279:
580:
31:
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120:
39:
486:
and various alloys. For automotive applications (cutting and welding steel) the power levels are typically 1–5 kW. Super alloy drilling (for gas turbine parts) typically uses pulsed Nd:YAG lasers (millisecond pulses, not Q-switched). Nd:YAG lasers are also employed to make subsurface markings
516:
typically uses a high energy (10 to 40 joule) 10 to 30 nanosecond pulse. The laser beam is focused down to a few millimeters in diameter to deposit gigawatts of power on the surface of a part. Laser peening is unlike other manufacturing processes in that it neither heats nor adds material; it is a
643:
A range of Nd:YAG lasers are used in analysis of elements in the periodic table. Though the application by itself is fairly new with respect to conventional methods such as XRF or ICP, it has proven to be less time consuming and a cheaper option to test element concentrations. A high-power Nd:YAG
168:
in the neodymium ions before it opens. Then the light wave can run through the cavity, depopulating the excited laser medium at maximum population inversion. In this Q-switched mode, output powers of 250 megawatts and pulse durations of 10 to 25 nanoseconds have been achieved. The high-intensity
554:
for biological applications. This is because Nd:YAG lasers mostly emit at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Biological samples have a low absorption coefficient at this wavelength, as biological samples are usually mostly made up of water. As such, using an Nd:YAG laser minimizes the damage to the
602:, Iranian soldiers suffered more than 4000 cases of laser eye injury, caused by a variety of Iraqi sources including tank rangefinders. The 1064 nm wavelength of Nd:YAG is thought to be particularly dangerous, as it is invisible and initial exposure is painless.
1513:
Pompili M; Pacella CM; Francica G; Angelico M; Tisone G; Craboledda P; Nicolardi E; Rapaccini GL; Gasbarrini G . (June 2010). "Percutaneous laser ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation".
123:
Neodymium ions in various types of ionic crystals, and also in glasses, act as a laser gain medium, typically emitting 1064 nm light from a particular atomic transition in the neodymium ion, after being "pumped" into excitation from an external
571:. The lasers use several 800 picosecond long pulses to ignite the fuel, producing faster and more uniform ignition. The researchers say that such igniters could yield better performance and fuel economy, with fewer harmful emissions.
521:
the metallic component to impart compressive residual stresses. Laser peening is widely used in gas-fired turbine engines in both aerospace and power generation to increase strength and improve resistance to damage and
2520:
2029:
David M. Harris, Robert H. Gregg, Delwin K. McCarthy, Leigh E. Colby, Lloyd V. Tilt, "Sulcular debridement with pulsed Nd:YAG," Proc. SPIE 4610, Lasers in
Dentistry VIII, (3 June 2002); doi: 10.1117/12.469328
198:
output, the doping is significantly lower than for pulsed lasers. The lightly doped CW rods can be optically distinguished by being less colored, almost white, while higher-doped rods are pink-purplish.
715:). Nd:YAG can be also made to lase at its non-principal wavelength. The line at 946 nm is typically employed in "blue laser pointer" DPSS lasers, where it is doubled to 473 nm.
648:. Light from the plasma is captured by spectrometers and the characteristic spectra of each element can be identified, allowing concentrations of elements in the sample to be measured.
583:
Military surplus Nd:YAG laser rangefinder firing. The laser fires through a collimator, focusing the beam, which blasts a hole through a rubber block, releasing a burst of plasma.
1429:
Valcavi R, Riganti F, Bertani A, Formisano D, Pacella CM (November 2010). "Percutaneous Laser
Ablation of Cold Benign Thyroid Nodules: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in 122 Patients".
411:, which is fungus infection of the toenail. The merits of laser treatment of these infections are not yet clear, and research is being done to establish effectiveness.
