1124:
412:
420:
54:
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another. The glia to neuron-ratio in the cerebral cortex is 3.72 (60.84 billion glia (72%); 16.34 billion neurons), while that of the cerebellum is only 0.23 (16.04 billion glia; 69.03 billion neurons). The ratio in the cerebral cortex gray matter is 1.48, with 3.76 for the gray and white matter combined. The ratio of the basal ganglia, diencephalon and brainstem combined is 11.35.
3680:) "Neuroscientist Douglas Field, explains how glia, which make up approximately 85 percent of the cells in the brain, work. In The Other Brain: From Dementia to Schizophrenia, How New Discoveries about the Brain Are Revolutionizing Medicine and Science, he explains recent discoveries in glia research and looks at what breakthroughs in brain science and medicine are likely to come."
397:
386:
1058:(or also as neuri-lemmocytes) promote repair. After axonal injury, Schwann cells regress to an earlier developmental state to encourage regrowth of the axon. This difference between the CNS and the PNS, raises hopes for the regeneration of nervous tissue in the CNS. For example, a spinal cord may be able to be repaired following injury or severance.
1070:
conduction along the nerve fiber. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are responsible for myelin production. These cells envelop nerve fibers of the PNS by winding repeatedly around them. This process creates a myelin sheath, which not only aids in conductivity but also assists in the regeneration of damaged fibers.
1197:, an area thought to be responsible for mathematical processing and language. However, out of the total of 28 statistical comparisons between Einstein's brain and the control brains, finding one statistically significant result is not surprising, and the claim that Einstein's brain is different is not scientific (c.f.
826:
constantly sample all aspects of their environment (neurons, macroglia and blood vessels). In a healthy brain, microglia direct the immune response to brain damage and play an important role in the inflammation that accompanies the damage. Many diseases and disorders are associated with deficient microglia, such as
1150:
are beginning to contradict the usefulness of this feature, and even claim it can "exacerbate" the disease. In addition to affecting the potential repair of neurons in
Alzheimer's disease, scarring and inflammation from glial cells have been further implicated in the degeneration of neurons caused by
953:
In the central nervous system, glia develop from the ventricular zone of the neural tube. These glia include the oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and astrocytes. In the peripheral nervous system, glia derive from the neural crest. These PNS glia include
Schwann cells in nerves and satellite glial
888:
In general, neuroglial cells are smaller than neurons. There are approximately 85 billion glia cells in the human brain, about the same number as neurons. Glial cells make up about half the total volume of the brain and spinal cord. The glia to neuron-ratio varies from one part of the brain to
1145:
does not result in a similar reaction from neuroglia. In the CNS, regrowth will only happen if the trauma was mild, and not severe. When severe trauma presents itself, the survival of the remaining neurons becomes the optimal solution. However, some studies investigating the role of glial cells in
1178:
Although glial cells and neurons were probably first observed at the same time in the early 19th century, unlike neurons whose morphological and physiological properties were directly observable for the first investigators of the nervous system, glial cells had been considered to be merely "glue"
825:
These cells are found in all regions of the brain and spinal cord. Microglial cells are small relative to macroglial cells, with changing shapes and oblong nuclei. They are mobile within the brain and multiply when the brain is damaged. In the healthy central nervous system, microglia processes
1207:
These important scientific findings may begin to shift the neurocentric perspective into a more holistic view of the brain which encompasses the glial cells as well. For the majority of the twentieth century, scientists had disregarded glial cells as mere physical scaffolds for neurons. Recent
1069:
are found in the CNS and resemble an octopus: they have bulbous cell bodies with up to fifteen arm-like processes. Each process reaches out to an axon and spirals around it, creating a myelin sheath. The myelin sheath insulates the nerve fiber from the extracellular fluid and speeds up signal
1208:
publications have proposed that the number of glial cells in the brain is correlated with the intelligence of a species. Moreover, evidences are demonstrating the active role of glia, in particular astroglia, in cognitive processes like learning and memory.
295:. While glia were thought to outnumber neurons by a ratio of 10:1, recent studies using newer methods and reappraisal of historical quantitative evidence suggests an overall ratio of less than 1:1, with substantial variation between different brain tissues.
667:. Their differentiation abilities are more restricted than those of neuroepithelial cells. In the developing nervous system, radial glia function both as neuronal progenitors and as a scaffold upon which newborn neurons migrate. In the mature brain, the
553:
In general, there are two types of astrocytes, protoplasmic and fibrous, similar in function but distinct in morphology and distribution. Protoplasmic astrocytes have short, thick, highly branched processes and are typically found in
962:
Glia retain the ability to undergo cell divisions in adulthood, whereas most neurons cannot. The view is based on the general inability of the mature nervous system to replace neurons after an injury, such as a
298:
Glial cells have far more cellular diversity and functions than neurons, and glial cells can respond to and manipulate neurotransmission in many ways. Additionally, they can affect both the preservation and
58:
Illustration of the four different types of glial cells found in the central nervous system: ependymal cells (light pink), astrocytes (green), microglial cells (dark red) and oligodendrocytes (light blue)
1204:
Not only does the ratio of glia to neurons increase through evolution, but so does the size of the glia. Astroglial cells in human brains have a volume 27 times greater than in mouse brains.
