected in 1871 ." 2367:"war casualty". There are other designs, including some tattoos recorded by early visitors, which are possibly single rongorongo glyphs, but since they are isolated and pictographic, it is difficult to know whether or not they are actually writing. In 2018, a possibly authentic ink-on- 2396: 1519:

assembled from sections cut from a rongorongo tablet. The tablets, like the pectorals, statuettes, and staves, were works of art and valued possessions, and were apparently given individual proper names in the same manner as jade ornaments in New Zealand. Two of the tablets,

1163:(scribes) by the time Rapa Nui society collapsed following Peruvian slaving raids and the resulting epidemics, so that the tablets had become more widely distributed by Eyraud's day. Orliac points out that Tablet C appears to predate the Spanish visit by at least a century. 1297:(1992). But these are mostly isolated glyphs; few text-like sequences or ligatures have been found among the petroglyphs. This has led to the suggestion that rongorongo must be a recent creation, perhaps inspired by petroglyph designs or retaining individual petroglyphs as 1115:

In 1770 the Spanish annexed Easter Island under Captain González de Ahedo. A signing ceremony was held in which a treaty of annexation was signed by an undisclosed number of chiefs "by marking upon it certain characters in their own form of script" (reproduction at right).

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There is no other mention of the tablets in his report, and the discovery went unnoticed. Eyraud left Easter Island on October 11 1864, in extremely poor health. Ordained a priest in 1865, he returned to Easter Island in 1866 where he died of tuberculosis in August 1868,

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The voyage of Captain Don Felipe González in the ship of the line San Lorenzo, with the frigate Santa Rosalia in company, to Easter Island in 1770-1. Preceded by an extract from Mynheer Jacob Roggeveen's official log of his discovery of and visit to Easter Island in

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in 1938, "its authenticity is doubtful. The signs appear to have been incised with a steel implement, and do not show the regularity and beauty of outline which characterise the original tablets." Imitation tablets were made for the tourist trade as early as the

1081:. Most dated to the 19th century. One was securely dated to the mid-15th century, suggesting that rongorongo may have been in use well before European contact. It was noted the dating was of the wooden tablet, not of the writing upon it, which could be younger. 713:

wooden tablets. He found experimentally that the glyphs were quite visible on banana leaves due to the sap that emerged from the cuts and dried on the surface. However, when the leaves themselves dried they became brittle and would not have survived for long.

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The direction of writing was determined by such clues as glyphs that twist as the line changes direction, glyphs that were squashed to fit in at the end of a text, and, when a particular tablet does not have such clues, parallel passages between tablets.

2443:, Rudolf Philippi, published the Santiago Staff, and Carroll (1892) published part of the Oar. Most texts remained beyond the reach of would-be decipherers until 1958, when Thomas Barthel published line drawings of almost all the known corpus in his 2529:) in Philippi's drawing. This may be the result of an error in the inking, since there is a blank space in its place. The corpus is thus tainted with quite some uncertainty. It has never been properly checked for want of high-quality photographs. 1478:

The 26 rongorongo texts with letter codes are inscribed on wooden objects, each with between 2 and 2320 simple glyphs and components of compound glyphs, for over 15,000 in all. The objects are mostly oblong wooden tablets, with the exceptions of

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in 1864, and that the marks with which the chiefs signed the Spanish treaty do not resemble rongorongo. These researchers' hypothesis is not that rongorongo was itself a copy of the Latin alphabet, or of any other form of writing, but that the

1370:, received a gift from the recent Catholic converts of Easter Island. It was a long cord of human hair, a fishing line perhaps, wound around a small wooden board covered in hieroglyphic writing. Stunned at the discovery, he wrote to Father 2468:

Fischer (1997) published new line drawings. These include lines scored with obsidian but not finished with a shark tooth, which had not been recorded by Barthel because the rubbings he used often did not show them, for example on tablet

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Crude glyphs have been found on a few stone objects and some additional wooden items, but most of these are thought to be fakes created for the early tourism market. Several of the 26 wooden texts are suspect due to uncertain provenance

1055:) was cut from the trunk of a tree some 15 meters (50 ft) tall, and Easter Island has long been deforested of trees that size. Analysis of charcoal indicates that the forest disappeared in the first half of the 17th century. 2383:

The only published reference to the glyphs which is even close to comprehensive remains Barthel (1958). Barthel assigned a three-digit numeric code to each glyph or to each group of similar-looking glyphs that he believed to be

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in Rapanui, is used for sacred groves and carvings throughout eastern Polynesia and was evidently brought to Easter Island by the first settlers. However, not all the wood was native: Orliac (2007) established that tablets

2494:(line 12 of the Santiago Staff) in Fischer does not correspond with that of Barthel or Philippi, which agree with each other, and Barthel's rubbing (below) is incompatible with Fischer's drawing. Barthel's annotation, 1270:(vulvas). Petroglyphs are often accompanied by carved divots ("cupules") in the rock. Changing traditions are preserved in bas-relief birdmen, which were carved over simpler outline forms and in turn carved over with 1119:

Several scholars have suggested that rongorongo may be an invention inspired by this visit and the signing of the treaty of annexation. As circumstantial evidence, they note that no explorer reported the script until

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However, a glyph resembling a chicken or rooster is not found, despite chickens being the mainstay of the economy and some of the tablets supposedly commemorating "how many men had killed, how many chickens he had

660:. The fact that the islanders were reduced to inscribing driftwood, and were regardless extremely economical in their use of wood, may have had consequences for the structure of the script, such as the abundance of 902:

Other tablets appear to have been cut with a steel blade, often rather crudely. Although steel knives were available after the arrival of the Spanish, this does cast suspicion on the authenticity of these tablets.

690:, now lost, that had been found in a tomb and was "covered with hieroglyphics similar to those found on the incised tablets." During the early missionary period that began in 1864, it was reported that women wore 3539:

These were traced from the original, which has since been lost, and so may not retain their original orientations. They were published with the long line vertical on the left, and the large glyph upright on the

891:, on the other hand, shows no sign of shark teeth. Haberlandt noticed that the glyphs of this text appear to have been incised with a sharpened bone, as evidenced by the shallowness and width of the grooves. 2543:

As with most undeciphered scripts, there are many fanciful interpretations and claimed translations of rongorongo. However, apart from a portion of one tablet which has been shown to have to do with a lunar

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touched at the island in 1882 it was reported that but 150 of the inhabitants were left", and goes on to give a summary of a complete census he received from Salmon in 1886 which listed 155 natives and 11

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Peruvians had brought about the deaths of all the wise men and, thus, the pieces of wood were no longer of any interest to the natives who burned them as firewood or wound their fishing lines around them!

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Barthel referred to each of 24 texts he accepted as genuine with a letter of the alphabet; two texts have been added to the corpus since then. The two faces of the tablets are distinguished by suffixing

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2920 glyphs inscribed on a 126-centimetre (50 in) chief's staff. The longest text, and the only one which appears to have punctuation. Among the patterns of the other texts, it resembles only

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A closeup of the verso of the Small Santiago Tablet, showing parts of lines 3 (bottom) to 7 (top). The glyphs of lines 3, 5, and 7 are right-side up, while those of lines 4 and 6 are up-side down.

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A closeup of the verso of the Small Santiago Tablet, showing parts of lines 3 (bottom) to 7 (top). The glyphs of lines 3, 5, and 7 are right-side up, while those of lines 4 and 6 are up-side down.

1133:, which then inspired the islanders to invent their own writing system. If so, rongorongo emerged, flourished, fell into oblivion, and was all but forgotten within a span of less than 100 years. 5231:

Philippi, Rudolfo A. (1875). "Iconografia de la escritura jeroglífica de los indigenas de la isla de Pascua" [Iconography of the hieroglyphic writing of the natives of Easter Island].

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Yet Eyraud had seen hundreds of tablets only four years earlier. What happened to the missing tablets is a matter of conjecture. Eyraud had noted how little interest their owners had in them.

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However, the writing continues onto the second side of a tablet at the point where it finishes off the first, so if the first side has an odd number of lines, as is the case with tablets

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on Easter Island to collect all the tablets and to find natives capable of translating them. But Roussel could only recover a few, and the islanders could not agree on how to read them.

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above, the light lines were recorded by both Fischer and Barthel.) There are other omissions in Barthel which Fischer corrects, such as a sequence of glyphs at the transition from line

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The forms of the glyphs are standardized contours of living organisms and geometric designs about one centimeter high. The wooden tablets are irregular in shape and, in many instances,

1528:, have a documented pre-missionary provenance, though others may be as old or older. There are in addition a few isolated glyphs or short sequences which might prove to be rongorongo. 1450:

as the two often contradicted each other. From them Routledge concluded that rongorongo was an idiosyncratic mnemonic device that did not directly represent language, in other words,

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glyph below, and more clearly on sea-turtle petroglyphs) but which often resemble ears (as on the anthropomorphic petroglyph in the next section). Birds are common; many resemble the

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Barthel speculated that the banana leaf might even have served as a prototype for the tablets, with the fluted surface of the tablets an emulation of the veined structure of a leaf:

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270 glyphs on a 30-centimetre (12 in) unfluted notched tablet. The tablet first given to Jaussen, as a spool for a cord of hair. The two sides are written in different hands.

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Some of the more iconic rongorongo glyphs. The seated man is thought to be a compound. Readings from Barthel (1958). The captions in the right-most column are merely descriptive.

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have had writing: González de Ahedo had given instructions to "procure the attestations of the recognised Chiefs or Caciques of the islanders, signed in their native characters".

