759:
754:
118:
844:
947:
927:
1041:
816:
864:
1102:
1097:
1021:
722:
105:
988:
611:
as in most other protostomes. Ancestrally, the group exhibited sclerotized teeth within the foregut, and a ring of spines around the mouth opening, though these features have been secondarily lost in certain groups. A respiratory and circulatory system is only present in
1252:). Adoutte and coworkers were among the first to strongly support the Ecdysozoa. With the introduction of molecular phylogenetics, the coelomate hypothesis was abandoned, although some molecular, phylogenetic support for the Coelomata continued until as late as 2005.
2004:
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; et al. (November 2006). "Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral
Ecdysozoan".
2422:
Howard, Richard J.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Fleming, James F.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; et al. (10 March 2022). "The
Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data".
2902:. Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 3–7 January 1998, Boston, Massachusetts. Symposium on Evolutionary Relationships of Metazoan Phyla: Advances, problems, and approaches.
668:
in 2008 suggested that the tardigrada could be grouped along with the nematodes, leaving
Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods. The non-panarthropod members of Ecdysozoa have been grouped as
1566:
Aguinaldo, A.M.A.; Turbeville, J.M.; Linford, L.S.; Rivera, M.C.; Garey, J.R.; Raff, R.A.; Lake, J.A. (29 May 1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods, and other moulting animals".
660:, have been considered possible members but lack the main characters of the group, and are now placed elsewhere. The Arthropoda, Onychophora, and Tardigrada have been grouped together as the
2753:"The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may not be clades: Stronger support for the grouping of plant and animal than for animal and fungi, and stronger support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa"
684:
for the protostomes is shown below. It is indicated when approximately clades radiated into newer clades in millions of years ago (Mya); dashed lines show especially uncertain placements.
1675:
Ax, P. (1985). "The position of the
Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria". In Conway Morris, S.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (eds.).
1622:
Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; et al. (10 April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life".
2843:
Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Bartolomaeus, Thomas; Lemburg, Christian; Ehlers, Ulrich; Garey, James R. (December 1998) . "The position of the
Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system".
2590:
2554:
1807:
2696:
1272:
1537:
Eernisse, D.J.; Albert, J.S.; Anderson, F.E. (1992). "Annelida and
Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology".
2240:
2827:
2801:
2050:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; et al. (June 2011).
1974:
895:
4332:
328:
4396:
2858:
2811:
1200:
within the
Ecdysozoa was initially contested but since 2003, a broad consensus has formed supporting the Ecdysozoa and in 2011 the
4319:
534:
2880:
2532:
1729:
1681:. Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 28. New York, NY: Clarendon / Oxford University Press. pp. 168–180.
513:. Some argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques, while others contested the interpretation of the
4324:
2897:
2668:
2056:
1336:
Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; et al. (17 August 2022).
530:
2976:
2425:
2296:
1845:
1708:
1277:
616:
and arthropods (often absent in smaller arthropods like mites); in the rest of the groups, both systems are missing.
4337:
591:) composed of organic material, which is periodically molted as the animal grows. This process of molting is called
3013:
578:
3008:
2586:"On quality of evidence in phylogeny reconstruction: A reply to Zrzavý's defence of the 'Ecdysozoa' hypothesis"
1686:
3092:
3082:
3065:
2363:
2361:
Nielsen, Claus; Brunet, Thibaut; Arendt, Detlev (2018-08-22). "Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus".
1539:
1480:
Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008).
2314:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
1271:
Howard RJ, Giacomelli M, Lozano-Fernandez J, Edgecombe GD, Fleming JF, Kristensen RM, et al. (2022).
552:
1411:
Howard, Richard J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Shi, Xiaomei; Hou, Xianguang; Ma, Xiaoya (23 November 2020).
2007:
2835:
2690:
Adoutte, A.; Balavoine, G.; Lartillot, N.; Lespinet, O.; Prud'homme, B.; de Rosa, R. (25 April 2000).
117:
1982:
1959:
1372:
2236:"Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences"
1754:
1417:
1201:
3097:
1921:
Vinther, Jakob; Porras, Luis; Young, Fletcher J.; Budd, Graham E.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2016).
