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In later periods, he appeared in a semi-anthropromophised form, as a man with the head and tail of a serpent or a serpent with human arms or legs. In this form he appears on amulets, small statues and plaques, with his arms “raised to the mouth to proffer small vessels for food or drink,” reflecting
1716:
Nehebkau's name – also spelled Neheb-Kau and Nhb-K3w – has been translated in many ways by
Egyptologists. These translations include: “that which gives Ka”; “he who harnesses the spirits”; the “overturner of doubles”; “collector of souls”; “provider of goods and foods” and “bestower of dignities”.
2096:
Nehebkau was occasionally shown as having two heads on two separate necks, and a third head on his tail supported by the figure of a man. Egyptologist Magali
Massiera suggests that the two heads could be a representation of his dual good and evil nature, as well as his ability to simultaneously
1831:
Throughout and following the Coffin Texts, Nehebkau is considered a benevolent and helpful deity who may be befriended by gods and men and enlisted into service. After this transformation, he appears as a servant and partner to the sun god Re, and is said to provide food and assistance to the
2100:
These detailed descriptions of his appearance were common for guardians of the underworld, and were done so
Nehekbau could be recognised by the deceased. Occasionally, Nehebkau is represented with the features of other snake demons: such as multiple heads and wings.
2139:, which indicates a belief that Nehebkau would protect the deceased through their journey to the underworld. Kalloniatis also associates these amulets with Nehebkau's ability to sustain ka in spirits and nourish the deceased with food and drink in the afterlife.
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Individuals would often celebrate this festival by eating hsjitt plants and cakes made of khersait plants. The festival is believed by researcher Sharon LaBorde to have been a feast celebrating redemption and rebirth; potentially associated with the lion goddess
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However, early texts and mythologies usually represented
Nehebkau as a full serpent with a long body and multiple coils. It is in this form that often appears on the sides of divine thrones, likely in reference to his protective qualities and powerful nature.
2188:
The exact date of the festival is contested by scholars: it may have been celebrated nine days after the festival of ploughing the earth, on the first day of the first month of the winter season or alternatively during the coronation of the King during the
1790:
credits to his demonic origins and snake-like qualities. After he swallows seven cobras in a myth, Nehebkau cannot be harmed by any magic, fire or water. In an early myth, he demonstrates an ability to breathe fire. Nehebkau first appears in the
1936:” and bestowing crowns, ka and other desirable qualities upon the spirits of the deceased. He acted as a mediator between the deceased and the gods, and was additionally responsible for assigning the dead their positions in the afterlife.
2410:"The Mythology of all Races. (Louis Herbert Gray, Editor; George Foote Moore, Consulting Editor.) Vol. XII, Egyptian: W. Max Müller, Ph.D.; Indo-Chinese: SirJ. G. Scott, K.C.I.E. Marshall Jones Co.1918. Pp. xiv, 540"
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Once the deceased is justified and found innocent by the Court, Nehebkau is believed to have absolved the soul of sin and provided the deceased with food and drink. He additionally nourishes the deceased with
2026:. This is common with Egyptian snake gods and associated with the imagery of snakes crawling across the earth. When Geb is represented as his father, Nehebkau's mother is considered to be the harvest goddess
1795:, and he is described as an evil, long and winding serpent who devoured human souls in the afterlife. In this context, he is believed to be an enemy of the sun god, and Re is said to have built his
1700:
and an attendant of the deceased King. As he is so closely associated with the sun god, his name was evoked in magical spells for protection. His festival was widely celebrated throughout the
1971:
himself: the god of the dead, fertility and the afterlife. Although not all of the 42 assessors have been identified by scholars, Wilkerson considers significant deities such as the ibis
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or the Dead Court. This tribunal consisted of forty-two fearsome deities who represented all possible types of evil, and to whom the deceased had to declare their innocence.
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Nehebkau had a specific role in examining the individual's purity and sinlessness, and he was specifically responsible for protecting the neck and throat of the deceased.
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When a deceased spirit enters the afterlife in
Ancient Egyptian mythology, the most important stage is their trial in the Court of Maat, also known as the Law-Court of
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Although there was no specific priesthood associated with
Nehebkau, scholars including Wilkinson consider it likely that he was widely worshipped in popular religion.
