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1091:
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The next step after making the casts was to have been reducing them to skeletons. Neither of those steps, making the casts nor reducing the corpses to skeletons, was carried out. In 1944, with the approach of the Allies, there was concern over the possibility that the corpses could be discovered. In
September 1944, Sievers telegrammed Brandt: "The collection can be defleshed and rendered unrecognizable. This, however, would mean that the whole work had been done for nothing – at least in part – and that this singular collection would be lost to science, since it would be impossible to make plaster casts afterwards." And so it was left, as the camp was evacuated in September 1944, and the human remains were left at a room in the Reichs University of Strasbourg.
1411:
458:
47:
560:
568:
576:
723:
731:
1305:
1317:
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1189:
1281:). Rachel Gordon and Joachim Zepelin translated the introduction to the book to English, at the web site where the whole book, including the biographies of the 86 people, is posted in German. Lang recounts in detail the story of how he determined the identities of the 86 victims gassed for Hirt's project of the Jewish skull collection. Forty-six of these individuals were originally from
1346:, from 9 April to 5 May 1946. All of the accused were found guilty; of these, three were sentenced to death and two hanged. Hartjenstein's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment on 1 June 1946. However, he was tried a second time by the British for hanging a POW who was a member of the Royal Air Force. He died of a heart attack while awaiting execution on 20 October 1954.
682:
executed under the supervision of Dr. Plaza and Dr. Rhode, in his section on
Capital Punishment (Les exécutions capitales), as to the intent of the RSHA of Berlin, Reichssicherheitshauptamt, to have them disappear with no trace, as their names were not recorded as being at this camp. Stonehouse later sketched the four women which aided in their identification.
757:
England with the help of the resistance, and Mr
Habgood was hanged on 31 July 1944. His death was acknowledged as a war crime in 1947 and his family was informed, but the most personal evidence of his presence there, a silver bracelet with his name on it, emerged from the soil in July 2018, as an area with flowers was being watered by a volunteer.
1296:, indicated that it did not want to: "celebrate the inauguration of this morbid place", having " nothing to do with those intended for mass murder", specifying that "it is a symbolic place for the camp and its activities in connection with the Reichsuniversität Straßburg" which is perceived as a lack of sensitivity towards mourners.
1927:
il est envoyé au camp de
Natzwiller-Struthof, en Alsace, et devient un déporté "Nacht und Nebel", de la catégorie de ceux que l'on doit faire disparaître dans "la nuit et le brouillard". . . . Les alliés approchant, il est transféré au début du mois de septembre 1944 à Dachau, près de Munich. Mais un
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at
Natzweiler-Struthof on several days in August and their corpses, 57 men and 29 women, were sent to Strasbourg for study. Natzweiler-Struthof was considered the better place for gassing the selected victims (better than at Auschwitz), as they would die one by one, with no damage to the corpses, and
640:
The camp became a war zone in late summer 1944, and was evacuated in early
September 1944. Prior to the evacuation of the camp, 141 prisoners were shot dead on 31 August – 1 September 1944. The 70th anniversary of this execution of those who resisted Nazi occupation was commemorated at the museum in
522:
prisoners, in most cases, people of the resistance movements. It was a labor camp and a transit camp, as many prisoners were sent to other Nazi concentration camps before the final evacuation. As the war continued, it became a death camp as well. Some people died of exhaustion from the work they had
1430:
burned the camp museum, with the loss of important artifacts. Structures were rebuilt, placing the artifacts that survived the fire as they were found originally. The reconstructed camp museum was officially opened on 29 June 1980. The
European Centre of Deported Resistance Members, a new structure
1203:
The next part of the process for this "collection" was to bring the corpses to the Reichs
University, where Hirt's plan was to make anatomical casts of the bodies. Photos of the corpses as found by the Allies who saw them in the Reichs University make the totality of the strange project quite real.
398:
The camp is preserved as a museum in memory of those held or killed there. The
European Centre of Deported Resistance Members is located at this museum, focusing on those held. A monument to the departed stands at the site. The present museum was restored in 1980 after damage by neo-Nazis in 1976.
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Hartjenstein's postwar fate consisted of many trials. First, he was arrested by the
British and sentenced to life imprisonment on June 1, 1946, at Wuppertal for executing four resistance members. Then he was again tried by the British for hanging a POW who was a member of the Royal Air Force and
756:
British bomber Sergeant Frederic ("Freddie") Habgood was hanged at this camp, after his Lancaster bomber crashed in Alsace on 27 July 1944 and he was betrayed to the Nazis by a local woman. Two died as a result of the crash, three survived as prisoners of war in a camp in Poland, one returned to
606:
was also stationed in this camp for a time. August Hirt committed suicide in June 1945; his suicide was unknown for many years, and he was tried in absentia in 1953 at Metz for his war crimes, including the Jewish skull collection, begun at Auschwitz, continued at Natzweiler-Struthof, and at the
530:
war industry, through contracts with private industry. The work was done mainly at the numerous annex camps, some of them located in mines or tunnels to protect them from Allied air raids. Work, hunger, darkness and lack of health care caused many epidemics; mortality rates could reach 80%. Some
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In 1951, the remains of the 86 victims were reinterred in one location in the Cronenbourg-Strasbourg Jewish Cemetery. On 11 December 2005, memorial stones engraved with the names of the 86 victims were placed at the cemetery. One is at the site of the mass grave, the other along the wall of the
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leader, witnessed the arrival of the four women and the events leading up to their execution and cremation; both men testified to the executions of the four women in post-war trials. The two men were sent to Dachau, where they were liberated. Roger Boulanger writes of the four British SOE women
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succeeded in identifying all the victims, by comparing a list of inmate numbers of the 86 corpses at the Reichs University in Strasbourg, surreptitiously recorded by Hirt's French assistant Henri Henrypierre, with a list of numbers of inmates vaccinated at Auschwitz. The names and biographical
614:
Some prisoners were executed directly, by hanging, by gunshot or by gas. The female prisoner-population in the camp was small, and only seven SS women served in Natzweiler-Struthof camp (compared to more than 600 SS men) and 15 in the Natzweiler complex of subcamps. The main duty of the female
364:. It was a labor camp, a transit camp and, as the war went on, a place of execution. Some died of exhaustion and starvation – there were an estimated 22,000 deaths at the camp and its network of subcamps. Many prisoners were moved to other camps; in particular, in 1944 the former head of
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In 1943, the inmates selected at Auschwitz were transported to Natzweiler-Struthof. They spent two weeks eating well in barracks there in Block 13, so they would be good specimens of normal size. The deaths of 86 inmates were, in the words of Hirt, "induced" at a jury rigged
395:, whose purpose was to portray Jews as racially inferior, at the camp. A documentary movie was made about the 86 named men and women who were killed there for that project. Some of the people responsible for atrocities in this camp were brought to trial after the war ended.
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basis in 1940. It operated from 21 May 1941 to September 1944, and was the only concentration camp established by the Germans in the territory of pre-war France. The camp was located in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft).