4363:
4246:
2969:
1220:
Before
Aguinaldo's Ecdysozoa proposal, one of the prevailing theories for the evolution of the
503:
2486:
Nielsen, C. (September 2003). "Proposing a solution to the
Articulata–Ecdysozoa controversy".
1922:
4358:
3060:
2845:
2097:
1192:. Nielsen has suggested that a possible solution is to regard Ecdysozoa as a sister-group of
1185:
435:
4350:
4306:
4293:
2705:
2434:
2372:
2168:
2106:
1938:
1879:
1633:
1577:
1426:
1351:
1286:
758:
476:
2819:
1413:"Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan"
8:
4391:
4284:
2312:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008).
2709:
2438:
2376:
2172:
2110:
1942:
1883:
1637:
1581:
1430:
1355:
1290:
4386:
3525:
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3055:
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2645:
2620:
2505:
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1903:
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1802:
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1601:
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1457:
1412:
1393:
1312:
1229:
112:
2210:
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1778:
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3947:
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3050:
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3028:
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2862:
2774:
2733:
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2691:
2650:
2604:
2585:
2568:
2549:
2528:
2501:
2488:
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2396:
2388:
2343:
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2196:
2184:
2132:
2024:
2020:
1907:
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1783:
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1704:
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1682:
1649:
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1519:
1501:
1462:
1444:
1397:
1385:
1377:
1337:
1316:
681:
600:
458:
454:
2874:
2796:
2408:
2077:
2036:
3002:
2909:
2854:
2764:
2723:
2713:
2640:
2632:
2599:
2563:
2509:
2497:
2450:
2442:
2380:
2333:
2325:
2259:
2249:
2176:
2159:
2122:
2114:
2065:
2016:
1954:
1946:
1887:
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1816:
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1763:
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1605:
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1509:
1493:
1452:
1434:
1367:
1359:
1342:
1302:
1294:
419:
345:
4298:
3221:
2888:
2621:"The evolution of the animals: Introduction to a Linnean tercentenary celebration"
4228:
4134:
3985:
3888:
3745:
3278:
2927:
1241:
753:
717:
608:
446:
253:
2318:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2093:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
3893:
3871:
3689:
3601:
3579:
3542:
3033:
2118:
1748:
Blair, J.E.; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Hedges, S. Blair (8 April 2002).
1439:
1363:
1209:
1208:
for the discovery of the New Animal Phylogeny consisting of the Ecdysozoa, the
514:
2384:
2254:
2069:
2052:"Higher-level metazoan relationships: Recent progress and remaining questions"
1552:
843:
677:
in representing the primitive condition from which the Panarthropoda evolved.
4380:
4038:
3942:
3441:
2689:
2464:
2392:
1701:
proceedings of an international symposium held in London, September 1983
1505:
1448:
1381:
1273:"The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data"
1177:
969:
946:
749:
670:
661:
439:
280:
59:
2769:
2752:
1696:
4144:
4139:
4027:
3883:
3769:
3655:
3558:
3537:
3407:
3358:
3314:
3295:
2914:
2866:
2778:
2737:
2718:
2654:
2636:
2400:
2347:
2329:
2273:
2188:
2136:
2028:
1899:
1787:
1653:
1523:
1497:
1466:
1389:
1189:
942:
796:
653:
312:
273:
230:
2859:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199812)238:3<263::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-L
1768:
1597:
926:
4278:
4269:
4105:
4076:
4062:
4052:
3637:
3453:
3366:
3148:
2421:
2151:
1862:
1270:
1245:
1225:
1040:
1016:
1001:
859:
815:
772:
657:
637:
629:
613:
583:
The most notable characteristic shared by ecdysozoans is a three-layered
407:
399:
292:
235:
162:
34:
2446:
2180:
1891:
1645:
1298:
4202:
4187:
4182:
4163:
4158:
4086:
4033:
4003:
3995:
3937:
3811:
3803:
3786:
3566:
3478:
3431:
3371:
3333:
3307:
3153:
3138:
2923:
2842:
2455:
1950:
1338:"Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan, and not the earliest deuterostome"
1307:
1233:
1205:
1118:
1036:
983:
863:
839:
811:
645:
641:
633:
625:
588:
496:
442:
387:
302:
297:
245:
240:
198:
79:
44:
2954:
2625:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1863:"Hallucigenia's head and the pharyngeal armature of early ecdysozoans"
1486:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4168:
4115:
4110:
4081:
4070:
4019:
4014:
3966:
3878:
3665:
3660:
3622:
3471:
3463:
3392:
3265:
3252:
3233:
3228:
3187:
1589:
1221:
1197:
907:
735:
703:
674:
559:
541:
510:
492:
469:
411:
403:
391:
286:
263:
188:
175:
149:
129:
84:
16:
Superphylum of protostomes including arthropods, nematodes and others
4240:
2234:
Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (June 2015).