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of China, have proved impossible to read without help. However, the original conclusion that rongorongo did not encode language may have been based on spurious statistics. See

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could not be read by someone not trained in that specific text. The texts themselves she believed to be litanies for priest-scribes, kept apart in special houses and strictly

1338:. He was to remain on Easter Island for nine months, evangelizing its inhabitants. He wrote an account of his stay in which he reports his discovery of the tablets that year: 3627:

However, Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov (2007) believe that the limited and repetitive nature of the texts precludes them recording anything as diverse as history or mythology.

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Tablet. The somewhat variable names may be descriptive or indicate where the object is kept, as in the Oar, the Snuffbox, the Small Santiago Tablet, and the Santiago Staff.

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had been recycled as planking for a Rapanui driftwood canoe, suggesting that by that time the tablets had little value to the islanders as texts. Several texts, including

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In addition to the petroglyphs mentioned above, there are a few other very short uncatalogued texts that may be rongorongo. Fischer reports that "many statuettes reveal

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at right. It is thought that irregular and often blemished pieces of wood were used in their entirety rather than squared off due to the scarcity of wood on the island.

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This interprets the 1770 reports as not meaning that the Spaniards had seen Easter Island writing prior to the signing of the treaty, but had simply presumed that they

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ces tablettes m'incline à penser que ces caractères, restes d'une écriture primitive, sont pour eux maintenant un usage qu'ils conservent sans en chercher le sens.

1470:(1940), much of what Routledge recorded in her notes had been forgotten, and the oral history showed a strong external influence from popular published accounts. 1074:

All of these methods date the wood, not the inscriptions themselves. Pacific rosewood is not durable, and is unlikely to survive long in Easter Island's climate.

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This basic inventory of rongorongo, proposed by Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov (2007), accounts for 99.7% of the intact texts, except for the idiosyncratic Staff.

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22 legible glyphs on a 72-centimetre (28 in) European or American oar blade. In poor condition. One line of text, plus a separate pair of glyphs, on side

1986: 3617:

To judge by the form, size, and type of keeping one can say with a high degree of certainty that this involved tablets that were presented at two interments.

5369:– the most complete and balanced description of rongorongo on the internet at the time, from a researcher with the CEIPP. (Archived as of February 27, 2005) 1434:

in 1870. In the 1950s Barthel found the decayed remains of half a dozen tablets in caves, in the context of burials. However, no glyphs could be salvaged.

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720 glyphs on a 32-centimetre (13 in) fluted rosewood tablet. The verso may include a genealogy and does not resemble the patterns of other texts.

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topknot, a figure which also appears on a dozen tablets. McLaughlin (2004) illustrates the most prominent correspondences with the petroglyph corpus of

1264:; marine animals like turtles, tuna, swordfish, sharks, whales, dolphins, crabs, and octopuses (some with human faces); roosters; canoes, and over 500 991:

Little direct dating has been done. The start of forest-clearing for agriculture on Easter Island, and thus presumably colonization, has been dated to

542: 143: 1276:. Although the petroglyphs cannot be directly dated, some are partially obscured by pre-colonial stone buildings, suggesting they are relatively old. 6613: 6097: 4118: 7043: 7033: 6608: 259:

which may include short rongorongo inscriptions. Oral history suggests that only a small elite was ever literate and that the tablets were sacred.

5148:: l'exemple des bois d'œuvre de l'Ile de Pâques (Manifestation of symbolic expression in Oceania: The example of the woodworking of Easter Island) 2207:

A 7-centimetre (2.8 in) box cut and pieced together from three planed pieces of a tablet; 85 crude glyphs on outside of box only. Driftwood?

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1163 glyphs inscribed on a 63-centimetre (25 in) European or American oar blade. Yellowwood. Had been used for planking. Nearly duplicates

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27 legible glyphs on a 70-centimetre (28 in) European or American beam. In poor condition. The two sides are written in different hands.

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1000 glyphs on a 29-centimetre (11 in) unfluted rosewood tablet. Contains calendrical information; more pictographic than other texts.

1176: 5291: 5254: 4970: 4910: 4815: 6172: 5029: 2226: 1772: 4813:(1998a). "Un prétendu déchiffrement des tablettes de l'île de Pâques" [A purported decipherment of the Easter Island tablets]. 4676: 2449:("Bases for the Decipherment of the Easter Island script") which remains the fundamental reference to rongorongo. He transcribed texts 2436: 1343:

these characters, remnants of some primitive writing, are now for them a habitual practice which they keep without seeking its meaning.

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had been cut into lashed planking for a canoe, which fits the story of a man named Niari who made a canoe out of abandoned tablets.

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or "lines chanting out". There are also said to have been more specific names for the texts based on their topic. For example, the

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also saw some in 1877. was not able to acquire these tablets because the natives were using them as reels for their fishing lines!

5404:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Rongorongo 1756:

A 12-centimetre (4.7 in) fragment with 51 recorded crudely executed glyphs. (Some glyphs are covered by a label.) Palm wood?

1592:. Nearly all publications follow the Barthel convention, though a popular book by Fischer uses an idiosyncratic numbering system. 1279:

Several of the anthropomorphic and animal-form petroglyphs have parallels in rongorongo, for instance a double-headed frigatebird

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and stems of the banana tree. The classical inscriptions can be arranged in two groups according to the height of the lines (10–12

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Coding: The first digit distinguishes head and basic body shape, and the six in the units place indicates a specific raised hand.

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A 33-centimetre (13 in) birdman statuette with 37 superficially inscribed glyphs separated in seven short scattered texts.

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Orliac has observed that the deep black indentation, about 10 centimeters (3.9 in) long, on lines 5 and 6 of the recto of

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can be dated to the 18th or 19th century by virtue of being inscribed on European oars. Orliac (2005) argues that the wood for

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in Polynesia. Nearly every suitable surface has been carved, including the stone walls of some houses and a few of the famous

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Barthel (1971) claimed to have parsed the corpus of glyphs to 120, of which the other 480 in his inventory are allographs or

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La tierra de Hotu Matuꞌa – Historia y Etnología de la Isla de Pascua, Gramática y Diccionario del antiguo idioma de la isla

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The Land of Hotu Matuꞌa: History and Ethnology of Easter Island, Grammar and Dictionary of the Old Language of the Island)

7847: 6159: 3699: 2388:(variants). In the case of allography, the bare numeric code was assigned to what Barthel believed to be the basic form ( 1093:

The native signatures on the 1770 Spanish treaty. The bottommost resembles a rongorongo glyph also used as a petroglyph,

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Thus in 1868 Jaussen could recover only a few tablets, with three more acquired by Captain Gana of the Chilean corvette

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55 glyphs would be required for a pure syllabary, assuming that long vowels were ignored or treated as vowel sequences.

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wrote, "Not a single tree is to be found capable of furnishing a plank so much as six inches in width." Forster, with

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also "displays secondary working with obsidian flakes to elaborate details within the finished contour lines. No other

501:), with the glyphs carved in shallow channels running the length of the tablets, as can be seen in the image of tablet 4087: 9963: 9609: 9595: 9565: 8704: 4615: 3783: 3434:

Barthel tested this experimentally, and Dederen (1993) reproduced several tablets in this fashion. Fischer comments,

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Dederen, François; Fischer, Steven Roger (1993). "Traditional Production of the Rapanui Tablets". In Fischer (ed.).

9827: 8544: 7941: 6083: 3244: 1703: 6388: 5030:"Universal Iconography in Writing Systems: Evidence and Explanation in the Easter Island and Indus Valley Scripts" 701:

Oral tradition holds that, because of the great value of wood, only expert scribes used it, while pupils wrote on

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are also linked by such a line, too faint to be seen here, which connects them to the hand of the human figure.)

9834: 8400: 8039: 4959: 4558:———— (1959). "Neues zur Osterinselschrift" [News on the Easter Island Script]. 2312:), and thus, although they may prove to be genuine, should not be trusted in initial attempts at decipherment. 683: 3900:(1992). "À propos des mois de l'ancien calendrier pascuan (On the months of the old Easter Island calendar)". 644:; notes that wood from the wreck of a Western boat was said to have been used for many tablets; and that both 9968: 8509: 8034: 7092: 1953: 7371: 1437:

Of the 26 commonly accepted texts that survive, only half are in good condition and authentic beyond doubt.

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tablets from their homeland. The same founder is also credited with bringing indigenous plants such as the

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Larger tablets and staves may have been read without turning, if the reader were able to read upside-down.

583: 3410: 3398: 1561:(the Great Saint Petersburg Tablet), recto, second line. When the reading sequence cannot be ascertained, 1367: 1067:'s expedition of 1774, reported that "there was not a tree upon the island which exceeded the height of 10 139: 135: 9700: 9679: 8359: 8354: 8049: 7951: 6473: 6164: 5825: 4605: 1159: 427:

with which to decorate carvings in order to increase their trading value. It is a primitive imitation of

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Carroll, Alan (1892). "The Easter Island inscriptions, and the translation and interpretation of them".

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men, and Cooke (1899) states that the evacuation of some 300 islanders was in 1878, that "When H. M. S.

1466:, that recorded the island's history and mythology. By the time of later ethnographic accounts, such as 1060: 445:

described in some mid-20th-century publications, was "an early twentieth-century geometric invention".

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estimates that it is 97% accurate. Barthel's line drawings were not produced free-hand but copied from

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A 41-centimetre (16 in) breast ornament decorated with a line of 44 glyphs. May be old. Rosewood.

1059:, who discovered Easter Island in 1722, described the island as "destitute of large trees" and in 1770 231: 7097: 6415: 2517:

as traced by Fischer, Barthel, and Philippi, plus Barthel's annotated pencil rubbing of the same line.