1928:
ordre, probablement signé Kaltenbrünner, le condamne à disparaître avant l'arrivée des alliés. Le 19 avril 1945, dix jours seulement avant l'arrivée des Américains, il est lâchement abattu d'une balle dans la nuque avant d'être incinéré au crématoire du camp.
1470:). Its goal was to explain what happened at Reich University of Strasbourg, at Natzweiler-Struthof, in the strange use of science in this Nazi project to eliminate the Jews, but keeping some remains for history and science, the project never fully completed.
1777:
As a means of further camouflage so that the SS at large would not suspect the purpose of these experiments, the preliminary tests for the efficacy of this method were performed exclusively on children imprisoned in the Natzweiler concentration
1245:. August Hirt, who conceived the project, was sentenced to death in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953. It was unknown at the time that Hirt had shot himself in the head on 2 June 1945 while in hiding in the
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sentenced to death by firing squad on June 5 of that year. He was then extradited to France, where he was tried for his crimes at Natzweiler and sentenced to death. He died of a heart attack while awaiting execution on October 20, 1954.
1285:, Greece. The 86 were from eight countries in German-occupied Europe: Austria, Netherlands, France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Belgium and Poland. The biographies of all 86 people are described in English on a web site set up by Lang.
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was established in February 1944 to extract crude oil from oil shale. The total number of prisoners at all of the Natzweiler subcamps was an estimated 19,000 of whom between 7,000 and 8,000 were in the main camp at Natzweiler.
1450:
A documentary film was shown in 2014 about the 86 people who were murdered in the camp and whose remains were later identified by name, as described above in The Jewish skull collection section. The film "The names of the 86"
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outside the main camp, which was not used for mass extermination but for selective extermination, as part of the human experimentation programs, in particular on the problems of fighting a war, like typhus among the troops.
3739:
2740:
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2541:
633:, stated that some children were murdered at Natzweiler-Struthof for the sole purpose of testing poisons for inconspicuous executions of Nazi officials and prisoners. Such executions of took place at
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3997:
469:
in the spring of 1941, in a heavily forested and isolated area at an elevation of 800 metres (2,600 ft). The camp operated between 21 May 1941 and the beginning of September 1944, when the
508:
The total number of prisoners reached 52,000 over the three years, of 32 nationalities. Inmates originated from various countries, including Poland, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, France,
1368:
Fritz Hartjenstein (commandant): death sentence, commuted to life (Wuppertal), death sentence by British (Rastatt), death sentence by French Court (Metz), died before sentence was carried out
2467:"[Victims of medical research at Natzweiler, from "Die Namen der Nummern: Eine Initiative zur Erinnerung an 86 jĂĽdische Opfer eines Verbrechens von NS-Wissenschaftlern"] (ID: 20733)"
696:, a member of the French Resistance who was interned at Struthof between April and September 1944, documented his ordeal in drawings which are now in the Struthof Concentration Camp Museum.
4879:
2629:
1380:, adjutant and deputy of commander Fritz Hartjenstein, committed suicide in Wuppertal prison in April 1946 before his trial. He was accused of having murdered four British female spies.
1331:
Josef Kramer, the former commandant of the camp during the time of the Jewish skull collection project, was arrested at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp on 17 April 1945 and tried at
3283:
1431:
at the site, opened in November 2005, and at the same time, "the museum was entirely redesigned to focus solely on the history of Natzweiler concentration camp and its subcamps."
3729:
1160:). In a 2013 documentary by Sonia Rolley and others, two historians remark that "Hirt is one of the most absolutely criminal of National Socialist ideology," adds the historian
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supervisors in Natzweiler was to guard the few women who came to the camp for medical experiments or to be executed. The camp also trained several female guards who went to the
1129:) in the annexed region of Alsace, a project of great scope. Some initial study of the corpses was performed, but the progress of the war stalled completion of the collection.
1708:
3424:
3271:
3086:– A Project of Hans-Joachim Lang. List of all 86 victims of the Jewish Skeleton Collection (in German – also in English, French, Greek, Hebrew, Dutch, Norwegian and Polish)
1342:
The commandant of Natzweiler at the time that four female resistance agents were executed, Fritz Hartjenstein and five others were tried by a British war crimes court at
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was an attempt by the Nazis to create an anthropological display to showcase the alleged racial inferiority of the "Jewish race" and to emphasize the status of Jews as
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2023:
64:
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which existed throughout the war but was never part of the concentration camp system. The Natzweiler-Struthof main camp on 1 May 1941 was established nearby at
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camp, then brought to Natzweiler-Struthof both to eat well and then to be murdered by gas, and their corpses brought to the Anatomy Institute of at the Reich
4191:
1216:
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1223:. Beger was found guilty, although he was credited for pre-trial imprisonment and served no time. Also named as associated with this project are doctor
4809:
3156:
2577:
2515:
2251:
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1219:, were accused of making selections at Auschwitz of Jewish prisoners for Hirt's collection of 'racial types', the man who devised the project of the
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in the British-occupied sector for other crimes committed in Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. He was sentenced on 16–17 November 1945 and was hanged at
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4679:
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Lang, Hans-Joachim, The names of the numbers. How I succeeded in identifying the 86 victims of a NAZI crime. Hoffmann & Campe, Hamburg 2004,
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Present-day appearance: the crematorium was in the building on the right, while the flat, bare spaces are where the barracks were located.
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692:, was detained at Natzweiler-Struthof, then was executed by the Gestapo in Dachau days before that camp was liberated and the war ended.
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2024:"Family of World War Two Lancaster bomber reunited with his bracelet 74 years after it rose to surface of concentration camp ash pit"
1910:
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1716:
1640:
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traces the story of 106-year-old Boris Pahor, believed to be the oldest known survivor of the Nazi concentration camps at the time.
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by the Allies. Through 1945, Natzweiler-Struthof had a complex of about 70 subcamps or annex camps. (For the system of subcamps see
3555:
2601:
A Biographical Dictionary of War Crimes Proceedings, Collaboration Trials and Similar Proceedings Involving France in World War II
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2367:
1940:
1493:
678:
497:
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3149:
373:
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Mitscherlich, Fred Mielke: Medicine without humanity: documents of the Nuremberg Doctors Trial, Frankfurt am Main 1995, p. 216
3944:
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2741:"Even in Auschwitz . . . Humanity Could Prevail:British POWs and Jewish Concentration-Camp Inmates at IG Auschwitz 1943–1945"
1739:
1292:
In 2022, the gas chamber was reopened to the public, but the European Center for Deported Resistance Fighters (CERD), led by
4794:
1289:
cemetery. Another plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital.
772:, tells that he took part in the construction of the Struthof concentration camp, in the context of his forced labor tasks.
4403:
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Struthof : le KL-Natzweiler et ses kommandos : une nébuleuse concentrationnaire des deux côtés du Rhin; 1941–1945
1791:
1615:
4413:
2332:
1618:[Commemoration of the executions of 141 resistance fighters at Struthof] (in French). Natzwiler, France: l'Alsace
2404:[Skeletons for Strasbourg: One of the most gruesome crimes of science in the "Third Reich" is finally cleared].
