Nematode - Knowledge

1769: 680: 2244: 4740: 742: 1859: 556:. In total, 4.4 × 10 nematodes inhabit the Earth's topsoil, or approximately 60 billion for each human, with the highest densities observed in tundra and boreal forests. Their numerical dominance, often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80% of all individual animals on Earth, their diversity of lifecycles, and their presence at various trophic levels point to an important role in many ecosystems. They have been shown to play crucial roles in polar ecosystems. The roughly 2,271 1492: 734: 2335: 142: 662: 651: 591:

location of towns would be decipherable since, for every massing of human beings, there would be a corresponding massing of certain nematodes. Trees would still stand in ghostly rows representing our streets and highways. The location of the various plants and animals would still be decipherable, and, had we sufficient knowledge, in many cases even their species could be determined by an examination of their erstwhile nematode parasites.

1301: 117: 723: 672: 692: 745: 744: 749: 748: 743: 750: 1594:, which appear essentially identical to the adults, except for an underdeveloped reproductive system; in parasitic roundworms, the lifecycle is often much more complicated. The structure of the eggshell is complicated and includes several layers; a detailed anatomical and terminological framework has been proposed for these layers in 2023. 2339: 2079:(dagger nematodes). Several phytoparasitic nematode species cause histological damages to roots, including the formation of visible galls (e.g. by root-knot nematodes), which are useful characters for their diagnostic in the field. Some nematode species transmit plant viruses through their feeding activity on roots. One of them is 2336: 747: 1419:' excrete salt through a pore on the underside of the animal, close to the pharynx. In most other nematodes, these specialized cells have been replaced by an organ consisting of two parallel ducts connected by a single transverse duct. This transverse duct opens into a common canal that runs to the excretory pore. 5260: 1122:(CSI) found exclusively in members of the phylum Nematoda through comparative genetic analyses. The CSI consists of a single amino acid insertion within a conserved region of a Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory factor protein NRFL-1 and is a molecular marker that distinguishes the phylum from other species. 2338: 1441:

surrounds the pharynx. From this ring six labial papillary nerve cords extend anteriorly, while six nerve cords; a large ventral, a smaller dorsal and two pairs of sublateral cords extend posteriorly. Each nerve lies within a cord of connective tissue lying beneath the cuticle and between the muscle

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species are subject to even greater variation. A widely referenced article published in 1993 estimated there may be over 1 million species of nematode. A subsequent publication challenged this claim, estimating the figure to be at least 40,000 species. Although the highest estimates (up to

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About 90% of nematodes reside in the top 15 cm (6") of soil. Nematodes do not decompose organic matter, but, instead, are parasitic and free-living organisms that feed on living material. Nematodes can effectively regulate bacterial population and community composition—they may eat up to 5,000

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Nematodes are very small, slender worms: typically about 5 to 100 μm thick, and 0.1 to 2.5 mm long. The smallest nematodes are microscopic, while free-living species can reach as much as 5 cm (2 in), and some parasitic species are larger still, reaching over 1 m (3 ft)

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exhibits an unusual form of parthenogenesis, in which sperm-producing males copulate with females, but the sperm do not fuse with the ovum. Contact with the sperm is essential for the ovum to begin dividing, but because no fusion of the cells occurs, the male contributes no genetic material to the

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In short, if all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, as disembodied spirits, we could then investigate it, we should find its mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes, and oceans represented by a film of nematodes. The

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The head of a nematode is relatively distinct. Whereas the rest of the body is bilaterally symmetrical, the head is radially symmetrical, with sensory bristles and, in many cases, solid 'head-shields' radiating outwards around the mouth. The mouth has either three or six lips, which often bear a

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in 1951 as Pseudoceolomata, but remained similar). In 1932, Potts elevated the class Nematoda to the level of phylum, leaving the name the same. Despite Potts' classification being equivalent to Cobbs', both names have been used (and are still used today) and Nematode became a popular term in

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Since Cobb was the first to include nematodes in a particular phylum separated from Nematomorpha, some researchers consider the valid taxon name to be Nemates or Nemata, rather than Nematoda, because of the zoological rule that gives priority to the first used term in case of synonyms.

712: 540:: from marine (salt) to fresh water, soils, from the polar regions to the tropics, as well as the highest to the lowest of elevations. They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and 5070:

Ehlers, R.-U.; Hokkanen, H. M. T. (September 1996). "Insect Biocontrol with Non-endemic Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.): Conclusions and Recommendations of a Combined OECD and COST Workshop on Scientific and Regulatory Policy Issues".

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However, in 1910, Grobben proposed the phylum Aschelminthes and the nematodes were included as class Nematoda along with class Rotifera, class Gastrotricha, class Kinorhyncha, class Priapulida, and class Nematomorpha (The phylum was later revived and modified by

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Warshafsky, Z. T., Tuckey, T. D., Vogelbein, W. K., Latour, R. J., & Wargo, A. R. (2019). Temporal, spatial, and biological variation of nematode epidemiology in American eels. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 76(10), 1808–1818.

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Hyun M, Lee J, Lee K, May A, Bohr VA, Ahn B. Longevity and resistance to stress correlate with DNA repair capacity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008 Mar;36(4):1380-9. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm1161. Epub 2008 Jan 18. PMID 18203746; PMCID:

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Jithendran, & Bhat, T. . (1999). Epidemiology of Parasitoses in Dairy Animals in the North West Humid Himalayan Region of India with Particular Reference to Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 31(4), 205–214.

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In 2022 a new classification of the entire phylum Nematoda was presented by M. Hodda. It was based on current molecular, developmental and morphological evidence. Under this classification, the following classes and subclasses are presented:

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fertilization. They prey upon the wasps, riding them from the ripe fig of the wasp's birth to the fig flower of its death, where they kill the wasp, and their offspring await the birth of the next generation of wasps as the fig ripens.

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Reproduction is usually sexual, though hermaphrodites are capable of self-fertilization. Males are usually smaller than females or hermaphrodites (often much smaller) and often have a characteristically bent or fan-shaped tail. During

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Raices M, Bowman R, Smolikove S, Yanowitz JL. Aging Negatively Impacts DNA Repair and Bivalent Formation in the C. elegans Germ Line. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Aug 4;9:695333. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695333. PMID 34422819; PMCID:

966:, a pair of sensory organs located in the lateral posterior region, and this was used as the basis for this division. This scheme was adhered to in many later classifications, though the Adenophorea were not in a uniform group. 746: 949:

Due to the lack of knowledge regarding many nematodes, their systematics is contentious. An early and influential classification was proposed by Chitwood and Chitwood—later revised by Chitwood—who divided the phylum into two

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Gastrointestinal nematode infections in humans are common, with approximately 50% of the global population being affected. Developing countries are most heavily impacted, in part due to lack of access to medical care.

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Blaxter ML, De Ley P, Garey JR, Liu LX, Scheldeman P, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren JR, Mackey LY, Dorris M, Frisse LM, Vida JT, Thomas WK (March 1998). "A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum Nematoda".

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proposed that nematodes should be recognized alone as a phylum. He argued they should be called "nema" in English rather than "nematodes" and defined the taxon Nemates (later emended as Nemata, Latin plural of

2442:. It is believed to be the first known life form to survive a virtually unprotected atmospheric descent to Earth's surface. In a research project published in 2012, it was found that the Antarctic Nematodes ( 1746:. They play an important role in the decomposition process, aid in recycling of nutrients in marine environments, and are sensitive to changes in the environment caused by pollution. One roundworm of note, 910:. The identity of the closest living relatives of the Nematoda has always been considered to be well resolved. Morphological characters and molecular phylogenies agree with placement of the roundworms as a 4966:

Purcell M, Johnson MW, Lebeck LM, Hara AH (1992). "Biological Control of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Corn Used as a Trap Crop".

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that forms the main length of the gut. This produces further enzymes and also absorbs nutrients through its single-cell-thick lining. The last portion of the intestine is lined by a cuticle, forming a

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The oral cavity is lined with cuticles, which are often strengthened with structures, such as ridges, especially in carnivorous species, which may bear several teeth. The mouth often includes a sharp

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cells. The relatively rigid cuticle works with the muscles to create a hydroskeleton, as nematodes lack circumferential muscles. Projections run from the inner surface of muscle cells towards the

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Later work has suggested the presence of 12 clades. The Secernentea—a group that includes virtually all major animal and plant 'nematode' parasites—apparently arose from within the Adenophorea.

2375:. Furthermore, studies have shown that parasitic nematodes infect American eels causing damage to the eel's swim bladder, dairy animals like cattle and buffalo, and all species of sheep. 5978:

de Ley P, Blaxter M (2004). "A new system for Nematoda: combining morphological characters with molecular trees, and translating clades into ranks and taxa". In Cook R, Hunt DJ (eds.).

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that are long-lived were shown to have increased DNA repair capability. These findings suggest a genetically determined correlation between DNA repair capacity and lifespan. In female

2011:; their use is considered very safe. Plant-parasitic nematodes include several groups causing severe crop losses, taking 10% of crops worldwide every year. The most common genera are 507:

can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species are uncertain. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the

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just below and in front of the tip of the tail. The movement of food through the digestive system is the result of the body movements of the worm. The intestine has valves or

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as a cover crop just prior to planting a nematode-susceptible plant, has been shown to suppress nematodes. Another is treatment with natural antagonists such as the fungus

4191:"Genomic Analyses Identify Novel Molecular Signatures Specific for the Caenorhabditis and other Nematode Taxa Providing Novel Means for Genetic and Biochemical Studies" 4370:

Macêdo do Carmo, Gustavo; Garcia, Renato Araujo; Vieira, Fabiano Matos; de Souza Lima, Sueli; Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Hermínio; Pinheiro, Ralph Maturano (May 2023).

552:, even at great depths, 0.9–3.6 km (3,000–12,000 ft) below the surface of the Earth in gold mines in South Africa. They represent 90% of all animals on the 4994:

Wilson, M. J.; Glen, D. M.; George, S. K. (January 1993). "The rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a potential biological control agent for slugs".

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Morgan, & van Dijk, J. (2012). Climate and the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in Europe. Veterinary Parasitology, 189(1), 8–14.