882:, sketched out the glyphs in soot applied with a fish bone and then engraved them with a shark tooth. 352: 8017: 7739: 7292: 6879: 6045: 2411:. The evidence was never published, but similar counts have been obtained by other scholars, such as 1462: 1154: 537:, all surviving secure texts are inscribed in wood. According to tradition, the tablets were made of 4969:

Mann, Daniel; Edward, J.; Chase, J.; Beck, W.; Reanier, R.; Mass, M.; Finney, B.; Loret, J. (2008).

4887:(1886). "Ueber Schrifttafeln von der Osterinsel" [On the written tablets of Easter Island]. 1553:) when the reading sequence can be ascertained, to which the line being discussed is appended. Thus 1153:

otherwise observed by early explorers, who spent little time on the island, may reflect that it was

851:) are connected by a faint bent hair-line that may have been inscribed with obsidian. (The chevrons 9973: 9517: 9503: 8808: 7391: 7194: 6410: 6035: 5865: 5799: 5765: 5422: 5194: 5101: 2372: 2246: 2092: 2060:

357 glyphs, nearly all in phrases repeated on other texts, on a 24-centimetre (9.4 in) piece.

1130: 695: 530: 370: 9122: 6538: 4119:"Popular Archeology - Study Suggests Independent Invention of Writing on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)" 862: 9806: 8834: 7791: 7468: 7447: 7327: 7307: 7139: 6810: 6714: 6191: 6149: 6106: 6040: 4789: 4747: 2423: 5388: 4448: 3574: 3526:

along its edges; a trunk of that diameter corresponds to Pacific rosewood's maximum height of 15

2076:

600 legible glyphs on a 63-centimetre (25 in) piece of yellowwood. Later cut for planking.

9958: 8524: 7463: 7453: 7386: 6896: 6329: 6065: 5957: 5870: 5818: 5314: 5169: 5017: 3386: 2408: 928: 733:

mm); this corresponds to the natural disposition of the veins on the banana stem (on average 10

598:

in 1934. This 15-meter (50 ft) tree, known as "Pacific rosewood" for its color and called

470: 462: 405:

script') which recorded their annals and other secular matters, but this has disappeared." But

267: 121: 20: 2202: 9908: 9813: 9602: 9551: 9011: 8933: 8697: 8636: 8621: 8190: 8069: 7811: 7771: 7503: 7179: 6363: 6351: 6324: 6309: 4884: 4702:

Easter Island Studies: Contributions to the History of Rapanui in Memory of William T. Mulloy

2412: 2157:

A 7-centimetre (2.8 in) fragment with 8 glyphs on the one side that has been described.

1709: 1516: 1012: 618: 579: 236: 47: 8616: 7821: 2571:

device for genealogy, choreography, navigation, astronomy, or agriculture. For example, the

1737:

822 glyphs on a 39-centimetre (15 in) fluted tablet. Destroyed by fire in World War I.

1196: 866: 358: 9672: 9423: 9100: 8596: 8251: 8215: 7620: 7543: 7376: 7124: 7114: 6953: 6936: 6252: 5999: 4985: 4971:"Drought, vegetation change, and human history on Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island)" 4530: 940: 661: 406: 300:

Individual texts are conventionally known by a single uppercase letter and a name, such as

5375:– a more recent professional site, by Philip Spaelti. Includes a mirror of the CEIPP site. 2584:, though it appears to be compatible with neither a pure logography nor a pure syllabary. 2435:

For almost a century only a few of the texts were published. In 1875, the director of the

2097:

120 legible glyphs on a 31-centimetre (12 in) fluted tablet. In poor condition, side

262:

Authentic rongorongo texts are written in alternating directions, a system called reverse

8: 9948: 8499: 8395: 8117: 7640: 6346: 5415: 5325: 5292:"Rapanui Writing and the Rapanui Language: Preliminary Results of a Statistical Analysis" 4521: 2023:

718 glyphs on a 44-centimetre (17 in) fluted rosewood tree trunk. Nearly duplicates

1446: 1247: 1077:

The tablets preserved in Rome were carbon-dated in a study published February 2, 2024 in

6662: 4989: 4685: 4534: 3566: 995:

1200, implying a date for the invention of rongorongo no earlier than the 13th century.

297:

have characteristic protuberances on each side of the head, possibly representing eyes.

70:

Time of creation unknown; writing ceased and most tablets lost or destroyed in the 1860s

9658: 9635: 9269: 9158: 9148: 9040: 8983: 8969: 8926: 8631: 8514: 8349: 8241: 8200: 8154: 8149: 8044: 8026: 7694: 7625: 7590: 7538: 7351: 7339: 6750: 6672: 6573: 6128: 5875: 5329: 5306: 5182: 5151: 5080: 5009: 4802: 4421: 3240: 1642: 1141: 1003: 634: 587: 19:

This article is about the system of glyphs. For the ancestor of some Māori tribes, see

8891: 8549: 5378: 4636: 4542: 1793:

1580 glyphs on a 44-centimetre (17 in) fluted rosewood tablet. Nearly duplicates

1641:

1825 glyphs inscribed on a 91-centimetre (36 in) European or American oar blade.

1378: 1281: 927:

The glyphs are stylized human, animal, vegetable and geometric shapes, and often form

839:

was carved with a shark tooth. However, the two parts of the glyph second from right (

453: 9781: 9774: 9510: 9496: 9408: 9297: 9207: 9186: 9165: 9093: 9025: 8884: 8842: 8794: 8529: 8519: 8164: 8159: 8064: 8059: 7966: 7921: 7744: 7724: 7714: 7704: 7699: 7635: 7630: 7558: 7493: 7478: 7428: 7423: 7366: 7302: 7260: 7102: 6988: 6911: 6427: 6422: 6299: 6009: 5986: 5860: 5794: 5751: 5740: 5725: 5714: 5703: 5692: 5679: 5668: 5657: 5646: 5633: 5622: 5611: 5600: 5587: 5576: 5565: 5554: 5541: 5530: 5519: 5506: 5491: 5478: 5465: 5452: 5271: 5186: 5105: 5072: 5001: 4929: 4832: 4714: 4709: 4624: 4576: 4546: 4511: 3779: 3453: 3414: 3269: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2514: 2218: 2197: 2169: 2152: 2128: 2112: 2087: 2071: 2050: 2014: 1977: 1958:

103-centimetre (41 in) piece of fluted driftwood with 90 legible glyphs on side

1948: 1928: 1899: 1880: 1860: 1836: 1812: 1788: 1767: 1748: 1724: 1697: 1679: 1657: 1629: 1484: 1403: 1371: 1302: 1043: 996: 911: 885: 379: 320: 301: 271: 204: 90: 5046: 5013: 1849:

A 73-centimetre (29 in) breast ornament decorated with two glyphs. May be old.

1454:, and that the meanings of the glyphs were reformulated by each scribe, so that the 1334:, landed on Easter Island on January 2, 1864, on the 24th day of his departure from 1089: 421:

inscription. In the 1880s, a group of elders invented a derivative 'script' called

9915: 9853: 9746: 9707: 9693: 9651: 9526: 9472: 9453: 9387: 9379: 9365: 9358: 9283: 9079: 9054: 8990: 8962: 8877: 8863: 8780: 8753: 8690: 8601: 8504: 8326: 8169: 7796: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7645: 7401: 7334: 7322: 7287: 7282: 7265: 7204: 7169: 7129: 6931: 6926: 6874: 6825: 6709: 6643: 6583: 6533: 6478: 6395: 6373: 6358: 6304: 6294: 6228: 6019: 5279: 5263: 5219: 5178: 5130: 5064: 4993: 4951: 4919: 4824: 4538: 4519:———— (June 1958). "The 'Talking Boards' of Easter Island". 4330: 3909: 1261: 159: 9753: 8948: 8574: 8225: 7595: 5165:"The Rongorongo Tablets from Easter Island: Botanical Identification and C Dating" 4768: 1327: 1121: 270:

carved into the wood. The glyphs themselves are outlines of human, animal, plant,

9739: 9431: 9372: 9318: 9311: 9290: 9276: 9260: 9238: 9193: 9086: 9061: 9033: 9018: 8941: 8919: 8912: 8870: 8830: 8801: 8489: 8459: 8282: 8205: 7971: 7901: 7806: 7754: 7734: 7670: 7660: 7650: 7615: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7483: 7438: 7433: 7317: 7312: 7159: 7149: 7003: 6968: 6963: 6943: 6837: 6795: 6735: 6618: 6588: 6498: 6458: 6400: 6334: 6314: 6262: 6245: 6233: 6014: 5855: 5384: 5348: 4869: 4692: 3773: 3402: 3248: 2440: 1550: 1542: 1389: 1266: 1202: 1056: 964: 7936: 7119: 5310: 5155: 4997: 625:

and therefore that the wood had arrived with Western contact. Fischer describes

9876: 9760: 9644: 9624: 9533: 9401: 9332: 9231: 9179: 9172: 9004: 8997: 8976: 8955: 8856: 8849: 8656: 8611: 8539: 8534: 8385: 8369: 8344: 8287: 8277: 8272: 8112: 7986: 7946: 7916: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7826: 7801: 7749: 7689: 7655: 7605: 7553: 7518: 7473: 7443: 7396: 7356: 7255: 7209: 7164: 7082: 7018: 6973: 6958: 6921: 6901: 6869: 6857: 6805: 6800: 6790: 6780: 6775: 6692: 6677: 6667: 6633: 6623: 6568: 6553: 6518: 6368: 6272: 6220: 6110: 6004: 4955: 4640: 4499: 3570: 3523: 3390: 1844: 847: 709: 513: 396: 8086: 4585: 3707: 368:"fish" was homophonous with or used figuratively for "war casualty"), and the 9942: 9883: 9732: 9665: 9588: 9558: 9416: 9394: 9325: 9221: 9200: 9047: 8905: 8823: 8816: 8787: 8746: 8661: 8651: 8646: 8433: 8127: 7786: 7729: 7381: 7154: 7038: 6993: 6948: 6916: 6765: 6682: 6655: 6628: 6558: 6543: 6528: 6483: 6240: 5927: 5841: 5275: 5190: 5076: 5051: 5005: 4933: 4836: 4628: 4550: 4486: 3737: 3673: 3664: 3569:. Other examples of petroglyphs which resemble rongorongo glyphs can be seen 3320: 3247:

for encoding the Rongorongo script. An encoding proposal has been written by

3158: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2921: 2914: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2622: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2564: 2509: 2462: 2357: 1451: 1243: 1215: 1185: 1149: 1098: 1017: 853: 841: 781: 291: 280: 263: 227: 223: 79: 6702: 5150:. Cultes, rites et religions (in French). Vol. V. pp. (6): 48–53. 4849: 1335: 737:

mm in the lower part of a medium-sized tree) or on the banana leaf ( maximum

338:

The original name—or perhaps description—of the script is said to have been

9339: 9304: 9245: 8732: 8494: 8390: 8303: 8195: 8096: 7906: 7719: 7684: 7665: 7600: 7488: 7250: 7174: 6983: 6978: 6889: 6884: 6820: 6760: 6740: 6697: 6687: 6638: 6523: 6503: 6493: 6341: 6319: 6277: 6075: 5885: 4771:(1866). "Lettre du Fr. Eugène Eyraud, au T.R.P. Supérieur général (1864)". 4095: 3490: 2316:

resembles many early forgeries in not being boustrophedon, but it may be a

1507: 1256: 1107: 980: 831: 665: 364: 245: 7548: 5976: 5381:– see, highlight, and compare both the Barthel and Fischer transcriptions. 5267: 4828: 3913: 2560:

and is therefore unlikely to closely reflect the language of the tablets.

2525:, a "spindle with three knobs") is missing its right-side "sprout" (glyph 1238:. Around 1,000 sites with over 4,000 glyphs have been catalogued, some in 274:

and geometric forms. Many of the human and animal figures, such as glyphs

9922: 9686: 9617: 8898: 8589: 8449: 8210: 8054: 7911: 7816: 7585: 7513: 7498: 7406: 7199: 7109: 7008: 6998: 6852: 6815: 6770: 6755: 6730: 6650: 6578: 6563: 6267: 5952: 4810: 3897: 2577: 1664: 936: 879: 706: 702: 676: 24: 2352:

statuette. Many human skulls are inscribed with the single 'fish' glyph

2340:-like glyphs on their crown." He gives the example of a compound glyph, 1006:, but the results only constrain the date to sometime after 1680. Glyph 816:

left-hand corner, and the direction of writing shifts to top to bottom.

671: 266:. In a third of the tablets, the lines of text are inscribed in shallow 8579: 8554: 8122: 7565: 7055: 7050: 6906: 6847: 6488: 5932: 5363: 5223: 5134: 5084: 3375:) on tablets or sticks for the inscription of signs). The Rapanui word 2317: 2232: 1239: 1225: 1064: 1021: 950: 944: 932: 691: 256: 31: 4733:(in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile. 1467: 878:

below. However, Barthel was told that the last literate Rapanui king,

9890: 9869: 9862: 8641: 8478: 8174: 8141: 7976: 7867: 7416: 7144: 7060: 6785: 5922: 5335: 5049:(1938). "Two Easter Island Tablets in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum". 4924: 4901: 2581: 2385: 2368: 2254: 2235:; Fischer does not consider the legible layer of text to be genuine. 1909:

A 28-centimetre (11 in) rosewood tablet in poor condition. Side

1409:

is a groove made by the rubbing of a fire stick, showing that tablet

1246:, and some painted red and white. Designs include a concentration of 1230: 939:(see image directly below) which was associated with the supreme god 770: 753: 657: 534: 102: 8584: 5203: 5118: 5068: 4943:

The Rock Art of Easter Island: Symbols of Power, Prayers to the Gods

3494:

coconut palm, a species not introduced until after European contact.

8606: 8569: 8564: 8444: 8405: 8246: 8005: 7890: 7781: 7523: 7411: 7361: 7232: 6745: 6548: 6508: 6289: 6282: 6133: 5947: 5407: 5092:———— (1940). "Ethnology of Easter Island". 3685:, and it is formally analogous to other infixed compounds of glyph 2568: 2506:.76!"), suggests that he specifically verified Philippi's reading: 1584:, first line. The six sides of the Snuff Box are lettered as sides 1298: 1137: 976: 687: 538: 214: 131: 8626: 5372: 4649:] (in French). Translated by Altman, Ann. Paris: Éditions Tel. 3422:, where these words have such meanings as "to listen", "to hear", 2563:

The prevailing opinion is that rongorongo is not true writing but

2427:

Rubbing of the first line of the Santiago Staff, used by Barthel (

943:. Other glyphs look like fish or arthropods. A few are similar to 8713: 8220: 8091: 7981: 7956: 7842: 7679: 7533: 7508: 7277: 7184: 6832: 6446: 6257: 5994: 5937: 3382: 1497: 399:

recorded that "The Islanders had another writing (the so-called '

251: 243:

of wood, sometimes driftwood, but include a chieftain's staff, a

5810: 5248:[The Bases of Deciphering the Writing of Easter Island] 5109: 4786:

RongoRongo, the Easter Island Script: History, Traditions, Texts

9714: 7458: 7270: 7189: 7134: 6842: 6513: 5942: 4866:"The Rongorongo of Easter Island: The Hand-Drawn Reproductions" 2395: 1251: 1145: 1129:

of writing had been conveyed in a process anthropologists term

3615:

Fischer translates Barthel, concerning four of these tablets:

1027:

1650, suggesting that the script itself is at least that old.

8081: 8076: 7926: 7709: 7610: 7297: 6208: 5962: 5906: 5246:"Les Bases du Déchiffrement de l'Écriture de l'Ile de Pâques" 3659:

in the St Petersburg museum. Although this compound of glyph

2458: 2428: 1235: 629:

as "a damaged and reshapen European or American oar", as are

219: 5347:. The Kon Tiki Museum Occasional Papers. Vol. 3. Oslo: 4950:

Macri, Martha J. (1996) . "RongoRongo of Easter Island". In

4759:. Translated by LeFort, Ben; Pacheco, Pilar. Easter Island: 4654:

Comrie, Bernard; Matthews, Stephen; Polinsky, Maria (1996).

517:

To maximize space, the text wraps around the edge of tablet

8559: 8454: 5901: 3393: 2465:, which helped ensure their faithfulness to the originals. 1171: 870: 195: 189: 177: 171: 4945:. Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Archaeology Publications. 675:

Rongorongo tablets may have been influenced by writing on

186: 168: 3313:, that is, of the tablets bearing signs for recitation). 362:("lines of fishes") were lists of persons killed in war ( 192: 174: 5331:

The Mystery of Easter Island: The story of an expedition

1002:(Small Saint Petersburg) is the sole item that has been 698:

of one of these survives, and appears to be rongorongo.

5345:

Archaeological Investigations at Anakena, Easter Island

4889:

Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien

3488:

Following the Jaussen list, which identified it as the

1937:, on a 26-centimetre (10 in) piece of yellowwood. 4746:] (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Santiago de Chile: 4653: 4508:

Bases for the Decipherment of the Easter Island Script

2231:

Driftwood? 11 centimetres (4.3 in). Apparently a

4779:] (in French). pp. 36: 52–71, 124–138. Lyon. 4704:. Oxbow Monograph. Vol. 32. Oxford: Oxbow Books. 389:

to refer to a separate form of writing distinct from

5289: 4673:

Report of the United States National Museum for 1897

3772:

Robinson, Andrew (2009). "The death of RongoRongo".

3366:

sobre tabletas o palos para la inscripción de signos

3304:

o sea, de las tabletas con signos para la recitación

1933:

172 intricately carved glyphs, loosely paraphrasing

183: 165: 130:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 5204:"Botanical Identification of the Wood of the Large 5144:

Manifestation de l'expression symbolique en Océanie

4968: 4906:

Script: Carving Techniques and Scribal Corrections"

