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Needle ice is commonly found along stream banks or soil terraces. It is also found by gaps around stones and others areas of patterned ground. The variety of soil properties also affects where it is found. Places where the soil is much deeper and richer can affect the growth of the ice. Consequently,
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Needle ice grows up slowly from the moist and water-penetrable soil, and melts gradually in the sun. It can vary in appearance but always shows the consistent growth of ice perpendicular to the surface of the ground. Needle ice looks like a series of filamentous crystals, and is straight or curved
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are often heaved to this surface by needle ice. When the ground hardens the stems and roots of the seedling, they are gripped by the soil and then the formation of needle ice is what pushes them up and out the ground. When the needle ice melts, the seedlings do not settle correctly back into the
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and organic matter content. Needle ice consists of groups of narrow ice slivers that are up to several centimeters long. Although the literature states that the largest recorded needle ice was at 10 cm in length, specimens 15-20 cm in length have been observed at
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Needle ice tends to move rocks in the soil up toward the surface and to shift rocks on the surface into nearby depressions. Depressions caused by needle ice activity are known as needle-ice pans, and lumps caused by needle ice are known as "nubbins".
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The growth of needle ice lifts a detached, frozen soil crust riding on top of the layer of ice. When the crust and the ice melt, the soil surface settles back irregularly. This phenomenon is linked to erosion, particularly on streambanks.
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when supercooled water freezes into existing ice, growing away from the ice/water interface. As water permeates the ice, it becomes segregated into separate pieces of ice in the form of lenses, ribbons, needles, layers or strands of ice.
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The ice needles are typically a few centimetres long. While growing, they may lift or push away small soil particles. On sloped surfaces, needle ice may be a factor contributing to
84:), "frost column", "Spew Ice", "Kammeis" (a German term meaning "comb ice"), "StĂ€ngeleis" (another German term referring to the stem-like structures), "shimobashira" (éæ±, a
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the deeper the soil, the larger the water content allows it to develop. It can be evidently formed anywhere where underground water is exposed to open (freezing) air.
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is above 0 °C (32 °F) and the surface temperature of the air is below 0 °C (32 °F). Liquid water underground rises to the surface by
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agent of soil disturbance, causing a number of small-scale landforms. Needle ice phenomena play a particularly significant role in
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PĂ©rez, Francisco L. (1987-01-01). "Needle-Ice
Activity and the Distribution of Stem-Rosette Species in a Venezuelan PĂĄramo".
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ground causing them to die. Even if the seedlings are partially heaved by the needle ice, they can still die due to root
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PĂ©rez, Francisco L. (1991). "Particle sorting due to off-road vehicle traffic in a high andean paramo".
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in shape. It usually forms in the morning when the temperature drops below freezing point (0 °C).
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Ice column formed when liquid groundwater rises into freezing air
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Archiv fĂŒr
Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A
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In order for needle ice to form there needs to be a process of
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can occur on living or dead plants, especially on wood.
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Needle ice is formed of distinct, unconsolidated strands
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269:, EPOD of July 10, 2005. URL last accessed 2007-12-07.
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The emergence of needle ice has been recognized as a
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Carter, James (2013). "Flowers and
Ribbons of Ice".
297:Lawler, D. M.: "Some observations on needle ice",
88:term meaning frost pillars), or "pipkrake" (from
50:formed by groundwater. Needle ice forms when the
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158:Needle ice can sometimes appear to curve or curl
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23:Needle Ice forming in a pile of red clay soil
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76:Alternate names for needle ice are "
31:Needle ice pushing up soil particles
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285:Periglacial Processes and Landforms
281:Fundamentals of Physical Geography,
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99:(weak, fine), coined in 1907 by
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336:"HikersNotebook â Needle Ice"
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46:is a needle-shaped column of
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80:pillars" ("SĂ€uleneis" in
615:Another needle ice video
359:Outcalt, Sam I. (1970).
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452:"Needle-Ice"
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773:Stalactites
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95:(tube) and
52:temperature
1275:Categories
1260:Wiktionary
1204:Glaciology
1159:Other uses
1029:Ice racing
1024:Ice hockey
999:Iceboating
930:activities
701:Formations
692:Superionic
603:Needle ice
517:2020-02-05
429:2017-03-02
345:2017-03-02
321:2017-03-02
244:References
173:geomorphic
71:soil creep
44:Needle ice
1286:Water ice
971:Sculpture
787:Phenomena
238:Ice spike
201:Seedlings
149:GerĂ°uberg
118:Formation
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1196:Ice ages
1150:YakhchÄl
1130:Icehouse
956:Climbing
951:Blocking
946:Blasting
864:Hair ice
814:Crystals
406:38668219
262:Archived
233:Hair ice
212:See also
112:hair ice
86:Japanese
1120:Cutting
1094:Pykrete
1014:Cycling
1009:Curling
1004:Cricket
976:Skating
966:Rafting
961:Fishing
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884:Nucleus
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846: (
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376:Bibcode
299:Weather
138:Needle
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54:of the
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854:Glaze
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809:Clear
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768:Spike
763:Sheet
728:Field
668:water
664:state
661:solid
549:JSTOR
511:(PDF)
402:S2CID
364:(PDF)
223:Frost
97:krake
78:frost
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1171:Core
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914:Snow
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859:Hail
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144:silt
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