1835:
Case No. 31. Trial Of Werner Rohde And Eight Others, British Military Court, Wuppertal, Germany, 29th May-1st June, 1946
360:
About 52,000 prisoners were estimated to be held there during its time of operation. The prisoners were mainly from the
3914:
3660:
3018:
2061:
1587:
3388:
3237:
1966:
1792:"2 SAS Regiments, War Crimes Investigations, and British Intelligence: Intelligence Officers and the Natzweiler Trial"
1410:
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2449:
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The first camp commandant, Hans HĂĽttig, was sentenced to life in prison on 2 July 1954 by a French military court in
1117:" (master race). The people who were to serve as best examples of the "Jewish race" were selected from people at the
3383:
3232:
457:
46:
3929:
3447:
3395:
3256:
3196:
2402:"Skelette für Straßburg Eines der grausigsten Wissenschaftsverbrechen des "Dritten Reiches" ist endlich aufgeklärt"
1498:
1182:
1126:
1013:
608:
418:
1765:"War Crimes and Their Motivation: The SocioPsychological Structure of the SS and the Criminalization of a Society"
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In memory; Honneur et Patrie (Honor and country) / Ossa Humiliata from Psalm 50-51 (bones which have been humbled)
559:
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1034:
4262:
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2254:[A documentary about a misunderstood Nazi crime winning at Waterloo] (in French). RFI les voix du monde
2122:
1857:
489:
381:
361:
226:
2370:[The names of the numbers]. Translated by Rachel Gordon; Joachim Zepelin. Berlin. 2007. Archived from
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3326:
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513:
4002:
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3457:
3412:
3319:
3184:
2655:
2519:
650:
57:
2076:
1181:, acting commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof (who was a LagerfĂĽhrer at Auschwitz and the last commandant of
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about his experiences in the camp. The novel was later translated into numerous other European languages.
4779:
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Today's Best Military Writing: The Finest Articles on the Past, Present, and Future of the U.S. Military
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in connection with atrocities committed during his tenure as commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof. He was
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3129:
3118:
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1510:
1229:
704:
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2188:
1556:
4769:
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3879:
3821:
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3295:
3220:
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1992:
1669:
1261:
478:
369:
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2544:[Bas-Rhin: The gas chamber of the Struthof concentration camp, witness to the Nazi horror].
2273:
1833:
1269:
575:
4007:
3987:
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3899:
3889:
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The Belsen Trial: Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 Others from 'Law Reports of Trials of·War Criminals'
1168:, is an example of this investment of politics by science, or science by politics that is Nazism."
1122:
816:
784:
620:
493:
405:
293:
280:
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2542:"Bas-Rhin : La chambre à gaz du camp de concentration du Struthof, témoin de l'horreur nazie"
2493:"The Names of the Numbers: In Memoriam of 86 Jewish People who Fell Victim to the Nazi Scientists"
2466:
1870:
C'était une fonction spécifique du camp. Les victimes devaient disparaître sans laisser de traces.
998:
The following private firms used Natzweiler-Struthof camp's inmates for labor in their factories:
551:
Aircraft Company which eventually employed 3,000 prisoners in forced labor. Another annex camp at
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scientific institute that researched the archaeological and cultural history of the hypothesized
1102:
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930:
603:
392:
325:
103:
38:
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4334:
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799:. In total, 504 Norwegians were imprisoned at Natzweiler. Only 266 of them returned home alive.
376:
approached. Only a small staff of Nazi SS personnel remained when the camp was liberated by the
4910:
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4749:
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4035:
3904:
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1435:
750:
2604:
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Under cross-examination he admitted having gassed 80 prisoners previously at Natzweiller camp.
1422:
Memorial to the Struthof Concentration Camp and its experiments, Pere Lachaise Cemetery, Paris
523:
to do while starving. Deaths have been estimated at 22,000 at the main camp and the subcamps.
4905:
4709:
4511:
4250:
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3625:
2093:"How a once-neglected Slovenian writer survived the Nazis camps to live to 108 – The Forward"
1856:[The history of the Natzweiler-Struthof camp]. CRDP Champagne-Ardenne. Archived from
1293:
1148:
who was responsible for procuring and preparing the corpses as part of his management of the
776:
4774:
2580:[Racial murders were also committed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp].
2216:
Unterlagen zu den Röchling-Prozessen: Urteile des General-Gerichts und des Obersten Gerichts
4729:
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2341:] (documentary) (in French). Alsace, France: Temps Noir. 10 minutes in. Archived from
2214:
Militärregierung der Französischen Besatzungszone in Deutschland, Oberstes Gericht (1949).
1240:
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8:
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Die Namen der Nummern: Wie es gelang, die 86 Opfer eines NS-Verbrechens zu identifizieren
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The names of the numbers: How it was possible to identify the 86 victims of a Nazi crime
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719:, Israel's Holocaust Memorial, for hiding Jewish children in Catholic boarding schools.
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On 23 November 1944, this camp with its small staff was discovered and liberated by the
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3000:, written as an historical account by a former inmate, based on interviews and research
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2281:. Vol. II. London: The United Nations War Crimes Commission. 1947. pp. 39–40
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concentration camp was brought in to evacuate the prisoners of Natzweiler-Struthof to
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3108:
History of the Natzweiler-Struthof Camp by Roger Boulanger, camp survivor (in French)
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1185:) personally carried out the gassing of 80 of the 86 victims at Natzweiler-Struthof.
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269:
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1913:(in French). Le Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération. December 14, 2001. Archived from
1312:
in Natzweiler-Struthof examines an urn used to hold the ashes of cremated prisoners.
1079:
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and murdered by the Gestapo after re-capture, were cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof.
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1807:
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1328:. In 1956, he was released from detention after being imprisoned for eleven years.
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878:
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337:
329:
169:
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2164:"In Re Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposal"
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Recent research identified the 86 people murdered for the Jewish skull collection
2927:
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2189:"Elenco delle aziende e dei campi di concentramento ricorrendo al lavoro forzato"
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1304:
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780:
599:
518:
241:
99:
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2562:[Alsace: The Struthof concentration camp until the end of its history].
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1434:
A dramatic monument (including a bronze figure supine and emaciated) stands in
1336:
1316:
795:. Both were imprisoned at Natzweiler for distribution of illegal newspapers in
739:
700:
693:
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3123:
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2342:
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For many years only a single victim, Menachem Taffel (prisoner no. 107969), a
552:
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worked in quarries, but many worked in the arms industry at various subcamps.