3243:has tentatively allocated range 1CA80–1CDBF of the 1663:1135 glyphs on a 41-centimetre (16 in) fluted 1483:, a possibly sacred chieftain's staff known as the 983:or died soon afterward in the resulting epidemics. 668:of writing that would complicate textual analysis. 594:; the same identification had been made for tablet 525:Except for a few possible glyphs cut in stone (see 180: 162: 4754: 4728: 4713: 4586:"Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition" 3896: 1869:on a 22-centimetre (8.7 in) rosewood tablet. 971:, the legendary founder(s) of Rapa Nui, brought 67 5343:Skjølsvold, Arne (1994). Skjølsvold, Arne (ed.). 5290:Pozdniakov, Konstantin; Pozdniakov, Igor (2007). 4584:Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (June 21, 2020). 4504:Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift 2446:Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift 1157:; such taboos may have lost power along with the 1136:Known cases of the diffusion of writing, such as 374:"lines of fugitives" were lists of war refugees. 344:, "lines incised for chanting out", shortened to 9940: 3771: 2300:), or to having been carved with a steel blade ( 1962:. In poor condition, none of the glyphs on side 1144:after observing English-language newspapers, or 899:inscription reveals such graphic extravagance". 319:is the modern name for the inscriptions. In the 144:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 5448: 4761:Father Sebastian Englert Anthropological Museum 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 3677:is not otherwise attested, linked sequences of 1260:("bird-man") cult; faces of the creation deity 586:and determined that all were instead made from 5119:"Rongorongo and the Rock Art of Easter Island" 4699: 4575:. Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 8. 4055:Date ranges are 1200–1250 and 1180–1290. Mann 3650: 3503: 3417: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3314: 3308: 3296: 3285: 3273: 2362: 2347: 2335: 2329: 1455: 1309: 1271: 1050: 599: 570: 440: 434: 428: 422: 416: 410: 400: 390: 384: 345: 339: 330: 324: 311: 208: 8698: 6091: 5826: 5423: 4731:Leyendas de Isla de Pascua (textos bilingües) 3799: 3797: 3795: 3775:Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction 3561: 3559: 3364: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3302: 3291: 3279: 915:A photographic negative of one end of tablet 335:means "to recite, to declaim, to chant out". 6105: 4964:. Oxford University Press. pp. 183–188. 4583: 4149:For example, Flenley & Bahn 1992:203–204 4131:Corney (1903), plate between pp 48 & 49. 4062: 3736:Other examples of protowriting, such as the 3586: 3405: 2588:Inventory of possible Rongorongo characters 2444: 1917:. An early cast preserves more of the text. 1913:is destroyed; 54 glyphs are visible on side 1224:Easter Island has the richest assortment of 4796: 4720:. Translated by Mulloy, William. New York: 3284:" (to recite, declaim, read chanting), and 1440: 1179:resemble the feather-like rongorongo glyph 8705: 8691: 6098: 6084: 5833: 5819: 5430: 5416: 5342: 5243: 5116: 4883: 4407: 4405: 3792: 3556: 2437:Chilean National Museum of Natural History 1308:, a crude imitation of rongorongo, so the 1209:, followed by a V shape that may be glyph 1084: 861:According to oral tradition, scribes used 46: 5324: 4923: 3857:Skjølsvold 1994, as cited in Orliac 2005b 3332:recado, orden o mandato, mensaje, noticia 3307:" (a man who could read the texts of the 1865:163 crudely executed glyphs paraphrasing 1445:British archaeologist and anthropologist 5402:Splendid Isolation: Art of Easter Island 5230: 5027: 4797:Flenley, John R.; Bahn, Paul G. (1992). 4456:Proposal for the Universal Character Set 3721: 3448: 3446: 2508: 2478: 2422: 2394: 2320:on an authentic but now illegible text. 1170: 1088: 949: 910: 830: 769: 752: 670: 545:(2005b) examined seven objects (tablets 512: 452: 448: 5162: 5141: 5091: 5045: 4846:"Rongorongo: The Easter Island Tablets" 4783: 4777:Annals of the Propagation of the Faith) 4737: 4708: 4635: 4612: 4570: 4557: 4518: 4498: 4446: 4402: 3293:hombre que sabía leer los textos de los 2371:sequence dating from 1869, dubbed the " 1413:had been used for fire-making. Tablets 1220:. A line of divots passes through them. 763: 9941: 5201: 5163:———— (2005b). 4899: 4844:———— (1998b). 4767: 4683: 1501:pectoral ornaments worn by the elite; 1020:, which disappeared from the island's 1016:) is thought to represent the extinct 826: 226:that has the appearance of writing or 213: 9842:American Printing House for the Blind 9618:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 9270:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 8686: 8476: 8431: 8324: 8003: 7888: 7230: 6444: 6206: 6189: 6079: 5814: 5411: 5389:draft Unicode proposal for Rongorongo 5202:———— (2007). 4949: 4864:———— (2000). 4755:———— (2002). 4738:———— (1993). 4729:———— (1980). 4684:Corney, Bolton Glanvill, ed. (1903). 4662: 4571:———— (1971). 3443: 3265: 3263: 986: 8325: 5437: 5255:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 4911:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 4843: 4816:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 4809: 4599: 4479: 4046:Cooke 1899:712, Englert 1970:149–153 3902:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 3706:. www.rongorongo.org. Archived from 3234: 1317: 356:("lines of years") were annals, the 134:. For the distinction between , 8712: 4940: 4863: 4773:Annales de la Propagation de la Foi 2521:In addition, the next glyph (glyph 2418: 2323: 465:along which the glyphs were carved. 16:System of glyphs from Easter Island 13: 8432: 5299:Forum for Anthropology and Culture 5183:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2005.tb00597.x 4639:(2004) . McLaughlin, Shawn (ed.). 3806: 3260: 1505:, inscribed on various parts of a 1368:Florentin-Étienne "Tepano" Jaussen 1314:petroglyphs may not be authentic. 780:Rongorongo glyphs were written in 457:The Small Santiago Tablet (tablet 222:discovered in the 19th century on 14: 9985: 5840: 5770:(–) 5357: 5233:Anales de la Universidad de Chile 5094:Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 4716:Island at the Center of the World 4616:Journal of the Polynesian Society 4543:10.1038/scientificamerican0658-61 4482:"Cracking the Easter Island code" 4428:. Unicode Consortium. 10 Jan 2018 4411:Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov, 2007 3812:Blust & Trussel (2020) *deŋeR 963:Oral tradition holds that either 377:Some authors have understood the 6060: 6059: 5975: 4671:commonly called Easter Island". 4449:"Table XXX - Row 30: Rongorongo" 3672: 3663: 3281:recitar, declamar, leer cantando 3245:Supplementary Multilingual Plane 3157: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3073: 2997: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2837: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2802: 2795: 2788: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2356: 2341: 1531: 1280: 1214: 1195: 1184: 1106: 1097: 1011: 919:. The numbers are line numbers; 852: 846: 840: 526: 508: 433:." An alleged third script, the 290: 279: 255:ornaments. There are also a few 158: 8477: 5364:The Rongorongo of Easter Island 5244:Pozdniakov, Konstantin (1996). 5061:Royal Anthropological Institute 4712:(1970). Mulloy, William (ed.). 4647:Easter Island and its Mysteries 4642:L'île de Pâques et ses mystères 4472: 4447:Everson, Michael (4 Dec 1998). 4440: 4414: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4353: 4344: 4335: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4111: 4102: 4080: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3890: 3884:Fischer 1997:382–383; see also 3878: 3869: 3860: 3747: 3730: 3692: 3643: 3630: 3621: 3609: 3594: 3580: 3543: 3533: 3497: 3482: 3473: 3463: 3428: 2532: 2490:instance, the initial glyph of 2276:), poor quality craftsmanship ( 812:, the second will start at the 126:International Phonetic Alphabet 6171:Languages by writing system / 4784:Fischer, Steven Roger (1997). 4573:Pre-contact Writing in Oceania 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3765: 3369:" (lines drawn with a string ( 3335:" (a message, order, notice); 2457:, over 99% of the corpus; the 1366:In 1868 the Bishop of Tahiti, 1361: 1166: 1: 9610:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 9566:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 8004: 7889: 7231: 5028:McDorman, Richard E. (2009). 3759: 3452:For example, Métraux said of 1569:are used for the faces. Thus 1254:, a ceremonial center of the 947:found throughout the island. 584:scanning electron microscopes 9821:National Braille Association 9800:Braille Institute of America 9518:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 6445: 4510:] (in German). Hamburg: 3522: in) wide and includes 3164: 3071: 3004: 2911: 2844: 2751: 2684: 2591: 2214: 2193: 2164: 2148: 2124: 2108: 2083: 2067: 2046: 2010: 1973: 1944: 1924: 1895: 1876: 1856: 1832: 1808: 1784: 1763: 1744: 1719: 1692: 1674: 1652: 1624: 1322: 1190:(left) and a compound glyph 119: This article contains 7: 9701:Refreshable braille display 9680:Optical braille recognition 9277:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 8809:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 7952:New Epoch Notation Painting 5775:fragment (possible forgery) 5653:Small Saint Petersburg 5640:Large Saint Petersburg 5338:: Hazell, Watson and Viney. 5142:Orliac, Catherine (2005a). 4998:10.1016/j.yqres.2007.10.009 4984:(1). Elsevier B.V.: 16–28. 4961:The World's Writing Systems 4799:Easter Island, Earth Island 4606:University of Chicago Press 4108:Flenley & Bahn 1992:172 3778:. Oxford University Press. 3655:. Catalog # 402-1, labeled 2513:A comparison of line 12 of 2378: 312:Etymology and variant names 10: 9990: 9768:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 6207: 5117:McLaughlin, Shawn (2004). 4677:Government Printing Office 4663:Cooke, George H. (1899). " 4560:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 3886:decipherment of rongorongo 3742:decipherment of rongorongo 3681:are found, for example in 2539:Decipherment of rongorongo 2536: 694:decorated with "symbols"; 619:South African yellowwood ( 29: 23:. For the settlement, see 18: 9954:Austronesian inscriptions 9900: 9851: 9791: 9724: 9634: 9580: 9543: 9504:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 9483: 9464: 9445: 9350: 9256: 9217: 9144: 9071: 8770: 8763: 8724: 8682: 8485: 8472: 8440: 8427: 8378: 8337: 8333: 8320: 8296: 8260: 8234: 8183: 8140: 8105: 8025: 8018:Chinese family of scripts 8016: 8012: 7999: 7897: 7884: 7835: 7243: 7239: 7226: 7088:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 7075: 6723: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6440: 6215: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6173:by first written accounts 6142: 6121: 6117: 6057: 6028: 5984: 5973: 5915: 5894: 5848: 5785: 5446: 3638:Merton D. Simpson Gallery 3636:In the collection of the 2567:, or even a more limited 2415:& Pozdniakov (2007). 