1920:
Additionally, Nehebkau is said to have served the dead Kings in this period: providing food, transmitting messages and intervening with other deities on their behalf.
2162:, alongside other spells designed to repel dangerous animals. Many magical objects are inscribed with scenes of benevolent deities protecting humanity from snakes.
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Nehebkau is the “original snake” of
Egyptian mythology, and was believed to be both an ancient and eternal god. Although he is occasionally represented as a son of
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deceased King in the afterlife. In this position, he became increasingly powerful and important, eventually assuming Re's role as a King of The Sky.
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1696:
Nehebkau was ultimately considered a powerful, benevolent and protective deity. In late mythology, he is described as a companion of the sun god
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2019:, who protected the deceased King and was often evoked to cure poison and scorpion stings. Some myths also describe Nehebkau as Serket's son.
1905:, Nehebkau was characterised as benevolent, beautiful and peaceful. It is in this state that he became the servant and partner of the sun god
1835:
It is in this peaceful form that he mostly appears in
Egyptian mythologies, and he was often evoked as a protective god in religious rituals,
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2030:: the ‘good snake’ who ensured bountiful fields, harvests and kitchens for the living and nourished the kas of the dead.
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1956:. This representation has a human body and serpent head and tail. The knees are flexed and the hands are at the mouth.
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attack from two directions at once. In one artifact from
Heliopolis, he appears as an eight headed snake.
1681:. Although originally considered an evil spirit, he later functions as a funerary god associated with the
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to function as a magical protector. His image was depicted as a protective deity on some ivory wands.
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His image also appears on amulets designed to protect against poison, snake-bites and scorpion venom.
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places his fingernail against a nerve in
Nehebkau's spine, calming his chaotic and fearsome nature.
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Omar Ali, Nageh (1 January 2012). "The God Nehebkau in Heliopolis (المعبود نحب-كاو في هليوبوليس)".
2041:. Wilkerson theorises that this iconography would have likely symbolised his protection over them.
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to be included in the tribunal, and these gods can therefore be considered associates of Nehebkau.
257:
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2525:
Imhausen, Annette (2016-02-16), "Mathematical Texts (II): Tradition, Transmission, Development",
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2008:. She was depicted as a goddess holding an infant, with a distinguishing headdress shaped like a
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1917:, this passage is described as making all people happy, filling hearts with “joy and justice”.
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1871:. As well as guarding the underworld, he was occasionally represented as a personal guard of
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1893:- the 'life force' of the individual - allowing their spirit to endure in the afterlife.
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As a snake god, Nehebkau was also considered a dangerous, furious and fearsome demon.
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Nehebkau was later honoured among other dangerous gods as one of the 42 judges in the
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Nehebkau is a considerably powerful deity, which contemporary Egyptologist and author
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The image of Nehebkau also appeared on depictions of the thrones of feline goddess
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As a snake deity, he was associated with and likely modelled after the great snake
1914:
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818:
512:
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Massiera, Magali (2015). "The So Called Statue of Nehebkau, A Comparative Study".
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to be able to be pushed by the wind in order to escape Nehebkau's many coils.
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The ancient Egyptian coffin texts: spells 1-1185 & indexes (8th rev. ed.)
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The Egyptian collection at Norwich Castle Museum : catalogue and essays
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Anti-snake spells are incredibly common in Egyptian texts, appearing in the
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As an assessor of Maat in the Court of Osiris, he was also associated with
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Circle of the Sun: Rites and Celebrations for Egyptian Pagans and Kemetics
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through the sky to the east and throughout the flight of the day. In the
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This article is about the Egyptian deity. It is not to be confused with
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After becoming associated with Ra, Nehebkau's name was often evoked in
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Nehebkau's festival was recorded as occurring thirty-two times in the
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1693:– the part of the soul that distinguished the living from the dead.
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2061:. He appears with a human body and snake head and tail, holding a
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L. Kimpton, Jennifer (2012-10-26), "Festivals, Pharaonic Egypt",
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encyclopedia of beasts and monsters in myth, legend and folklore
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describes Nehebkau to have personally guarded the gates of the
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Alternatively, he was believed to be the son of the earth god
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An Ancient Egyptian representation of Nehebkau, houses in the
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1986:— the enemy of Ra and embodiment of chaos in Egyptian myth.