1244:
Fields, R. Douglas; Araque, Alfonso; Johansen-Berg, Heidi; Lim, Soo-Siang; Lynch, Gary; Nave, Klaus-Armin; Nedergaard, Maiken; Perez, Ray; Sejnowski, Terrence; Wake, Hiroaki (October 2014).
3346:
2180:
Miyata, S; Furuya, K; Nakai, S; Bun, H; Kiyohara, T (April 1999). "Morphological plasticity and rearrangement of cytoskeletons in pituicytes cultured from adult rat neurohypophysis".
2339:
Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, et al. (April 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain".
3647:
1186:
in a comment to his 1846 publication on connective tissue. A more detailed description of glial cells was provided in the 1858 book 'Cellular
Pathology' by the same author.
990:, or capable of mitosis, is still developing. In the past, glia had been considered to lack certain features of neurons. For example, glial cells were not believed to have
3247:
950:. In the adult, microglia are largely a self-renewing population and are distinct from macrophages and monocytes, which infiltrate an injured and diseased CNS.
144:
1222:
687:
is the glial cell that spans the thickness of the retina and, in addition to astroglial cells, participates in a bidirectional communication with neurons.
3307:
1748:
3414:
998:. They were considered to be the passive bystanders of neural transmission. However, recent studies have shown this to not be entirely true.
565:
It has recently been shown that astrocyte activity is linked to blood flow in the brain, and that this is what is actually being measured in
120:
3490:
2167:"Never-resting microglia: physiological roles in the healthy brain and pathological implications". A Sierra, ME Tremblay, H Wake â 2015 â
880:
the fruit fly, contains numerous glial types that are functionally similar to mammalian glia but are nonetheless classified differently.
1162:, or physical trauma, can lead to the result of physical damage to the CNS. Generally, when damage occurs to the CNS, glial cells cause
3718:
1093:, which aids in distinguishing between separate action potentials and prevents toxic build-up of certain neurotransmitters such as
1050:
enlarge and proliferate to form a scar and produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit regrowth of a damaged or severed axon. In the
546:. The net effect is a calcium wave that propagates from cell to cell. Extracellular release of ATP, and consequent activation of
3239:
569:. They also have been involved in neuronal circuits playing an inhibitory role after sensing changes in extracellular calcium.
3663:
1006:
Some glial cells function primarily as the physical support for neurons. Others provide nutrients to neurons and regulate the
3407:
3389:
3290:
3222:
2839:
971:, near or at the site of damage. However, detailed studies have found no evidence that 'mature' glia, such as astrocytes or
3141:
542:. This calcium may stimulate the production of more IP3 and cause release of ATP through channels in the membrane made of
1666:
1410:
1301:
Jessen KR, Mirsky R (August 1980). "Glial cells in the enteric nervous system contain glial fibrillary acidic protein".
3433:
2930:
2168:
1695:
822:
blood islands early in development, and colonize the brain shortly after the neural precursors begin to differentiate.
1837:
Baumann N, Pham-Dinh D (April 2001). "Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system".
1703:
2677:
2593:
587:
are cells that coat axons in the CNS with their cell membrane, forming a specialized membrane differentiation called
206:
that do not produce electrical impulses. The neuroglia make up more than one half the volume of neural tissue in the
2736:
Halassa MM, Fellin T, Haydon PG (2007). "The tripartite synapse: roles for gliotransmission in health and disease".
4342:
4272:
2771:
Perea G, Navarrete M, Araque A (2009). "Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information".
2224:
1611:"The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: A review of 150 years of cell counting"
151:
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ganglia. These cells help regulate the external chemical environment. Like astrocytes, they are interconnected by
4337:
4267:
3882:
2427:"Neuronal production, migration, and differentiation in a vocal control nucleus of the adult female canary brain"
1217:
404:
1170:
activity, which results in inflammation, and, finally, there is a heavy release of growth inhibiting molecules.
1026:. Some glial cells display regional diversity in the CNS and their functions may vary between the CNS regions.
976:
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and respond to ATP by elevating the intracellular concentration of calcium ions. They are highly sensitive to
3957:
1152:
139:
3952:
3940:
3711:
3686:
1198:
2382:
Herrup K, Yang Y (May 2007). "Cell cycle regulation in the postmitotic neuron: oxymoron or new biology?".
3992:
3930:
3574:
Volterra A, SteinhÀuser C (August 2004). "Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus".
1720:
2010:
Jessen KR, Mirsky R (September 2005). "The origin and development of glial cells in peripheral nerves".
3987:
1715:
1488:
BeltrĂĄn-Castillo S, Olivares MJ, Contreras RA, ZĂșñiga G, Llona I, von
Bernhardi R, et al. (2017).
1190:
3411:
1738:
1547:"Myths and truths about the cellular composition of the human brain: A review of influential concepts"
132:
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4347:
4282:
3910:
1138:
1051:
709:
693:
203:
17:
1964:
Campbell K, Götz M (May 2002). "Radial glia: multi-purpose cells for vertebrate brain development".