2239: 2211: 2190: 2161: 2145: 2137:; traces of text on side 2121: 2105: 2091: 2080: 2064: 2054: 2043: 2007: 1985: 1970: 1941: 1921: 1903: 1892: 1873: 1853: 1843: 1829: 1805: 1781: 1771: 1760: 1741: 1716: 1689: 1671: 1649: 1635: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1473: 1234:statues and their fallen 958: 906: 415:was originally a type of 117: 113:, Rongorongo 101: 96: 85: 74: 64: 54: 45: 39: 9964:History of Easter Island 9491:Chinese semi-syllabaries 8754:Unicode braille patterns 8740:International uniformity 7195:Thomas Natural Shorthand 5395:The Rock Art of Rapa Nui 5379:Rongorongo corpus viewer 5208:Tablet of St Petersburg" 5102:Bernice P. Bishop Museum 4757:Legends of Easter Island 4637:Chauvet, Stéphen-Charles 3704:: Transliteration Codes" 3254: 2477:shown in the section on 2257:, possibly illegitimate 2036: 1441:Anthropological accounts 1175:Petroglyphs in the cave 1131:trans-cultural diffusion 1061:Felipe González de Ahedo 656:, are carved on gnarled 232:attempts at decipherment 30:Not to be confused with 9828:Blindness organizations 9807:Braille Without Borders 9596:Canadian currency marks 9218:Egyptian lineage family 8401:Southwest Paleohispanic 4790:Oxford University Press 4788:. Oxford and New York: 4748:Editorial Universitaria 4722:Charles Scribner's Sons 4600:Buck, Peter H. (1938). 4266:Fischer 1997:Appendices 4088:"JAUSSEN LIST (see page 3651: 3504: 3489: 3418: 3377: 3371: 3360: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3315: 3309: 3297: 3286: 3274: 2363: 2348: 2336: 2330: 1611:Nickname / Description 1596:Rongorongo text corpus 1456: 1310: 1272: 1265: 1158: 1085:1770 Spanish expedition 1051: 600: 571: 441: 435: 429: 423: 417: 411: 401: 391: 385: 378: 369: 363: 357: 351: 346: 340: 331: 325: 209: 122:phonetic transcriptions 59:Undeciphered 9145:Russian lineage family 8545:Great Lakes Algonquian 7454:Greco-Iberian alphabet 7387:Gabelsberger shorthand 6330:Inscriptional Parthian 5958:Rapa Nui National Park 5756:(T4) 5170:Archaeology in Oceania 4656:The Atlas of Languages 4602:Vikings of the Pacific 4359:Barthel 1958: Appendix 4275:Routledge 1919:253–254 3587: 3440: 3406: 3394: 3387:Austronesian languages 3365: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3303: 3292: 3280: 2556:is heavily mixed with 2518: 2445: 2432: 2400: 2361:, which may stand for 1400: 1351: 1332:Congrégation de Picpus 1221: 1112: 981:Peruvian slaving raids 955: 924: 858: 775: 758: 749: 680: 522: 466: 341:kōhau motu mo roŋoroŋo 21:Rongorongo (mythology) 9909:Accessible publishing 9835:Schools for the blind 9814:Japan Braille Library 9603:Computer Braille Code 9257:Indian lineage family 8637:Old Persian cuneiform 7504:Carolingian minuscule 6310:Ancient North Arabian 5268:10.3406/jso.1996.1995 4941:Lee, Georgia (1992). 4900:Horley, Paul (2009). 4829:10.3406/jso.1998.2041 4579:. pp. 1165–1186. 4329:Macri 1995; see also 3914:10.3406/jso.1992.2611 3435: 3356:líneas tiradas a hilo 3290:(rongorongo man) as " 2512: 2426: 2398: 1383: 1340: 1330:, a lay friar of the 1174: 1092: 953: 914: 834: 782:reverse boustrophedon 773: 756: 718: 674: 621:Podocarpus latifolius 516: 456: 449:Form and construction 237:inventions of writing 9969:Polynesian languages 9673:Mountbatten Brailler 9028:(largely reassigned) 8811:(largely reassigned) 8360:Southeastern Iberian 8355:Northeastern Iberian 6253:Egyptian hieroglyphs 6000:Easter Fracture Zone 5916:Archaeological sites 5326:Routledge, Katherine 4623:: 103–106, 233–252. 4422:"Roadmap to the SMP" 4248:Barthel 1959:162–163 3974:Fischer 1997:389–390 2550:a possible genealogy 2473:. (However, in line 2346:, on the crown of a 1397:Chauvet 1935:381–382 1250:bird-man figures at 1148:'s invention of the 1140:'s invention of the 827:Writing instruments 764:Direction of writing 461:) clearly shows the 407:Steven Roger Fischer 215:[ˈɾoŋoˈɾoŋo] 9625:Nemeth braille code 9411:(reassigned vowels) 8936:(extended to 8-dot) 8510:Canadian Aboriginal 8396:Khitan small script 8118:Khitan large script 7308:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 5800:History of Rapa Nui 4990:2008QuRes..69...16M 4978:Quaternary Research 4885:Haberlandt, Michael 4803:Thames & Hudson 4679:. pp. 689–723. 4535:1958SciAm.198f..61B 4522:Scientific American 4480:Bahn, Paul (1996). 4426:Roadmaps to Unicode 4320:Pozdniakov 1996:294 3992:Haberlandt 1886:102 2589: 2479:writing instruments 2404:rongorongo glyphs. 2375:", was recognized. 1966:can be identified. 1597: 1447:Katherine Routledge 923:means "end of 13". 249:statuette, and two 9659:Braille translator 9636:Braille technology 9612:(science; GS8/GS6) 9581:Symbols in braille 9511:Taiwanese Mandarin 9026:Taiwanese Mandarin 8632:Nwagu Aneke script 8184:Other logosyllabic 8106:Chinese-influenced 8045:Oracle bone script 8027:Chinese characters 7962:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 7352:Eclectic shorthand 7340:Duployan shorthand 7293:Caucasian Albanian 7093:Canadian syllabics 6129:History of writing 5795:Lunisolar calendar 4710:Englert, Sebastian 4500:Barthel, Thomas S. 4230:Routledge 1919:208 4212:Routledge 1919:207 4194:Fischer 1997:21–24 4028:Routledge 1919:251 3898:Guy, Jacques B. M. 3241:Unicode Consortium 2587: 2573:Atlas of Languages 2519: 2502:("original indeed 2433: 2401: 1595: 1222: 1160:tangata rongorongo 1142:Cherokee syllabary 1113: 1018:Easter Island palm 987:Dating the tablets 956: 925: 859: 776: 759: 684:William J. Thomson 681: 664:and potentially a 637:Fraxinus excelsior 590:Thespesia populnea 588:Pacific rosewood ( 523: 467: 239:in human history. 9936: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9854:tactile alphabets 9782:William Bell Wait 9775:Sabriye Tenberken 9576: 9575: 9441: 9440: 9426:(Japanese vowels) 9224:-mediated scripts 9151:-mediated scripts 8678: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8530:Ditema tsa Dinoko 8468: 8467: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8136: 8135: 7995: 7994: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7071: 7070: 6436: 6435: 6423:Teeline Shorthand 6181: 6180: 6073: 6072: 6010:Easter Microplate 5971: 5970: 5881:Rongorongo glyphs 5808: 5807: 5780: 5779: 5745:(RR5) 5721:Honolulu fragment 5546:(RR9) 5535:(RR8) 5524:(RR7) 5511:(RR6) 5496:(RR3) 5483:(RR2) 5470:(RR4) 5457:(RR1) 5351:. pp. 5–120. 4811:Guy, Jacques B.M. 4665:Te Pito te Henua, 4658:. London: Quarto. 4158:Corney 1903:47–48 4098:on April 8, 2009. 3929:Barthel 1971:1168 3703: 3508:is 19.6 cm ( 3347:" (a messenger). 3235:Computer encoding 3232: 3231: 2546:Rapa Nui calendar 2515:rongorongo text I 2373:Raŋitoki fragment 2261: 2260: 2153:Honolulu fragment 1425:tablets in 1864. 1372:Hippolyte Roussel 1318:Historical record 869:, presumably the 746:Barthel 1971:1169 666:telegraphic style 409:writes that "the 321:Rapa Nui language 218:) is a system of 151: 150: 9981: 9925: 9918: 9916:Braille literacy 9911: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9802: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9735: 9717: 9710: 9708:Slate and stylus 9703: 9696: 9694:Perkins Brailler 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9652:Braille embosser 9647: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9569: 9561: 9554: 9536: 9529: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9476: 9473:American Braille 9457: 9454:Algerian Braille 9434: 9427: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9343: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9249: 9241: 9234: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9069: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8838: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8768: 8767: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8718: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8684: 8683: 8474: 8473: 8429: 8428: 8335: 8334: 8327:Semi-syllabaries 8322: 8321: 8023: 8022: 8014: 8013: 8001: 8000: 7886: 7885: 7241: 7240: 7228: 7227: 7130:Japanese Braille 6715:Zanabazar square 6584:Nepalese scripts 6474:Bengali–Assamese 6464: 6463: 6455: 6454: 6442: 6441: 6359:Pitman shorthand 6204: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6187: 6186: 6119: 6118: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6077: 6076: 6063: 6062: 5979: 5892: 5891: 5835: 5828: 5821: 5812: 5811: 5771: 5757: 5746: 5731: 5720: 5709: 5698: 5685: 5675:Large Washington 5674: 5664:Small Washington 5663: 5652: 5639: 5628: 5617: 5606: 5593: 5582: 5571: 5560: 5547: 5536: 5526:Chauvet fragment 5525: 5512: 5497: 5484: 5471: 5458: 5449: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5368: 5352: 5339: 5321: 5319: 5313:. Archived from 5296: 5286: 5284: 5278:. Archived from 5251: 5240: 5227: 5212:Rapa Nui Journal 5206:Kohau Rongorongo 5198: 5193:. Archived from 5159: 5147: 5138: 5123:Rapa Nui Journal 5113: 5088: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5016:. Archived from 4975: 4965: 4946: 4937: 4927: 4925:10.4000/jso.5813 4918:(129): 249–261. 4896: 4880: 4878: 4877: 4868:. Archived from 4860: 4858: 4857: 4848:. Archived from 4840: 4806: 4793: 4780: 4764: 4751: 4734: 4725: 4719: 4705: 4696: 4680: 4659: 4650: 4632: 4609: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4580: 4567: 4554: 4515: 4512:Cram, de Gruyter 4495: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4350:Fischer 1997:451 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4331:Rapanui language 4327: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4311:Fischer 1997:543 4309: 4303: 4302:Fischer 1997:534 4300: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4257:Fischer 1997:526 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4094:. Archived from 4091: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4037:Fischer 1997:367 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 4001:Fischer 1997:501 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3983:Barthel 1959:164 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3956:Métraux 1940:404 3954: 3948: 3947:Fischer 1997:353 3945: 3939: 3938:Fischer 1997:386 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3875:Fischer 1997:497 3873: 3867: 3866:Fischer 1997:483 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3848:Fischer 1997:382 3846: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3830:Fischer 1997:667 3828: 3822: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3790: 3789: 3769: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3715: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3676: 3667: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3578: 3563: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3421: 3412: 3409: 3400: 3397: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353:are defined as " 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3267: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2448: 2419:Published corpus 2366: 2360: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2324:Additional texts 2177: 2072:Large Washington 2051:Small Washington 2035:is shown in the 2018: 1990: 1981: 1749:Chauvet fragment 1598: 1594: 1459: 1457:kōhau rongorongo 1398: 1357: 1349: 1313: 1284: 1275: 1219: 1218: 1200: 1199: 1189: 1188: 1110: 1101: 1070: 1054: 1015: 974: 856: 850: 844: 792: 791: 788: 778: 777: 761: 760: 747: 740: 736: 732: 724: 603: 574: 543:Catherine