97:. His concept, that "the Archivist is not and ought not be an Historian" and that the archivist "is the servant of his Archives first and afterwards of the student Public" reflect the idea that archivists should primarily serve as objective custodians of records. This contrasted with the prior practice of archives serving to embellish the histories of politicians and other wealthy patrons. The retention of records in a national archive would then become a universal bureaucratic norm rather than the retention of a select few records for a predetermined purpose. Jenkinson also specified that rather than holding source documents piecemeal, that the integrity of an organic
241:
45:
182:
1271:
48:"Although the most basic and essential task of a national archives is to serve the interests of the government itself, and to preserve and make available evidence protecting the rights of citizens, it has other responsibilities of far-reaching importance. Foremost among these is its role as a source of enlightenment an improvement for all segments of society."
419:'s passport office had been in existence as early as the 1820s. There was no serious interest in establishing a national "hall of records" until the late 19th Century and despite some 43 fires in various federal buildings between 1880 and 1915, legislation to create such an archive could not pass Congress. Since its founding in 1884, the
263:
although very old records had been kept in Latin
American archives, the archives themselves were mismanaged and the climate damaged many documents. The retention of records by so many government agencies as well as provincial offices has resulted, in Hill's words, that "in no country is the national archive really national in scope."
93:
that the "historicization of state archives can make explicit how archives create national narratives and, more importantly, national characters, prioritizing and privileging specific stories and peoples." The concept of the archivist as a custodian of records originated in the late 19th century and was championed by
92:
The 19th-century centralization of archives, precursor to the 20th century's nationalism, has been opposed by some. Historian Craig
Robertson posits that "archives do not neutrally store documents; rather, objects captured through archival practices are transformed into knowledge." He goes on to say
231:
were charged with maintaining records as a factor of accountability to the public. Jenkinson, a luminary of
British archival practice, specifically criticized the French and Belgian accessions of isolated private documents into national archives, saying "we cannot think that a stray paper from some
262:
while the message itself would be sent to the New World and then archived by the respective viceroy in the
Americas. The colonial offices would likewise keep a copy of their outgoing message locally while sending the original note to the home office in Europe. Roscoe R. Hill opined in 1945 that
211:
as well as private records from the clergy were collected for historical value as those parties were deemed irrelevant to French society. Separately, as of
September 9, 1790, the new regime collected contemporaneous documents as "the depository of all acts that establish the constitution of the
251:
The various national archives of Latin
American countries were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of those archives benefited from the Spanish and Portuguese colonial practice of keeping a record on hand of outgoing correspondence. Copies of orders from the monarchy were kept in the
410:
investigated the state of government records in 1810, finding the records on hand were "in a state of great disorder and exposure; and in a situation neither safe nor convenient nor honorable to the nation." The committee recommended fireproofing and safe storage only four years before the
232:
dispersed family collection... is a fit inmate for a
National Archive Establishment." He characterized the combination like a melange of the Manuscripts Commission and the Public Record Office, a merger which would happen in the UK some 90 years later.
80:
formed the core of
Western-conceived archives. As the popularity of archives increased as a function of substantiating historical narratives, national archives were purposed towards telling their respective nation's story. For example, the
427:, the AHA's goal in the establishment of a national archives was the collection of germane documents to substantiate conceptions of national history. After a series of further delays, the National Archives Act of 1934 was passed by the
1605:
2060:
435:(started in 1931) was nearing completion. The National Archives and Records Administration has been advertised as an agency of narrative; the archives' façade claims "The Glory and Romance of Our History are Here Preserved."
226:
became the center of historical study. The changing view of the 19th
Century began merging the two concepts of the "historically important" records and the "bureaucratic transactional" records. Archivists trained at the
2175:
1480:
2030:
2050:
1345:
1580:
291:
were not originally collected to write a national history they have been reinterpreted to explain cultural conflicts in an era of empire-building. Anecdotes from former Soviet
Republics such as
1995:
1815:
1670:
2225:
2095:
2075:
2055:
1955:
1735:
1575:
2265:
2185:
1905:
1825:
1780:
1755:
1630:
1985:
1940:
1660:
2000:
1845:
1765:
1685:
1595:
1550:
1545:
1445:
334:
2285:
2270:
2120:
1880:
1800:
1740:
1655:
1505:
1455:
1380:
2235:
2230:
2220:
2180:
1885:
1875:
1790:
1775:
1770:
1750:
1725:
1440:
2295:
2205:
2170:
2065:
2025:
1980:
1945:
1925:
1920:
1970:
1785:
1710:
1485:
1535:
724:
665:
68:
and brought archives into the limelight of serious historical study. In the late 18th century, the storage of old records was divided. Business records in the
337:
specified the arbitrary date of 1715, for records too old to be discarded thereby describing contemporaneous constructions of historical importance. The
60:
archives generated by royal and clerical institutions retained proofs of political and genealogical claims as a "bastion of authenticity." The emerging
155:(then called the Public Archives) was not created until 1912. The national library was created in 1952 and became a component of the archives with the
1004:
247:
said the "conservation of the archives of a country assures without doubt for history the most accurate materials and documents relating to it."