2524:
96:(YAG), since the two ions are of similar size. It is the neodymium ion which provides the lasing activity in the crystal, in the same fashion as red chromium ion in
1466:"Long-term outcome of cirrhotic patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma treated with ultrasound-guided percutaneous laser ablation: a retrospective analysis"
3186:
443:
218:. A particular host material is chosen in order to obtain a desired combination of optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Nd:YAG lasers and variants are
499:. Lasers of up to 2 kW are used for selective laser melting of metals in additive layered manufacturing. In aerospace applications, they can be used to
474:
Nd:YAG lasers are used in manufacturing for engraving, etching, or marking a variety of metals and plastics, or for metal surface enhancement processes like
239:
1790:
Ledon, Jennifer A.; Savas, Jessica; Franca, Katlein; Chacon, Anna; Nouri, Keyvan (2012). "Laser and light therapy for onychomycosis: a systematic review".
2603:
2546:
1551:"Transurethral procedures in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness and complications"
1755:
Yang J, Yin TL, Xu WM, Xia LB, Li AB, Hu J (2006). "Reproductive outcome of septate uterus after hysteroscopic treatment with neodymium:YAG laser".
1394:
Moskalik, K; A Kozlov; E Demin; E Boiko (2009). "The
Efficacy of Facial Skin Cancer Treatment with High-Energy Pulsed Neodymium and Nd:YAG Lasers".
1347:"Histological Evaluation of Retina after Photo Disruption for Vitreous Humor by Q-Switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) Laser"
932:
Geusic, J. E.; Marcos, H. M.; Van Uitert, L. G. (1964). "Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets".
1464:
Pacella CM; Francica G; Di Lascio FM; Arienti V; Antico E; Caspani B; Magnolfi F; Megna AS; Pretolani S; Regine R; Sponza M; Stasi R (June 2009).
1070:
Dias-Santos, Arnaldo; Ferreira, Joana; Abegão Pinto, Luís; Domingues, Isabel; Silva, José Pedro; Cunha, João Paulo; Reina, Maria (April 2015).
2495:
285:
photograph of posterior capsular opacification visible a few months after implantation of intraocular lens in eye, seen on retroillumination
144:. These are one of the most common types of laser, and are used for many different applications. Nd:YAG lasers typically emit light with a
2908:
2639:
Komatsu, R.; Sugawara, T.; Sassa, K.; Sarukura, N.; Liu, Z.; Izumida, S.; Segawa, Y.; Uda, S.; Fukuda, T.; Yamanouchi, K. (1997-06-30).
2283:
614:
1887:
Montedori, Alessandro; Abraha, Iosief; Orso, Massimiliano; D'Errico, Potito
Giuseppe; Pagano, Stefano; Lombardo, Guido (2016-09-26).
3067:
1710:
Krasner BD; Hamzavi FH; Murakawa GJ; Hamzavi IH (August 2006). "Dissecting cellulitis treated with the long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser".
564:
363:
3085:
2877:
2858:
2433:"Composite, all-ceramics, high-peak power Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG monolithic micro-laser with multiple-beam output for engine ignition"
979:
705:
2641:"Growth and ultraviolet application of Li2B4O7 crystals: Generation of the fourth and fifth harmonics of Nd:Y3Al5O12 lasers"
638:
187:
lamps, which produce more light at around 900 nm. The former are therefore more efficient for pumping Nd:YAG lasers.
1072:"Phacoemulsification versus peripheral iridotomy in the management of chronic primary angle closure: long-term follow-up"
427:
as an alternative to drill therapy, although evidence supporting its use is of low quality. They have also been used for
1288:
Moutray, Tanya; Evans, Jennifer R.; Lois, Noemi; Armstrong, David J.; Peto, Tunde; Azuara-Blanco, Augusto (2018-03-15).
610:
386:
454:. Nd:YAG dental lasers have also been shown to be effective at treating and preventing dental hypersensitivity, as an
2623:
355:. They are also used to reduce benign thyroid nodules, and to destroy primary and secondary malignant liver lesions.
1983:
De
Benedittis, Michele; Petruzzi, Massimo; Pastore, Luca; Inchingolo, Francesco; Serpico, Rosario (February 2007).