4551: 1768: 2108:, the pine wood nematode, present in Asia and America and recently discovered in Europe. This nematode is transmitted from tree to tree by sawyer beetles ( 1615:

until they hatch. The juvenile nematodes then ingest the parent nematode. This process is significantly promoted in environments with a low food supply.

5276:"Suppression of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) after incorporation of Indian mustard cv. Nemfix as green manure and seed meal in vineyards" 2418: 1935:

perspectives, the two categories of nematodes are the predatory ones, which kill garden pests; and the pest nematodes, which attack plants, or act as

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Rotations of plants with nematode-resistant species or varieties is one means of managing parasitic nematode infestations. For example, planting

1416: 1159: 1525:. In males, the sperm are produced at the end of the gonad and migrate along its length as they mature. The testis opens into a relatively wide 1335:. The cuticle is often of a complex structure and may have two or three distinct layers. Underneath the epidermis lies a layer of longitudinal 1213: 704: 6020: 1923:. Inside the female body, the nematode hinders ovarian development and renders the bee less active, thus less effective in pollen collection. 9484: 4834:"The evolution of uniparental reproduction in Rhabditina nematodes: Phylogenetic patterns, developmental causes, and surprising consequences" 1193: 1187: 3157: 2987:"Investigating the ecology and evolution of cryptic marine nematode species through quantitative real-time PCR of the ribosomal ITS region" 2478: 1276:

assemblage of birds, fish, and arthropods that lent itself to fostering high nematode diversity. Nematodes have also been found in various

996: 4005: 1742:, small animals, fecal matter, dead organisms, and living tissues. Free-living marine nematodes are important and abundant members of the 1359:, which the animal can thrust into its prey. In some species, the style is hollow and can be used to suck liquids from plants or animals. 6107: 5838: 5233: 3458:

van den Hoogen, Johan; Geisen, Stefan; Routh, Devin; Ferris, Howard; Traunspurger, Walter; Wardle, David A.; et al. (24 July 2019).

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is an efficient method to kill nematodes before planting a crop, but indiscriminately eliminates both harmful and beneficial soil fauna.

1099: 5711:"A novel nematode species from the Siberian permafrost shares adaptive mechanisms for cryptobiotic survival with C. elegans dauer larva" 5603:

Szewczyk, Nathaniel J.; Mancinelli, Rocco L.; McLamb, William; Reed, David; Blumberg, Baruch S.; Conley, Catharine A. (December 2005). "

4147:"Phylum-wide analysis of SSU rDNA reveals deep phylogenetic relationships among nematodes and accelerated evolution toward crown Clades" 3625:

Adams, Byron J.; Wall, Diana H.; Storey, Bryan C.; Green, T.G. Allan; Barrett, John E.; Cary, S. Craig; et al. (15 February 2019).

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Cary, S. Craig; Green, T.G. Allan; Storey, Bryan C.; Sparrow, Ashley D.; Hogg, Ian D.; Katurji, Marwan; et al. (15 February 2019).

3459: 2787: 1239: 824: 6015: 4280:"The complete mitochondrial genomes of three parasitic nematodes of birds: a unique gene order and insights into nematode phylogeny" 2439: 1453:. The dorsal nerve is responsible for motor control, while the lateral nerves are sensory, and the ventral combines both functions. 962:(gland bearers) and Secernentea (secretors), respectively. The Secernentea share several characteristics, including the presence of 9432: 5426: 4376: 4372:"Paleoparasitological study of avian trace fossils from the Tremembé Formation (Oligocene of the Taubaté Basin), São Paulo, Brazil" 898:

are unresolved. Traditionally, they were held to be a lineage of their own, but in the 1990s, they were proposed to form the group

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Schmidt-Rhaesa A (2014). "Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, and Gnathifera: General history and phylogeny". In Schmidt-Rhaesa A (ed.).

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or unembryonated when passed by the female, meaning their fertilized eggs may not yet be developed. A few species are known to be

9471: 8212: 7422: 3724: 1894:(abdomens), tend to be more sluggish, and walk with their gasters in a conspicuous elevated position. These changes likely cause 2553:"Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants" 2446:) was able to withstand intracellular freezing depending on how well it was fed. In 2023 it was reported that an individual of 1343:; this is a unique arrangement in the animal kingdom, in which nerve cells normally extend fibers into the muscles rather than 6052: 1839:

is one of the most abundant infectious agents in sheep around the world, causing great economic damage to sheep. In contrast,

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through the body wall, and is not associated with any specific organs. However, the structures for excreting salt to maintain

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Borgonie G, García-Moyano A, Litthauer D, Bert W, Bester A, van Heerden E, Möller C, Erasmus M, Onstott TC (2 June 2011).

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Similarly, multiple varieties of nematodes have been found in the abdominal cavities of the primitively social sweat bee,

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A major effort by a collaborative wiki called 959 Nematode Genomes is underway to improve the systematics of this phylum.

5258:, Stoner RJ, Linden JC, "Micronutrient elicitor for treating nematodes in field crops", published 2008-03-27 3091:

Borgonie G, García-Moyano A, Litthauer D, Bert W, Bester A, van Heerden E, Möller C, Erasmus M, Onstott TC (June 2011).

2409:, are predators of soil nematodes. They set enticements for the nematodes in the form of lassos or adhesive structures. 1549:. The uteri both open into a common vulva/vagina, usually located in the middle of the morphologically ventral surface. 500:

has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum.

6136: 5961: 5129: 3570:"Biotic interactions are an unexpected yet critical control on the complexity of an abiotically driven polar ecosystem" 443:. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on 5864: 4430: 2825: 1817:, commonly known as the 'trichina worm', occurs in rats, pigs, bears, and humans, and is responsible for the disease 402: 393: 4892:

Yanoviak SP, Kaspari M, Dudley R, Poinar G (April 2008). "Parasite-induced fruit mimicry in a tropical canopy ant".

3198: 9543: 9411: 6173: 2666: 2630: 1590:. The eggs are protected by an outer shell, secreted by the uterus. In free-living roundworms, the eggs hatch into 939:

Phylogenomic Analysis of the Phylum Nematoda: Conflicts and Congruences With Morphology, 18S rRNA, and Mitogenomes

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is a particularly harmful variety of nematode pest that has resulted in quarantines and crop failures worldwide.

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Holterman M, van der Wurff A, van den Elsen S, van Megen H, Bongers T, Holovachov O, Bakker J, Helder J (2006).

3627:"Nematodes in a polar desert reveal the relative role of biotic interactions in the coexistence of soil animals" 1760:

has had its entire genome sequenced, the developmental fate of every cell determined, and every neuron mapped.

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Depending on its species, a nematode may be beneficial or detrimental to plant health. From agricultural and

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Papers on Helminthology published in commemoration of the 30 year Jubileum of ... K.J. Skrjabin ..

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is known for causing heartworm disease by inhabiting the hearts, arteries, and lungs of dogs and some cats.

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Ahrén D, Ursing BM, Tunlid A (1998). "Phylogeny of nematode-trapping fungi based on 18S rDNA sequences".

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which kills the gnat larvae; commonly used nematode species to control pests on greenhouse crops include

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Danovaro R, Gambi C, Dell'Anno A, Corinaldesi C, Fraschetti S, Vanreusel A, et al. (January 2008).

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that together provide a sense of touch. Behind the sensory bristles on the head lie two small pits, or '

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that start to break down the food. In stylet-bearing species, these may even be injected into the prey.

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series of teeth on their inner edges. An adhesive 'caudal gland' is often found at the tip of the tail.

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parasitize insects and are mostly considered beneficial by humans, but some attack beneficial insects.

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in length. The body is often ornamented with ridges, rings, bristles, or other distinctive structures.

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The Secernentea seem to be a natural group of close relatives, while the "Adenophorea" appear to be a

9499: 9372: 9248: 9171: 9142: 7559: 2448: 2091: 1984: 1840: 938: 645: 141: 17: 4739: 2717:". Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. 845:

Nematoidea, including the family Gordiidae (horsehair worms), was promoted to the rank of phylum by

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Other nematodes attack bark and forest trees. The most important representative of this group is

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birds to confuse the infected ants for berries, and eat them. Parasite eggs passed in the bird's

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Khadka, Bijendra; Chatterjee, Tonuka; Gupta, Bhagwati P.; Gupta, Radhey S. (24 September 2019).

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and then during intercourse into a glandular and muscular ejaculatory duct associated with the

1509: 827:, created by Rudolphi (1808). They were also classed along with Acanthocephala in the obsolete 125: 9525: 850: 9596: 9586: 9520: 8970: 8513: 8394: 8275: 7872: 7522: 6220: 6103: 6025: 3812:. Vol. 1, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter. 2552: 2467: 2141: 2126: 1936: 1919: 1867: 1715: 1019:

do not seem to be monophyletic, either, but do contain two distinct lineages. The old group "

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Nematodes as a whole possess a wide range of modes of reproduction. Some nematodes, such as

9380: 9331: 9222: 9049: 8889: 8863: 8845: 8615: 7537: 5920: 5616: 5460: 5289: 5080: 5003: 4597:"Hearing in Drosophila requires TilB, a conserved protein associated with ciliary motility" 4385: 4077: 3521: 3471: 3397: 3386:"Exponential decline of deep-sea ecosystem functioning linked to benthic biodiversity loss" 3324: 3104: 2943: 2857: 2406: 1971: 1835: 1813: 1554: 1366:, also lined with cuticle. Digestive glands are found in this region of the gut, producing 9463: 1269: 8: 9581: 9535: 9261: 9236: 9163: 8830: 8779: 8354: 8335: 8281: 8270: 2118: 2096: 2052: 1988: 1863: 1829: 1648: 1604: 1321: 1285: 7400: 6084: 5924: 5737: 5710: 5620: 5464: 5293: 5084: 5007: 4723: 4698: 4389: 4081: 3475: 3401: 3328: 3108: 2947: 2861: 9576: 9571: 9322: 9122: 9108: 9014: 8994: 8964: 8824: 8799: 8699: 8649: 8540: 8471: 8374: 7867: 7549: 6685: 6237: 6215: 6203: 6178: 5691: 5541: 5402: 5369: 5305: 5052: 4948: 4917: 4814: 4674: 4645: 4621: 4596: 4306: 4279: 4225: 4190: 4101: 4029: 3659: 3626: 3602: 3569: 3513: 3423: 3366: 3203: 3138: 3068: 3043: 3024: 2967: 2912: 2873: 2690: 2657: 2402: 2173: 1886: 1796: 1571:

crawl along the spicule into the female worm. Nematode sperm is thought to be the only

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has found a 13- to 14-fold reduction of nematode population densities in plots having

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when he named a group to contain the horsehair worms the order Nematomorpha. In 1919,

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An analysis of the mitochondrial DNA suggests that the following groupings are valid

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Lalošević, V.; Lalošević, D.; Capo, I.; Simin, V.; Galfi, A.; Traversa, D. (2013).