1801:
Wägele, J.W.; Erikson, T.; Lockhart, P.; Misof, B. (December 1999).
1096:
4263:
4192:
4176:
4099:
4091:
4046:
4009:
3990:
3979:
3961:
3955:
3816:
3757:
3733:
3630:
3511:
3400:
3284:
3175:
3166:
3072:
2619:
Telford, Maximilian J.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (27 April 2008).
2152:"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"
1840:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 877–880.
1193:
1181:
1176:
is almost universally accepted, replacing an older hypothesis that
1092:
922:
649:
499:
415:
268:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2003:
1101:
4152:
4128:
4120:
4057:
3971:
3791:
3778:
3711:
3702:
3647:
3572:
2899:
Essential role of "minor" phyla in understanding animal evolution
592:
584:
488:
484:
480:
395:
320:
89:
64:
4311:
2751:
Philip, G.K.; Creevey, C.J.; McInerney, J.O. (9 February 2005).
1565:
595:, and gives the group its name. The ecdysozoans lack locomotory
4197:
3931:
3131:
3118:
2989:
2986:
1249:
1237:
987:
604:
596:
509:
The group was initially contested by a significant minority of
423:
139:
2942:
1479:
1020:
721:
1266:
1264:
664:
because they are distinguished by segmented body plans. Dunn
427:
2550:"Ecdysozoa versus Articulata: Clades, artifacts, prejudices"
104:
2896:
Garey, James R.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (December 1998) .
2591:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
2555:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
2311:
1808:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1196:, though later considered them unrelated. Inclusion of the
378:
375:
366:
351:
2697:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
2203:
2049:
1800:
1261:
449:
and all its descendants, was formally named by Aguinaldo
360:
2692:"The new animal phylogeny: Reliability and implications"
2525:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla
2289:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla
2233:
1722:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla
3921:
1923:"The mouth apparatus of the Cambrian gilled lobopodian
1747:
438:
of 141 morphological characters of ultrastructural and
2750:
1920:
1536:
2149:
1861:
Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2 July 2015).
1410:
372:
363:
354:
348:
2661:
1678:
The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates
1335:
357:
2895:
2360:
2150:Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014).
1621:
369:
2091:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (4 April 2017).
2618:
1835:
1473:
4378:
2802:University of California Museum of Paleontology
445:. This clade, that is, a group consisting of a
2908:. Vol. 38, no. 6. pp. 907–917.
2671:(Press release). The Linnean Society of London
1617:
1615:
1162:
2970:
2090:
1699:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
3357:
2583:
1612:
624:The Ecdysozoa include the following phyla:
3331:
2977:
2963:
2584:Wägele, J.W.; Misof, B. (September 2001).
1860:
687:The phylogenetic tree is based on Nielsen
103:
3524:
2913:
2768:
2727:
2717:
2644:
2603:
2567:
2527:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2454:
2337:
2291:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2263:
2253:
2126:
1960:1983/16da11f1-5231-4d6c-9968-69ddc5633a8a
1958:
1820:
1777:
1767:
1513:
1456:
1438:
1373:1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1
1371:
1306:
475:The group Ecdysozoa is supported by many
3391:
3315:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
3263:
1803:"The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum?"
1750:"The evolutionary position of nematodes"
1743:
1741:
1167:
3116:
2984:
2522:
2485:
2286:
2084:
1719:
1215:
4379:
3309:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
3279:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2547:
4245:
4244:
3250:
2958:
2937:– via chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey.