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2015:
He sometimes appeared as a consort to the scorpion goddess
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Nehebkau was represented as a consort of the minor goddess
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Journal of Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Archaeology
2698:
Journal of Intercultural and Interdisciplinary Arcaheology
2181:, but is known to have been celebrated since at least the
1677:(also spelled Nehebu-Kau) was the primordial snake god in
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3589:
3584:
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3197:
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1993:
and an ancient deity, Nehebkau was often associated with
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As a funerary god and one of the forty-two judges in the
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736:
726:
721:
547:
334:
101:
3869:
2754:
Lucarelli, Rita. "Demons (benevolent and malevolent)".
2694:"The So Called Statue of Nehebkau, A Comparative Study"
2482:
Shorter, Alan W. (September 1935). "The God Neḥebkau".
1906:
1776:
1018:
48:
Illustration of Nehebkau based on depictions in papyri
1909:. In later myths, he assists Re in his moving of the
1960:
Nehebkau continuously appears alongside the sun god
263:
2907:Omar Ali, Nageh. "The God Nehebkau in Heliopolis".
2775:
2609:
2112:This worship was likely centred at his temple in
4640:
2952:The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
2272:The complete gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt
2004:, who is also a known partner of the wisdom god
1997:: the creator god who calms his chaotic nature.
2771:
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2135:and later. These amulets were often found in
2077:headed snake with human arms and legs and an
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1964:, as an assistant, companion and successor.
1932:: becoming “the King of Heaven and ruler of
1869:Ancient Egyptian perception of the afterlife
1867:, Nehebkau played a significant role in the
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2707:
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2302:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2012:- an Ancient Egyptian musical instrument.
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2535:10.23943/princeton/9780691117133.003.0018
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1742:Nehebkau with a falcon-head presents an
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2448:
2069:Nehebkau is most often represented in
2961:
2954:. Great Britain: Thames & Hudson.
2928:Shorter, Alan W. "The God Nehebkau".
2823:
2753:
2714:Faulkner, Raymond O. (8 June 2004) .
2559:
2407:
2053:A wooden figure of Nehebkau from the
1856:Nehebkau depicted in Spell 87 of the
2906:
2586:
2550:
2394:
2310:
2927:
2859:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
2636:
2484:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2145:
2127:Nehebkau was also depicted in many
1989:Additionally, as a visiting god of
13:
2901:
2776:Kalloniatis, Faye (25 July 2019).
1923:
1896:
14:
4680:
4491:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld
4486:The Contendings of Horus and Seth
1750:. Based on depictions in various
4618:
4534:Beautiful Festival of the Valley
3056:
2867:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15160
1729:
1631:
145:
2930:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2882:
2850:
2817:
2811:Reaffirmation of the Revelation
2802:
2756:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
2718:. Oxford: Aris & Phillips.
2646:Bane, Theresa (25 April 2016).
2093:his function in the afterlife.
2081:, depicted as such in multiple
1847:
1619:Church of the Most High Goddess
2826:Gods Of The Egyptians - 2 Vols
2612:Handbook of Egyptian mythology
2529:, Princeton University Press,
2518:
2270:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003).
2044:
1:
2950:Wilkinson, Richard H (2017).
2758:. Vol. 1. pp. 1–10.
2203:
2861:, Blackwell Publishing Ltd,
2527:Mathematics in Ancient Egypt
2408:Bates, Oric (October 1919).
2172:
1928:Nehebkau eventually assumed
1720:
1687:forty-two assessors of Ma’at
7:
4476:Book of Traversing Eternity
2560:Klotz, David (2006-12-31).
1824:, however, the ancient god
10:
4685:
4501:Litany of the Eye of Horus
3054:
2610:Pinch, Geraldine. (2002).
2496:10.1177/030751333502100105
2414:Harvard Theological Review
2118:Great Temple of Heliopolis
2104:
2065:as a symbol of protection.
2059:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1940:Relationship to other gods
1930:Re's role in the afterlife
1773:Great Temple of Heliopolis
1679:ancient Egyptian mythology
15:
4613:
4567:
4544:Coronation of the pharaoh
4524:
4516:Spell of the Twelve Caves
4429:
4239:
4198:
4167:
4109:
3253:
3241:
3183:
3130:
3121:
3065:
2995:
2989:Ancient Egyptian religion
2921:10.1163/22138609-00701003
2692:Massiera, Magali (2015).