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A number of intestinal nematodes cause diseases affecting human beings, including

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representing a very ancient minor group of nematodes. Among the Secernentea, the

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

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Stepek, Gillian; Buttle, David J; Duce, Ian R; Behnke, Jerzy M (October 2006).

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eye-spots, but whether or not these are actually sensory in nature is unclear.

1409: 812: 733: 545: 485: 421: 411: 41: 5671: 5228: 5029:

Rajamani, Meenatchi; Negi, Aditi (2021). "Biopesticides for Pest Management".

5015: 4347: 4330: 3903: 3642: 3585: 3483: 3410: 3385: 3310: 3092: 2986: 2766: 2747: 2582:

Maas, Andreas; Waloszek, Dieter; Haug, Joachim; Müller, Klaus (January 2007).

2505: – Illness of humans caused by larvae of the dog or the cat roundworm: A 2125:, the nematodes enter the larva of the gnats by way of their anus, mouth, and 1277: 492:, with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of 9565: 9101: 9082: 8856: 8851: 8602: 8590: 8341: 8225: 7892: 7877: 7839: 7764: 7700: 7686: 7634: 7629: 7543: 7532: 7527: 7507: 7502: 7477: 7198: 7102: 6601: 5679: 5393: 5147: 4810: 4296: 4216: 4119: 3769: 3650: 3593: 3501: 3354: 3212: 3171: 2525: 2497: 1823: 1667: 1608: 1587: 1564:

move out of the cloaca and are inserted into the genital pore of the female.

1518: 1476: 1456:

The nervous system is also the only place in the nematode body that contains

1281: 1143: 1079: 1028: 927: 849:. The first clear distinction between the nemas and gordiids was realized by 846: 785: 781: 526: 444: 73: 5275: 4802: 4163: 4146: 4144: 4020: 3460:"Soil nematode abundance and functional group composition at a global scale" 9241: 9197: 9093: 9000: 8875: 8446: 8088: 8083: 8058: 8033: 8023: 7950: 7819: 7693: 7654: 7639: 7614: 7609: 7554: 7487: 7304: 7299: 7187: 7043: 6929: 6815: 6718: 6697: 6567: 6518: 6474: 6455: 5933: 5902: 5746: 5687: 5636: 5628: 5480: 5411: 5155: 5092: 4980: 4913: 4732: 4683: 4630: 4356: 4315: 4234: 4172: 4038: 3989: 3972: 3960:. Moscow: All-Union Lenin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. pp. 67–79. 3668: 3611: 3509: 3419: 3362: 3345: 3259: 3134: 3125: 3077: 3059: 3020: 3011: 2963: 2699: 2531: 2502: 2473: 2388: 2364: 2343: 2063: 1932: 1530: 1289: 1055: 1024: 1008: 923: 915: 911: 871: 808: 508: 497: 6094: 5549: 5514: 5344: 5331: 4207: 4097: 3287: 2419:

List of longest-living organisms § Revived into activity after stasis

533:

among nematodes, have placed the figure closer to 1 million species.

116: 9445: 9359: 9316: 9307: 9228: 9213: 9069: 8950: 8931: 8922: 8910: 8764: 8728: 8710: 8677: 8663: 8455: 8381: 8326: 8261: 8143: 8118: 8063: 8038: 7960: 7955: 7920: 7910: 7604: 7517: 7265: 7236: 7222: 7212: 6797: 6613: 6526: 6308: 5800: 3712: 2155: 2135: 2122: 2069: 2047: 2023: 1959: 1940: 1895: 1818: 1743: 1643: 1635: 1583: 1542: 1428: 1233: 1227: 1201: 1108: 1073: 1061: 1020: 1012: 981: 959: 955: 931: 854: 831: 776:

The name of the group Nematoda, informally called "nematodes", came from

579: 549: 544:

counts, and are found in locations as diverse as mountains, deserts, and

286: 276: 186: 48: 4952: 4369: 3336: 3116: 2748:"Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013" 1647:(root-knot nematodes) exhibits a range of reproductive modes, including 661: 521:

100 million species) have since been deprecated, estimates supported by

9437: 9133: 9055: 9040: 8810: 8769: 8176: 8138: 8068: 8048: 8043: 8028: 7998: 7970: 7925: 7915: 7887: 7882: 7824: 7799: 7492: 7467: 7362: 7347: 7342: 7323: 7318: 7246: 7193: 7163: 7155: 7097: 6971: 6963: 6946: 6726: 6638: 6591: 6531: 6493: 6467: 6313: 6298: 5942: 5656:

to survive intracellular freezing is dependent upon nutritional status"

3436:"Deep-sea species' loss could lead to oceans' collapse, study suggests" 2680: 2658:"How weird is the worm? Evolution of the developmental gene toolkit in 2492: 2394:

bacteria per minute. Also, nematodes can play an important role in the

2372: 2360: 2198: 2110: 2041: 2035: 2008: 1699: 1207: 1153: 1147: 1139: 1133: 1001: 951: 892: 777: 700: 696: 583: 573: 467: 448: 222: 93: 58: 6114: 6048:

http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914155908/http://www.nematodes.org/

3933:

Chitwood BG, Chitwood MB (1933). "The characters of a protonematode".

3855: 2481: – Overview of and topical guide to organic gardening and farming 9450: 9393: 8755: 8598: 8251: 8246: 8093: 8073: 7965: 7844: 7779: 7769: 7754: 7749: 7730: 7482: 7328: 7275: 7270: 7241: 7230: 7179: 7174: 7126: 7038: 6825: 6820: 6782: 6631: 6623: 6552: 6504: 6425: 6412: 6393: 6388: 6347: 5226: 3688:

Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their development and transmission

3383: 2817:

Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission

2075: 2029: 1504: 1447: 1390: 1378: 1325: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1086: 1039: 1032: 991: 919: 907: 899: 888: 820: 816: 650: 605: 537: 489: 481: 463: 245: 232: 212: 199: 173: 153: 98: 9278: 5855:. In Kaya, Harry K.; Bedding, Robin A.; Akhurst, Raymond J. (eds.). 5832:

Gubanov, N.M. (1951). "Giant nematoda from the placenta of Cetacea;

5301: 3973:"The designation of official names for higher taxa of invertebrates" 3250: 3233: 1827:

usually infests wild animals, but can be deadly to humans, as well.

1450: 9398: 9301: 9182: 9063: 8955: 8904: 8719: 8233: 8148: 8128: 8123: 8098: 8078: 8018: 8008: 8003: 7834: 7809: 7789: 7449: 7352: 7336: 7259: 7251: 7169: 7150: 7139: 7121: 7115: 6976: 6917: 6893: 6790: 6671: 6444: 6335: 6326: 6232: 5816: 4905: 3199:"Nematode found in mine is first subsurface multicellular organism" 2506: 2178: 2130: 2057: 1847: 1804: 1792: 1773: 1731: 1711: 1565: 1329: 1256:

Ascaridina, Spirurina, and Trichocephalida have been discovered in

1093: 903: 891:

relationships of the nematodes and their close relatives among the

807:

At its origin, the "Nematoidea" erroneously included Nematodes and

569: 565: 493: 474: 471: 452: 88: 83: 68: 63: 53: 5607:

Survives Atmospheric Breakup of STS–107, Space Shuttle Columbia".

4935:

Batra, Suzanne W. T. (1 October 1965). "Organisms associated with

4755:

The masterpiece of nature: the evolution and genetics of sexuality

4089: 3308: 3090: 3044:"Imagining Sisyphus happy: DNA barcoding and the unnamed majority" 2984: 1507:, with separate male and female individuals, though some, such as 516:

puts this figure at over 25,000. Estimates of the total number of

8793: 8535: 8153: 8133: 7829: 7804: 7794: 7784: 7740: 7677: 7312: 7288: 7280: 7217: 7131: 6951: 6938: 6871: 6862: 6807: 6732: 5229:"ENY-056/NG045: Marigolds (Tagetes spp.) for Nematode Management" 2752: 2719: 2435: 2190: 2168: 1980: 1976: 1788: 1780: 1719: 1673: 1656: 1652: 1576: 1538: 1480: 1464: 1405: 1377:

is present, with the pharynx connecting directly to a muscleless

1374: 1363: 1332: 1300: 1181: 1175: 1067: 1016: 986: 765: 541: 512: 504: 281: 103: 78: 5853:"An overview of insect-parasitic and entomopathogenic nematodes" 5427:"How California Crops Fought Off a Pest Without Using Pesticide" 3543:

Platt HM (1994). "foreword". In Lorenzen S, Lorenzen SA (eds.).

2832:

Estimates of 500,000 to a million species have no basis in fact.

1607:: intrauterine birth causing maternal death. Some nematodes are 1035:, while the Tylenchia might be paraphyletic with the Rhabditia. 754:

Nematode Steinernema Feltiae with size comparison of 1 EURO coin

7993: 7985: 7854: 7357: 7091: 6291: 6278: 6149: 6146: 6072: 5851:

Kaya, Harry K.; Bedding, Robin A.; Akhurst, Raymond J. (1993).

3457: 3311:"Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa" 3093:"Nematoda from the terrestrial deep subsurface of South Africa" 2347: 2206: 2202: 1992: 1691: 1612: 1558: 1546: 1534: 1472: 1382: 1336: 1273: 895: 828: 770: 722: 557: 553: 437: 163: 1393:

at either end to help control food movement through the body.

