143:(i.e. 0 °N = 0 °C), but he has no single second reference point; he does give the "heat at which water begins to boil" as 33, but this is not a defining reference; the values for body temperature and the freezing and boiling point of water suggest a conversion factor between the Newton and the Celsius scale of between about 3.08 (12 °N = 37 °C) and 3.03 (33 °N = 100 °C) but since the objectively verifiable reference points given result in irreconcilable data (especially for high temperatures), no unambiguous "conversion" between the scales is possible.
32:
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146:
The linseed thermometer could be used up to the melting point of tin. For higher temperatures, Newton used a "sufficiently thick piece of iron" that was heated until red-hot and then exposed to the wind. On this piece of iron, samples of metals and alloys were placed, which melted and then again
147:
solidified on cooling. Newton then determined the "degrees of heat" of these samples based on the solidification times, and tied this scale to the linseed one by measuring the melting point of tin in both systems. This second system of measurement led Newton to derive his law of
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In his publication, Newton gives 18 reference points (in addition to a range of meteorological air temperatures), which he labels by two systems, one in arithmetic progression and the other in geometric progression, as follows:
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published at nearly the same time). Newton likely developed his scale for practical use rather than for a theoretical interest in thermodynamics; he had been appointed
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the heat at which water boils vehemently (the temperature at which water begins to boil is given as an additional value in the description, as 33)
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the heat of air in winter at which water begins to freeze. This point may be accurately determined by pressing the thermometer into melting snow.
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against his reference points. He set as 0 on his scale "the heat of air in winter at which water begins to freeze" (
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in 1699, and his interest in the melting points of metals are likely inspired by his duties in connection with the
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the heat of a bath in which solid wax melts and is conserved in liquid state without boiling
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Published anonymously as "Scala graduum
Caloris. Calorum Descriptiones & signa." in
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the heat of a bath in which liquid wax slowly becomes solid and assumes transparency
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intermediate point between the boiling point of water and the melting point of wax
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the greatest heat which a thermometer takes up when in contact with the human body
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melting point of an alloy of one part lead, four parts tin and five parts bismuth
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melting point of an alloy of one part bismuth and eight parts tin
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melting point of an alloy of one part bismuth and two parts tin
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melting point of an alloy of equal parts of bismuth and tin
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heat of bodies that can barely be seen glowing at night
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Photo of an antique thermometer backing board c. 1758
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heat of bodies that can be seen glowing by daylight
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heat of bodies that can be seen glowing by twilight
468:"Newton's temperature scale and the law of cooling"
137:
Calor aeris hyberni ubi aqua incipit gelu rigescere
1370:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
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661:
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392:heat of iron glowing as brightly as possible
139:), reminiscent of the standard of the modern
451:A Universe of Atoms, An Atom in the Universe
210:the heat at midday about the month of July
131:as thermometric material and measured its
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
39:This article includes a list of general
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443:Isaaci Newtoni Opera quae exstant omnia
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190:the heats of air in spring and autumn
920:Newton's law of universal gravitation
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529:
415:List of obsolete units of measurement
1078:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
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405:Outline of metrology and measurement
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1026:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
767:standing on the shoulders of giants
13:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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441:–829; ed. Joannes Nichols,
100:in 1701. He called his device a "
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1355:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
410:Comparison of temperature scales
30:
1375:Newton International Fellowship
1056:generalized Gauss–Newton method
969:Newton's method in optimization
449:–407. Mark P. Silverman,
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1:
1442:Obsolete units of measurement
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996:Newton's theorem about ovals
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1365:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
1021:Corpuscular theory of light
947:Schrödinger–Newton equation
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180:the heats of air in winter
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774:Notes on the Jewish Temple
435:Philosophical Transactions
200:the heat of air in summer
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338:melting point of bismuth
925:post-Newtonian expansion
805:Corruptions of Scripture
797:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
149:convective heat transfer
16:Not to be confused with
1115:Absolute space and time
979:truncated Newton method
952:Newton's laws of motion
915:Newton's law of cooling
487:1984W&S....18..195G
153:Newton's law of cooling
60:more precise citations.