1001:
Report of the Committee, appointed to inquire into the State of the Ancient Public Records and Archives of the United States, March 27th, 1810
2245:
1720:
395:
389:
159:
in 2004. Regardless of the relative newness of the archive, Canadians reacted to the 1945 disappearance of papers from the archives about
1555:
1425:
360:, established under its present name in 1999, but with roots dating back to the 13th century. Similarly archives relating exclusively to
1230:
314:
1860:
333:
dating back to 1163. Without the funding to archive this mass of records, many were destroyed in the early 19th century. The English
295:
evince this mentality of politicization of national archives; that the archives may contain dangerous truth the regime must contain.
135:, the new nation had few records to archive since most colonial records had been taken back to Europe. The first Dominion Archivist,
173:
indicated that the archives were already seen as both a matter of government accountability and as an element of national identity.
2210:
365:
85:
as created excluded contemporary records in favor of documenting defunct institutions as a matter of national heritage. Historian
2250:
1530:
402:, the first organized collection of American records created in 1791. The value of United States state archives centered on the
2255:
1635:
304:
1303:
2115:
2010:
1960:
1930:
2290:
338:
82:
223:
1275:
2275:
2125:
1450:
1216:
1189:
1152:
1131:
1107:
769:
423:(AHA) voiced concern over the lack of a national archive, especially in light of continued losses of records. Led by
416:
284:
734:
675:
283:
on the interpretation of much older archival material for the purposes of legitimating the nation in view of shared
2165:
2135:
2130:
1935:
1375:
1320:
415:. Although the reconstruction after the fire did not include the creation of a national archive, an archive at the
399:
373:
288:
372:, but some important series of records relating exclusively to the government of Wales (for example, those of the
318:
258:
2090:
2070:
1895:
1865:
1830:
1560:
1510:
1475:
1385:
1370:
420:
276:
2280:
2145:
2100:
1870:
1820:
1705:
1360:
1350:
228:
2305:
2195:
2190:
2155:
2110:
2105:
2020:
1975:
1890:
1840:
1600:
1500:
1465:
1460:
1430:
1390:
357:
253:
151:'s 'organic whole' concept. The mandate of the archive shifted from pure documentation toward social memory.
2260:
2240:
2215:
2080:
2035:
1950:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1805:
1795:
1695:
1690:
1640:
1615:
1590:
1585:
1565:
1540:
1515:
1420:
1400:
1395:
1365:
1355:
1335:
1330:
1325:
194:
104:
Political impact on the administration of archives has been common in both dictatorships and democracies.
2300:
2160:
2085:
2045:
2040:
2015:
1990:
1965:
1835:
1675:
1665:
1650:
1620:
1525:
1470:
1435:
1415:
1405:
1340:
428:
407:
152:
2325:
2150:
2140:
1855:
1810:
1760:
1745:
1730:
1700:
1680:
1645:
1625:
1570:
1495:
1490:
1410:
478:
432:
2200:
2005:
1850:
1715:
1610:
1520:
1296:
377:
20:
240:
439:
said in 2005 that archive employees are "the designated custodians of America's national memory."
398:
was not created until 1934, it was preceded by numerous private and state archives, including the
208:
132:
44:
218:
a new public record). Thus the National Archives served to house practical documents from the
412:
219:
1245:
1289:
310:
272:
244:
169:
61:
8:
424:
349:
57:
1178:
508:
500:
73:
36:
based on the impact of nationalism upon bureaucratic processes of paperwork retention.
1281:
1212:
1195:
1185:
1166:
1148:
1127:
1117:
1103:
775:
765:
512:
495:
341:(successor to Her Majesty's Stationery Office) was merged into the archives in 2006.
