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338:. The optical dopants are characterized with lifetime of excitation and the effective absorption and emission cross-sections, which are main parameters of an active dopant. Usually, the concentration of optical dopant is of order of few percent or even lower. At large density of excitation, the cooperative quenching (cross-relaxation) reduces the efficiency of the laser action.
294:). This chromium both gives a ruby its red color, and also enables a ruby to undergo a population inversion and act as a laser. The aluminium and oxygen atoms in the transparent crystal of aluminium oxide served simply to support the chromium atoms in a good spatial distribution, and otherwise, they do not have anything to do with the laser action.
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series of elements, such as neodymium. Then, these dopant atoms actually carry out the lasing process in the crystal. The rest of the atoms in the crystal consist of yttrium, aluminium, and oxygen atoms, but just as above, these other three elements function to simply support the neodymium atoms. In
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crystal contains millions of yttrium atoms in it, and due to its physical size, chemical valence, etc., it works well to take the place of a small minority of yttrium atoms in its lattice, and to replace them with atoms from the
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are both aluminium oxide, the former getting its red color from chromium atoms, and the latter doped with any of several elements, giving a variety of colors.
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substances, the dopant's atoms get incorporated into the crystal lattice of the substance. The crystalline materials are frequently either crystals of a
501:
Moskalik, K; A Kozlov; E Demin; E Boiko (2009). "The
Efficacy of Facial Skin Cancer Treatment with High-Energy Pulsed Neodymium and Nd:YAG Lasers".
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addition, the rare-earth element erbium can readily be used as the dopant rather than neodymium, giving a different wavelength of its output.
448:). Dopants are introduced into semiconductors in a variety of techniques: solid sources, gases, spin on liquid, and ion implanting. See
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depending on the dopant variety. Pure semiconductors that have been altered by the presence of dopants are known as
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properties. The amount of dopant is typically very low compared to the material being doped.
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This article is about elemental impurities. For the fictional characters in
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Principles and
Applications of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
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378:yttrium aluminium garnets (YAGs) are used as the
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536:Kalyani, N. Thejo; Swart, Hendrik; Dhoble, S.J.
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184:crystals for use in the production of various
34:List of Kamen Rider W characters § Dopant
468:is caused by dopants. For example, ruby and
244:(Yb), and a few others, into transparent
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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67:adding citations to reliable sources
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346:The medical field has some use for
192:can also be doped with impurities.
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424:, has the effect of shifting the
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482:List of semiconductor materials
297:In other cases, such as in the
272:of photons in the operation of
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54:needs additional citations for
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416:The addition of a dopant to a
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256:is used to produce the
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412:Doping (semiconductor)
515:10.1089/pho.2008.2327
316:optically-transparent
201:n-type semiconductors
197:p-type semiconductors
334:, especially in the
266:population inversion
215:Transparent crystals
63:improve this article
573:Chemical properties
568:Physical properties
380:active laser medium
320:stimulated emission
299:neodymium YAG laser
270:stimulated emission
464:The color of some
336:double-clad fibers
262:solid-state lasers
563:Materials science
354:that are used in
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205:transistors
182:transparent
176:for use in
162:crystalline
552:Categories
488:References
452:, surface
400:activators
308:rare-earth
151:electrical
89:newspapers
466:gemstones
454:diffusion
392:phosphors
376:neodymium
364:neodymium
242:ytterbium
230:neodymium
174:germanium
578:Crystals
523:19382838
476:See also
470:sapphire
360:Europium
342:Examples
314:In many
292:corundum
250:ceramics
246:crystals
226:chromium
168:such as
78:"Dopant"
372:Holmium
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238:thulium
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155:optical
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460:Others
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430:n-type
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348:erbium
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234:erbium
232:(Nd),
228:(Cr),
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