294:
3221:
2901:
2184:"Systematic review of the adjunctive use of diode and Nd:YAG lasers for nonsurgical periodontal instrumentation"
1842:
3143:
1712:
306:
626:
156:. However, there are also transitions near 946, 1120, 1320, and 1440 nm. Nd:YAG lasers operate in both
665:
2284:
Studies on laser peening of spring steel for automotive applications | Ranganathan
Kandasamy - Academia.edu
1865:
507:
359:
310:
2349:
3272:
341:
322:
2321:"Rapid in-vitro physiologic flow experimentation using rapid prototyping and particle image velocimetry"
2231:"Effect of laser on pain relief and wound healing of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a systematic review"
278:
3292:
2894:
539:
535:
170:
2987:
2406:
3061:
2942:
1345:
Kameel Ghaly, Sally; Foad
Ghoneim, Dina; Abdelkawi Ahmed, Salwa; Medhat Abdel-Salam, Ahmed (2013).
242:(PSL) types of Nd:YAG lasers have proved to be particularly useful in providing the main beams for
203:
129:
2798:
2348:
D. J. Stevenson; T. K. Lake; B. Agate; V. Gárcés-Chávez; K. Dholakia; F. Gunn-Moore (2006-10-16).
617:. North Korea is reported to have used one of these weapons against American helicopters in 2003.
3287:
3251:
2127:"Laser Effects on the Prevention and Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review"
93:
2710:
609:
blinding laser weapon uses a laser of this type, though only 22 have been produced due to their
3282:
3277:
3044:
700:
generates the 4th and 5th harmonics of the Nd:YAG 1064 nm fundamental wavelength. A green
661:
17:
3075:
3055:
697:
211:
664:. They are also used as pump sources for vibronically broadened solid-state lasers such as
579:
567:
are developing laser igniters that use YAG chips to ignite fuel in an engine, in place of a
2747:
2652:
2444:
2361:
941:
534:
Nd:YAG lasers can be used for flow visualization techniques in fluid dynamics (for example
326:
254:
165:
2736:"Continuous-wave operation of a room-temperature, diode-laser-pumped, 946-nm Nd:YAG laser"
8:
3038:
1344:
1209:
463:
459:
173:
to generate laser light at 532 nm, or higher harmonics at 355, 266 and 213 nm.
73:
2751:
2656:
2448:
2365:
1663:"Venous Lake of the Lips Treated Using Photocoagulation with High-Intensity Diode Laser"
1047:
1018:
945:
2382:
2266:
2159:
2126:
1921:
1888:
1823:
1737:
1687:
1662:
1643:
1608:"Nd:YAG laser ablation of the prostate as a treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy"
1583:
1550:
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1371:
1346:
1322:
1289:
1265:
1240:
1169:
1136:
1117:
370:
330:
243:
227:
176:
Nd:YAG absorbs mostly in the bands between 730–760 nm and 790–820 nm. At low
3226:
2041:"Histologic evaluation of an Nd:YAG laser-assisted new attachment procedure in humans"
656:
Nd:YAG lasers, mainly via their second and third harmonics, are widely used to excite
340:
Nd:YAG lasers emitting light at 1064 nm have been the most widely used laser for
3050:
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2012:
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1109:
1101:
1052:
1034:
975:
689:
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599:
592:
496:
108:
88:
in the +3 oxidation state, Nd(III), typically replaces a small fraction (1%) of the
77:
2295:
1741:
1647:
1499:
1121:
2755:
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2611:
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645:
588:
551:
455:
2569:
2480:
2320:
344:, in which benign or malignant lesions in various organs are ablated by the beam.
160:
and continuous mode. Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers are typically operated in the so-called
2640:
2347:
195:
177:
2547:"Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) : Atmospheric Chemistry: HIRAC Group"
1946:"Nd:YAG laser-assisted gingivectomy, bleaching, and porcelain laminates, Part 2"
1566:
1527:
629:, which is used to measure the concentration of some light-absorbing substance.