466:
149:
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134:
79:
66:
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Nacht und Nebel; mijn verhaal uit Duitse gevangenissen en concentratiekampen
2846:
2560:"Alsace: Le camp de concentration du Struthof jusqu'au bout de son histoire"
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4216:
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4156:
4105:
3589:
3540:
3134:
2163:
1395:
1282:
1246:
1192:
1178:
1153:
1041:
862:
792:
654:
532:
509:
341:
257:
249:
159:
113:
4541:
3813:
2401:
4604:
4441:
4161:
4095:
3550:
3487:
3004:
1481:
1399:
1212:
1173:
1161:
1137:
843:
803:
765:
746:
591:
584:
474:
400:
388:
237:
3082:
2191:[List of companies and concentration camps using forced labor].
2115:
The camp men: the SS officers who ran the Nazi concentration camp system
1990:
1332:
535:
moved its aircraft engine factory from Berlin to a gypsum mine near the
4784:
4724:
4221:
4141:
1253:
1157:
1114:
899:
775:
Notable Norwegian prisoners at Natzweiler include newspaper editor and
716:
658:
616:
442:
434:
345:
333:
261:
2578:"Im KZ Natzweiler-Struthof wurden auch Morde des Rassenwahns begangen"
1831:
1199:
at Belsen before being removed to the POW cage at Celle, 17 April 1945
4486:
4378:
3801:
3601:
2331:
Rolley, Sonia; Ramonet, Axel and Tancrède (directors) (May 2, 2013).
1462:
Another documentary was made about the skull project in 2013, titled
1343:
1196:
1149:
1118:
854:
769:
536:
527:
438:
365:
154:
2824:
2910:
Nacht und Nebel; my story in German prisons and concentration camps
1841:. London, UK: The United Nations War Crimes Commission. p. 54.
1459:) was directed by Emmanuel Heyd and Raphael Toledano (Dora Films).
1427:
828:
The camp had five commandants and numerous doctors in its history.
806:
was imprisoned at the camp in 1944. Pahor was later transported to
588:
544:
351:
117:
24:
2444:] (in German) (hardback ed.). Hoffmann + Campe Vlg GmbH.
1362:
Peter Straub: death sentence (executed by hanging 11 October 1946)
1113:("super-humans") Aryan race which the Nazis considered to be the "
579:
French resistance members inspect the crematorium after liberation
425:. That region, adjacent to the German border, was chosen for full
3497:
1474:
1387:
1061:
433:. On 2 July 1940, two weeks after the fall of the nearby city of
20:
1740:"A French University Confronts Medical Crimes and Its Nazi Past"
1353:
Franz Berg: death sentence (executed by hanging 11 October 1946)
4269:
3125:
Au Nom De La Race Et De La Science Documentaire Entier Français
2801:[The Names of the 86]. Dora Films. 2014. Archived from
2777:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
2634:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1945:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1713:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1553:
Struthof – the Site of the former Natzweiler concentration camp
1257:
1055:
807:
602:
and Helmut RĂĽhl were accused of crimes committed at this camp.
563:
Gate of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation
461:
View of Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp after liberation
422:
121:
304:
2000:. London, UK: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 41–42
1439:
1188:
707:, was interned at Natzweiler before being transferred to the
3096:
Memoir by KLNA Survivor Joseph Scheinmann aka Andre Peulevey
2252:"Un documentaire sur un crime nazi méconnu primé à Waterloo"
3712:
3077:
2802:
2050:
Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel (English translation:
1325:
481:, with only a small SS unit keeping the camp's operations.
2953:
1616:"Struthof: Commémoration des exécutions de 141 résistants"
1584:"Introduction to the history of the camp | STRUTHOF"
1020:
198:
mainly resistance fighters from occupied European nations
1464:
Au nom de la race et de la science, Strasbourg 1941–1944
1405:
1132:
The collection was sanctioned by ReichsfĂĽhrer of the SS
734:
The crematorium at Natzweiler-Struthof as it looks today
465:
The construction of Natzweiler-Struthof was overseen by
403:
was interned in Natzweiler-Struthof and wrote his novel
1832:
Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Vol. V (1948).
2988:] (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug.
1715:. Centre européen du résistant déporté. Archived from
1643:. Centre européen du résistant déporté. Archived from
1555:. Centre européen du résistant déporté. Archived from
1273:
information of the victims were published in the book
1207:
Two anthropologists, who were both members of the SS,
571:
Border fence at Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
1508:
1468:
In the name of Race and Science, Strasbourg 1941–1945
2827:[The Names of the 86, DVD]. Dora Films. 2014
2516:"The Names of the Numbers: The Courses of 86 Lives"
1789:
1613:
1320:
The Monument to the Departed at Natzweiler-Struthof
1260:, was positively identified through the efforts of
993:
768:, who served a sentence at the neighboring camp of
362:
resistance movements in German-occupied territories
19:"Struthof" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4810:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France
3114:Au nom de la race et de la science 1941–1944 (1/4)
2938:] (in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tiden.
2334:Au nom de la race et de la science 1941–1944 (3/4)
2303:
1695:volume one, Natzweiler-Struthof main camp, p. 1004
503:
2624:
2622:
1991:The United Nations War Crimes Commission (1949).
1672:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
526:Interned prisoners provided forced labor for the
4897:
2950:, memoirs of the former prime minister of Norway
2603:. Grace Dangberg Foundation, Inc. Archived from
1851:
810:camp and other camps until finally liberated in
2986:Night and fog - History of Natzweiler prisoners
2648:
2594:
2339:In the name of Race and Science 1941–1944 (3/4)
2017:
2015:
1994:Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, vol. XI
1933:
1195:, former commandant of Natzweiler-Struthof, in
3091:Independent researcher Diana Mara Henry's site
2982:Natt og tĂĄke - Historien om Natzweiler-fangene
2903:
2688:
2619:
2513:
2490:
1762:
653:agents were executed together on 6 July 1944:
516:and Norway. The camp was specially set up for
3829:
3150:
3013:. Champaign, Illinois: Dalkey Archive Press.
2090:
1854:"L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof"
1064:Flugzeugwerke, aircraft factory, Zuffenhausen
3164:
2751:(First ed.). Forge Books. p. 179.
2266:
2249:
2012:
1827:
1825:
1177:Natzweiler-Struthof was at Hirt's disposal.
1109:("sub-humans"), in contrast to the Germanic
709:Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp
4804:Fondation pour la MĂ©moire de la DĂ©portation
4114:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3843:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
1903:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1299:
1164:. "The project itself, continues Professor
831:
349:
3836:
3822:
3453:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
3157:
3143:
2715:"Nazi War Crimes Trials: Natzweiler Trial"
2684:
2682:
2680:
2362:
2360:
2228:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1984:
1543:
1541:
1372:Magnus Wochner was also implicated in the
1085:
2875:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1889:. New York: Doubleday. pp. 216–219.
1822:
1670:"Natzweiler-Struthoff Concentration Camp"
1614:Buonasorte, Alvezio (September 1, 2014).
791:who had previously played in Germany for
473:evacuated the surviving prisoners on a "
2926:
2739:White, Joseph Robert (August 26, 2004).
2386:
2117:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, Ltd.