1738:
1224:was based on the morphology of their
673:but they are more usually considered
3580:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
2057:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
1172:The grouping proposed by Aguinaldo
13:
3614:
3420:
3177:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1822:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1999.tb00985.x
1674:
656:. A few other groups, such as the
572:
14:
4408:
4397:Extant Cambrian first appearances
2788:
2426:Journal of the Geological Society
1278:Journal of the Geological Society
4221:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2605:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00177.x
2569:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00168.x
2502:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00122.x
2021:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x
1482:"The evolution of the Ecdysozoa"
1100:
1095:
1039:
1019:
986:
945:
925:
862:
842:
814:
757:
752:
720:
579:List of bilaterial animal orders
479:characters, including growth by
344:
116:
32:
2757:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2744:
2683:
2612:
2577:
2574:— in support of clade Ecdysozoa
2541:
2516:
2479:
2415:
2354:
2305:
2280:
2227:
2143:
2043:
1997:
1981:. Invertebrates. Archived from
1967:
1914:
1854:
1829:
1794:
430:was first proposed by Eernisse
3408:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
2548:Zrzavý, J. (12 January 2002).
2364:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1713:
1668:
1559:
1530:
1404:
1329:
464:A large study in 2008 by Dunn
1:
3251:
1255:
1228:. There were three types, or
4020:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2211:"Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa"
619:
520:
7:
4077:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3817:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3632:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
3543:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
3432:Loricifera (corset animals)
2828:"Tardigrades and Ecdysozoa"
2008:Evolution & Development
1724:. Oxford University Press.
1163:Older alternative groupings
10:
4413:
3967:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3713:Annelida (segmented worms)
3538:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
3454:Onychophora (velvet worms)
2669:"The Darwin-Wallace Medal"
2119:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
1836:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1440:10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6
1364:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z
1244:(partial coelom), and the
1180:should be classified with
576:
96:Possible traces age 556 Ma
4253:
4217:
4015:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3917:
3910:
3861:
3812:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3802:
3793:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3777:
3768:
3753:
3744:
3729:
3722:
3698:
3687:
3646:
3638:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3621:
3610:
3599:
3551:
3533:
3520:
3509:
3462:
3449:
3440:
3427:
3416:
3384:
3367:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
3353:
3342:
3327:
3303:
3294:
3274:
3259:
3246:
3211:
3186:
3162:
3147:
3139:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
3127:
3112:
2996:
2385:10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0
2255:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0
2070:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
1925:Pambdelurion whittingtoni
1212:, and the Deuterostomia.
1188:, and that Ecdysozoa are
1115:
1090:
1034:
1014:
1006:
981:
974:
940:
920:
912:
900:
857:
837:
829:
809:
801:
789:
777:
747:
740:
715:
708:
453:in 1997, based mainly on
227:
222:
113:Scientific classification
111:
102:
23:
3573:Rotifera (wheel animals)
3372:Priapulida (penis worms)
2885:chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey
2797:"Ecdysozoa introduction"
1755:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1418:BMC Evolutionary Biology
422:. The grouping of these
3787:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3759:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
3480:Tardigrada (waterbears)
3473:Arthropoda (arthropods)
2881:"Abstract & images"
2814:. Kingdoms / Animalia.
2523:Nielsen, Claus (2012).
1720:Nielsen, Claus (1995).
1553:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.305
495:– under control of the
483:, with moulting of the
468:strongly supported the
3962:Anthozoans inc. corals
3661:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2719:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4453
2637:10.1098/rstb.2007.2231
2330:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
1498:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243
1184:in a group called the
504:internal fertilization
418:, and several smaller
4359:Paleobiology Database
4092:Hexapods inc. insects
3402:Nematoda (roundworms)
2846:Journal of Morphology
2770:10.1093/molbev/msi102
2098:Nature Communications
1769:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7
1232:of organization: the
1168:Articulata hypothesis
436:phylogenetic analysis
3285:Chordata (chordates)
2915:10.1093/icb/38.6.907
2287:Nielsen, C. (2002).