9385: 8220: 7902: 7774: 6030: 2893:"Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda): an overview and perspectives" 2846:"Marine nematode deep-sea biodiversity—hyperdiverse or hype?" 2783:"Recent developments in marine benthic biodiversity research" 2427:), part of an ongoing research project conducted on the 2003 2223: 1954: 1907: 1899: 1851: 1739: 1735: 1730:

Different free-living species feed on materials as varied as

1639: 1591: 1568: 1522: 1475:'. These are well supplied with nerve cells and are probably 1457: 1438: 1253: 974: 842: 737:

Nematode Steinernema feltiae with size comparison 1 EURO coin

711: 478: 415: 6067: 5901:

White JG, Southgate E, Thomson JN, Brenner S (August 1976).

5900: 5709:

Shatilovich, Anastasia; Gade, Vamshidhar r. (27 July 2023).

5602: 5570:. 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 5106:

Smiley RW, Dababat AA, Iqbal S, Jones MG, Maafi ZT, Peng D,

2452:

had been revived after 46,000 years in Siberian permafrost.

691: 671: 7940: 7432: 6035: 5112:"Cereal Cyst Nematodes: A Complex and Destructive Group of 4891: 4643: 3048:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B

2588:

Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists

2194: 2186: 1950: 1386: 568:

in most plants and animals. A third of the genera occur as

379: 373: 367: 4420: 4188: 1479:

organs. A few aquatic nematodes possess what appear to be

1446:

is the largest, and has a double structure forward of the

7430: 6036:

Nematode.net: Repository of parasitic nematode sequences.

5989:"What turns a fungal scavenger into a (nematode) killer?" 5650:

Raymond, Mélianie R.; Wharton, David A. (February 2013).

2985:

Derycke S, Sheibani Tezerji R, Rigaux A, Moens T (2012).

2514: 2510: 1638:, which is otherwise very rare among animals. The single 5982:. Vol. 2. Leiden, NL: E.J. Brill. pp. 633–653. 5780:: I. The influence of oxygen tension and body size" 4965: 4450:

Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach

2551:

Poinar, George; Kerp, Hans; Hass, Hagen (January 2008).

2209:

crops without harming beneficial nematodes in the soil.

1878:

A parasitic tetradonematid nematode discovered in 2005,

1463:

The bodies of nematodes are covered in numerous sensory

1023:" seems to be another paraphyletic assemblage, with the 926:(formerly Cephalorhyncha), the Nematoida form the clade 763:

In 1758, Linnaeus described some nematode genera (e.g.,

7081: 6062: 5105: 3756:

Chitwood BG (1957). "The English word "Nema" revised".

2929: 2483:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2250:

for intestinal nematode infections per 100,000 in 2002.

2185:, elicits plant defense responses to destroy parasitic 1460:, which are all nonmotile and with a sensory function. 5367: 4776: 4774: 3854:. Plant and insect parasitic nematodes. Archived from 3567: 2713:

Hodda, M (2011). Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.). "Phylum Nematoda

2581: 1521:

and rare males. Both sexes possess one or two tubular

1328:

or a single layer of cells, and is covered by a thick

1011:

assemblage of roundworms that retain a good number of

5212:

Kloosterman, Stephen (April 2022). "Small Soldiers".

4831: 4278:

Liu GH, Shao R, Li JY, Zhou DH, Li H, Zhu XQ (2013).

4241: 4066: 3952:

Chitwood BG (1937). "A revised classification of the

3158:"Could 'worms from Hell' mean there's life in space?" 2932:"Molecular barcodes for soil nematode identification" 403: 394: 385: 364: 5857:

Nematodes and the Biological Control of Insect Pests

5766:"The respiratory physiology of the marine nematodes 5254: 4832:

Haag ES, Helder J, Mooijman PJ, Yin D, Hu S (2018).

4690: 4553:

Free-living Marine Nematodes from the East China Sea

3624: 3545:

The phylogenetic systematics of freeliving nematodes

1433:

At the anterior end of the animal a dense, circular

586:, described the ubiquity of nematodes on Earth thus: 536:

Nematodes have successfully adapted to nearly every

382: 376: 6016:

Harper Adams University College Nematology Research

4771: 3302: 1714:processes that control DNA repair and formation of 1292:, where the earliest known fossils are known from. 370: 361: 4454:(7th ed.). Belmont, California: Brooks/Cole. 4447: 3896: 1779:Nematodes that commonly parasitise humans include 1722:were shown to progressively deteriorate with age. 1415:In many marine nematodes, one or two unicellular ' 841:treated the group as order Nematoda. In 1877, the 576:; about 35 nematode species occur in humans. 6053:NeMys World free-living Marine Nematodes database 5527: 5227:R. Krueger; K. E. Dover; R. McSorley; K-H. Wang. 5099: 4697:Bond, Alan Thomas; Huffman, David George (2023). 4594: 4112: 3776: 3536: 3493:20.500.11755/c8c7bc6a-585c-4a13-9e36-4851939c1b10 3226: 2837: 2089:, an important disease of grapes, another one is 1949:which is a lethal parasite of gastropods such as 1943:between crop plants. Predatory nematodes include 1611:, and keep their self-fertilized eggs inside the 9563: 7717:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms 6063:International Federation of Nematology Societies 4993: 4477:An Introduction to Nematodes: General Nematology 4445: 3932: 3684: 3266: 2843: 2813: 1846:One form of nematode is entirely dependent upon 1752:, lives in the soil and has found much use as a 529:and the increasing acknowledgment of widespread 5708: 5374:International Journal of Experimental Pathology 4825: 4520: 4518: 4516: 2534: – Form of vivipary observed in nematodes. 2464: – Controlling pests using other organisms 1926: 1690:is often used as a model organism for studying 1362:The oral cavity opens into a muscular, sucking 1038:The understanding of roundworm systematics and 811:, attributed by von Siebold (1843). Along with 5875:"Giant kidney worm infection in mink and dogs" 5649: 5248: 5069: 4595:Kavlie, RG; Kernan, MJ; Eberl, DF (May 2010). 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4423:Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils 3807: 3155: 2930:Floyd R, Abebe E, Papert A, Blaxter M (2002). 2550: 2007:agents which can be used as an alternative to 1264:-aged Tremembé Formation, which represented a 548:. They are found in every part of the Earth's 8206: 7416: 6130: 5977: 5171:"PATHOLOGY | Insect Associated Tree Diseases" 4780: 4578:"The sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans" 4550:Huang, Yong; Guo, Yuqing (27 November 2021). 4474: 4468: 4277: 4138: 3870: 3810:Handbook of Zoology (founded by W. Kükenthal) 3751: 3749: 3747: 3149: 3084: 3041: 2978: 2774: 2655: 462:They are taxonomically classified along with 5903:"The structure of the ventral nerve cord of 5451:Pramer C (1964). "Nematode-trapping fungi". 5357:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.028 5273: 5028: 4885: 4757:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4479:. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft. pp. 75–76. 4439: 4060: 3964: 3945: 3926: 3377: 3196: 2631:"Nematodes - the good, the bad and the ugly" 2479:List of organic gardening and farming topics 2003:. These organisms are grown commercially as 1884:, induces fruit mimicry in the tropical ant 1772:Eggs (mostly nematodes) from stools of wild 1537:. In females, the ovaries each open into an 6517: 5839:Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences 5487: 5444: 5234:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 5216:. Vol. 32, no. 4. pp. 26–29. 5211: 5168: 4941:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 4867: 4865: 4696: 4493: 3785:Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 3190: 3035: 639: 8709: 8213: 8199: 7423: 7409: 6491: 6137: 6123: 5521: 4421:Brady, Nyle C. & Weil, Ray R. (2009). 3744: 2656:Baker, Emily A.; Woollard, Alison (2019). 115: 6684: 6073:Australasian Association of Nematologists 5932: 5736: 5726: 5493: 5401: 5137: 4789:spp. and the effect of the food supply". 4746: 4722: 4673: 4620: 4524: 4346: 4305: 4295: 4224: 4206: 4162: 4028: 3988: 3705: 3658: 3601: 3491: 3409: 3344: 3286: 3249: 3124: 3067: 3010: 2923: 2884: 2780: 2765: 2689: 2679: 1694:at the molecular level. For example, in 1495:Extremity of a male nematode showing the 937:For an up-to-date view (as of 2022), see 293: 6551: 6475:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives) 6423: 5763: 5424: 4862: 4549: 4416: 4414: 4377:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3970: 3951: 3755: 2890: 2807: 2333: 2242: 1857: 1767: 1490: 1299: 740: 732: 721: 710: 690: 678: 670: 660: 649: 9602:Extant Early Devonian first appearances 7448: 6276: 6144: 5884:(online ed.). 2006. Archived from 5831: 5652:"The ability of the Antarctic nematode 5345:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005263009921 5332:https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0136 4271: 4003: 3782: 3727:. pp. 472, 457–490. Archived from 3725:United States Department of Agriculture 2235:green manure or seed meal in the soil. 1902:are subsequently collected by foraging 944: 14: 9564: 7676: 6469:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives) 6439:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives) 5980:Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 5450: 4752: 4446:Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD (2004). 2781:Lambshead, P. John D. (January 1993). 2746:Zhang, Z. (2013). Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.). 2603: 2601: 2129:(breathing pores) and then release a 1725: 9283: 9282: 8194: 7404: 6410: 6118: 5987:Rayne, Elizabeth (18 December 2023). 5986: 5267: 4934: 4411: 4328: 4184: 4182: 3542: 3453: 3451: 3272: 2745: 2712: 1541:(in hermaphrodites, the eggs enter a 9500:eb11dec3-b2ab-40d5-a0f7-4537a2ede17c 9425:79c47bc3-8cdb-4e32-9b9a-55780a5f082c 6740:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms) 5956:. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. 5274:Loothfar R, Tony S (22 March 2005). 4407:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 3822: 3711: 3685:Anderson, Roy C. (8 February 2000). 3680: 3678: 2814:Anderson, Roy C. (8 February 2000). 2637:. American Phytopathological Society 1763: 6085:Research on nematodes and longevity 5949: 5859:. Csiro Publishing. pp. 8–23. 5660:Journal of Comparative Physiology B 3787:. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. 3717:"Nematodes and their relationships" 2897:Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2598: 2398:by way of nitrogen mineralization. 1910:, thus completing the lifecycle of 1890:. Infected ants develop bright red 1499:, used for copulation, bar = 100 μm 1396: 1350: 564:. The many parasitic forms include 24: 6774: 6580: 6337:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives) 5809:"Worms survived Columbia disaster" 5756: 5542:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12817.x 5169:Gibbs, J.N.; Webber, J.F. (2004), 5130:American Phytopathological Society 4838:Transitions Between Sexual Systems 4255:. 11 November 2011. Archived from 4179: 3845: 3448: 3442:(Press release). 27 December 2007. 2509:infection of humans caused by the 2382: 25: 9623: 6031:European Society of Nematologists 6008: 5425:Nosowitz, Fan (8 February 2021). 5073:Biocontrol Science and Technology 4996:Biocontrol Science and Technology 4646:"High infection rate of zoonotic 4529:. Philadelphia: Sanders College. 3825:"The orders and classes of nemas" 3675: 1672:offspring, which are essentially 1422: 1385:, which expels waste through the 7381:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species 5386:10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00495.x 4738: 4004:Coghlan, A. (7 September 2005). 3003:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2012.03128.x 2956:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01485.x 2870:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00843.x 2844:Lambshead PJ, Boucher G (2003). 2667:Journal of Developmental Biology 2412: 2322: > 240 1247: 1118:In 2019, a study identified one 1042:as of 2002 is summarised below: 973:suggested the existence of five 796:, 'species'). It was treated as 357: 140: 46: 5896:– via merckvetmanual.com. 5788:Journal of Experimental Biology 5702: 5643: 5596: 5556: 5418: 5361: 5349: 5336: 5323: 5220: 5205: 5175:Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences 5162: 5063: 5022: 4987: 4959: 4928: 4875: 4781:Johnigk SA, Ehlers RU (1999). " 4650:infection in foxes from Serbia" 4637: 4588: 4570: 4543: 4425:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 4363: 4322: 3997: 3839: 3816: 3801: 3618: 3561: 3547:. London, UK: The Ray Society. 2628: 2256: < 25 2238: 1850:, which are the sole source of 1634:, among other species, exhibit 1603:spp., undergo a process called 1486: 1031:may need to be united with the 823:, it formed the obsolete group 6568:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms) 5183:10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00070-3 5177:, Elsevier, pp. 802–808, 3275:"Subterranean worms from hell" 3156:Lemonick, M.D. (8 June 2011). 2739: 2706: 2649: 2622: 2575: 2544: 969:Initial studies of incomplete 632:"like, of the nature of" (see 457:soil-transmitted helminthiases 13: 1: 6411: 6095:Nematode worms in an aquarium 5256:US application 2008072494 4840:. Springer. pp. 99–122. 4475:Weischer B, Brown DJ (2000). 2538: 2248:Disability-adjusted life year 2161:Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 2150:used to control shore flies, 1946:Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita 1575:without the globular protein 918:; together, they make up the 484:. Unlike the vaguely similar 131:a model species of roundworm 109:Possible Cambrian occurrence 8672:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides 7180:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins 6026:Introduction to the Nematoda 5950:Lee, Donald L., ed. (2010). 5728:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010798 5503:Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 5473:10.1126/science.144.3617.382 5281:Australasian Plant Pathology 5039:10.1007/978-981-15-7321-7_11 4939:(Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". 4398:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104319 3197:Bhanoo, S.N. (1 June 2011). 1975:are generalist parasites of 1957:. Some members of the genus 1927:Agriculture and horticulture 1545:first) and then a glandular 1412:are typically more complex. 882: 685:Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 595: 7: 9009:Angiostrongylus cantonensis 8658:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei 7237:Chelicerates inc. arachnids 6977:Phoronida (horseshoe worms) 6792:Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 6703:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms) 6592:Loricifera (corset animals) 6110:Featured Creatures Web site 6100:Phylum Nematoda – nematodes 6021:Nematodes/roundworms of man 5494:Hauser JT (December 1985). 4846:10.1007/978-3-319-94139-4_4 4613:10.1534/genetics.110.114009 4249:"959 nematode genomes" 4006:"Nematode genome evolution" 2991:Molecular Ecology Resources 2488:List of parasites of humans 2470: – Genus of roundworms 2455: 2371:. Filarial nematodes cause 1618:The nematode model species 1404:is excreted in the form of 1304:Internal anatomy of a male 958:. These were later renamed 525:, together with the use of 488:, nematodes have a tubular 10: 9628: 7127:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish 6873:Annelida (segmented worms) 6698:Chaetognatha (arrow worms) 6614:Onychophora (velvet worms) 5139:10.1094/pdis-03-17-0355-fe 4836:. In Leonard, J.L. (ed.). 2909:10.1007/s13127-019-00404-4 2733:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.11 2569:10.1163/156854108783360159 2416: 2386: 2164:to control beetle larvae. 2105:Bursaphelenchus xylophilus 2039:(soybean cyst nematodes), 1841:entomopathogenic nematodes 1503:Most nematode species are 1426: 1295: 758: 643: 496:, but their sister phylum 416: 9291: 9249:Capillaria philippinensis 9212: 9181: 9172:Halicephalobus gingivalis 9143:Strongyloides stercoralis 9132: 9039: 8949: 8921: 8874: 8763: 8754: 8727: 8718: 8696: 8633: 8549: 8534: 8445: 8412: 8325: 8260: 8245: 8232: 8166: 7984: 7901: 7853: 7738: 7729: 7672: 7444: 7440: 7435:phyla/divisions by domain 7377: 7175:Asterozoans inc. starfish 7077: 7070: 7021: 6972:Brachiopoda (lamp shells) 6962: 6953:Ectoprocta (moss animals) 6937: 6928: 6913: 6904: 6889: 6882: 6858: 6847: 6806: 6798:Gastrotricha (hairybacks) 6781: 6770: 6759: 6711: 6693: 6680: 6669: 6622: 6609: 6600: 6587: 6576: 6544: 6527:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons) 6513: 6502: 6487: 6463: 6454: 6434: 6419: 6406: 6371: 6346: 6322: 6307: 6299:Ctenophora (comb jellies) 6287: 6272: 6156: 5973:– via Google Books. 