2021:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1571:
1417:
1409:
1315:
1303:
1187:
1089:
729:
721:
574:
566:
558:
456:
4842:List of Holocaust memorials and museums
4124:Timeline of deportations to death camps
3027:
2976:
2677:
2357:
2112:
2022:Nicholls, Dominic (December 25, 2018).
1880:
1878:
1769:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
1737:
1703:
1701:
1664:
1662:
1538:
1494:List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof
1002:Allgemeine Elektrizitäts Gesellschaft (
498:List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof
4916:Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
4898:
4823:MĂ©morial des Martyrs de la DĂ©portation
4329:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline
2779:. Centre européen du résistant déporté
2636:. Centre européen du résistant déporté
2436:Lang, Hans-Joachim (August 31, 2004).
2400:Lang, Hans-Joachim (August 19, 2004).
2324:
2236:
1947:. Centre européen du résistant déporté
1941:"The historical sources: the drawings"
1635:
1633:
3817:
3138:
3003:
2880:(in French). Strasbourg: Nuée Bleue.
2738:
2732:
1709:"KL-Natzweiler annex camps 1942–1945"
1602:
1406:Post-war history, museum and monument
1365:Magnus Wochner: 10 years imprisonment
437:, an internment camp was set up near
16:Second World War Nazi internment camp
4404:Police collaboration in Vichy France
2847:"BBC One – The Man Who Saw Too Much"
2588:
2435:
2399:
1884:
1875:
1698:
1659:
1445:
1426:During the night of 12–13 May 1976,
1356:Kurt Geigling: 10 years imprisonment
1094:Menachem Taffel's body, part of the
823:
762:Moi, Pierre Seel, déporté homosexuel
738:Two British Royal Air Force airmen (
644:
514:Slovene-speaking parts of Yugoslavia
449:, due to its proximity to a quarry.
399:Among notable prisoners, the writer
4830:Mémorial national de la déportation
2954:Harthoorn, Willem Lodewijk (2007).
2518:. TĂĽbingen, Germany. Archived from
2052:I, Pierre Seel, deported homosexual
1796:The Journal of Intelligence History
1790:Charlesworth, Lorie (Winter 2006).
1752:from the original on July 24, 2022.
1738:Breeden, Aurelien (July 24, 2022).
1630:
814:. After the war he wrote the novel
492:, on the same day that the city of
419:Germany invaded and occupied France
13:
4921:Nazi concentration camps in France
2869:
2305:"Kramer Persists in Denying Guilt"
2218:(in German). Mannheim. p. 44.
1376:and was listed among the accused.
547:, near Stuttgart, was used by the
14:
4932:
3796:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
3071:
2250:Bernas, Anne (October 24, 2014).
1967:"The Righteous Among The Nations"
1692:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
1359:Josef Muth: 15 years imprisonment
539:annex camp. The disused autobahn
51:View of the camp after liberation
3448:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2656:"Friedrich "Fritz" Hartjenstein"
2464:
1518:
1499:List of Nazi concentration camps
1014:Adlerwerke vorm. Heinrich Kleyer
994:Private firms using inmate labor
45:
4675:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier
2839:
2817:
2791:
2765:
2707:
2570:
2552:
2534:
2507:
2484:
2458:
2429:
2420:
2296:
2207:
2181:
2156:
2131:
2106:
2084:
2070:
2041:
1959:
1845:
1783:
1349:Those tried at Wuppertal were:
504:Initial focus and later actions
116:1941–44 (de facto) (modern-day
2193:Centro studi Schiavi di Hitler
2048:Seel, Pierre (April 1, 1994).
1808:10.1080/16161262.2006.10555131
1756:
1731:
1684:
1:
4885:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
4875:History of the Jews in France
4119:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
2936:Prisoner in the night and fog
2312:. October 10, 1945. p. 8
2091:Benjamin Ivry (2 June 2022).
2077:Kronikk: Den glemte generalen
1586:. Struthof.fr. Archived from
1531:
1136:, and under the direction of
884:
629:, the medical advisor at the
623:subcamps in western Germany.
452:
412:
4263:Jeunesse Populaire Française
4227:Carl-Heinrich von StĂĽlpnagel
3464:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3458:German Earth and Stone Works
2471:US Holocaust Memorial Museum
1268:, a German professor at the
1019:Bayerische Motorenwerke AG (
783:who later went on to become
7:
4369:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
4309:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
3609:Disciplinary and Penal Code
2113:MacLean, French L. (1999).
2056:(in French). Calmann-LĂ©vy.
1487:
1394:and subsequently shot by a
1127:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
747:Anthony "Tony" R. H. Hayter
713:Righteous Among the Nations
609:Reichsuniversität Straßburg
10:
4937:
2876:Steegmann, Robert (2005).
2773:"The KL-Natzweiler museum"
705:Bishop of Clermont-Ferrand
18:
4850:
4793:
4688:
4618:
4565:
4412:
4349:
4279:
4240:
4132:
4104:
4021:
3968:
3851:
3783:
3703:
3696:
3653:
3561:Identification of inmates
3533:
3480:
3440:
3172:
2047:
1852:Boulanger, Roger (2000).
1262:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld
1048:Friedrich Krupp Ironworks
409:based on his experience.
380:under the command of the
332:close to the villages of
299:
275:
233:
218:
210:
202:
194:
186:
182:May 1941 – September 1944
178:
142:
128:
109:
95:
56:
44:
37:
32:
4257:Parti Populaire Français
3166:Nazi concentration camps
3084:The Names of the Numbers
2595:Thompson, David (2002).
1549:"The deportees of KL-Na"
1479:The Man Who Saw Too Much
1386:was tried separately at
1300:Post-war criminal trials
1279:The Names of the Numbers
1123:University of Strasbourg
832:Commanders (Commandants)
787:, and former footballer
785:Prime Minister of Norway
494:Strasbourg was liberated
286:The Names of the Numbers
4389:Charles du Paty de Clam
4289:Anti-Jewish legislation
3998:French Riviera roundups
3845:The Holocaust in France
3771:Soviet prisoners of war
3503:SS construction brigade
3028:Piersma, Hinke (2006).
2904:Bakels, Floris (1977).
2896:Inmate accounts include
2689:Andrews, Allen (1976).
2582:www.badische-zeitung.de
2368:"Die Namen Der Nummern"
1763:Alexander, Leo (1948).
1374:Stalag Luft III murders
1256:who had been living in
1221:Jewish skull collection
1103:Jewish skull collection
1096:Jewish skull collection
1086:Jewish skull collection
749:) who were involved in
742:Dennis H. Cochran, and
673:of the British SOE and
393:Jewish skull collection
326:Nazi concentration camp
104:Jewish skull collection
39:Nazi concentration camp
4860:Antisemitism in France
4780:André and Magda Trocmé
4585:Antoinette Feuerwerker
4364:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
3078:Struthof official site
2719:Jewish Virtual Library
2660:Jewish Virtual Library
1456:
1436:Pere Lachaise Cemetery
1423:
1415:
1321:
1313:
1270:University of TĂĽbingen
1200:
1098:
1030:Bergwerks Industrie AG
797:German-occupied Norway
760:In his memoirs titled
735:
727:
580:
572:
564:
462:
350:
187:Number of gas chambers
4710:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4251:Devisenschutzkommando
3753:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
3671:SchutzhaftlagerfĂĽhrer
3036:]. Walburg Pers.