20:, the SI unit of force.
1350:Isaac Newton Telescope
1340:Isaac Newton Institute
1110:Newton–Puiseux theorem
1105:Parallelogram of force
1093:kissing number problem
1083:Newton–Euler equations
986:Gauss–Newton algorithm
935:gravitational constant
475:Heat and Mass Transfer
349:melting point of lead
1447:Scales of temperature
1304:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
1214: (nephew-in-law)
1190:Copernican Revolution
1185:Scientific Revolution
1046:Newton–Cotes formulas
910:Newton's inequalities
887:Structural coloration
1311:Astronomers Monument
1001:Newton–Pepys problem
974:Apollonius's problem
942:Newton–Cartan theory
855:Newton–Okounkov body
788:hypotheses non fingo
777: (c. 1680)
466:Grigull, U. (1984).
23:Scale of temperature
1120:Luminiferous aether
1068:Newton's identities
1041:Newton's cannonball
1016:Classical mechanics
1006:Newtonian potential
867:Newtonian telescope
633:Conversion formulas
453:, Springer, 2002,
1345:Isaac Newton Medal
1150: (birthplace)
964:Newtonian dynamics
862:Newton's reflector
495:10.1007/BF01007129
118:Master of the Mint
114:Warden of the Mint
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1406:
1299: (sculpture)
1266:Abraham de Moivre
1220: (professor)
1148:Woolsthorpe Manor
1100:Newton's quotient
1073:Newton polynomial
1031:Newton's notation
762: (1661–1665)
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94:temperature scale
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1254:William Stukeley
1250: (disciple)
1230:Benjamin Pulleyn
1206:Catherine Barton
1125:Newtonian series
1036:Rotating spheres
782:General Scholium
677:Sir Isaac Newton
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1051:Newton's method
1011:Newtonian fluid
905:Bucket argument
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18:Newton (unit)
1397:Isaac Newton
1309:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1218:Isaac Barrow
1156: (home)
897:Newtonianism
872:Newton scale
871:
835:Impact depth
808: (1754)
803:
800: (1728)
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785:
772:
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743: (1711)
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684:Publications
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127:Newton used
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98:Isaac Newton
90:Newton scale
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1297:by Paolozzi
1236:Roger Cotes
845:Newton disc
759:Quaestiones
732:Arithmetica
561:temperature
129:linseed oil
110:Rømer scale
102:thermometer
96:devised by
58:introducing
1436:Categories
1384:Categories
1360:XMM-Newton
1277:Depictions
1248:John Keill
1170:Apple tree
1165:Later life
1160:Early life
740:De Analysi
637:comparison
582:Fahrenheit
421:References
122:Royal Mint
41:references
1199:Relations
708:Principia
503:118599488
1322:Namesake
1288:by Blake
882:Spectrum
823:Calculus
792: )
692:Fluxions
622:Wedgwood
587:Gas mark
437:, 1701,
399:See also
840:Inertia
828:fluxion
724:Queries
716:Opticks
700:De Motu
612:RĂ©aumur
607:Rankine
577:Delisle
572:Celsius
483:Bibcode
54:improve
1426:Energy
1412:Portal
1295:Newton
1286:Newton
602:Newton
597:Leiden
592:Kelvin
557:Scales
501:
455:p. 49.
43:, but
1130:table
617:Rømer
499:S2CID
471:(PDF)
195:4,5,6
185:2,3,4
175:0,1,2
92:is a
635:and
88:The
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491:doi
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240:1½
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229:1ÂĽ
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155:.
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1414::
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786:"
780:"
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669:e
662:t
655:v
549:e
542:t
535:v
505:.
493::
485::
389:5
346:4
303:3
261:2
218:1
205:6
165:0
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
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