198:
164:
65:
64:
concept of studying history as a science rather than as literature was influenced by
1162:
490:
482:
469:
361:
148:
94:
203:
1226:
1142:
1121:
1097:
759:
436:
136:
406:
of their records while driven by the local narratives of their benefactors. The
353:
140:
89:
has said that national archives are the "primary site of state monumentality."
86:
504:
131:
The Dominion Archives were created in 1872. Having been created so soon after
2319:
1231:"The Role of Archives and Records Management in National Information Systems"
330:
280:
160:
124:
761:
Archives and the Public Good: Accountability and Records in Modern Society
309:
The National Archives were formed in 2003, as a merger of the much older
181:
53:
1147:. Joint Committee on Latin American Studies. Harvard University Press.
729:
670:
403:
322:
292:
1099:
Processing the Past: Contesting Authority in History and the Archives
326:
144:
33:
214:
32:
of a country. The concept evolved in various nations at the dawn of
486:
345:
779:
645:
143:, practiced the 'total archives' concept collecting all manner of
546:
368:, established in 1923. There is no national archives as such for
29:
1199:
1171:. Economic and Social History of the World War. Clarendon Press.
1076:
1074:
981:
969:
621:
1270:
1241:
563:
561:
519:
786:
704:
1237:
1071:
1047:
822:
573:
369:
98:
1180:
Records of a Nation: Their Management, Preservation, and Use
1123:
Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History
609:
558:
189:
has been purposed to making records available to the people.
119:"Canadian Archives are the foundation of Canadian Studies."
725:"The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries As Heritage"
666:"The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries As Heritage"
536:
534:
229:
French National School of Paleography and Archival Studies
906:
957:
531:
467:
Daston, Lorraine (2012). "The Sciences of the Archive".
1311:
1035:
1011:
945:
935:
933:
918:
834:
692:
633:
1059:
882:
870:
810:
798:
930:
894:
597:
585:
448:
1177:
1096:Blouin, Francis X.; Rosenberg, William G. (2011).
1023:
858:
846:
758:Cox, Richard J.; Wallace, David A., eds. (2002).
2317:
1095:
1080:
1053:
987:
975:
828:
792:
710:
651:
627:
579:
567:
552:
525:
321:Archives and the tax accounting records of the
376:) have been transferred to the custody of the
344:In addition, archives relating exclusively to
212:kingdom, the rights of its public, its laws" (
1297:
390:National Archives and Records Administration
352:and since 1707 as a constituent part of the
287:. Although the imperial records donated by
197:was created informally on July 29, 1789 by
1304:
1290:
757:
317:. The records of England originate in the
76:while documents of cultural import in the
1161:
963:
951:
840:
639:
615:
494:
167:-loss. Public response to reportage from
39:
366:Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
279:, reflect the 20th-century influence of
239:
180:
43:
2318:
1225:
1211:. New York: Neal-Schurman Publishers.
1206:
1144:The National Archives of Latin America
1116:
1041:
1017:
939:
924:
912:
816:
804:
722:
698:
663:
603:
591:
540:
466:
454:
305:The National Archives (United Kingdom)
1285:
1175:
1065:
1029:
1140:
900:
888:
876:
864:
852:
396:U.S. National Archives Establishment
107:
83:National Historical Archive of Spain
1312:List of national archives worldwide
339:Office of Public Sector Information
163:as if it were a disturbing case of
13:
1209:Archives: Principles and Practices
1168:A Manual of Archive Administration
157:Library and Archives of Canada Act
14:
2337:
1263:
315:Historical Manuscripts Commission
298:
275:and its sister organization, the
2061:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1536:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1269:
764:. Quorum Books. pp. 37–38.
431:just as the construction of the
400:Massachusetts Historical Society
383:
273:national archives of New Zealand
235:
993:
751:
723:Taylor, Hugh A. (Winter 1982).
716:
664:Taylor, Hugh A. (Winter 1982).
657:
421:American Historical Association
277:National Library of New Zealand
1606:Federated States of Micronesia
460:
266:
1:
1089:
358:National Archives of Scotland
335:Public Record Office Act 1877
325:, the Memoranda Rolls of the
259:Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino
254:General Archive of the Indies
1244:. p. 21. Archived from
1184:. New York: Atheneum Books.
442:
7:
1102:. Oxford University Press.