1979:Paleos (palaeos.com)
1838:Invertebrate Zoology
1216:Coelomata hypothesis
1202:Darwin–Wallace Medal
426:phyla into a single
3735:Mollusca (molluscs)
3220:of the animal root
2804:(ucmp.berkeley.edu)
2710:2000PNAS...97.4453A
2694:. Special feature.
2631:(1496): 1421–1424.
2447:10.1144/jgs2021-107
2439:2022JGSoc.179..107H
2377:2018NatEE...2.1358N
2324:(1496): 1435–1443.
2181:10.1038/nature13576
2173:2014Natur.514..363S
2111:2017NatCo...8....9F
1943:2016Palgy..59..841V
1892:10.1038/nature14573
1884:2015Natur.523...75S
1646:10.1038/nature06614
1638:2008Natur.452..745D
1582:1997Natur.387R.489A
1492:(1496): 1529–1537.
1431:2020BMCEE..20..156H
1356:2022Natur.609..541L
1299:10.1144/jgs2021-107
1291:2022JGSoc.179..107H
680:A modern consensus
599:and produce mostly
390:animals, including
3948:Calcareous sponges
3133:Porifera (sponges)
2905:American Zoologist
2241:Zoological Letters
1951:10.1111/pala.12256
1540:Systematic Biology
457:constructed using
455:phylogenetic trees
434:(1992) based on a
4374:
4373:
4346:Open Tree of Life
4247:Taxon identifiers
4238:
4237:
4213:
4212:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3380:
3379:
3323:
3322:
3242:
3241:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
2534:978-0-19-960603-0
2489:Zoologica Scripta
2167:(7522): 363–366.
1731:978-0-19-850682-9
1632:(7188): 745–749.
1576:(6632): 489–493.
1350:(7927): 541–546.
1222:bilateral animals
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
958:
957:
884:
883:
875:
874:
682:phylogenetic tree
603:sperm, and their
459:18S ribosomal RNA
337:
336:
218:
97:
30:Cambrian - Recent
4404:
4367:
4366:
4354:
4353:
4341:
4340:
4328:
4327:
4315:
4314:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4242:
4241:
3919:
3918:
3875:
3775:
3774:
3751:
3750:
3727:
3726:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3531:
3530:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3447:
3446:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3389:
3388:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3301:
3300:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3261:
3260:
3248:
3247:
3225:
3160:
3159:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3113:
3025:
3005:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2947:nematomorpha.net
2938:
2936:
2935:
2926:. Archived from
2917:
2892:
2887:. Archived from
2878:
2839:
2834:. Archived from
2823:
2818:. Archived from
2807:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2763:(5): 1175–1184.
2748:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2704:(9): 4453–4456.
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2648:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2371:(9): 1358–1376.
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1771:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1590:10.1038/387489a0
1563:
1557:
1556:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1442:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1375:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1310:
1268:
1104:
1099:
1043:
1023:
1009:
1008:
990:
977:
976:
949:
929:
915:
914:
903:
902:
866:
846:
832:
831:
818:
804:
803:
792:
791:
780:
779:
761:
756:
743:
742:
724:
711:
710:
699:
698:
563:
555:
545:
537:
531:scientific Greek
386:) is a group of
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
212:
121:
120:
107:
95:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4362:
4357:
4349:
4344:
4336:
4331:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4209:
4135:Phylactolaemata
3923:
3913:
3912:
3898:
3889:Xenambulacraria
3865:
3821:
3798:
3764:
3746:Kryptotrochozoa
3740:
3718:
3688:
3675:
3666:Monoblastozoa (
3642:
3600:
3587:
3559:Micrognathozoa
3547:
3510:
3485:
3458:
3436:
3412:
3376:
3343:
3332:
3319:
3290:
3264:
3255:
3238:
3215:
3199:
3182:
3151:
3143:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3023:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2953:
2941:
2933:
2931:
2879:
2830:. Tardigrades.
2826:
2810:
2806:. Berkeley, CA.
2795:
2791:
2786:
2749:
2745:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2617:
2613:
2582:
2578:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2521:
2517:
2484:
2480:
2420:
2416:
2359:
2355:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2285:
2281:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2089:
2085:
2048:
2044:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1975:"Panarthropoda"
1973:
1972:
1968:
1919:
1915:
1878:(7558): 75–78.