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127:
103:
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78:
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The total number of glia cells in the human brain is distributed into the different types with
831:
827:
815:
774:
511:
453:
191:
115:
1018:, glial cells direct the migration of neurons and produce molecules that modify the growth of
4302:
4292:
4227:
3611:
Huang YH, Bergles DE (June 2004). "Glutamate transporters bring competition to the synapse".
3537:
Peters A (May 2004). "A fourth type of neuroglial cell in the adult central nervous system".
3377:
2156:
596:
558:. Fibrous astrocytes have long, thin, less-branched processes and are more commonly found in
523:
492:
495:. Astrocytes may regulate vasoconstriction and vasodilation by producing substances such as
4537:
4427:
4324:
4254:
4080:
3935:
2538:
2438:
1921:
Newman EA (October 2003). "New roles for astrocytes: regulation of synaptic transmission".
1501:
1444:
1310:
735:
660:
300:
243:
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Valori, Chiara F.; Brambilla, Liliana; Martorana, Francesca; Rossi, Daniela (2013-08-03).
1778:
411:
8:
4467:
4312:
4307:
3842:
3775:
3550:
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Newman, Eric A. (2003). "New roles for astrocytes: Regulation of synaptic transmission".
2223:
RodrĂguez, EM; BlĂĄzquez, JL; Pastor, FE; PelĂĄez, B; Peña, P; Peruzzo, B; Amat, P (2005).
1743:
1490:"D-serine released by astrocytes in brainstem regulates breathing response to CO2 levels"
1193:
was discovered to contain significantly more glia than normal brains in the left angular
1035:
1007:
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1989:
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626:
519:
2706:
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2426:
2243:
2193:
2068:"Evidence for a role of connexin 43 in trigeminal pain using RNA interference in vivo"
1977:
1934:
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472:) have numerous projections that link neurons to their blood supply while forming the
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4013:
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3286:
3271:"Quantal Release of Transmitter: Not Only from Neurons but from Aastrocytes as Well?"
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1981:
1938:
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1566:
1527:
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1375:
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1353:
1326:
1283:
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1158:
In addition to neurodegenerative diseases, a wide range of harmful exposure, such as
1141:
frequently assist in regeneration of lost neural functioning, loss of neurons in the
638:
390:
284:
3640:
3603:
3566:
3529:
3342:
3199:
3081:
3038:
2948:"Papel de la glĂa en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Futuras implicaciones terapĂ©uticas"
2808:
2722:
2411:
2209:
1993:
1950:
1874:"Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system"
1387:
4454:
4417:
4412:
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3660:
3620:
3583:
3546:
3509:
3466:
3455:"The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease"
3322:
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3171:
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3000:
2959:
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2876:
2827:
2822:
Santello M, CalĂŹ C, Bezzi P (2012). "Gliotransmission and the
Tripartite Synapse".
2788:
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2019:
1973:
1930:
1907:
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1809:
1801:
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1638:
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1609:
von
Bartheld, Christopher S.; Bahney, Jami; Herculano-Houzel, Suzana (2016-12-15).
1574:
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1517:
1509:
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Glia are crucial in the development of the nervous system and in processes such as
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496:
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346:
320:
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4068:
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3690:
3667:
3494:
3471:
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3418:
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2826:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 970. pp. 307â31.
2749:
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Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisén J (January 1999).
1725:
1354:"D-amino acids in the brain: D-serine in neurotransmission and neurodegeneration"
1106:
1066:
972:
893:
870:
858:
818:. They are derived from the earliest wave of mononuclear cells that originate in
612:
578:
527:
223:
108:
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Oberheim, Nancy Ann; Wang, Xiaohai; Goldman, Steven; Nedergaard, Maiken (2006).
3175:
2293:
419:
4512:
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4439:
4259:
4217:
4195:
4115:
3998:
3822:
3727:
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3624:
3513:
3373:
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3138:
3108:
3095:
Kettenmann H, Verkhratsky A (December 2008). "Neuroglia: the 150 years after".
2784:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1673:. Max Delbrueck Center fĂŒr Molekulare Medizin (MDC) Berlin-Buch. Archived from
1513:
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1098:
1090:
1042:. Glia have a role in the regulation of repair of neurons after injury. In the
1039:
866:
374:
307:
231:
187:
91:
31:
3500:
Overstreet, LS (February 2005). "Quantal transmission: not just for neurons".
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2052:
Hanani, M. "Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia: from form to function".
1805:
1402:
684:
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4161:
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3827:
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3012:
2881:
2636:
2302:
1794:"Extracellular Ca2+ Acts as a Mediator of Communication from Neurons to Glia"
1711:
1674:
1634:
1570:
1269:
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1015:
967:
or trauma, where very often there is a substantial proliferation of glia, or
676:
592:
403:
can be identified in culture because, unlike other mature glia, they express
74:
3052:
Fan, Xue; Agid, Yves (August 2018). "At the Origin of the
History of Glia".
1456:
716:
activity and clear cellular debris that allows for regrowth of PNS neurons.