Orliac 444: 438: 432: 426: 420: 414: 404: 394: 388: 349: 343: 334: 328: 296: 294: 284: 283: 217: 212: 202: 201: 198: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 147: 141: 137: 112: 109: 50: 37: 36: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9974:Rapa Nui people 9939: 9938: 9937: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9805: 9798: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9740:Charles Barbier 9738: 9731: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9685: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9572: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9479: 9471: 9465:Frequency-based 9460: 9452: 9437: 9430: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9378: 9371: 9364: 9357: 9346: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9275: 9268: 9261:Bharati Braille 9258: 9252: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9219: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9157: 9146: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9046: 9039: 9032: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8947: 8940: 8932: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8904: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8848: 8841: 8835:Unified English 8829: 8822: 8815: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8764:Braille scripts 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8720: 8716: 8711: 8666: 8481: 8464: 8460:Stokoe notation 8436: 8415: 8374: 8329: 8308: 8292: 8256: 8235:Logoconsonantal 8230: 8179: 8132: 8101: 8008: 7991: 7972:Siglas poveiras 7893: 7872: 7831: 7735:Younger Futhark 7439:Gregg shorthand 7235: 7214: 7067: 6719: 6449: 6432: 6211: 6194: 6177: 6150:Writing systems 6138: 6113: 6111:writing systems 6104: 6074: 6069: 6053: 6024: 5980: 5967: 5911: 5890: 5856:Rapa Nui people 5844: 5839: 5809: 5804: 5781: 5766: 5752: 5741: 5726: 5715: 5704: 5693: 5686:Fluted Honolulu 5680: 5669: 5658: 5647: 5634: 5623: 5612: 5601: 5588: 5577: 5566: 5555: 5542: 5531: 5520: 5507: 5492: 5479: 5466: 5453: 5442: 5436: 5385:Michael Everson 5366: 5360: 5355: 5349:Kon-Tiki Museum 5317: 5294: 5282: 5249: 5145: 5069:10.2307/2789179 5047:Métraux, Alfred 5037: 5035: 5032: 5020: 4973: 4875: 4873: 4855: 4853: 4693:Hakluyt Society 4590: 4588: 4475: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4386:Englert 1970:80 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140:Corney 1903:104 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4103: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839:Fischer 1997:ix 3838: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821:Barthel 1958:66 3820: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3793: 3786: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3748: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3711: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3564: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3451: 3444: 3433: 3429: 3287:tagata rogorogo 3268: 3261: 3257: 3249:Michael Everson 3237: 2541: 2535: 2421: 2381: 2326: 2175: 2173: 2088:Fluted Honolulu 2031:. A closeup of 2016: 1988: 1979: 1607: 1602: 1534: 1511:statuette; and 1495:, inscribed on 1476: 1443: 1399: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1379:Stéphen Chauvet 1364: 1355: 1350: 1347: 1325: 1320: 1210: 1203:hapax legomenon 1191: 1180: 1169: 1087: 1068: 1057:Jakob Roggeveen 989: 972: 961: 909: 863:obsidian flakes 829: 789: 786: 785: 768: 767: 766: 751: 750: 748: 745: 738: 734: 730: 722: 541:wood. However, 531:one possibility 511: 497:, and possibly 451: 314: 286: 275: 161: 157: 118: 110: 107: 67: 60: 41: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9987: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9934: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9926: 9919: 9912: 9904: 9902: 9901:Related topics 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9877:New York Point 9873: 9866: 9858: 9856: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9764: 9761:Harris Mowbray 9757: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9645:Braille e-book 9640: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9562: 9555: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9487: 9485: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9477: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9413: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9376: 9369: 9362: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9265: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9242: 9235: 9227: 9225: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9152: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9075: 9073: 9066: 9065: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8938: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8776: 8774: 8772:French-ordered 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8710: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8612:Linear Elamite 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8434:Sign languages 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8411:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8386:Espanca script 8382: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8345:Linear Elamite 8341: 8339: 8331: 8330: 8318: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8309: 8307: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8226:Yi (Classical) 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8187: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8052: 8050:Bronze scripts 8047: 8042: 8037: 8031: 8029: 8020: 8010: 8009: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7863:Flag semaphore 7860: 7858:New York Point 7855: 7853:Telegraph code 7850: 7848:Maritime flags 7845: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7802:Visible Speech 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7772:Sorang Sompeng 7769: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7656:Galik alphabet 7653: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7554:Tironian notes 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7399: 7397:Garay alphabet 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7337: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7237: 7236: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7180:Sorang Sompeng 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7103:Déné syllabics 7100: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6468: 6461: 6451: 6450: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6364:Proto-Sinaitic 6361: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6225: 6224: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6196: 6195: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6136: 6131: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6114: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6080: 6071: 6070: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6029:Administration 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6020:Pukao Seamount 6017: 6012: 6007: 6005:Easter hotspot 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5985:Geography and 5982: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5838: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5763: 5749: 5747:Paris snuffbox 5737: 5736: 5723: 5712: 5701: 5689: 5688: 5677: 5666: 5655: 5643: 5642: 5631: 5620: 5609: 5597: 5596: 5585: 5574: 5563: 5561:Santiago staff 5551: 5550: 5548:Large Santiago 5539: 5537:Small Santiago 5528: 5517: 5503: 5502: 5489: 5476: 5463: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5405: 5399: 5398:by Georgia Lee 5391: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5359: 5358:External links 5356: 5354: 5353: 5340: 5322: 5320:on 2008-06-25. 5287: 5285:on 2008-06-25. 5262:(2): 289–303. 5241: 5235:(in Spanish). 5228: 5199: 5197:on 2006-11-09. 5177:(3): 115–119. 5160: 5139: 5114: 5089: 5043: 5025: 5023:on 2009-03-04. 4966: 4947: 4938: 4897: 4881: 4861: 4841: 4807: 4794: 4781: 4769:Eyraud, Eugène 4765: 4752: 4735: 4726: 4706: 4697: 4681: 4675:. Washington: 4660: 4651: 4633: 4610: 4597: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4516: 4496: 4494:(2034): 36–39. 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4439: 4413: 4401: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4239:Cooke 1899:712 4232: 4223: 4221:Métraux 1940:3 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4110: 4101: 4079: 4061: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3908:(1): 119–125. 3889: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3805: 3791: 3784: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3746: 3729: 3720: 3691: 3652:moꞌai paꞌapaꞌa 3642: 3629: 3620: 3608: 3593: 3579: 3555: 3542: 3532: 3496: 3481: 3472: 3462: 3442: 3427: 3385:in most other 3310:kōhau rogorogo 3298:kōhau rogorogo 3258: 3256: 3253: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2910: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2633: 2626: 2619: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2537:Main article: 2534: 2531: 2496:Original doch 2420: 2417: 2380: 2377: 2349:moꞌai pakapaka 2325: 2322: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2198:Paris snuffbox 2195: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2101:is illegible. 2095: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2021: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1815: 1813:Santiago staff 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1791: 1789:Large Santiago 1786: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1768:Small Santiago 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1634: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1533: 1532:Classic texts 1530: 1485:Santiago Staff 1475: 1472: 1442: 1439: 1394: 1381:reports that, 1363: 1360: 1348:Eyraud 1866:71 1345: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1289:) on a fallen 1168: 1165: 1086: 1083: 988: 985: 960: 957: 908: 905: 828: 825: 765: 762: 743: 710:Thomas Barthel 679:like this one. 635:European ash, 580:stereo optical 510: 507: 450: 447: 347:kōhau roŋoroŋo 313: 310: 149: 148: 142:⟩, see 115: 114: 105: 99: 98: 94: 93: 89:Assumed to be 87: 83: 82: 76: 72: 71: 68: 65: 62: 61: 58: 56: 52: 51: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9986: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9959:Easter Island 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9892: 9888: 9885: 9884:Night writing 9881: 9878: 9874: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9859: 9857: 9855: 9850: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792:Organisations 9790: 9783: 9779: 9776: 9772: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9754:Valentin Haüy 9751: 9748: 9744: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9733:Louis Braille 9730: 9729: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9666:Braille watch 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9589:Braille music 9586: 9585: 9583: 9579: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9552:Luxembourgish 9549: 9548: 9546: 9542: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351:Other scripts 