1865:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1834:
1830:
1799:
1795:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1718:
1714:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1620:
1613:
1564:
1560:
1535:
1531:
1478:
1474:
1409:
1405:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1242:Pseudocoelomata
1218:
1204:was awarded to
1170:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1132:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
959:
885:
876:
718:Xenacoelomorpha
622:
609:spiral cleavage
607:do not undergo
581:
575:
573:Characteristics
553:
535:
533:, derived from
523:
447:common ancestor
347:
343:
254:Palaeoscolecida
211:
115:
98:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4410:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4355:
4342:
4329:
4316:
4303:
4290:
4275:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4100:Platyhelminths
4096:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3927:
3925:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3894:Centroneuralia
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3730:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3699:
3693:
3690:Lophotrochozoa
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3605:
3602:Platytrochozoa
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3564:
3561:(Limnognathia)
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:(Triploblasts)
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3171:and relatives)
3163:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3122:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:Mesomycetozoea
3095:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3034:Diaphoretickes
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2943:"Nematomorpha"
2939:
2893:
2891:on 2010-05-10.
2853:(3): 263–285.
2840:
2838:on 2008-06-18.
2824:
2822:on 2003-03-13.
2808:
2792:
2790:
2789:External links
2787:
2785:
2784:
2743:
2682:
2660:
2611:
2598:(3): 165–176.
2576:
2562:(3): 159–163.
2540:
2533:
2515:
2496:(5): 475–482.
2478:
2414:
2353:
2304:
2297:
2279:
2226:
2202:
2142:
2083:
2064:(2): 151–172.
2042:
2015:(6): 502–510.
1996:
1966:
1937:(6): 841–849.
1913:
1853:
1846:
1828:
1815:(4): 211–223.
1793:
1737:
1730:
1712:
1687:
1667:
1611:
1558:
1547:(3): 305–330.
1529:
1472:
1403:
1328:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1217:
1214:
1210:Lophotrochozoa
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1013:
1007:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
992:
980:
975:
973:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
939:
936:
935:
932:
931:
919:
913:
911:
901:
899:
891:
890:
887:
886:
882:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
869:
868:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
836:
830:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
808:
802:
800:
790:
788:
778:
776:
768:
767:
764:
763:
746:
741:
739:
731:
730:
727:
726:
714:
709:
707:
697:
621:
618:
574:
571:
522:
519:
515:molecular data
472:of Ecdysozoa.
335:
334:
333:
332:
324:
316:
309:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
278:
277:
276:
271:
256:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
225:
224:
220:
219:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
166:
165:
160:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
108:
100:
99:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4409:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4365:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4243:
4230:
4229:dubious phyla
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:Hemichordates
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Glass sponges
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Deuterostomia
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:of Bilateria
3869:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3703:Cycliophora (
3701:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Panarthropoda
3439:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Stramenopiles
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3024:(major groups
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2930:on 2003-03-13
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:nematodes.org
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2780:
2776:
2771:
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2758:
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2747:
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2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
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2561:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2536:
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2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2298:0-19-850682-1
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1985:on 2007-02-07
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:Palaeontology
1928:
1926:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1847:0-03-056747-5
1843:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1709:9780198571810
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1655:
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1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1599:
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1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:body cavities
1223:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:Panarthropoda
1175:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:610 mya
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:
989:
985:
979:
978:
971:
970:Panarthropoda
967:
966:
963:
962:
954:
953:
950:
948:
944:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
928:
924:
917:
916:
909:
905:
904:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
880:
879:
871:
870:
867:
865:
861:
855:
854:
851:
850:
847:
845:
841:
834:
833:
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
817:
813:
806:
805:
798:
794:
793:
786:
782:
781:
774:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
760:
755:
751:
750:Deuterostomia
745:
744:
737:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
723:
719:
713:
712:
705:
701:
700:
696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:Cycloneuralia
667:
663:
662:Panarthropoda
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
617:
615:
614:onychophorans
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
570:
568:
564:
562:
556:
550:
546:
544:
538:
532:
528:
518:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:morphological
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:
440:embryological
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
383:
341:
331:
330:
325:
323:
322:
317:
314:
310:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
288:
284:
283:
282:
281:Panarthropoda
279:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
251:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
226:
221:
216:
210:
207:
205:Superphylum:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
106:
101:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
4254:
4227:Potentially
4222:
4175:
4151:
4145:Gymnolaemata
4140:Stenolaemata
4129:Ectoproctans
4127:
4098:
4069:
4045:
4039:Pterobranchs
4026:
4002:
3978:
3954:
3930:
3924:within phyla
3922:Major groups
3792:
3779:Bryozoa s.l.