310:
in his search for a "connective tissue" in the brain. The term derives from
4407:
4329:
4242:
4123:
4053:
3832:
3755:
3632:
3595:
3558:
3521:
3480:
3334:
3191:
3116:
3073:
3030:
2973:
2900:
2865:"Cell-type specific mechanisms of D-serine uptake and release in the brain"
2849:
2800:
2757:
2714:
2654:
2611:"Macroglial diversity: white and grey areas and relevance to remyelination"
2570:
2551:
2451:
2403:
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2101:
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1985:
1942:
1858:
1823:
1652:
1588:
1531:
1474:
1379:
1287:
1131:
1055:
986:. By contrast, scientific understanding of whether neurons are permanently
939:
862:
811:
767:
755:
751:
743:
713:
698:
664:
559:
515:
239:
86:
2511:
2484:
Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Björk-Eriksson T, et al. (November 1998).
2470:
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1899:
1330:
4422:
4237:
4141:
4099:
4031:
4026:
3847:
3785:
3780:
3750:
2525:
Gould E, Reeves AJ, Fallah M, Tanapat P, Gross CG, Fuchs E (April 1999).
2115:
Bassotti G, Villanacci V, Antonelli E, Morelli A, Salerni B (July 2007).
935:
921:
782:
650:
555:
311:
218:
in the peripheral nervous system, and provide support and protection for
211:
199:
2225:"Hypothalamic tanycytes: a key component of brain-endocrine interaction"
1166:
among the surrounding cellular bodies. Then, there is a large amount of
629:
of the brain. These cells are involved in the creation and secretion of
4492:
4181:
4058:
4021:
3587:
3450:
2989:"The multifaceted role of glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"
2792:
2252:
1487:
1127:
927:
807:
675:
retain characteristic radial glial cells. In the cerebellum, these are
668:
504:
500:
433:
207:
69:
2352:
1626:
157:
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4041:
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38:
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2023:
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3797:
3792:
3412:
http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199794591.do#.UVcswaD3Ay4%7C
3162:
Hines, Terence (2014-07-01). "Neuromythology of
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2946:
Lopategui Cabezas, I.; Batista, A. Herrera; Rol, G. PentĂłn (2014).
1345:
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819:
550:
on other astrocytes, may also mediate calcium waves in some cases.
543:
477:
276:
262:
53:
3240:"5 Reasons why Glial Cells Were So Critical to Human Intelligence"
2609:
Werkman, Inge L.; Lentferink, Dennis H.; Baron, Wia (2020-07-09).
2114:
1608:
1433:"Astrocytes control breathing through pH-dependent release of ATP"
1130:
glial cells stained with an antibody against GFAP (brown), from a
912:
4434:
4395:
4287:
3696:
2502:
2485:
1109:
such as glutamate, ATP, and D-serine in response to stimulation.
1011:
991:
987:
983:
968:
778:
535:
288:
3683:
2483:
2117:"Enteric glial cells: new players in gastrointestinal motility?"
415:
Glial cells in a rat brain stained with an antibody against GFAP
4094:
4049:
3814:
3650:(uses concepts of neuroscience and found inspiration from Glia)
1118:
964:
931:
747:
672:
588:
266:
219:
215:
184:
1085:. They have several crucial functions, including clearance of
853:
are glial cells with characteristics in common to astrocytes.
332:
3305:
2986:
2222:
1704:
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1194:
634:
195:
1243:
396:
385:
4133:
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1871:
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seem to keep this ability once the nervous system matures.
566:
370:
369:), and suggests the original impression that they were the
361:
358:
335:
1431:
Gourine AV, Kasymov V, Marina N, et al. (July 2010).
1424:
1189:
When markers for different types of cells were analyzed,
835:
754:
and appear to contribute to pathological states, such as
484:
352:
326:
2524:
2066:
Ohara PT, Vit JP, Bhargava A, Jasmin L (December 2008).
1351:
526:
to diffuse from one astrocyte to another. IP3 activates
2338:
1179:
that held neurons together until the mid-20th century.
1010:
of the brain, especially surrounding neurons and their
869:
that descend from radial glia and line the base of the
2862:
2608:
2527:"Hippocampal neurogenesis in adult Old World primates"
2065:
1731:
464:
The most abundant type of macroglial cell in the CNS,
3428:(5th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 560â80.
3308:"Astrocytic complexity distinguishes the human brain"
3094:
2925:(5th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. 560â80.
1352:
Wolosker H, Dumin E, Balan L, Foltyn VN (July 2008).
1223:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
1182:
Glia were first described in 1856 by the pathologist
641:. They are also thought to act as neural stem cells.
222:. In the central nervous system, glial cells include
2770:
2179:
1769:
Swaminathan, N (2008). "Brain-scan mystery solved".
1430:
355:
329:
238:, and in the peripheral nervous system they include
37:"Neuroglia" redirects here. For the nerve pain, see
3573:
2735:
777:. Glia cells are thought to have many roles in the
349:
323:
3382:The central nervous system: structure and function
1046:(CNS), glia suppress repair. Glial cells known as
734:are small cells that surround neurons in sensory,
522:) between astrocytes allow the messenger molecule
3268:
3137:Diamond MC, Scheibel AB, Murphy GM Jr, Harvey T,
2821:
1394:
306:Glia were discovered in 1856, by the pathologist
4529:
2424:
1836:
1029:
3139:"On the Brain of a Scientist: Albert Einstein"
1739:"The Root of Thought: What do Glial Cells Do?"