3154:
3008:
2822:
2686:
2000:
500:
397:
246:
2246:
1803:
1087:
506:
Nd:YAG lasers are also used in the non-conventional rapid prototyping process
164:
mode: An optical switch is inserted in the laser cavity waiting for a maximum
3266:
3236:
3196:
3181:
2847:
2767:
2672:
2254:
2207:
2150:
2103:
2056:
2008:
1961:
1912:
1811:
1631:
1574:
1482:
1465:
1362:
1313:
1241:"Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis versus pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous floaters"
1217:
1160:
1105:
1038:
701:
523:
513:
492:
479:
475:
424:
408:
369:
These lasers are also used extensively in the field of cosmetic medicine for
290:
219:
133:
2735:
2318:
2230:
2183:
2079:
2040:
1984:
1945:
1768:
1071:
3246:
3241:
3191:
3003:
2955:
2775:
2585:
2466:
2391:
2262:
2215:
2168:
2111:
2078:
De Coster, Peter; Rajasekharan, Sivaprakash; Martens, Luc (November 2013).
2064:
2016:
1969:
1930:
1819:
1776:
1733:
1696:
1661:
Azevedo, L. H; Galletta, V. C; De Paula
Eduardo, C; Migliari, D. A (2010).
1623:
1607:
1592:
1535:
1491:
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1415:
1380:
1331:
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1113:
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518:
483:
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378:
157:
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2790:
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1678:
1639:
1442:
1407:
1225:
1178:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3149:
2934:
2759:
2496:"U.S. says Apache copters were targeted by laser weapons near Korean DMZ"
2457:
2432:
2373:
2229:
Suter, Valerie G. A.; Sjölund, Sophia; Bornstein, Michael M. (May 2017).
1709:
1463:
1152:
1096:
693:
435:
428:
382:
231:
161:
141:
1290:"Different lasers and techniques for proliferative diabetic retinopathy"
1069:
3159:
3033:
3025:
1660:
1512:
1194:"Laser iridotomy vs surgical iridectomy. Have the indications changed?"
712:
657:
568:
314:
235:
145:
97:
34:
Nd:YAG laser with lid open showing frequency-doubled 532 nm green light
2095:
2039:
Yukna, Raymond A.; Carr, Ronald L.; Evans, Gerald H. (December 2007).
1982:
1549:
Sun, Feng; Sun, Xincheng; Shi, Qinglu; Zhai, Yuzhang (December 2018).
1017:
Findl, Oliver; Buehl, Wolf; Bauer, Peter; Sycha, Thomas (2010-02-17).
953:
362:(BPH), Nd:YAG lasers can be used for laser prostate surgery—a form of
2791:"Chem 542 Techniques of Optical Spectroscopy in Analytical Chemistry"
2664:
2319:
Palafox, Gilbert N.; Wicker, Ryan B.; Elkins, Christopher J. (2003).
2045:
The
International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry
451:
302:
282:
223:
183:
flashlamps have higher output in those bands than do the more common
149:
137:
85:
3231:
3164:
828:
404:
374:
348:
298:
262:
153:
30:
3100:
431:
318:
180:
89:
69:
2080:"Laser-assisted pulpotomy in primary teeth: a systematic review"
103:
Laser operation of Nd:YAG was first demonstrated by J.E. Geusic
2799:
http://www2.chem.uic.edu/tak/chem52413/notes3/notes3b-13sol.pdf
2350:"Optically guided neuronal growth at near infrared wavelengths"
2125:
Rezazadeh, Fahimeh; Dehghanian, Paria; Jafarpour, Dana (2019).
1886:
1192:
Rivera, A. H.; Brown, R. H.; Anderson, D. R. (September 1985).
352:
334:
258:
191:
81:
2407:"Laser igniters could spell the end for the humble spark plug"
1428:
1393:
1019:"Interventions for preventing posterior capsule opacification"
632:
3216:
2918:
718:
606:
503:
cooling holes for enhanced air flow/heat exhaust efficiency.