2426:10.1017/s0017816000010956
2380:10.1163/22138609-00701003
2133:third intermediate period
1954:Third Intermediate Period
378:
320:
267:
111:
93:
85:
75:
61:
53:
41:
36:
4625:Ancient Egypt portal
4471:Book of the Heavenly Cow
2889:LaBorde, Sharon (2017).
1901:After he was subdued by
1842:
1638:Ancient Egypt portal
4326:Horus on the Crocodiles
2809:Shamahd, Ahmid (2013).
2131:from the New Kingdom's
1858:Book of the Dead of Ani
1711:
4496:Great Hymn to the Aten
4276:Crown of justification
4000:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
3278:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
3113:Veneration of the dead
2813:. Xlibris Corporation.
2066:
1957:
1860:
1151:Souls of Pe and Nekhen
401:Amenhotep, son of Hapu
31:Ancient Egyptian deity
2834:10.4324/9780203040713
2052:
1947:
1855:
3098:Opening of the mouth
2824:Budge (2013-10-28).
2562:Adoration of the Ram
2160:The Book of the Dead
2071:Ancient Egyptian art
1952:and produced in the
4664:Egyptian underworld
4231:The Indestructibles
4035:Hermes Trismegistus
2570:10.2307/j.ctvhrcz4s
2564:. Yale Egyptology.
1311:Symbols and objects
1298:The Indestructibles
1188:Hermes Trismegistus
4669:Legendary serpents
4444:Books of Breathing
3463:Four sons of Horus
2067:
1958:
1950:Walters Art Museum
1861:
1808:Wilhelm Max Muller
1560:Books of Breathing
594:Four sons of Horus
4633:
4632:
4595:Mysteries of Isis
4568:Related religions
4461:Book of the Earth
4105:
4104:
2876:978-1-4051-7935-5
2843:978-0-203-04071-3
2787:978-1-78925-196-8
2657:978-0-7864-9505-4
2579:978-1-950343-02-7
2544:978-0-691-11713-3
1788:Richard Wilkinson
1672:
1671:
1615:Kemetic Orthodoxy
1590:Related religions
1572:Book of the Earth
1262:
1261:
121:
120:
4676:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4455:Book of the Dead
4291:Egyptian obelisk
3680:Kothar-wa-Khasis
3128:
3127:
3093:Offering formula
3088:Mortuary temples
3078:Embalming ritual
3060:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2924:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2773:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2738:
2737:
2711:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2670:
2669:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2607:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2479:
2446:
2445:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2267:
2191:Ramesside period
2146:Magic and Spells
2055:Ptolemaic period
1915:Book of The Dead
1733:
1685:. As one of the
1664:
1657:
1650:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1568:Book of the Dead
1373:Egyptian obelisk
819:Kothar-wa-Khasis
265:
264:
231:Offering formula
149:
138:
137:Ancient Egyptian
123:
122:
46:
34:
33:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4654:Underworld gods
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4609:
4563:
4520:
4449:Book of Caverns
4425:
4271:Crook and flail
4242:
4235:
4194:
4163:
4101:
3453:Dionysus-Osiris
3249:
3237:
3179:
3117:
3061:
3052:
2991:
2986:
2904:
2902:Further reading
2899:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2822:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2788:
2780:. Oxbow Books.
2774:
2763:
2752:
2741:
2726:
2712:
2705:
2690:
2673:
2658:
2644:
2637:
2622:
2608:
2587:
2580:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2523:
2519:
2480:
2449:
2406:
2395:
2364:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2268:
2211:
2206:
2175:
2148:
2107:
2047:
1942:
1926:
1924:Successor of Re
1899:
1897:Attendant of Re
1850:
1845:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1714:
1668:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1591:
1583:
1582:
1564:Book of Caverns
1546:
1538:
1537:
1358:Crook and flail
1313:
1303:
1302:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1258:
374:
316:
261:
246:
245:
217:
209:
208:
157:
136:
49:
32:
29:
12:
11:
5:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Khenti-Amentiu
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3438:Cavern deities
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Creation myths
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2962:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2881:
2875:
2849:
2842:
2816:
2801:
2786:
2761:
2739:
2724:
2703:
2671:
2656:
2635:
2620:
2585:
2578:
2549:
2543:
2517:
2447:
2420:(4): 464–469.