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1545:von Bartheld, Christopher S. (November 2018).
896:being the most frequent (45â75%), followed by
3712:
2486:"Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus"
975:, retain mitotic capacity. Only the resident
3610:
3269:Volterra, Andrea; Meldolesi, Jacopo (2004).
2856:
2815:
2764:
2729:
2009:
1963:
1544:
1300:
3152:1985; 198â204", Retrieved February 18, 2017
1768:
1595:
1481:
1400:
3719:
3705:
3499:
2863:Martineau M, Parpura V, Mothet JP (2014).
2672:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 357.
2381:
2281:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
773:Are found in the intrinsic ganglia of the
637:to help circulate the CSF and make up the
480:environment of neurons by removing excess
258:to surround neurons and hold them in place
52:
3470:
3449:
3283:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0014
3020:
2963:
2890:
2880:
2644:
2626:
2560:
2550:
2501:
2460:
2450:
2310:
2292:
2251:
2132:
2091:
1920:
1889:
1813:
1642:
1578:
1521:
1464:
1369:
1277:
1246:"Glial Biology in Learning and Cognition"
1061:
704:Similar in function to oligodendrocytes,
291:, and in physiological processes such as
3536:
1791:
1122:
1112:
911:
418:
410:
395:
384:
3384:. Oxford University Press. p. 19.
3051:
2667:
2661:
2277:"DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia"
2274:
982:Glial cells are known to be capable of
14:
4530:
3372:
2692:
2583:
2425:Goldman SA, Nottebohm F (April 1983).
2334:
2332:
2330:
3700:
3423:
3161:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2005:
2003:
1779:10.1038/scientificamericanmind1008-7b
957:
916:23-week fetal brain culture astrocyte
3212:
2993:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2615:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
2341:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1615:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1401:Swaminathan, Nikhil (JanâFeb 2011).
1239:
1237:
1073:
708:provide myelination to axons in the
3488:Role of glia in synapse development
2327:
510:Astrocytes signal each other using
272:to insulate one neuron from another
27:Support cells in the nervous system
24:
3726:
3693:A homepage devoted to glial cells.
3551:10.1023/B:NEUR.0000044195.64009.27
3443:
3066:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.050
2907:
2000:
785:and muscular digestive processes.
25:
4549:
3654:
3402:, Oxford University Press, 2012,
1234:
2232:International Review of Cytology
1551:Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy
1371:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06515.x
1097:, which would otherwise lead to
1081:are crucial participants in the
389:Neuroglia of the brain shown by
345:
319:
152:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
30:For the scientific journal, see
3883:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
3613:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3366:
3352:from the original on 2023-02-21
3299:
3262:
3250:from the original on 1 May 2015
3231:
3206:
3155:
3131:
3088:
3045:
2980:
2939:
2686:
2602:
2577:
2518:
2477:
2418:
2375:
2275:Freeman, Marc R. (2015-02-26).
2268:
2216:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2108:
2059:
2046:
1957:
1914:
1865:
1830:
1785:
1762:
1751:from the original on 2023-06-12
1689:
1413:from the original on 2014-02-08
1218:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
977:oligodendrocyte precursor cells
883:
625:, line the spinal cord and the
603:to propagate more efficiently.
405:glial fibrillary acidic protein
254:They have four main functions:
3237:
1659:
1563:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.08.004
1538:
1403:"Glia â the other brain cells"
1294:
907:
13:
1:
2707:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00237-6
2244:10.1016/s0074-7696(05)47003-5
2194:10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00021-8
1978:10.1016/s0166-2236(02)02156-2
1935:10.1016/S0166-2236(03)00237-6
1891:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80956-3
1851:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.871
1228:
1153:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
1030:Neuron repair and development
595:. The myelin sheath provides
476:. They regulate the external
3472:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.013
2832:10.1007/978-3-7091-0932-8_14
2750:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.12.005
2384:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2012:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1199:Multiple comparisons problem
1054:(PNS), glial cells known as
1001:
814:that protect neurons of the
792:
683:. In the retina, the radial
427:
423:Different types of neuroglia
7:
3993:Postganglionic nerve fibers
3176:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.04.004
2584:Fields, R. Douglas (2009).
2294:10.1101/cshperspect.a020552
1211:
926:Most glia are derived from
249:
10:
4554:
3988:Preganglionic nerve fibers
3625:10.1016/j.conb.2004.05.007
3514:10.1016/j.tins.2004.11.010
3327:10.1016/j.tins.2006.08.004
3109:10.1016/j.tins.2008.09.003
2785:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.001
2628:10.1007/s00018-020-03586-9
2072:Journal of Neurophysiology
1705:
1697:
1514:10.1038/s41467-017-00960-3
1173:
1116:
919:
796:
36:
29:
4498:Olfactory receptor neuron
4453:
4394:
4387:
4323:
4253:
4210:
4170:
4162:Neurofibril/neurofilament
4132:
4114:
4107:
4093:
4040:
4012:
3918:
3909:
3856:
3813:
3806:
3743:
3734:
3217:. FT Press. p. 186.