488:
447:
215:
184:
2638:
2124:
2077:
1889:"Lasers for caries removal in deciduous and permanent teeth"
381:
on the face and legs. Nd:YAG lasers are also used to treat
250:
38:
1287:
1985:"Nd:YAG laser for gingivectomy in Sturge-Weber syndrome"
1137:"Acute closed-angle glaucoma and Nd-YAG laser iridotomy"
3187:
ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser
Ordnance Neutralization System)
1606:
Costello, A. J.; Johnson, D. E.; Bolton, D. M. (1992).
620:
119:
1789:
931:
27:
Crystal used as a lasing medium for solid-state lasers
2228:
1605:
829:
Properties of Nd:YAG @ 25 °C (with 1% Nd doping)
385:. Recently Nd:YAG lasers have been used for treating
1864:
Mozena, John D.; Mitnick, Joshua P. (October 2009).
1843:"Laser care for onychomycosis: can it be effective?"
1239:
Kokavec J, Wu Z, Sherwin JC, Ang AJ, Ang GS (2017).
1016:
644:
laser is focused onto the sample surface to produce
462:
instrumentation, and for the treatment of recurrent
202:
Other common host materials for neodymium are: YLF (
1238:
1191:
2846:
587:The Nd:YAG laser is the most common laser used in
2182:Roncati, Marisa; Gariffo, Annalisa (April 2014).
478:. They are extensively used in manufacturing for
194:in the material varies according to its use. For
3264:
1840:
495:and in white and transparent polycarbonate for
2481:"Anti-Personnel Lasers - Iraq Special Weapons"
2181:
2038:
1783:
1457:
396:the Nd:YAG laser has been used for removal of
2902:
2084:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
1866:"Emerging concepts in treating onychomycosis"
1863:
1548:
918:
916:
759:
680:For many applications, the infrared light is
625:The Nd:YAG may be used in the application of
2827:Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
1841:Mozena, John; Haverstock, Brent (May 2010).
1754:
1001:
723:
2916:
2521:"North Korea's military aging but sizeable"
1893:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1294:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1023:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
965:
963:
633:Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)
550:Nd:YAG lasers are frequently used to build
351:, Nd:YAG lasers can be used to remove skin
2909:
2895:
2788:
913:
752:Melting point: 1970 °C (3540 °F)
719:Physical and chemical properties of Nd:YAG
692:to obtain visible (532 nm, green) or
615:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
407:, the Nd:YAG laser is being used to treat
92:ions in the host crystal structure of the
2601:
2456:
2381:
2158:
1989:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1920:
1686:
1582:
1481:
1370:
1321:
1264:
1168:
1095:
1046:
675:
3068:Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride
2867:
2404:
1134:
974:(3rd ed.). Wiley. pp. 208–11.
960:
855:Atoms of Nd per unit volume: 1.38×10 /cm
578:
277:
118:
37:
29:
2844:
2733:
1703:
1506:
1422:
1232:
907:
668:or via the second harmonic for pumping
565:National Institutes of Natural Sciences
364:transurethral resection of the prostate
51:neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet
14:
3265:
2734:Fan, T. Y.; Byer, R. L. (1987-10-01).
2493:
1943:
3086:Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate
2890:
2820:
2816:
2814:
2431:Pavel, Nicolaie; et al. (2011).
2430:
2328:2003 Summer Bioengineering Conference
2131:Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences
1351:Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences
969:
2592:(Elsevier-Academic, New York, 2003).
1748:
1210:10.1001/archopht.1985.01050090102042
1141:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
903:Resistance to thermal shock: 790 W·m
639:Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
621:Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS)
24:
2811:
2518:
1135:Saunders, D. C. (September 1990).
880:Specific heat capacity: 0.59 J·g·K
423:have been used for the removal of
387:dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
337:in ophthalmology animal research.
327:proliferative diabetic retinopathy
313:, where it has largely superseded
25:
3304:
3097:Yttrium calcium oxoborate (YCOB)
2872:(2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag.
2602:Paschotta, Rüdiger (2008-01-15).
877:Thermal conductivity: 0.14 W·cm·K
861:Emission wavelength: 1064 nm
555:biological sample being studied.
529:
487:in transparent materials such as
400:within the inside of the uterus.
2917:
2576:(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990).