5834:Placentonema gigantissima 5672:10.1007/s00360-012-0697-0 5588:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5530:FEMS Microbiology Letters 5496:"Nematode-trapping fungi" 5016:10.1080/09583159309355306 4566:– via Google Books. 4348:10.11646/zootaxa.5114.1.1 3908:Tree of Life (tolweb.org) 3643:10.1038/s42003-018-0260-y 3586:10.1038/s42003-018-0274-5 3484:10.1038/s41586-019-1418-6 3411:10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.056 2803:– via ResearchGate. 2767:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3 2449:Panagrolaimus kolymaensis 2092:Xiphinema diversicaudatum 2033:(potato cyst nematodes), 1698:aging negatively impacts 1120:conserved signature indel 646:List of nematode families 308: 301: 273: 268: 137:Scientific classification 135: 123: 114: 34: 9255:Intestinal capillariasis 8350:Dicrocoelium dendriticum 6733:Rotifera (wheel animals) 6532:Priapulida (penis worms) 6078:26 February 2015 at the 6068:Society of Nematologists 6058:Nematode Virtual Library 5953:The Biology of Nematodes 5214:Green House Product News 5110:, Waeyenberge L (2017). 4969:Environmental Entomology 4715:10.1051/parasite/2023007 4666:10.1051/parasite/2012003 4297:10.1186/1471-2164-14-414 4124:Tree of Life Web Project 3912:Tree of Life Web Project 2633:. APS News & Views. 1679: 792:, 'thread') and -ειδἠς ( 780:, originally defined by 769:), then included in the 640:Taxonomy and systematics 9242:Trichuriasis / Whipworm 9192:Enterobius vermicularis 8987:Cutaneous larva migrans 8560:Echinococcus granulosus 8500:Heterophyes heterophyes 8486:Gastrodiscoides hominis 8309:Trichobilharzia regenti 7645:Thermodesulfobacteriota 6947:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa 6919:Nemertea (ribbon worms) 6640:Tardigrada (waterbears) 6633:Arthropoda (arthropods) 5880:Merck Veterinary Manual 5764:Atkinson, H.J. (1973). 4803:10.1163/156854199508748 4021:10.1895/wormbook.1.15.1 3273:Drake N (1 June 2011). 2891:Qing X, Bert W (2019). 2850:Journal of Biogeography 2462:Biological pest control 2219:Globodera rostochiensis 2147:Steinernema carpocapsae 2117:Greenhouse growers use 2087:grapevine fanleaf virus 2005:biological pest control 1966:Steinernema carpocapsae 1881:Myrmeconema neotropicum 1252:Nematode eggs from the 657:, a fossilized nematode 620:"thread," from stem of 560:are placed in 256 451:. The parasitic worms ( 447:, but many species are 9090:Visceral larva migrans 8885:Gnathostoma spinigerum 8738:Dracunculus medinensis 8644:Diphyllobothrium latum 8423:Paragonimus westermani 8390:Opisthorchis viverrini 7122:Anthozoans inc. corals 6821:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa 5934:10.1098/rstb.1976.0086 5905:Caenorhabditis elegans 5629:10.1089/ast.2005.5.690 5605:Caenorhabditis elegans 5093:10.1080/09583159631280 5031:Sustainable Bioeconomy 3990:10.5962/bhl.part.19410 3770:10.2307/sysbio/6.4.184 3631:Communications Biology 3574:Communications Biology 3244:(7349): 6. June 2011. 3060:10.1098/rstb.2015.0329 3042:Blaxter, Mark (2016). 2820:. CABI. pp. 1–2. 2660:Caenorhabditis elegans 2356: 2353:Heligmosomoides bakeri 2331: 2189:nematodes on roots of 1875: 1776: 1716:chromosomal crossovers 1687:Caenorhabditis elegans 1631:Pristionchus pacificus 1510:Caenorhabditis elegans 1500: 1309: 872:Libbie Henrietta Hyman 862:), listing Nematoidea 755: 738: 730: 719: 708: 688: 676: 668: 666:Caenorhabditis elegans 658: 593: 425: 126:Caenorhabditis elegans 9521:Paleobiology Database 8971:Ancylostoma duodenale 8514:Metagonimus yokogawai 7873:Neocallimastigomycota 7252:Hexapods inc. insects 6562:Nematoda (roundworms) 5836:nov. gen., nov. sp". 5568:Astrobiology Magazine 5515:10.55360/cpn141.jh945 4937:Lasioglossum zephyrum 4785:in hermaphrodites of 4208:10.3390/genes10100739 4164:10.1093/molbev/msl044 3884:(Report). ITIS Report 3829:Contrib. Sci. Nematol 3288:10.1038/news.2011.342 2387:Further information: 2342: 2246: 2142:western flower thrips 2140:for fungus gnats and 1920:Lasioglossum zephyrus 1906:and are fed to their 1868:soybean cyst nematode 1861: 1771: 1494: 1303: 834:by Gegenbaur (1859). 753: 736: 725: 714: 694: 682: 674: 664: 653: 612:"thread" (from Greek 588: 9612:Cosmopolitan animals 9420:Fauna Europaea (new) 9223:Trichinella spiralis 9050:Ascaris lumbricoides 8864:Lymphatic filariasis 8846:Wuchereria bancrofti 7538:Coprothermobacterota 6445:Chordata (chordates) 5801:10.1242/jeb.59.1.255 5654:Panagrolaimus davidi 5564:"Columbia Survivors" 5033:. pp. 239–266. 4981:10.1093/ee/21.6.1441 4527:Invertebrate zoology 3971:Chitwood BG (1958). 3741:Quote on p. 472 2216:The golden nematode 2152:Steinernema kraussei 2119:beneficial nematodes 2067:(lesion nematodes), 1972:Steinernema riobrave 1836:Haemonchus contortus 1814:Trichinella spiralis 1437:which serves as the 945:Nematode systematics 875:zoological science. 9237:Trichuris trichiura 9164:Trichostrongyliasis 8780:Onchocerca volvulus 8336:Clonorchis sinensis 8271:Schistosoma mansoni 8252:Trematode infection 6895:Mollusca (molluscs) 6380:of the animal root 5925:1976RSPTB.275..327W 5621:2005AsBio...5..690S 5465:1964Sci...144..382P 5294:2005AuPP...34...77R 5085:1996BioST...6..295E 5008:1993BioST...3..503W 4783:Endotokia matricida 4648:Eucoleus aerophilus 4556:. Springer Nature. 4390:2023JSAES.12504319M 4251:. NematodeGenomes. 4082:1998Natur.392...71B 3783:Siddiqi MR (2000). 3691:. CABI. p. 1. 3476:2019Natur.572..194V 3402:2008CBio...18....1D 3337:10.1038/nature09974 3329:2011Natur.474...79B 3117:10.1038/nature09974 3109:2011Natur.474...79B 2948:2002MolEc..11..839F 2862:2003JBiog..30..475L 2407:nematophagous fungi 2097:arabis mosaic virus 2053:root-knot nematodes 1864:electron micrograph 1830:Dirofilaria immitis 1809:Trichuris trichiura 1726:Free-living species 1649:sexual reproduction 1605:endotokia matricida 1286:Moltrasio Formation 728:Dirofilaria immitis 455:) are the cause of 9123:Parascaris equorum 9109:Dioctophyme renale 9015:Angiostrongyliasis 8995:Necator americanus 8965:Hookworm infection 8825:Dirofilaria repens 8650:Diphyllobothriasis 8541:Tapeworm infection 8472:Fasciolopsis buski 7868:Blastocladiomycota 7108:Calcareous sponges 6293:Porifera (sponges) 6041:2015-02-14 at the 4525:Barnes RG (1980). 4329:Hodda, M. (2022). 3758:Systematic Biology 3204:The New York Times 3054:(1702): 20150329. 2681:10.3390/jdb7040019 2357: 2332: 2174:Gliocladium roseum 2156:black vine weevils 2001:corn earworm moths 1887:Cephalotes atratus 1876: 1777: 1501: 1310: 756: 739: 731: 720: 709: 689: 677: 669: 659: 655:Eophasma jurasicum 523:rarefaction curves 9592:Organic gardening 9559: 9558: 9508:Open Tree of Life 9285:Taxon identifiers 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9208: 9207: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8566:E. multilocularis 8530: 8529: 8370:Fasciola hepatica 8222:Parasitic disease 8188: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8162: 8161: 7725: 7724: 7668: 7667: 7660:Verrucomicrobiota 7398: 7397: 7373: 7372: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6665: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6540: 6539: 6483: 6482: 6402: 6401: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6362: 5459:(3617): 382–388. 5192:978-0-12-145160-8 5048:978-981-15-7320-0 4855:978-3-319-94137-0 4764:978-0-520-04583-5 4563:978-981-16-3836-7 4536:978-0-03-056747-6 4486:978-954-642-087-9 4461:978-0-03-025982-1 3977:Bull Zool Nomencl 3794:978-0-85199-202-0 3698:978-0-85199-786-5 3554:978-0-903874-22-9 3470:(7768): 194–198. 2936:Molecular Ecology 2403:carnivorous fungi 2340: 2169:Tagetes marigolds 1764:Parasitic species 1702:, and mutants of 1402:Nitrogenous waste 922:. Along with the 914:to the parasitic 906:animals, such as 751: 349: 348: 342: 333: 327: 318: 264: 16:(Redirected from 9619: 9552: 9551: 9539: 9538: 9529: 9528: 9516: 9515: 9503: 9502: 9493: 9492: 9480: 9479: 9467: 9466: 9454: 9453: 9441: 9440: 9428: 9427: 9415: 9414: 9402: 9401: 9389: 9388: 9376: 9375: 9363: 9362: 9353: 9352: 9340: 9339: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9280: 9279: 9157:Trichostrongylus 9149:Strongyloidiasis 9029:Metastrongylosis 8761: 8760: 8725: 8724: 8716: 8715: 8707: 8706: 8611:Hymenolepis nana 8547: 8546: 8447:Intestinal fluke 8258: 8257: 8243: 8242: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8192: 8191: 7936:Anthocerotophyta 7815:Hemimastigophora 7736: 7735: 7707:Nitrososphaerota 7674: 7673: 7650:Thermomicrobiota 7590:Kiritimatiellota 7585:Ignavibacteriota 7550:Deferribacterota 7513:Campylobacterota 7498:Bdellovibrionota 7446: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7079: 7078: 7035: 6935: 6934: 6911: 6910: 6887: 6886: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6691: 6690: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6607: 6606: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6577: 6549: 6548: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6489: 6488: 6461: 6460: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6421: 6420: 6408: 6407: 6385: 6320: 6319: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6274: 6273: 6185: 6165: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5983: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5946: 5936: 5919:(938): 327–348. 5897: 5895: 5893: 5870: 5847: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5804: 5784: 5779: 5775:E. communis 5772: 5751: 5750: 5740: 5730: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5500: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5405: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5141: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5026: 5020: 5019: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4975:(6): 1441–1447. 4963: 4957: 4956: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4889: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4797:(7–8): 717–726. 4778: 4769: 4768: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4726: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4624: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4582:www.wormbook.org 4574: 4568: 4567: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4522: 4491: 4490: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4453: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4299: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4259:on 5 August 2015 4245: 4239: 4238: 4228: 4210: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4166: 4157:(9): 1792–1800. 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4047: 4041:. Archived from 4032: 4010: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3858:on 30 April 2018 3852:nematode.unl.edu 3843: 3837: 3836: 3823:Cobb NA (1919). 3820: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3753: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3662: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520:. Archived from 3495: 3455: 3446: 3443: 3431: 3413: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3348: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3290: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3253: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3174:. Archived from 3153: 3147: 3146: 3128: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3071: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3014: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2693: 2683: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2605: 2596: 2595: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2548: 2484: 2440:re-entry breakup 2423:Nematode worms ( 2369:hookworm disease 2341: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2019:foliar nematodes 1517:, consisting of 1397:Excretory system 1351:Digestive system 1013:ancestral traits 752: 546:oceanic trenches 490:digestive system 419: 418: 406: 397: 392: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 337: 331: 322: 313: 259: 145: 144: 119: 108: 45: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9547: 9542: 9534: 9532: 9524: 9519: 9511: 9506: 9498: 9496: 9488: 9483: 9475: 9470: 9462: 9457: 9449: 9444: 9436: 9431: 9423: 9418: 9410: 9405: 9397: 9392: 9384: 9379: 9371: 9366: 9358: 9356: 9348: 9343: 9335: 9330: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9287: 9277: 9268: 9204: 9177: 9128: 9035: 8983:Ancylostomiasis 8953: 8937: 8917: 8897:Gnathostomiasis 8870: 8767: 8750: 8701: 8698: 8684: 8635:Pseudophyllidea 8629: 8580:Taenia saginata 8538: 8526: 8478:Fasciolopsiasis 8463:Echinostomiasis 8441: 8408: 8402:Opisthorchiasis 8321: 8301:Schistosomiasis 8295:S. intercalatum 8249: 8247:Fluke/trematode 8238: 8235: 8228: 8219: 8189: 8180: 8158: 8109:Gnathostomulida 8014:Xenacoelomorpha 7980: 7976:Flowering plant 7931:Marchantiophyta 7897: 7863:Chytridiomycota 7849: 7721: 7664: 7620:Planctomycetota 7580:Gemmatimonadota 7565:Elusimicrobiota 7458:Acidobacteriota 7436: 7429: 7399: 7394: 7369: 7295:Phylactolaemata 7083: 7073: 7072: 7058: 7049:Xenambulacraria 7025: 6981: 6958: 6924: 6906:Kryptotrochozoa 6900: 6878: 6848: 6835: 6826:Monoblastozoa ( 6802: 6760: 6747: 6719:Micrognathozoa 6707: 6670: 6645: 6618: 6596: 6572: 6536: 6503: 6492: 6479: 6450: 6424: 6415: 6398: 6375: 6359: 6342: 6311: 6303: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6183: 6161: 6152: 6143: 6113: 6090:Nematode on BBC 6080:Wayback Machine 6043:Wayback Machine 6011: 6006: 5997: 5995: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5891: 5889: 5888:on 3 March 2016 5873: 5867: 5846:(6): 1123–1125. 