3005:10.1007/s00018-013-1429-7
2965:10.1016/j.nrl.2012.10.006
2134:10.1038/labinvest.3700564
1806:10.1126/scisignal.2002160
1137:While glial cells in the
1052:peripheral nervous system
946:, which are derived from
930:tissue of the developing
710:peripheral nervous system
447:
444:
441:
301:consolidation of memories
283:They also play a role in
204:peripheral nervous system
150:
138:
126:
114:
102:
97:
85:
68:
63:
51:
46:
3539:Journal of Neurocytology
2882:10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00012
2588:. Simon & Schuster.
2121:Laboratory Investigation
1771:Scientific American Mind
1262:10.1177/1073858413504465
948:hematopoietic stem cells
841:
781:system, some related to
599:to the axon that allows
380:
279:and remove dead neurons.
79:hematopoietic stem cells
3673:The Leonard Lopate Show
3502:Trends in Neurosciences
3398:Kettenmann and Ransom,
3315:Trends in Neurosciences
3097:Trends in Neurosciences
2869:Front Synaptic Neurosci
2695:Trends in Neurosciences
1966:Trends in Neurosciences
1923:Trends in Neurosciences
1800:. 5 Jan 24 (208): 208.
1721:A GreekâEnglish Lexicon
1457:10.1126/science.1190721
1191:Albert Einstein's brain
876:Drosophila melanogaster
314:γλία and γλοία "glue" (
4445:Neuromuscular junction
4308:III or AÎŽ or fast pain
3150:Experimental Neurology
2552:10.1073/pnas.96.9.5263
2452:10.1073/pnas.80.8.2390
1134:
1062:Myelin sheath creation
1044:central nervous system
917:
816:central nervous system
712:(PNS). They also have
424:
416:
408:
393:
192:central nervous system
3213:Koob, Andrew (2009).
2182:Neuroscience Research
2084:10.1152/jn.90722.2008
1839:Physiological Reviews
1712:Liddell, Henry George
1126:
1113:Clinical significance
915:
904:(about 10% or less).
732:Satellite glial cells
661:neuroepithelial cells
633:(CSF) and beat their
493:synaptic transmission
422:
414:
399:
388:
4463:Meissner's corpuscle
4428:Postsynaptic density
4325:Efferent nerve fiber
4313:IV or C or slow pain
4255:Afferent nerve fiber
4081:Satellite glial cell
3424:Puves, Dale (2012).
3277:. pp. 190â201.
2921:Puves, Dale (2012).
934:, in particular the
548:purinergic receptors
289:synaptic connections
4468:Merkel nerve ending
3215:The Root of Thought
3164:Brain and Cognition
2824:Synaptic Plasticity
2668:Saladin, K (2011).
2543:1999PNAS...96.5263G
2443:1983PNAS...80.2390G
1744:Scientific American
1506:2017NatCo...8..838B
1449:2010Sci...329..571G
1315:1980Natur.286..736J
1148:Alzheimer's disease
1036:synaptic plasticity
1008:extracellular fluid
942:. The exception is
851:posterior pituitary
832:Parkinson's disease
828:Alzheimer's disease
768:Enteric glial cells
681:synaptic plasticity
663:after the onset of
631:cerebrospinal fluid
532:cellular organelles
520:electrical synapses
474:bloodâbrain barrier
77:for macroglia, and
4503:Photoreceptor cell
4473:Pacinian corpuscle
4404:Electrical synapse
4358:Lower motor neuron
4353:Upper motor neuron
4074:Internodal segment
4014:Connective tissues
3984:Autonomic ganglion
3689:2021-04-24 at the
3670: –
3666:2017-01-09 at the
3588:10.1002/glia.20080
3493:2012-02-07 at the
3417:2014-03-04 at the
3144:2019-09-26 at the
1773:. OctâNov (5): 7.
1250:The Neuroscientist
1135:
1083:tripartite synapse
958:Capacity to divide
954:cells in ganglia.
918:
627:ventricular system
601:electrical signals
425:
417:
409:
394:
145:54536 54541, 54536
133:H2.00.06.2.00001
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4488:Free nerve ending
4455:Sensory receptors
4383:
4382:
4298:Ib or Golgi or Aα
4206:
4205:
4089:
4088:
3966:Ramus communicans
3905:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3771:Commissural fiber
3766:Association fiber
3761:Projection fibers
3661:"The Other Brain"
3453:(November 2008).
3408:978-0-19-979459-1
3391:978-0-19-538115-3
3292:978-0-19-515222-7
3244:Scientific Brains
3224:978-0-13-715171-4
2841:978-3-7091-0931-1
2353:10.1002/cne.21974
1798:Science Signaling
1792:Torres A (2012).
1627:10.1002/cne.24040
1087:neurotransmitters
1074:Neurotransmission
992:chemical synapses
790:
789:
679:, which regulate
657:Radial glia cells
639:blood-CSF barrier
489:neurotransmitters
285:neurotransmission
166:
165:
161:
16:(Redirected from
4545:
4418:Synaptic vesicle
4413:Chemical synapse
4392:
4391:
4112:
4111:
4105:
4104:
3916:
3915:
3811:
3810:
3741:
3740:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3698:
3697:
3644:
3607:
3570:
3533:
3484:
3474:
3439:
3395:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3312:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3159:
3153:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3024:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2630:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2454:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2336:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2296:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2229:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2177:
2171:
2169:books.google.com
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1893:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1735:
1729:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:"Classic Papers"
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1443:(5991): 571â75.