2405:Coxworth, Ben (April 21, 2011).
1726:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2006.32227.x
874:Duration of fluorescence: 230 μs
711:diode-pumped solid state laser (
651:
469:
317:, for the treatment of vitreous
295:posterior capsular opacification
3222:Laboratory for Laser Energetics
2782:
2727:
2703:
2679:
2632:
2595:
2579:
2563:
2539:
2512:
2494:Fisher, Franklin (2003-05-14).
2487:
2473:
2424:
2398:
2341:
2312:
2288:
2277:
2222:
2188:Photomedicine and Laser Surgery
2175:
2118:
2071:
2032:
2023:
1976:
1937:
1880:
1857:
1834:
1667:Photomedicine and Laser Surgery
1654:
1599:
1542:
1387:
1338:
1281:
897:Young's modulus: 3.17×10 K·g/mm
268:
3144:Diode-pumped solid-state laser
1905:10.1002/14651858.CD010229.pub2
1612:Lasers in Surgery and Medicine
1306:10.1002/14651858.CD012314.pub2
1257:10.1002/14651858.CD011676.pub2
1185:
1128:
1063:
1031:10.1002/14651858.CD003738.pub3
1010:
988:
925:
13:
1:
2870:Solid-State Laser Engineering
1516:European Journal of Radiology
996:Solid-state laser engineering
627:cavity ring-down spectroscopy
558:
545:
206:, 1047 and 1053 nm), YVO
114:
2853:. University Science Books.
2845:Siegman, Anthony E. (1986).
1470:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1007:Koechner §6.1.1, pp. 251–64.
508:laser engineered net shaping
414:
360:benign prostatic hyperplasia
323:pan-retinal photocoagulation
311:acute angle-closure glaucoma
190:The amount of the neodymium
7:
1757:Photomedicine Laser Surgery
1567:10.1097/MD.0000000000013360
1528:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.012
1396:Photomedicine Laser Surgery
1076:International Ophthalmology
883:Thermal expansion: 6.9×10 K
686:nonlinear optical materials
574:
373:and the treatment of minor
342:laser-induced thermotherapy
273:
10:
3309:
2001:10.1016/j.joms.2006.05.011
1245:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
760:Refractive index of Nd:YAG
636:
540:laser-induced fluorescence
536:particle image velocimetry
289:Nd:YAG lasers are used in
169:pulses may be efficiently
3174:
3136:
3023:
2996:
2941:
2929:
2868:Koechner, Walter (1988).
2296:"How laser peening works"
2247:10.1007/s10103-017-2184-z
2235:Lasers in Medical Science
1944:Cortes, M. (April 1999).
1804:10.1007/s10103-012-1232-y
1792:Lasers in Medical Science
1198:Archives of Ophthalmology
1088:10.1007/s10792-014-9926-8
998:, Springer-Verlag, p. 507
922:Koechner §2.3, pp. 48–53.
724:Properties of YAG crystal
563:Researchers from Japan's
3062:Yttrium lithium fluoride
2943:Yttrium aluminium garnet
2789:Keiderling, Tim (2013).
1483:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.0082
746:Crystal structure: Cubic
660:either in the liquid or
301:surgery, for peripheral
204:yttrium lithium fluoride
3252:List of petawatt lasers
2645:Applied Physics Letters
1769:10.1089/pho.2006.24.625
994:Walter Koechner (1965)
934:Applied Physics Letters
743:Molecular weight: 596.7
704:is a frequency doubled
389:, a rare skin disease.
383:venous lake lip lesions
94:yttrium aluminum garnet
3045:Terbium gallium garnet
1624:10.1002/lsm.1900120202
749:Hardness: 8–8.5 (Mohs)
676:Additional frequencies
584:
517:mechanical process of
286:
125:
43:
35:
3076:Yttrium orthovanadate
3056:Solid-state dye laser
2715:www.scientificlib.com
2616:10.1117/3.767474.p110
2608:Field Guide to Lasers
2523:. CNN. Archived from
2200:10.1089/pho.2013.3695
2143:10.15171/jlms.2019.01
1679:10.1089/pho.2009.2564
1443:10.1089/thy.2010.0189
1408:10.1089/pho.2008.2327
970:Yariv, Amnon (1989).