3034:Death penalty in time
1911:"Charles Delestraint"
1641:"Struthof: Some data"
1421:
1413:
1339:on 13 December 1945.
1319:
1307:
1275:Die Namen der Nummern
1191:
1093:
1052:Gruen & Bulfinger
802:The Slovene novelist
733:
725:
711:. He is honored as a
703:, the Roman Catholic
578:
570:
562:
490:U.S. Sixth Army Group
460:
384:on 23 November 1944.
382:U.S. Sixth Army Group
102:resistance fighters,
4816:MĂ©morial de la Shoah
4770:Jules-Géraud Saliège
4730:Pierre-Marie Gerlier
4715:Château de Chabannes
4452:Messaoud El Mediouni
4335:RĂ©volution nationale
3708:Prisoner functionary
3515:Politische Abteilung
3470:SS-Totenkopfverbände
3030:Doodstraf op termijn
2962:]. Van Gruting.
2932:Fange i natt og tĂĄke
2825:"Le Nom des 86, DVD"
2805:on February 20, 2015
2514:Lang, Hans-Joachim.
2491:Lang, Hans-Joachim.
2465:Lang, Hans-Joachim.
2169:. September 11, 2000
1885:Helm, Sarah (2005).
1860:on November 23, 2007
1647:on November 16, 2018
983:Gerhard Schiedlausky
649:Four female British
336:and Struthof in the
80:48.45472°N 7.25444°E
4837:Rivesaltes Memorial
4192:Hans-Dietrich Ernst
4081:Royallieu-Compiègne
4051:Natzweiler-Struthof
3791:Der Ort des Terrors
3740:Political prisoners
3730:Jehovah's Witnesses
3355:Natzweiler-Struthof
2956:Verboden te sterven
2607:on October 29, 2009
2584:. 25 November 2022.
2566:. 28 November 2022.
2548:. 25 November 2022.
2495:. TĂĽbingen, Germany
2374:on February 8, 2015
2345:on February 2, 2017
2139:"KZ-Katzweiler Men"
1559:on December 3, 2020
1217:Wolf-Dietrich Wolff
981:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
966:SS-UntersturmfĂĽhrer
960:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
954:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
911:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
905:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
897:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
891:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
876:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
860:SS-HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
686:Charles Delestraint
429:and was annexed to
322:Natzweiler-Struthof
246:Charles Delestraint
227:U.S. 6th Army Group
190:one from April 1943
76: /
33:Natzweiler-Struthof
4775:Pierre-Marie Théas
4232:Carltheo Zeitschel
4202:Ernst Heinrichsohn
3101:2021-07-26 at the
2310:The New York Times
2143:Axis History Forum
1745:The New York Times
1424:
1416:
1402:on 20 March 1947.
1392:sentenced to death
1378:Heinrich Ganninger
1322:
1314:
1294:Guillaume d'Andlau
1234:and the anatomist
1209:Hans Fleischhacker
1201:
1154:National Socialist
1099:
987:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
948:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
942:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
936:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
928:SS-ObersturmfĂĽhrer
893:Kurt aus dem Bruch
871:Fritz Hartjenstein
868:SS-SturmbannfĂĽhrer
751:"The Great Escape"
736:
728:
581:
573:
565:
463:
229:, 23 November 1944
165:Fritz Hartjenstein
4893:
4892:
4750:Père Marie-Benoît
4590:David Feuerwerker
4547:Charlotte Salomon
4522:Sonia Olschanezky
4477:Maurice Halbwachs
4359:Robert Brasillach
4243:and organizations
4187:Theodor Dannecker
4031:Beaune-la-Rolande
3811:
3810:
3779:
3778:
3635:Arbeit macht frei
3065:978-3-455-09464-0
2978:Ottosen, Kristian
2969:978-90-75879-37-7
2912:]. Elsevier.
2691:Exemplary Justice
2546:www.leparisien.fr
1887:A Life in Secrets
1504:Hans-Joachim Lang
1446:Documentary films
1266:Hans-Joachim Lang
1236:Anton Kiesselbach
989:Siegfried Schwela
923:Franz von Bodmann
824:List of personnel
789:Asbjørn Halvorsen
744:Flight Lieutenant
667:Sonya Olschanezky
645:Notable prisoners
486:French First Army
378:French First Army
348:from France on a
319:
318:
270:Sonya Olschanezky
254:Asbjørn Halvorsen
203:Number of inmates
85:48.45472; 7.25444
4928:
4870:Battle of France
4856:
4796:
4765:Germaine Ribière
4623:
4580:Jean Elleinstein
4568:
4532:BĂ©atrice Reinach
4517:Casimir Oberfeld
4512:Irène Némirovsky
4462:Benjamin Fondane
4415:
4135:
4107:
3983:Clermont-Ferrand
3838:
3831:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3701:
3700:
3686:Luftwaffe guards
3159:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3115:
3047:
3024:
2999:
2973:
2960:Forbidden to die
2949:
2928:Bratteli, Trygve
2923:
2891:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2745:Boyne, Walter J.
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2686:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1545:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1384:Heinrich Schwarz
1310:American soldier
1244:
1233:
1174:gassing facility
1166:Johann Chapoutot
1134:Heinrich Himmler
1070:Koch & Mayer
1038:
974:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
907:Heinz Baumköther
879:Heinrich Schwarz
840:HauptsturmfĂĽhrer
688:, leader of the
671:Brian Stonehouse
635:Bullenhuser Damm
631:Nuremberg trials
583:The camp held a
541:Engelberg Tunnel
431:Gau Baden-Alsace
355:
338:Gau Baden-Alsace
330:Vosges Mountains
315:
312:
310:
308:
306:
290:The Nazi Hunters
214:22,000 estimated
206:52,000 estimated
170:Heinrich Schwarz
91:
90:
88:
87:
86:
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
49:
30:
29:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4880:Occupied France
4854:
4846:
4789:
4755:René de Naurois
4691:
4690:Righteous Among
4684:
4655:Denise Holstein
4621:
4614:
4561:
4552:Sascha Schapiro
4467:Otto Freundlich
4457:Jacques Feldbau
4408:
4345:
4319:Philippe PĂ©tain
4299:François Darlan
4275:
4242:
4241:Nazi occupation
4236:
4147:Ernst Achenbach
4128:
4100:
4017:
3964:
3847:
3842:
3812:
3807:
3775:
3761:"Race defilers"
3746:Nacht und Nebel
3692:
3649:
3642:Jedem das Seine
3529:
3476:
3436:
3168:
3163:
3124:
3113:
3103:Wayback Machine
3074:
3044:
3021:
2996:
2970:
2946:
2920:
2888:
2872:
2870:Further reading
2867:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2799:"Le Nom des 86"
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:. Corgi Books.