9349: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9255: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9143: 9132: 9127: 9124: 9123:Northern Sámi 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9074: 9072:Nordic family 9070: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012:South African 9009: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8981: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8934:Luxembourgish 8931: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8851: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8762: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8747:ASCII braille 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8715: 8708: 8703: 8701: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8685: 8681: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:Attic (Greek) 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8233: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8216:Proto-Elamite 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8104: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7730:Elder Futhark 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7621:Old Hungarian 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7225: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7155:Masaram Gondi 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125:Gunjala Gondi 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6937:Old Sundanese 6935: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6880:Old Maldivian 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6863:Bilang-bilang 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6683:Sylheti Nagri 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6484:Brahmi script 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6439: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379:South Arabian 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6325:Inscriptional 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6015:Moai Seamount 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:Ahu Tongariki 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842:Easter Island 5836: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5776: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5700: 5699:Honolulu beam 5696: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5595: 5594:Small reimiro 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5573: 5572:Large reimiro 5569: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5473:Aruku kurenga 5469: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5334:. London and 5333: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5258:(in French). 5257: 5256: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059:(1). London: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4891:(in German). 4890: 4886: 4882: 4872:on 2007-01-06 4871: 4867: 4862: 4852:on 2008-05-09 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4819:(in French). 4818: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4691:. Cambridge: 4690: 4689: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4562:(in German). 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4487:New Scientist 4483: 4478: 4477: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4374: 4368:Philippi 1875 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4284:Buck 1938:245 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4120: 4114: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3787: 3785:9780191579165 3781: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3738:Dongba script 3733: 3724: 3710:on 2008-02-09 3709: 3705: 3695: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3536: 3525: 3506: 3500: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3476: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3447: 3439: 3431: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3322: 3321:reduplication 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565:proto-writing 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178:York birdman) 2172: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2113:Honolulu beam 2111: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2013: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1992: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1769: 1766: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1658:Aruku kurenga 1655: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1515:, a European 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1458: 1453: 1452:proto-writing 1448: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1393: 1391: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Eugène Eyraud 1315: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:sunken-relief 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1164: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1150:Yugtun script 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1122:Eugène Eyraud 1117: 1109: 1105: 1102:, or perhaps 1100: 1096: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022:pollen record 1019: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000: 994: 984: 982: 978: 970: 966: 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 922: 918: 913: 904: 900: 898: 894: 890: 889: 883: 881: 877: 872: 868: 864: 855: 849: 843: 838: 833: 824: 820: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 783: 772: 755: 742: 728: 717: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703:banana leaves 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 678: 677:banana leaves 673: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638: 632: 628: 624: 622: 617:were made of 616: 612: 608: 602: 597: 593: 591: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 515: 509:Writing media 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 464: 460: 455: 446: 443: 437: 431: 425: 419: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 387: 382: 381: 375: 373: 372: 367: 366: 361: 360: 355: 354: 348: 342: 336: 333: 327: 322: 318: 309: 307: 303: 298: 293: 289: 282: 278: 273: 269: 265: 264:boustrophedon 260: 258: 254: 253: 248: 247: 240: 238: 233: 229: 228:proto-writing 225: 224:Easter Island 221: 216: 211: 206: 200: 155: 145: 133: 129: 127: 123: 116: 106: 104: 100: 95: 92: 88: 84: 81: 80:boustrophedon 77: 73: 69: 63: 57: 53: 49: 44: 38: 33: 26: 22: 9424:Thai and Lao 9101:Scandinavian 8733:1829 braille 8725:Braille cell 8525:Cypro-Minoan 8391:Pahawh Hmong 8304:Sitelen Pona 8268:Hindu-Arabic 7601:Mundari Bani 7175:Pahawh Hmong 6984:Tamil-Brahmi 6890:Eveyla Akuru 6885:Dhives Akuru 6352:Paleo-Hebrew 6219: 6155:undeciphered 6064: 6049:(historical) 6048: 5886:Tangata manu 5880: 5790:Decipherment 5772: 5767: 5758: 5753: 5742: 5733:Tangata manu 5732: 5730:(RR25) 5727: 5719:(RR14) 5716: 5710:Honolulu oar 5708:(RR13) 5705: 5697:(RR12) 5694: 5684:(RR11) 5681: 5673:(RR16) 5670: 5662:(RR15) 5659: 5651:(RR17) 5648: 5638:(RR18) 5635: 5627:(RR22) 5624: 5618:Small Vienna 5616:(RR23) 5613: 5607:Large Vienna 5605:(RR24) 5602: 5592:(RR21) 5589: 5581:(RR19) 5578: 5570:(RR20) 5567: 5559:(RR10) 5556: 5543: 5532: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5498: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5438: 5393: 5344: 5330: 5315:the original 5311:hal-01389639 5302: 5298: 5280:the original 5259: 5253: 5236: 5232: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5195:the original 5174: 5168: 5156:hal-02186656 5143: 5126: 5122: 5100:. Honolulu: 5097: 5093: 5056: 5050: 5036:. Retrieved 5018:the original 4981: 4977: 4960: 4942: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4892: 4888: 4874:. Retrieved 4870:the original 4854:. Retrieved 4850:the original 4820: 4814: 4798: 4785: 4776: 4772: 4756: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4715: 4701: 4686: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4641: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4589:. Retrieved 4572: 4563: 4559: 4529:(6): 61–68. 4526: 4520: 4507: 4503: 4491: 4485: 4473:Bibliography 4459:. Retrieved 4455: 4442: 4430:. Retrieved 4425: 4416: 4396: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4293:Fischer 1997 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4203:Orliac 2005a 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4113: 4104: 4096:the original 4082: 4077:Orliac 2005b 4056: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4010:Métraux 1938 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3905: 3901: 3892: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3803:Englert 1993 3774: 3767: 3749: 3744:for details. 3732: 3723: 3712:. 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Numerous 66:Time period 55:Script type 25:Beru Island 9949:Rongorongo 9943:Categories 9475:(obsolete) 9456:(obsolete) 9248:(Pakistan) 9159:Belarusian 9041:Vietnamese 8984:Portuguese 8970:Philippine 8927:Lithuanian 8580:Hentaigana 8575:Man'yōgana 8035:Simplified 7922:Ersu Shaba 7836:Non-linear 7641:Old Uyghur 7631:Old Permic 7626:Old Italic 7559:Visigothic 7494:Beneventan 7429:Glagolitic 7392:Gadabuursi 7056:Kolezhuthu 7051:Vatteluttu 6989:Tanchangya 6912:Saurashtra 6489:Devanagari 6347:Phoenician 6300:Manichaean 6046:Department 5933:Ahu Vinapu 5895:Stone work 5761:palimpsest 5439:Rongorongo 5239:: 670–683. 5038:2012-10-08 4904:Rongorongo 4876:2008-04-20 4856:2008-04-11 4801:. London: 4566:: 161–172. 4461:2 February 4432:2 February 3760:References 3714:2008-06-09 3657:моаи папа, 2413:Pozdniakov 2390:Grundtypus 2386:allographs 2337:rongorongo 2331:rongorongo 2318:palimpsest 2233:palimpsest 2222:palimpsest 2056:Washington 2019:Petersburg 1991:Petersburg 1982:Petersburg 1710:Yellowwood 1336:Valparaíso 1311:Ana o Keke 1177:Ana o Keke 1065:James Cook 933:sea turtle 696:a fragment 692:bark cloth 633:(which is 386:kōhau taꞌu 371:kōhau raŋa 353:kōhau taꞌu 317:Rongorongo 154:Rongorongo 40:Rongorongo 32:Ngorongoro 9891:Vibratese 9870:Moon type 9863:Decapoint 9544:Eight-dot 9497:Cantonese 9446:Reordered 9409:Inuktitut 9298:Malayalam 9208:Ukrainian 9187:Mongolian 9166:Bulgarian 9129:Norwegian 9094:Icelandic 8885:Hungarian 8843:Esperanto 8795:Cantonese 8379:Redundant 8191:Anatolian 8142:Cuneiform 8070:bird-worm 8006:Logograms 7977:Testerian 7891:Ideograms 7868:Moon type 7755:Staveless 7646:Mongolian 7591:Molodtsov 7549:Sütterlin 7417:Mkhedruli 7283:Bassa Vah 7233:Alphabets 7205:Mwangwego 7170:Mwangwego 7145:Kharosthi 7098:Blackfoot 7061:Malayanma 6932:Sundanese 6927:Sukhothai 6875:Malayalam 6826:Khom Thai 6786:Goykanadi 6710:Tocharian 6663:ʼPhags-pa 6534:Khudabadi 6479:Bhaiksuki 6374:Samaritan 6305:Nabataean 6160:inventors 5923:Ahu Akivi 5876:Mythology 5499:Echancrée 5373:Kohaumotu 5336:Aylesbury 5276:0300-953X 5191:0728-4896 5129:: 87–94. 5077:0025-1496 5006:0033-5894 4934:0300-953X 4895:: 97–102. 4837:0300-953X 4823:: 57–63. 4669:Rapa Nui, 4667:known as 4629:0032-4000 4551:0036-8733 4377:Guy 1998a 4167:Bahn 1996 3702:ONGORONGO 3344:mensajero 2431:archives) 2409:ligatures 2369:barkcloth 2255:Barkcloth 1753:New York 1698:Échancrée 1633:(the Oar) 1614:Location 1517:snuff box 1431:O'Higgins 1390:A. 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