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1373:
1358:The FEBS Journal
1349:
1343:
1342:
1323:10.1038/286736a0
1309:(5774): 736â37.
1298:
1292:
1291:
1281:
1241:
1107:gliotransmitters
1089:from within the
1067:Oligodendrocytes
973:oligodendrocytes
894:oligodendrocytes
806:are specialized
775:digestive system
591:, producing the
585:Oligodendrocytes
579:Oligodendrocytes
528:calcium channels
497:arachidonic acid
491:released during
487:, and recycling
439:
438:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
318:
224:oligodendrocytes
210:. They maintain
158:edit on Wikidata
155:
56:
44:
43:
21:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4517:
4449:
4379:
4328:
4319:
4303:II or AÎČ and AÎł
4258:
4249:
4202:
4192:Apical dendrite
4187:Dendritic spine
4166:
4128:
4098:
4085:
4069:Node of Ranvier
4064:Myelin incisure
4036:
4008:
3897:
3888:Oligodendrocyte
3871:Ependymal cells
3852:
3802:
3730:
3725:
3691:Wayback Machine
3668:Wayback Machine
3657:
3648:Artist ADSkyler
3495:Wayback Machine
3446:
3444:Further reading
3436:
3419:Wayback Machine
3392:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3211:
3207:
3160:
3156:
3146:Wayback Machine
3136:
3132:
3093:
3089:
3050:
3046:
2985:
2981:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2919:
2908:
2861:
2857:
2842:
2820:
2816:
2773:Trends Neurosci
2769:
2765:
2734:
2730:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2666:
2662:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2586:The Other Brain
2582:
2578:
2523:
2519:
2496:(11): 1313â17.
2490:Nature Medicine
2482:
2478:
2423:
2419:
2396:10.1038/nrn2124
2380:
2376:
2337:
2328:
2287:(11): a020552.
2273:
2269:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2113:
2109:
2064:
2060:
2056:48:457â76, 2005
2054:Brain Res. Rev.
2051:
2047:
2024:10.1038/nrn1746
2008:
2001:
1962:
1958:
1919:
1915:
1870:
1866:
1835:
1831:
1790:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1726:Perseus Project
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1621:(18): 3865â95.
1607:
1596:
1543:
1539:
1486:
1482:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1364:(14): 3514â26.
1350:
1346:
1299:
1295:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1214:
1176:
1121:
1115:
1101:. Furthermore,
1076:
1064:
1032:
1014:. During early
1004:
960:
924:
910:
886:
871:third ventricle
859:median eminence
844:
801:
795:
740:parasympathetic
726:Satellite cells
619:Ependymal cells
613:Ependymal cells
518:(also known as
430:
383:
348:
344:
322:
316:
315:
252:
244:satellite cells
232:ependymal cells
162:
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4551:
4541:
4540:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4513:Taste receptor
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Muscle spindle
4480:
4478:Ruffini ending
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4440:Ribbon synapse
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4260:Sensory neuron
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4228:Pseudounipolar
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4196:Basal dendrite
4189:
4184:
4176:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4147:Axon terminals
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4102:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3999:Nerve fascicle
3996:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3728:Nervous tissue
3724:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3684:"Network Glia"
3681:
3656:
3655:External links
3653:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3608:
3571:
3534:
3497:
3485:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:978-0878936465
3434:
3421:
3396:
3390:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3321:(10): 547â53.
3298:
3291:
3261:
3230:
3223:
3205:
3154:
3130:
3103:(12): 653â59.
3087:
3044:
2979:
2938:
2932:978-0878936465
2931:
2906:
2855:
2840:
2814:
2763:
2738:Trends Mol Med
2728:
2701:(10): 536â42.
2685:
2678:
2660:
2601:
2594:
2576:
2537:(9): 5263â67.
2517:
2476:
2437:(8): 2390â94.
2417:
2374:
2326:
2267:
2215:
2188:(4): 299â306.
2172:
2160:
2155:Brodal, 2010:
2148:
2107:
2078:(6): 3064â73.
2058:
2045:
1999:
1956:
1929:(10): 536â42.
1913:
1864:
1845:(2): 871â927.
1829:
1784:
1761:
1747:. 2009-10-27.
1730:
1688:
1658:
1594:
1537:
1480:
1423:
1393:
1344:
1293:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1184:Rudolf Virchow
1175:
1172:
1114:
1111:
1099:excitotoxicity
1091:synaptic cleft
1075:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1040:synaptogenesis
1031:
1028:
1003:
1000:
994:or to release
959:
956:
920:Main article:
909:
906:
885:
882:
867:ependymal cell
865:are a type of
843:
840:
797:Main article:
794:
791:
788:
787:
770:
765:
761:
760:
728:
723:
719:
718:
701:
696:
690:
689:
653:
648:
644:
643:
615:
610:
606:
605:
581:
576:
572:
571:
461:
456:
450:
449:
446:
443:
429:
426:
391:Golgi's method
382:
379:
375:nervous system
308:Rudolf Virchow
281:
280:
273:
270:
259:
251:
248:
171:, also called
164:
163:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
95:
94:
92:Nervous system
89:
83:
82:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
32:Glia (journal)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4550:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4374:
4373:Îł motorneuron
4371:
4369:
4368:ÎČ motorneuron
4366:
4364:
4363:α motorneuron
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3619:(3): 346â52.