5822: 5820: 5807: 5782: 5777: 5770: 5759: 5757:Further reading 5754: 5721:(7): e1010798. 5707: 5703: 5648: 5644: 5601: 5597: 5581: 5580: 5573: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5526: 5522: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5449: 5445: 5435: 5433: 5423: 5419: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5302:10.1071/AP04081 5272: 5268: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5239: 5237: 5225: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5167: 5163: 5104: 5100: 5068: 5064: 5049: 5027: 5023: 4992: 4988: 4964: 4960: 4933: 4929: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4830: 4826: 4787:Heterorhabditis 4779: 4772: 4765: 4753:Bell G (1982). 4751: 4747: 4737: 4695: 4691: 4642: 4638: 4593: 4589: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4523: 4494: 4487: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4419: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4368: 4364: 4327: 4323: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4187: 4180: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4076:(6671): 71–75. 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4048:on 5 March 2016 4045: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3969: 3965: 3950: 3946: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3859: 3848:"Phylum Nemata" 3844: 3840: 3821: 3817: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3781: 3777: 3754: 3745: 3734: 3732: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3683: 3676: 3623: 3619: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3524:on 2 March 2020 3456: 3449: 3434: 3382: 3378: 3346:1854/LU-1269676 3323:(7349): 79–82. 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3277:. Nature news. 3271: 3267: 3251:10.1038/474006b 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3178:on 10 June 2011 3154: 3150: 3126:1854/LU-1269676 3103:(7349): 79–82. 3089: 3085: 3040: 3036: 3012:1854/LU-3127487 2983: 2979: 2928: 2924: 2889: 2885: 2842: 2838: 2828: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2779: 2775: 2744: 2740: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2580: 2576: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2482: 2458: 2438:, survived the 2421: 2415: 2391: 2385: 2383:Soil ecosystems 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2232:Brassica juncea 2228:Chinese mustard 2154:for control of 2082:Xiphinema index 1929: 1811:). The species 1766: 1728: 1682: 1676:of the female. 1660:parthenogenesis 1600:Heterorhabditis 1573:eukaryotic cell 1527:seminal vesicle 1489: 1431: 1425: 1399: 1353: 1306:C. elegans 1298: 1272:with a diverse 1268:in present-day 1250: 1089:(paraphyletic?) 1046:Phylum Nematoda 947: 885: 864:sensu restricto 832:Nemathelminthes 761: 741: 648: 642: 624:"to spin"; see 604:comes from the 598: 531:cryptic species 436:constitute the 404: 395: 360: 356: 345: 258: 139: 130: 110: 107: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27:Phylum of worms 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9625: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9540: 9530: 9517: 9504: 9494: 9481: 9468: 9455: 9442: 9429: 9416: 9407:Fauna Europaea 9403: 9390: 9377: 9364: 9354: 9341: 9328: 9313: 9297: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9245: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9218: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9187: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9175: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9138: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9126: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9115:Dioctophymosis 9105: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9078:Toxocara canis 9074: 9073: 9072: 9060: 9059: 9058: 9045: 9043: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9031: 9023:Metastrongylus 9019: 9018: 9017: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8991: 8990: 8989: 8977:A. braziliense 8967: 8961: 8959: 8947: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8880: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8838:Dirofilariasis 8828: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8817:Mansonelliasis 8807: 8806: 8805: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8786:Onchocerciasis 8775: 8773: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8744:Dracunculiasis 8733: 8731: 8722: 8713: 8704: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8680: 8668: 8667: 8666: 8654: 8653: 8652: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8623:Hymenolepiasis 8607: 8606: 8605: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8572:Echinococcosis 8555: 8553: 8551:Cyclophyllidea 8544: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8520:Metagonimiasis 8510: 8509: 8508: 8506:Heterophyiasis 8496: 8495: 8494: 8492:Amphistomiasis 8482: 8481: 8480: 8468: 8467: 8466: 8451: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8435:Paragonimiasis 8418: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8362:Dicrocoeliasis 8346: 8345: 8344: 8331: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8315:Swimmer's itch 8305: 8304: 8303: 8289:S. haematobium 8266: 8264: 8255: 8240: 8230: 8229: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8186: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8174: 8172: 8169:Incertae sedis 8164: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Micrognathozoa 8111: 8106: 8104:Acanthocephala 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7946:Lycopodiophyta 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7907: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7760:Ancyromonadida 7757: 7752: 7746: 7744: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7712:Thermoproteota 7709: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7682: 7680: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7625:Pseudomonadota 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7600:Mycoplasmatota 7597: 7595:Lentisphaerota 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7575:Fusobacteriota 7572: 7570:Fibrobacterota 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7473:Armatimonadota 7470: 7465: 7463:Actinomycetota 7460: 7454: 7452: 7438: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7385: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7260:Platyhelminths 7256: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7203: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7087: 7085: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7054:Centroneuralia 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6859: 6853: 6850:Lophotrochozoa 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6823: 6818: 6812: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6795: 6787: 6785: 6776: 6765: 6762:Platytrochozoa 6757: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6736: 6724: 6721:(Limnognathia) 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6675: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6636: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6557: 6555: 6546: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6521: 6508: 6497: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6417: 6416: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6351: 6350:(Triploblasts) 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6333: 6331:and relatives) 6323: 6317: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6288: 6282: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258:Mesomycetozoea 6255: 6250: 6240: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6194:Diaphoretickes 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6112: 6111: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6009:External links 6007: 6005: 6004: 5984: 5975: 5963:978-0415272117 5962: 5947: 5898: 5871: 5865: 5848: 5842:(in Russian). 5829: 5813:news.bbc.co.uk 5805: 5795:(1): 255–266. 5768:Enoplus brevis 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5701: 5666:(2): 181–188. 5642: 5615:(6): 690–705. 5595: 5555: 5536:(2): 179–184. 5520: 5486: 5443: 5417: 5380:(5): 325–341. 5360: 5348: 5335: 5322: 5266: 5247: 5219: 5204: 5191: 5161: 5098: 5079:(3): 295–302. 5062: 5047: 5021: 5002:(4): 503–511. 4986: 4958: 4947:(4): 367–389. 4927: 4906:10.1086/528968 4884: 4874: 4861: 4854: 4824: 4770: 4763: 4745: 4689: 4636: 4587: 4569: 4562: 4542: 4535: 4492: 4485: 4467: 4460: 4438: 4431: 4410: 4362: 4321: 4270: 4240: 4178: 4137: 4111: 4059: 3996: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3895: 3869: 3838: 3815: 3800: 3793: 3775: 3743: 3731:on 9 June 2016 3704: 3697: 3674: 3617: 3560: 3553: 3535: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3376: 3301: 3265: 3225: 3189: 3148: 3083: 3034: 2997:(4): 607–619. 2977: 2942:(4): 839–850. 2922: 2903:(3): 391–408. 2883: 2856:(4): 475–485. 2836: 2826: 2806: 2773: 2738: 2705: 2648: 2621: 2597: 2574: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2520:Toxocara canis 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2457: 2454: 2429:Space Shuttle 2414: 2411: 2396:nitrogen cycle 2384: 2381: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2240: 2237: 2014:Aphelenchoides 1928: 1925: 1912:M. neotropicum 1765: 1762: 1754:model organism 1727: 1724: 1681: 1678: 1609:hermaphroditic 1557:, one or more 1519:hermaphrodites 1515:androdioecious 1488: 1485: 1477:chemoreception 1424: 1423:Nervous system 1421: 1417:renette glands 1410:osmoregulation 1398: 1395: 1352: 1349: 1297: 1294: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1220:Trichocephalia 1216: 1210: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1167: 1166: 1164:Oxyuridomorpha 1156: 1150: 1136: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1083: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 946: 943: 902:together with 884: 881: 866:as a synonym. 813:Acanthocephala 760: 757: 641: 638: 597: 594: 445:microorganisms 347: 346: 344: 343: 334: 328: 319: 309: 306: 305: 299: 298: 290: 289: 284: 279: 271: 270: 266: 265: 253: 249: 248: 243: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 203: 202: 197: 190: 189: 184: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 133: 132: 121: 120: 112: 111: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42:Early Devonian 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9624: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9607:Extremophiles 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9550: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9495: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9351: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9324: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9281: 9265: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9211: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9102:Baylisascaris 9099: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8952: 8948: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8920: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8853: 8852:Brugia malayi 8848: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8695: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8603:Cysticercosis 8600: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8429:P. kellicotti 8425: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8342:Clonorchiasis 8340: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8236:platyhelminth 8231: 8227: 8226:helminthiases 8223: 8216: 8211: 8209: 8204: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8171: 8170: 8165: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7893:Basidiomycota 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7878:Glomeromycota 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:Stramenopiles 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7765:Apusomonadida 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7701:Nanoarchaeota 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687:Euryarchaeota 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635:Spirochaetota 7633: 7631: 7630:Rhodothermota 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:Dictyoglomota 