2393:
2309:
2280:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2183:Middle Kingdom
2174:
2171:
2167:magical spells
2147:
2144:
2122:King Ramses II
2106:
2103:
2057:housed in the
2046:
2043:
1975:and crocodile
1941:
1938:
1925:
1922:
1898:
1895:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1551:Funerary texts
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1214:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
789:Khenti-Amentiu
786:
781:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
708:
707:
702:
697:
696:
695:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
609:
608:
597:
596:
585:
584:
579:
568:
567:
565:Cavern deities
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
504:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
379:
376:
375:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
326:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
273:
271:
262:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
224:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
190:
189:
179:
174:
169:
164:
158:
155:
154:
151:
150:
142:
141:
132:
131:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
66:Middle Kingdom
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4681:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Egyptian gods
4647:
4646:
4644:
4637:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:Temple of Set
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Opet Festival
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4511:Pyramid Texts
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Book of Gates
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Vulture crown
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Egyptian pool
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Hieracosphinx
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Renpetneferet
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
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3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
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3201:
3199:
3196:
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3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
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3068:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2893:. Lulu Press.
2892:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:. Routledge.
2827:
2820:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2725:0-85668-754-5
2721:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:. McFarland.
2649:
2642:
2640:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2621:1-57607-242-8
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2281:0-500-05120-8
2277:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:Pyramid Texts
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:Herakleopolis
2110:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1935:
1934:the Two Lands
1931:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:Court of Maat
1859:
1854:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:Court of Maat
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:Pyramid Texts
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1576:Book of Gates
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Hieracosphinx
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Egyptian pool
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:Book of Thoth
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Renpetneferet
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
714:
713:
712:
706:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
614:
613:
607:
604:
603:
602:
601:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
566:
563:
562:
561:
560:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
377:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
325:
323:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
270:
266:
259:
255:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
213:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
153:
152:
148:
144:
143:
140:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
40:
35:
27:
23:
19:
4635:
4559:Sed festival
4549:Min festival
4539:Cattle count
4506:Litany of Re
4481:Coffin Texts
4453:
4396:Solar barque
4336:Imiut fetish
4331:Hypocephalus
4316:Hemhem crown
4301:Eye of Horus
4226:Land of Manu
4180:Djadjaemankh
4061:
4051:
4004:
3914:
3864:
3844:
3819:
3789:
3775:Nebethetepet
3769:
3684:
3655:Khenti-kheti
3634:
3574:
3477:
3473:Gate deities
3467:
3457:
3442:
3432:
3382:
3257:
3247:Theban Triad
3073:Canopic jars
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2858:
2852:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2777:
2755:
2715:
2697:
2647:
2614:. ABC-CLIO.
2611:
2561:
2526:
2520:
2490:(1): 41–48.
2487:
2483:
2417:
2413:
2374:(1): 32–38.
2371:
2367:
2274:. New York.
2271:
2194:
2187:
2176:
2164:
2156:Coffin Texts
2149:
2141:
2126:
2111:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2068:
2032:
2021:
2014:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1966:
1959:
1927:
1919:
1911:morning boat
1900:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1848:Funerary God
1839:and spells.