3770:Lophophorata
3758:
3734:
3712:
3704:
3667:
3656:Orthonectida
3631:
3578:
3571:
3560:
3479:
3472:
3401:
3359:Scalidophora
3344:
3308:
3296:Ambulacraria
3283:
3196:(see below↓)
3176:
3168:
3132:
3083:Opisthokonta
2946:
2932:. Retrieved
2928:the original
2903:
2898:
2889:the original
2884:
2850:
2844:
2836:the original
2831:
2820:the original
2815:
2800:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2701:
2695:
2685:
2673:. Retrieved
2663:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2288:
2282:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2218:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1978:
1969:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1916:
1875:
1869:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1796:
1759:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1700:
1677:
1670:
1629:
1623:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1422:
1416:
1406:
1347:
1341:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1282:
1276:
1219:
1190:polyphyletic
1173:
1171:
1117:
1116:
1091:
1035:
1015:
982:
943:Nematomorpha
941:
921:
896:Cryptovermes
858:
838:
810:
797:Scalidophora
784:
748:
716:
692:
688:
686:
679:
675:paraphyletic
665:
658:gastrotrichs
654:Nematomorpha
623:
582:
566:
560:
558:
548:
542:
540:
526:
524:
508:
474:
465:
463:
450:
431:
339:
338:
327:
319:
313:Saccorhytida
274:Nematomorpha
259:Cryptovermes
258:
231:Scalidophora
214:
208:
195:(unranked):
182:
169:
156:
146:Subkingdom:
18:
4279:Wikispecies
4203:Tusk shells
4188:Cephalopods
4159:Polychaetes
4106:Turbellaria
4087:Crustaceans
4063:Secernentea
4053:Chromadorea
4034:Acorn worms
4004:Echinoderms
3996:Vertebrates
3938:Demosponges
3872:is disputed
3334:Protostomia
3222:is disputed
3149:ParaHoxozoa
2816:palaeos.com
2812:"Ecdysozoa"
2675:28 February
2456:2445/186596
2215:palaeos.com
1989:17 February
1308:2445/186596
1246:Eucoelomata
1017:Onychophora
1002:Antennopoda
860:Kinorhyncha
773:Protostomia
691:and Howard
638:Kinorhyncha
630:Onychophora
408:crustaceans
402:(including
400:chelicerata
293:Onychophora
236:Kinorhyncha
199:Protostomia
163:ParaHoxozoa
4392:Superphyla
4381:Categories
4183:Gastropods
4164:Clitellata
4071:Arthropods
4010:Sea lilies
3956:Cnidarians
3874:; see also
3804:Brachiozoa
3567:Syndermata
3526:Gnathifera
3224:; see also
3169:Trichoplax
3167:Placozoa (
3154:Planulozoa
2934:2023-07-30
2220:2017-09-02
1688:019857181X
1425:(1): 156.
1322:2023-07-30
1256:References
1234:Acoelomata
1206:James Lake
1198:roundworms
1186:Articulata
1119:Kimberella
1037:Arthropoda
984:Tardigrada
840:Priapulida
812:Loricifera
646:Loricifera
642:Priapulida
634:Tardigrada
626:Arthropoda
589:Tardigrada
577:See also:
549:"shedding"
511:biologists
497:prohormone
487:– without
443:phenotypes
392:Arthropoda
388:protostome
329:Laojieella
303:Tardigrada
298:Arthropoda
246:Loricifera
241:Priapulida
213:Aguinaldo
4387:Ecdysozoa
4299:Ecdysozoa
4285:Ecdysozoa
4255:Ecdysozoa
4169:Sipuncula
4116:Monogenea
4111:Trematoda
4082:Myriapods
4047:Nematodes
3991:Tunicates
3986:Lancelets
3980:Chordates
3972:Myxozoans
3879:Nephrozoa
3868:phylogeny
3668:Salinella
3623:Rouphozoa
3464:Tactopoda
3393:Nematoida
3345:Ecdysozoa
3266:Bilateria
3253:Bilateria
3234:Benthozoa
3229:Eumetazoa
3218:phylogeny
3188:Bilateria
3078:Amoebozoa
3056:Alveolata
3044:Cryptista
3019:Eukaryota
2799:. Phyla.