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:(3): 249â57.
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3545:(3): 345â57.
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3465:(3): 430â40.
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:(2): 287â97.
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2958:(5): 305â09.
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:(8): 421â31.
2778:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2679:9780071222075
2675:
2671:
2670:Human anatomy
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2621:(1): 143â71.
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2595:9780743291422
2591:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2390:(5): 368â78.
2389:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:(5): 532â41.
2346:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2127:(7): 628â32.
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:(9): 671â82.
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:(5): 235â38.
1971:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1716:Scott, Robert
1713:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1677:on 8 May 2020
1676:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:(5): 426â31.
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1056:Schwann cells
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:embryogenesis
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
955:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
923:
914:
905:
903:
900:(19â40%) and
899:
895:
890:
881:
879:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
839:
837:
833:
829:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
766:
763:
762:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:gap junctions
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
724:
721:
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:Schwann cells
702:
700:
699:Schwann cells
697:
695:
692:
691:
688:
686:
682:
678:
677:Bergmann glia
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:ependymocytes
621:, also named
620:
616:
614:
611:
608:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:myelin sheath
590:
586:
582:
580:
577:
574:
573:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:gap junctions
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:(also called
467:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
440:
437:
435:
432:Derived from
421:
413:
406:
402:
398:
392:
387:
378:
376:
372:
366:
340:
313:
309:
304:
302:
296:
294:
290:
286:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
260:
257:
256:
255:
247:
245:
241:
240:Schwann cells
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
159:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
96:
93:
90:
88:
84:
81:for microglia
80:
76:
75:Neuroectoderm
73:
71:
67:
62:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4408:Gap junction
4330:Motor neuron
4124:Axon hillock
4100:nerve fibers
4054:Schwann cell
3964:
3947:
3925:
3843:Medium spiny
3756:White matter
3744:Tissue Types
3671:
3616:
3612:
3579:
3575:
3542:
3538:
3508:(2): 59â62.
3505:
3501:
3462:
3458:
3426:Neuroscience
3425:
3399:
3381:
3367:Bibliography
3354:. Retrieved
3318:
3314:
3301:
3274:
3264:
3252:. Retrieved
3243:
3233:
3214:
3208:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3149:
3133:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3057:
3054:Neuroscience
3053:
3047:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2923:Neuroscience
2922:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2823:
2817:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2744:(2): 54â63.
2741:
2737:
2731:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2669:
2663:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2585:
2579:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2503:10.1038/3305
2493:
2489:
2479:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2344:
2340:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2053:
2048:
2015:
2011:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1884:(1): 25â34.
1881:
1877:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1797:
1787:
1770:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1719:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:the original
1671:Network Glia
1670:
1661:
1618:
1614:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1253:
1249:
1206:
1203:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1157:
1136:
1132:brain biopsy
1077:
1065:
1033:
1005:
996:transmitters
988:post-mitotic
981:
961:
952:
925:
891:
887:
884:Total number
874:
863:hypothalamus
845:
824:
812:phagocytosis
802:
772:
756:chronic pain
752:inflammation
731:
730:
714:phagocytotic
705:
703:
665:neurogenesis
656:
655:
622:
618:
617:
584:
583:
564:
560:white matter
552:
534:, releasing
509:
469:
465:
463:
448:Description
431:
305:
297:
282:
253:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:
121:A14.0.00.005
4538:Glial cells
4423:Active zone
4388:Termination
4238:Interneuron
4142:Telodendron
4050:Myelination
4032:Endoneurium
4027:Perineurium
3848:Interneuron
3838:Von Economo
3786:Decussation
3781:Nerve tract
3751:Grey matter
3374:Brodal, Per
2793:10261/62092
2253:10366/17544
1681:14 November
936:neural tube
922:Gliogenesis
908:Development
810:capable of
808:macrophages
783:homeostasis
736:sympathetic
685:MĂŒller cell
659:arise from
651:Radial glia
556:gray matter
501:metabolites
275:to destroy
212:homeostasis
200:spinal cord
173:glial cells
98:Identifiers
4493:Nociceptor
4233:Multipolar
4182:Nissl body
4059:Neurilemma
4022:Epineurium
3807:Cell Types
3356:2023-02-21
3060:: 255â71.
2952:NeurologĂa
2238:: 89â164.
1755:2023-06-12
1500:(1): 838.
1494:Nat Commun
1417:2011-06-06
1229:References
1168:microglial
1128:Neoplastic
1117:See also:
1103:astrocytes
1079:Astrocytes
1048:astrocytes
928:ectodermal
898:astrocytes
847:Pituicytes
669:cerebellum
597:insulation
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228:astrocytes
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