2687:
2678:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2597:"Huettig, Hans"
2593:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2564:www.lefigaro.fr
2558:
2557:
2553:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2522:on June 3, 2020
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2248:
2237:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1920:
1918:
1917:on May 22, 2009
1909:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1883:
1876:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1788:
1784:
1761:
1757:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1719:on June 3, 2018
1707:
1706:
1699:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1590:on June 3, 2018
1582:
1581:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1490:
1448:
1408:
1302:
1254:Polish born Jew
1238:
1227:
1146:Wolfram Sievers
1088:
1067:Kessler Factory
1032:
996:
944:Richard Krieger
919:ObersturmfĂĽhrer
887:
851:SturmbannfĂĽhrer
834:
826:
781:Trygve Bratteli
675:Albert Guérisse
647:
600:Otto Bickenbach
519:Nacht und Nebel
506:
488:as part of the
455:
415:
344:, on territory
328:located in the
303:
242:Trygve Bratteli
234:Notable inmates
223:French 1st Army
174:
100:Nacht und Nebel
84:
82:
78:
75:
70:
67:
65:
63:
62:
52:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4934:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4807:
4799:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Nadine Heftler
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4502:Hélène Metzger
4499:
4497:Georges Mandel
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Joseph Darnand
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4207:Helmut Knochen
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Karl Bömelburg
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3784:Historiography
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:Roma and Sinti
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3704:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3343:Mittelbau-Dora
3340:
3339:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3303:KrakĂłw-PĹ‚aszĂłw
3300:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3121:
3110:
3105:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3073:
3072:External links
3070:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3025:
3020:978-1564786111
3019:
3001:
2994:
2974:
2968:
2951:
2944:
2924:
2918:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2838:
2816:
2790:
2764:
2757:
2731:
2706:
2699:
2676:
2647:
2618:
2587:
2569:
2551:
2533:
2506:
2483:
2457:
2450:
2428:
2419:
2385:
2356:
2323:
2295:
2265:
2235:
2206:
2180:
2155:
2130:
2123:
2105:
2083:
2080:(in Norwegian)
2069:
2063:978-2702122778
2062:
2040:
2011:
1983:
1958:
1932:
1902:
1895:
1874:
1844:
1821:
1782:
1755:
1730:
1697:
1683:
1658:
1629:
1601:
1570:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1447:
1444:
1407:
1404:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1337:Hamelin prison
1301:
1298:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:Röchling Group
1077:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1007:
995:
992:
991:
990:
984:
978:
969:
963:
957:
956:Heinrich Plaza
951:
945:
939:
938:Herbert Graefe
933:
925:
914:
908:
902:
894:
886:
883:
882:
881:
873:
865:
857:
846:
833:
830:
825:
822:
740:Flying Officer
701:Gabriel Piguet
646:
643:
505:
502:
454:
451:
414:
411:
387:The anatomist
317:
316:
301:
297:
296:
277:
273:
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235:
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126:
125:
111:
107:
106:
97:
93:
92:
60:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4933:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:Alsatian Jews
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4792:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Paul Ramadier
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Justin Godart
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Jacques Ellul
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Albert Bedane
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:André Rogerie
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:Henry Bulawko
4643:
4641:
4640:Henri Borlant
4638:
4636:
4635:Joseph Bialot
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Guy Deutscher
4573:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Claude Rodier
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Bernard Natan
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4492:Bereck Kofman
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Salomon Gluck
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Marianne Cohn
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Henri Abraham
4420:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Xavier Vallat
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Maurice Papon
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4351:Collaborators
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:René Bousquet
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:Herbert Hagen
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:Alois Brunner
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4106:Documentation
4103:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
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4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
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3941:
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3928:
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3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:The Holocaust
3854:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Female guards
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:Postenpflicht
3617:
3615:
3614:Death marches
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3525:Strafkompanie
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Camp brothels
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Sanitätswesen
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:Sachsenhausen
3394:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3257:Herzogenbusch
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3197:Bergen-Belsen
3195:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3043:90-5730-442-2
3039:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2995:82-03-26076-4
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:82-10-03172-4
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:90-435-0366-5
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2887:2-7165-0632-9
2883:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2853:. 27 Jan 2022
2852:
2848:
2842:
2826:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2760:
2758:0-7653-0887-8
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2724:September 18,
2720:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2700:0-552-10800-6
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2665:September 18,
2661:
2657:
2651:
2640:September 20,
2635:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2487:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2451:3-455-09464-3
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2316:September 19,
2311:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2148:September 19,
2144:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2094:
2087:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2028:The Telegraph
2025:
2018:
2016:
2004:September 18,
1996:
1995:
1987:
1976:September 20,
1972:
1971:YadVashem.org
1968:
1962:
1951:September 20,
1946:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1921:September 20,
1916:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1896:9780385508452
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1871:
1864:September 19,
1859:
1855:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1723:September 20,
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1676:September 20,
1671:
1665:
1663:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1563:September 15,
1558:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1457:Le nom des 86
1454:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:, along with
1214:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:Bergen Belsen
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Rudolf Brandt
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Untermenschen
1104:
1097:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:Messerschmitt
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1012:AG (formerly
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:
999:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
975:
970:
967:
964:
962:Elimar Precht
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
932:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
888:
880:
877:
874:
872:
869:
866:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
847:
845:
842:
841:
836:
835:
829:
821:
819:
818:
813:
812:Bergen-Belsen
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
754:
752:
748:
745:
741:
732:
724:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
690:Armée Secrète
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
663:Andrée Borrel
660:
656:
652:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
627:Leo Alexander
624:
622:
618:
612:
610:
605:
601:
596:
593:
590:
586:
577:
569:
561:
557:
554:
550:
549:Messerschmitt
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
524:
521:
520:
515:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
450:
448:
447:Bruche valley
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Germanization
424:
420:
410:
408:
407:
402:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
374:Allied armies
371:
367:
363:
358:
354:
353:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
314:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
278:
276:Notable books
274:
271:
267:
266:Andrée Borrel
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
141:
137:
136:
135:Schutzstaffel
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
89:
61:
59:
55:
48:
43:
40:
36:
31:
26:
22:
4906:Vichy France
4828:
4821:
4814:
4802:
4740:Père Jacques
4705:Marc Boegner
4665:Sarah Kofman
4630:Louise Alcan
4610:Rose Warfman
4527:Victor Perez
4482:Paul Hermann
4427:Victor Basch
4394:Paul Touvier
4341:Vichy Police
4333:
4324:André Tulard
4314:Pierre Laval
4281:Vichy France
4268:
4261:
4249:
4217:Kurt Lischka
4212:Josef Kramer
4177:Heinz Röthke
4157:Klaus Barbie
4152:Horst Ahnert
4134:Perpetrators
4050:
4013:Villeurbanne
3978:Green ticket
3858:by country:
3800:
3751:
3744:
3640:
3633:
3618:
3556:Forced labor
3546:Action 14f14
3541:Action 14f13
3481:Subdivisions
3468:
3354:
3083:
3033:
3029:
3008:
3005:Pahor, Boris
2985:
2981:
2959:
2955:
2935:
2931:
2909:
2905:
2877:
2855:. Retrieved
2850:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2776:
2767:
2748:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2690:
2670:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2633:
2630:"The trials"
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2600:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2524:. Retrieved
2520:the original
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2460:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2405:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:the original
2347:. Retrieved
2343:the original
2338:
2333:
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2309:
2298:
2290:
2283:. Retrieved
2274:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2215:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2195:(in Italian)
2192:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2098:27 September
2096:. Retrieved
2086:
2072:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2002:. Retrieved
1993:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1949:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1926:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1905:
1886:
1869:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:the original
1847:
1834:
1802:(2): 13–60.