2473:246494357
2465:0016-7649
2393:2397-334X
2197:205239797
1908:205244325
1506:0962-8436
1449:1471-2148
1398:251646316
1382:1476-4687
1317:246494357
908:Nematoida
785:Ecdysozoa
736:Nephrozoa
704:Bilateria
620:Phylogeny
587:(four in
527:Ecdysozoa
525:The name
521:Etymology
493:epidermis
470:monophyly
412:myriapods
404:arachnids
340:Ecdysozoa
287:Lobopodia
264:Nematoida
209:Ecdysozoa
189:Nephrozoa
176:Bilateria
150:Eumetazoa
136:Kingdom:
130:Eukaryota
24:Ecdysozoa
4264:Wikidata
4193:Bivalves
4177:Molluscs
4153:Annelids
3512:Spiralia
3119:Animalia
3073:Amorphea
3051:Rhizaria
3039:Hacrobia
3029:Excavata
3014:Bacteria
2875:46920478
2867:29852696
2779:15703245
2738:10781043
2655:18192193
2409:52067372
2401:30135501
2348:18192191
2274:26605063
2189:25132546
2137:28377584
2105:(1): 9.
2078:32169826
2037:22823313
2029:17073934
1900:26106857
1788:11985779
1697:59186778
1654:18322464
1524:18192181
1467:33228518
1390:35978194
1194:Annelida
1182:Annelida
1093:Spiralia
1012:
923:Nematoda
918:
835:
807:
650:Nematoda
601:amoeboid
567:"animal"
500:ecdysone
416:Nematoda
269:Nematoda
140:Animalia
126:Domain:
4338:1206794
4312:8880788
4198:Chitons
4121:Cestoda
4058:Enoplea
3932:Sponges
3705:Symbion
3648:Mesozoa
3088:Animals
3009:Archaea
2985:Extant
2924:4620218
2706:Bibcode
2646:2394567
2510:1416582
2435:Bibcode
2373:Bibcode
2339:2614224
2265:4657359
2169:Bibcode
2128:5431905
2107:Bibcode
1939:Bibcode
1880:Bibcode
1662:4397099
1634:Bibcode
1606:4334033
1598:9168109
1578:Bibcode
1515:2614232
1458:7684930
1427:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1287:Bibcode
1240:), the
1004:
972:
910:
898:
799:
787:
775:
738:
706:
605:embryos
593:ecdysis
585:cuticle
543:ékdusis
536:ἔκδυσις
491:in the
489:mitosis
485:cuticle
481:ecdysis
461:genes.
396:insects
321:Acosmia
217:., 1997
4351:611099
4325:914158
4223:bolded
3066:Plants
3003:Domain
2987:animal
2922:
2873:
2865:
2777:
2736:
2726:
2653:
2643:
2531:
2508:
2471:
2463:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2346:
2336:
2295:
2272:
2262:
2248:: 18.
2195:
2187:
2160:Nature
2135:
2125:
2076:
2035:
2027:
1906:
1898:
1871:Nature
1844:
1786:
1779:102755
1776:
1728:
1707:
1695:
1685:
1660:
1652:
1625:Nature
1604:
1596:
1569:Nature
1522:
1512:
1504:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1343:Nature
1315:
1250:coelom
1248:(true
1238:coelom
1230:grades
1174:et al.
1000:
968:
906:
894:
795:
783:
771:
734:
702:
693:et al.
689:et al.
666:et al.
652:, and
502:, and
466:et al.
451:et al.
432:et al.
424:animal
410:, and
223:Phyla
4364:67124
4270:Q5176
3385:N+L+P
3093:Fungi
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