1834:
1830:
1822:Coffin Texts
1819:
1816:
1801:
1785:
1758:
1744:Eye of Horus
1715:
1706:New Kingdoms
1695:
1674:
1673:
1554:
1423:Imiut fetish
1418:Hypocephalus
1403:Hemhem crown
1383:Eye of Horus
1293:Land of Manu
1217:
1216:
1205:
1204:
1156:
1155:
1064:
1063:
1012:
1011:
990:
989:
963:
962:
932:
918:Nebethetepet
911:
910:
824:
823:
794:Khenti-kheti
772:
771:
710:
709:
611:
610:
606:Gate deities
599:
598:
587:
586:
570:
569:
558:
557:
506:
505:
380:
62:Venerated in
4585:Hermeticism
4416:Was-sceptre
4243:and objects
3720:Mehet-Weret
3563:Harpocrates
3393:Banebdjedet
3358:Arensnuphis
3038:Osiris myth
2179:New Kingdom
2083:hypocephali
2079:erect penis
2045:Iconography
1752:hypocephali
1601:Hermeticism
1528:Was-sceptre
1483:Seqtet boat
861:Mehet-Weret
693:Harpocrates
518:Banebdjedet
481:Arensnuphis
70:New Kingdom
54:Other names
4659:Snake gods
4643:Categories
4580:Gnosticism
4421:Winged sun
4266:Corn mummy
4168:Characters
4092:Werethekau
3930:Sebiumeker
3740:Meretseger
3605:Ikhemu-sek
3543:Hermanubis
3043:Philosophy
3033:Numerology
2796:1049277490
2204:References
2063:Wedjat eye
1991:Heliopolis
1812:underworld
1611:Kemeticism
1533:Winged sun
1498:Set animal
1438:Matet boat
1353:Corn mummy
1249:Werethekau
1081:Sebiumeker
881:Meretseger
742:Ikhemu-sek
678:Hermanubis
582:Duau (god)
199:Philosophy
194:Numerology
80:Heliopolis
57:Nehebu-Kau
4526:Festivals
4391:Shen ring
4371:Ouroboros
4306:Eye of Ra
4261:Cartouche
4199:Locations
4144:Serpopard
4111:Creatures
4042:Tjenenyet
4025:Ta-Bitjet
3970:Shesmetet
3890:Renenutet
3875:Raet-Tawy
3795:Nehmetawy
3745:Meskhenet
3513:Hedjhotep
3368:Assessors
3066:Practices
3028:Mythology
3023:Maa Kheru
3003:Afterlife
2915:: 32–38.
2909:Abgadiyat
2666:930364175
2630:906990824
2512:192409512
2504:0307-5133
2442:162234979
2434:0017-8160
2388:1687-8280
2368:Abgadiyat
2298:cite book
2173:Festivals
2028:Renenutet
2002:Nehmtaway
1797:sun boats
1765:Renenutet
1721:Mythology
1683:afterlife
1503:Shen ring
1493:Serpopard
1468:Ouroboros
1388:Eye of Ra
1348:Cartouche
1272:Locations
1195:Tjenenyet
1178:Ta-Bitjet
1121:Shesmetet
1039:Renenutet
1024:Raet-Tawy
938:Nehmetawy
886:Meskhenet
648:Hedjhotep
491:Assessors
227:Offerings
216:Practices
182:Mythology
167:Cosmology
162:Afterlife
116:Nehmetawy
106:Renenutet
26:Nehmetawy
4590:Kemetism
4431:Writings
4341:Khepresh
4185:Rededjet
4087:Wepwawet
4072:Wadj-wer
3790:Nehebkau
3785:Nefertem
3705:Mandulis
3640:Kebechet
3630:Iusaaset
3548:Heryshaf
3498:Hatmehit
3333:Apedemak
3208:Nephthys
3103:Pyramids
3083:Funerals
2945:: 25–33.
2936:: 41–48.
2734:56875890
2700:: 25–33.
2290:51668000
1675:Nehebkau
1428:Khepresh
1244:Wepwawet
1229:Wadj-wer
933:Nehebkau
928:Nefertem
841:Mandulis
779:Kebechet
767:Iusaaset
700:Heryshaf
638:Hatmehit
456:Apedemak
345:Nephthys
241:Pyramids
222:Funerals
139:religion
128:a series
126:Part of
37:Nehebkau
22:Nehemiah
4605:Thelema
4575:Atenism
4406:Ushabti
4376:Pschent
4366:Neshmet
4281:Deshret
4241:Symbols
4190:Ubaoner
4129:Griffin
4015:Taweret
4010:Tatenen
3945:Serapis
3940:Sekhmet
3910:Resheph
3855:Qed-her
3805:Nekhbet
3780:Nebtuwi
3645:Khensit
3615:Imhotep
3610:Imentet
3508:Hedetet
3373:Astarte
3308:Andjety
3283:Amesemi
3123:Deities
3108:Temples
2996:Beliefs
2198:Sekhmet
2137:burials
2129:amulets
2105:Worship
2035:Sekhmet
2010:sistrum
1837:amulets
1820:In the
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1473:Pschent
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2075:falcon
2039:Bastet
2017:Serket
1969:Osiris
1880:Osiris
1873:Osiris
1761:Serket
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1556:Amduat
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3318:Anput
3313:Anhur
3288:Ammit
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2508:S2CID
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441:Anput
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411:Ammit
396:Akhty
187:Index
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18:Neheb
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