1799:
1795:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1743:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:the original
1712:
1690:
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1620:. Retrieved
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1561:. Retrieved
1557:the original
1552:
1478:
1477:documentary
1473:In the 2019
1472:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1449:
1433:
1425:
1396:firing squad
1382:
1371:
1348:
1341:
1330:
1323:
1291:
1287:
1283:Thessaloniki
1278:
1274:
1251:
1247:Black Forest
1206:
1202:
1193:Josef Kramer
1179:Josef Kramer
1170:
1131:
1111:Ăśbermenschen
1100:
1042:Daimler-Benz
997:
986:
980:
977:Werner Rohde
971:
968:Andreas Rett
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
927:
916:
910:
904:
896:
890:
875:
867:
863:Josef Kramer
859:
848:
837:
827:
815:
801:
793:Hamburger SV
777:Labour Party
774:
761:
759:
755:
737:
698:
684:
677:, a Belgian
655:Diana Rowden
648:
639:
625:
613:
597:
582:
533:Daimler-Benz
525:
517:
510:Nazi Germany
507:
483:
464:
421:, including
416:
404:
397:
386:
359:
321:
320:
294:Damien Lewis
289:
285:
279:
258:Diana Rowden
250:Per Jacobsen
219:Liberated by
160:Josef Kramer
133:
114:Nazi Germany
4865:Armée Juive
4745:Henri Manen
4692:the Nations
4680:LĂ©on Zyguel
4605:Simone Veil
4600:LĂ©on Schwab
4595:David Olère
4557:David Vogel
4442:Kadmi Cohen
4432:Hélène Berr
4374:René Gérard
4167:Kurt Blanke
4162:Werner Best
4076:Romainville
3930:Netherlands
3725:Homosexuals
3666:LagerfĂĽhrer
3551:Early camps
3488:Appellplatz
3384:RavensbrĂĽck
3379:Niederhagen
3245:Gross-Rosen
3233:FlossenbĂĽrg
3180:Arbeitsdorf
2831:January 30,
2809:January 30,
2783:February 8,
2408:(in German)
2378:February 8,
2285:October 15,
2199:October 14,
2173:October 14,
1651:October 14,
1594:January 10,
1482:Alan Yentob
1400:Baden-Baden
1264:. In 2003,
1239: [
1228: [
1225:Karl Wimmer
1213:Bruno Beger
1162:Yves Ternon
1138:August Hirt
1033: [
950:Georg Meyer
931:Hans Eisele
913:Max Blancke
844:Hans Huttig
804:Boris Pahor
779:politician
766:Pierre Seel
694:Henri Gayot
679:escape line
604:Hans Eisele
592:gas chamber
589:jury rigged
585:crematorium
553:Schörzingen
475:death march
467:Hans HĂĽttig
401:Boris Pahor
389:August Hirt
238:Boris Pahor
179:Operational
150:Hans HĂĽttig
129:Operated by
83: /
58:Coordinates
4900:Categories
4785:Varian Fry
4725:Mary Elmes
4660:René Kapel
4222:Carl Oberg
4142:Otto Abetz
4086:Rivesaltes
4061:Pithiviers
4008:Vel' d'Hiv
3925:Luxembourg
3720:"Asocials"
3661:Commandant
3367:Neuengamme
3327:Mauthausen
3279:Kaiserwald
3209:Buchenwald
3173:Main camps
3010:Necropolis
2857:15 October
2124:0764306367
2033:January 6,
1775:(3): 326.
1532:References
1466:(English:
1158:Aryan race
1115:Herrenvolk
1010:Adlerwerke
900:Karl Babor
885:SS Doctors
817:Necropolis
717:Yad Vashem
659:Vera Leigh
621:Geislingen
617:Geisenheim
453:Operations
443:Natzweiler
435:Strasbourg
413:Background
406:Necropolis
334:Natzweiler
281:Necropolis
262:Vera Leigh
143:Commandant
68:48°27′17″N
4795:Memorials
4622:testimony
4567:Survivors
4542:Alma Rosé
4487:Max Jacob
4437:René Blum
4379:Jean Mamy
4091:Septfonds
4066:Récébédou
3993:Marseille
3920:Lithuania
3697:Prisoners
3681:Wehrmacht
3654:Personnel
3626:Selection
3602:Muselmann
3473:(Camp SS)
3185:Auschwitz
3007:(2010) .
2980:(1995) .
2930:(1995) .
2224:cite book
1816:156655154
1428:neo-Nazis
1344:Wuppertal
1197:leg irons
1150:Ahnenerbe
1119:Auschwitz
1058:& Cie
855:Egon Zill
770:Schirmeck
537:Neckarelz
528:Wehrmacht
439:Schirmeck
417:In 1940,
366:Auschwitz
307:.struthof
155:Egon Zill
132:the Nazi
96:Known for
71:7°15′16″E
4855:See also
4071:Rieucros
4055:subcamps
3970:Roundups
3880:Bulgaria
3630:Slogans
3597:Language
3441:Agencies
3425:subcamps
3413:subcamps
3408:Stutthof
3401:subcamps
3389:subcamps
3372:subcamps
3360:subcamps
3348:subcamps
3336:subcamps
3320:subcamps
3315:Majdanek
3308:subcamps
3296:subcamps
3284:subcamps
3272:subcamps
3261:subcamps
3250:subcamps
3238:subcamps
3226:subcamps
3214:subcamps
3202:subcamps
3190:subcamps
3099:Archived
2611:June 19,
2526:April 4,
2499:April 4,
2476:April 3,
2412:April 3,
2406:Die Zeit
2349:March 8,
2258:March 8,
1750:Archived
1622:June 18,
1488:See also
1333:LĂĽneburg
598:Doctors
545:Leonberg
352:de facto
118:Bas-Rhin
110:Location
25:Stutthof
4832:
4620:Witness
4414:Victims
3960:Ukraine
3945:Romania
3900:Hungary
3890:Estonia
3885:Croatia
3875:Belgium
3870:Belarus
3865:Austria
3860:Albania
3498:Subcamp
3420:Vaivara
3267:Hinzert
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