900:Poisson's ratio: 0.25
858:Charge state of Nd: 3
698:Cesium lithium borate
582:
281:
214:, 1064 nm), and
212:yttrium orthovanadate
122:
41:
33:
2821:Paschotta, Rüdiger.
2760:10.1364/ol.12.000809
2604:"Frequency Doubling"
2590:Tunable Laser Optics
2458:10.1364/OE.19.009378
2374:10.1364/OE.14.009786
1713:Dermatologic Surgery
1153:10.1136/bjo.74.9.523
908:References and notes
852:Weight of Nd: 0.725%
444:sulcular debridement
325:in the treatment of
166:population inversion
3039:Yttrium iron garnet
2935:Semiconductor laser
2752:1987OptL...12..809F
2691:www.optotronics.com
2657:1997ApPhL..70.3492K
2449:2011OExpr..19.9378P
2366:2006OExpr..14.9786S
972:Quantum Electronics
946:1964ApPhL...4..182G
482:and welding steel,
464:aphthous stomatitis
315:surgical iridectomy
240:Prestabilized laser
230:, or near-infrared
228:gas discharge lamps
3273:Solid-state lasers
2923:Solid-state lasers
2610:. Vol. FG12.
755:Density: 4.55 g/cm
684:or -tripled using
670:Ti:sapphire lasers
593:laser rangefinders
585:
497:identity documents
371:laser hair removal
287:
244:gravitational wave
126:
78:solid-state lasers
72:that is used as a
44:
36:
3293:Medical equipment
3260:
3259:
3058:(SSDL/SSOL/SSDPL)
3051:Ti:sapphire laser
2930:Distinct subtypes
2879:978-3-540-18747-9
2860:978-0-935702-11-8
2795:www2.chem.uic.edu
2651:(26): 3492–3494.
2551:hirac.leeds.ac.uk
2500:Stars and Stripes
2096:10.1111/ipd.12014
981:978-0-471-60997-1
954:10.1063/1.1753928
826:
825:
690:lithium triborate
682:frequency-doubled
589:laser designators
305:in patients with
178:current densities
171:frequency doubled
109:Bell Laboratories
16:(Redirected from
3300:
2921:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2864:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2665:10.1063/1.119210
2636:
2630:
2629:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2300:LSP Technologies
2292:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1204:(9): 1350–1354.
1189:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1099:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
992:
986:
985:
967:
958:
957:
929:
923:
920:
764:
763:
552:optical tweezers
377:defects such as
134:optically pumped
42:Nd:YAG laser rod
21:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3227:Laser Mégajoule
3175:Specific lasers
3170:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3091:
3081:
3019:
2992:
2937:
2925:
2915:
2880:
2861:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2787:
2783:
2746:(10): 809–811.
2732:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2600:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2443:(10): 9378–84.
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2399:
2360:(21): 9786–93.
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2227:
2223:
2180:
2176:
2123:
2119:
2076:
2072:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
1981:
1977:
1950:Dentistry Today
1942:
1938:
1899:(9): CD010229.
1885:
1881:
1862:
1858:
1839:
1835:
1788:
1784:
1753:
1749:
1708:
1704:
1659:
1655:
1604:
1600:
1547:
1543:
1511:
1507:
1476:(16): 2615–21.
1462:
1458:
1437:(11): 1253–61.
1427:
1423:
1392:
1388:
1343:
1339:
1300:(3): CD012314.
1286:
1282:
1251:(6): CD011676.
1237:
1233:
1190:
1186:
1133:
1129:
1068:
1064:
1025:(2): CD003738.