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7544:Cyanobacteria 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7533:Chrysiogenota 7531: 7529: 7528:Chloroflexota 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7508:Calditrichota 7506: 7504: 7503:Caldisericota 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7478:Atribacterota 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7390: 7389:dubious phyla 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7188:Hemichordates 7185: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103:Glass sponges 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7086: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7044:Deuterostomia 7042: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030:of Bilateria 7029: 7024: 7023: 7020: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6863:Cycliophora ( 6861: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6846: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6758: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6673: 6668: 6642: 6641: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6602:Panarthropoda 6599: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6501: 6498: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6315: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Stramenopiles 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6184:(major groups 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5906: 5899: 5887: 5883: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5866:9780643105911 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5761: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5715:PLOS Genetics 5712: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5585: 5584:cite magazine 5569: 5565: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5432: 5431:Modern Farmer 5428: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5326: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5257: 5251: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5132:: 1692–1720. 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5121:Plant Disease 5117: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4900:(4): 536–44. 4899: 4895: 4888: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607:(1): 177–88. 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4573: 4565: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4442: 4434: 4432:9780135014332 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4253:Nematodes.org 4250: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:Mol Biol Evol 4148: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4090:10.1038/32160 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3846:Wilson, E.O. 3842: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2827:9780851994215 2823: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2652: 2636: 2632: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2526:Toxocara cati 2522: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2498:Soil food web 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2413:Survivability 2410: 2408: 2404: 2401:One group of 2399: 2397: 2390: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2328: no data 2316: 220–240 2310: 200–220 2304: 180–200 2298: 160–180 2292: 140–160 2286: 120–140 2280: 100–120 2249: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2211:Soil steaming 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941:plant viruses 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1824:Baylisascaris 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1684:The nematode 1677: 1675: 1670: 1669: 1668:Mesorhabditis 1663: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1588:ovoviviparous 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444:ventral nerve 1440: 1436: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:Burmese amber 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1248:Fossil record 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1160:Spiruromorpha 1157: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1144:Trichinellida 1141: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080:Diplogasteria 1077: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1029:Diplogasteria 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 978: 976: 972: 971:DNA sequences 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 942: 940: 935: 933: 929: 928:Cycloneuralia 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 894: 890: 880: 876: 873: 867: 865: 861: 856: 852: 848: 847:Ray Lankester 844: 840: 839:K. M. Diesing 835: 833: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 800:Nematodes by 799: 795: 791: 790:nêma, nêmatos 787: 786:Ancient Greek 784:(1808), from 783: 782:Karl Rudolphi 779: 774: 772: 768: 767: 735: 729: 724: 717: 713: 706: 702: 698: 695:Unidentified 693: 687: 686: 681: 673: 667: 663: 656: 652: 647: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 527:DNA barcoding 524: 519: 515: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 413: 409: 408: 400: 399: 390: 354: 341: 335: 329: 325: 324:sensu stricto 320: 316: 311: 310: 307: 304: 300: 297: 295: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 272: 267: 262: 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 229:Superphylum: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 148: 143: 138: 134: 128: 127: 122: 118: 113: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 43: 33: 30: 19: 9597:Pest control 9587:Garden pests 9292: 9262: 9247: 9235: 9221: 9198:Enterobiasis 9190: 9170: 9156: 9141: 9121: 9107: 9100: 9094:Toxocariasis 9083: 9076: 9062: 9048: 9021: 9007: 9001:Necatoriasis 8993: 8976: 8969: 8930: 8903: 8890: 8883: 8876:Thelazioidea 8857: 8850: 8844: 8831: 8823: 8809: 8800: 8792: 8778: 8736: 8670: 8656: 8643: 8616: 8609: 8591: 8585: 8578: 8565: 8558: 8512: 8498: 8484: 8470: 8461: 8454: 8428: 8421: 8395: 8388: 8376:F. gigantica 8375: 8368: 8355: 8348: 8334: 8307: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8277:S. japonicum 8276: 8269: 8175: 8167: 8089:Orthonectida 8084:Gastrotricha 8059:Nematomorpha 8053: 8034:Chaetognatha 8024:Hemichordate 7951:Pteridophyta 7820:Malawimonada 7694:Korarchaeota 7655:Thermotogota 7640:Synergistota 7615:Nitrospirota 7610:Nitrospinota 7555:Deinococcota 7488:Bacteroidota 7387:Potentially 7382: 7335: 7311: 7305:Gymnolaemata 7300:Stenolaemata 7289:Ectoproctans 7287: 7258: 7229: 7206: 7205: 7199:Pterobranchs 7186: 7162: 7138: 7114: 7090: 7084:within phyla 7082:Major groups 6952: 6939:Bryozoa s.l. 6930:Lophophorata 6918: 6894: 6872: 6864: 6827: 6816:Orthonectida 6791: 6738: 6731: 6720: 6639: 6632: 6561: 6560: 6519:Scalidophora 6468: 6456:Ambulacraria 6443: 6356:(see below↓) 6336: 6328: 6292: 6243:Opisthokonta 5996:. Retrieved 5993:Ars Technica 5992: 5979: 5967:. Retrieved 5952: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5890:. Retrieved 5886:the original 5878: 5856: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5821:. Retrieved 5819:. 1 May 2003 5812: 5792: 5786: 5774: 5767: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5645: 5612: 5609:Astrobiology 5608: 5604: 5598: 5572:. Retrieved 5567: 5558: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5506: 5502: 5489: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5434:. Retrieved 5430: 5420: 5377: 5373: 5363: 5351: 5338: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5288:(1): 77–83. 5285: 5279: 5269: 5250: 5238:. Retrieved 5232: 5222: 5213: 5207: 5196:, retrieved 5174: 5164: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5101: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5030: 5024: 4999: 4995: 4989: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4877: 4837: 4827: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4754: 4748: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4604: 4600: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4552: 4545: 4526: 4476: 4470: 4449: 4441: 4422: 4401:. Retrieved 4381: 4375: 4365: 4341:(1): 1–289. 4338: 4334: 4324: 4287: 4284:BMC Genomics 4283: 4273: 4261:. Retrieved 4257:the original 4252: 4243: 4198: 4194: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4128:. Retrieved 4123: 4114: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4050:. Retrieved 4043:the original 4012: 3999: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3907: 3898: 3886:. Retrieved 3881: 3872: 3860:. Retrieved 3856:the original 3851: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3784: 3778: 3764:(45): 1619. 3761: 3757: 3735:25 September 3733:. Retrieved 3729:the original 3720: 3713:Cobb, Nathan 3707: 3687: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3544: 3538: 3526:. Retrieved 3522:the original 3467: 3463: 3439: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3320: 3314: 3304: 3292:. Retrieved 3278: 3268: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3202: 3192: 3180:. Retrieved 3176:the original 3161: 3151: 3100: 3096: 3086: 3051: 3047: 3037: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2831: 2816: 2809: 2797:. Retrieved 2792: 2786: 2776: 2757: 2751: 2741: 2724: 2718: 2715:(Cobb, 1932) 2708: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2639:. Retrieved 2634: 2629:Hay, Frank. 2624: 2612:. Retrieved 2591: 2587: 2577: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2532:Worm bagging 2524: 2518: 2503:Toxocariasis 2474:Nematode.net 2447: 2443: 2430: 2424: 2422: 2400: 2392: 2389:Soil ecology 2377: 2365:trichuriasis 2358: 2351: 2344:Anthelmintic 2274: 75–100 2239:Epidemiology 2230: 2217: 2215: 2181:, a natural 2172: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2145: 2134: 2123:fungus gnats 2116: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2095:, vector of 2090: 2085:, vector of 2080: 2074: 2068: 2064:Pratylenchus 2062: 2056: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2012: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1944: 1933:horticulture 1930: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1903: 1885: 1879: 1877: 1874:sp.) and egg 1871: 1845: 1834: 1828: 1822: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1784: 1778: 1757: 1748: 1729: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1666: 1664: 1642: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1617: 1598: 1596: 1582:Eggs may be 1581: 1551: 1531:vas deferens 1508: 1502: 1487:Reproduction 1462: 1455: 1432: 1414: 1400: 1372: 1361: 1354: 1344: 1324:is either a 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1290:Rhynie chert 1278:lagerstätten 1251: 1214:Bathyodontia 1168: 1158:infraorders 1127: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1111:" assemblage 1056:Monhysterida 1045: 1044: 1037: 1025:Monhysterida 1009:paraphyletic 1006: 968: 948: 936: 924:Scalidophora 916:Nematomorpha 912:sister taxon 893:protostomian 889:phylogenetic 886: 877: 868: 863: 859: 836: 809:Nematomorpha 806: 793: 789: 775: 764: 762: 727: 715: 705:Ascaridoidea 683: 665: 654: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 608:compound of 606:Modern Latin 601: 599: 589: 584:nematologist 578: 535: 511: 509:mega journal 502: 498:Nematomorpha 461: 440: 433: 429: 352: 350: 339: 323: 291: 255: 239: 219:(unranked): 206: 193: 180: 170:Subkingdom: 124: 29: 9446:iNaturalist 9317:Wikispecies 9263:C. hepatica 9229:Trichinosis 9214:Adenophorea 9070:Anisakiasis 8951:Strongylida 8932:Gongylonema 8923:Spiruroidea 8911:Thelaziasis 8891:G. hispidum 8765:Filarioidea 8729:Camallanida 8711:Secernentea 8678:Sparganosis 8664:Sparganosis 8617:H. diminuta 8586:T. asiatica 8456:Echinostoma 8396:O. felineus 8382:Fasciolosis 8327:Liver fluke 8262:Blood fluke 8144:Brachiopoda 8119:Cycliophora 8064:Onychophora 8039:Kinorhyncha 7961:Ginkgophyta 7956:Cycadophyta 7921:Chlorophyta 7911:Glaucophyta 7605:Myxococcota 7523:Chlorobiota 7518:Chlamydiota 7363:Tusk shells 7348:Cephalopods 7319:Polychaetes 7266:Turbellaria 7247:Crustaceans 7223:Secernentea 7213:Chromadorea 7194:Acorn worms 7164:Echinoderms 7156:Vertebrates 7098:Demosponges 7032:is disputed 6494:Protostomia 6382:is disputed 6309:ParaHoxozoa 5998:22 December 5969:16 December 5892:10 February 5509:(1): 8–11. 5436:15 February 5240:20 November 5108:Subbotin SA 4201:(10): 739. 3983:: 860–895. 3935:J Parasitol 3904:"Bilateria" 3528:10 December 3440:EurekAlert! 3279:Nature News 3234:"Gold mine" 2760:(1): 5–11. 2641:28 November 2609:"Nematodes" 2563:(1): 9–14. 2517:roundworm, 2268: 50–75 2262: 25–50 2136:Steinernema 2121:to control 2070:Trichodorus 2048:Meloidogyne 2024:Ditylenchus 1997:wood-borers 1960:Steinernema 1896:frugivorous 1819:trichinosis 1744:meiobenthos 1644:Meloidogyne 1636:androdioecy 1625:C. briggsae 1584:embryonated 1543:spermatheca 1442:cells. 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