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
982:
968:
961:
930:
926:
921:
914:
910:
871:
867:
849:
845:
841:
837:
831:
767:Wavelength (μm)
762:
740:
736:
732:
726:
721:
709:
678:
654:
641:
635:
623:
577:
561:
548:
532:
472:
417:
276:
271:
247:interferometers
209:
196:continuous wave
117:
66:
62:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3288:Laser medicine
3285:
3280:
3275:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3155:Figure-8 laser
3152:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2865:
2859:
2840:
2839:
2829:. RP Photonics
2810:
2781:
2740:Optics Letters
2726:
2711:"Nd:YAG laser"
2702:
2687:"Green Lasers"
2678:
2631:
2624:
2594:
2578:
2562:
2538:
2511:
2486:
2472:
2437:Optics Express
2423:
2397:
2354:Optics Express
2340:
2311:
2287:
2276:
2241:(4): 953–963.
2221:
2194:(4): 186–197.
2174:
2117:
2090:(6): 389–399.
2070:
2051:(6): 577–587.
2031:
2022:
1995:(2): 314–316.
1975:
1936:
1879:
1870:Podiatry Today
1856:
1847:Podiatry Today
1833:
1782:
1747:
1720:(8): 1039–44.
1702:
1673:(2): 263–265.
1653:
1618:(2): 121–124.
1598:
1561:(51): e13360.
1541:
1505:
1456:
1421:
1386:
1357:(4): 190–198.
1337:
1280:
1231:
1184:
1147:(9): 523–525.
1127:
1082:(2): 173–178.
1062:
1009:
1000:
987:
980:
959:
924:
911:
909:
906:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
824:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
808:
807:
804:
800:
799:
796:
792:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
776:
775:
768:
761:
758:
757:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
720:
717:
707:
677:
674:
653:
650:
637:Main article:
634:
631:
622:
619:
576:
573:
560:
557:
547:
544:
531:
530:Fluid dynamics
528:
484:semiconductors
471:
468:
442:, periodontal
416:
413:
275:
272:
270:
267:
207:
116:
113:
64:
60:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3305:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:Ophthalmology
3281:
3279:
3278:Dental lasers
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Mercury laser
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Cyclops laser
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Trident laser
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2627:
2625:9780819478269
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2570:F. P. Schäfer
2566:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2527:on 2010-11-26
2526:
2522:
2519:Lister, Tim.
2515:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:(2): 823–29.
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:(3): e6–e11.
1521:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1402:(2): 345–49.
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1097:10400.17/2093
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1004:
997:
991:
983:
977:
973:
966:
964:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
919:
917:
912:
902:
899:
896:
893:
889:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
864:Transition: F
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
833:
832:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
801:
797:
794:
793:
789:
786:
785:
781:
778:
777:
774:(25 °C)
773:
769:
766:
765:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
728:
727:
716:
714:
710:
703:
702:laser pointer
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:Laser pumping
649:
647:
640:
630:
628:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
600:Iran–Iraq War
596:
594:
590:
581:
572:
570:
566:
556:
553:
543:
541:
537:
527:
525:
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470:Manufacturing
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440:gingivectomy
418:
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394:hysteroscopy
391:
379:spider veins
368:
357:
346:
339:
319:eye floaters
288:
269:Applications
232:laser diodes
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189:
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142:laser diodes
127:
104:
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3150:Fiber laser
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1853:(5): 54–59.
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694:ultraviolet
662:solid state
611:prohibition
598:During the
460:periodontal
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429:soft tissue
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132:lasers are
98:ruby lasers
3267:Categories
3160:Disk laser
3137:Structures
3034:Ruby laser
3026:gain media
2833:2018-01-16
2804:2021-05-05
2720:2021-05-05
2696:2021-05-05
2574:Dye Lasers
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2505:2016-12-20
2334:2007-10-10
2305:2022-12-24
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222:either by
146:wavelength
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2768:0146-9592
2673:0003-6951
2416:March 30,
2255:1435-604X
2208:1557-8550
2151:2008-9783
2104:1365-263X
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1962:8750-2186
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1363:2008-9783
1314:1469-493X
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1161:0007-1161
1106:1573-2630
1039:1469-493X
452:pulpotomy
432:surgeries
415:Dentistry
358:To treat
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303:iridotomy
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