1081:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
1054:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
988:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
976:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
829:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
793:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
711:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
652:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
628:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
580:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
568:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
553:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
526:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
429:73rd United States Congress
408:11th United States Congress
195:National Archives of France
10:
2344:
479:History of Science Society
433:National Archives Building
387:
313:(created in 1838) and the
302:
224:National Library of France
18:
1317:
1207:Millar, Laura A. (2010).
1126:. Duke University Press.
733:(15): 130. Archived from
674:(15): 128. Archived from
496:21.11116/0000-0003-659D-B
378:National Library of Wales
176:
153:Canada's National Archive
112:
21:List of national archives
1481:Central African Republic
1141:Hill, Roscoe R. (1945).
348:(both historically as a
185:Since its creation, the
374:Court of Great Sessions
1426:Bosnia and Herzegovina
248:
201:to document the prior
190:
121:
49:
40:Conceptual development
2176:São Tomé and Príncipe
2051:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2031:Republic of the Congo
1176:Jones, H. G. (1969).
413:Burning of Washington
243:
184:
139:, and his successor,
117:
47:
16:Archives of a country
2246:United Arab Emirates
1278:at Wikimedia Commons
311:Public Record Office
245:Bernardino Rivadavia
209:Treasury of Charters
101:must be maintained.
78:archives historiques
2211:Trinidad and Tobago
1346:Antigua and Barbuda
1003:. Washington D.C.:
915:, pp. 100–104.
654:, pp. 163–164.
618:, pp. 106–107.
555:, pp. 152–153.
543:, pp. viii–ix.
425:J. Franklin Jameson
285:Anglo-Māori history
199:the Revolutionaries
187:Archives Nationales
58:Early modern period
1556:Dominican Republic
1118:Burton, Antoinette
1007:. 1810. p. 1.
891:, pp. xi–xii.
879:, pp. xiv–xv.
356:) are held in the
289:Alexander Turnbull
249:
222:onwards while the
191:
170:The Halifax Herald
74:records management
70:archives courantes
50:
2326:National archives
2313:
2312:
1581:Equatorial Guinea
1276:National archives
1274:Media related to
1163:Jenkinson, Hilary
1068:, pp. 10–14.
1044:, pp. 74–75.
1020:, pp. 72–73.
990:, pp. 32–35.
978:, pp. 21–22.
927:, pp. 54–55.
701:, pp. 30–31.
630:, pp. 37–39.
528:, pp. 23–24.
165:collective memory
108:By region/country
66:Leopold von Ranke
26:National archives
2333:
1996:Papua New Guinea
1861:Marshall Islands
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1235:
1227:Rhoads, James B.
1222:
1203:
1183:
1172:
1158:
1137:
1113:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1008:
997:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
783:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
739:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
689:
687:
686:
680:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
595:
589:
583:
577:
571:
565:
556:
550:
544:
538:
529:
523:
517:
516:
498:
464:
458:
452:
417:State Department
364:are held in the
362:Northern Ireland
149:Hilary Jenkinson
127:
95:Hilary Jenkinson
72:went the way of
2343:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2116:Solomon Islands
1961:North Macedonia
1313:
1310:
1266:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1233:
1219:
1192:
1155:
1134:
1110:
1092:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1005:R. C. Weightman
999:
998:
994:
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
950:
946:
938:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
899:
895:
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
823:
815:
811:
803:
799:
791:
787:
772:
756:
752:
743:
741:
737:
721:
717:
709:
705:
697:
693:
684:
682:
678:
662:
658:
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
614:
610:
602:
598:
590:
586:
578:
574:
566:
559:
551:
547:
539:
532:
524:
520:
465:
461:
453:
449:
445:
437:Allen Weinstein
392:
386:
350:sovereign state
307:
301:
269:
238:
179:
147:in contrast to
137:Douglas Brymner
129:
123:
115:
110:
42:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Western Sahara
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:United Kingdom
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Czech Republic
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1265:
1264:External links
1262:
1261:
1260:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1190:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1120:, ed. (2005).
1114:
1108:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
992:
980:
968:
966:, p. 115.
964:Jenkinson 1922
956:
952:Jenkinson 1922
944:
929:
917:
905:
903:, p. xiv.
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
841:Jenkinson 1922
833:
821:
819:, p. 162.
809:
807:, p. 161.
797:
795:, p. 166.
785:
770:
750:
715:
713:, p. 144.
703:
691:
656:
644:
640:Jenkinson 1922
632:
620:
616:Jenkinson 1922
608:
596:
584:
582:, p. 124.
572:
557:
545:
530:
518:
505:10.1086/667826
487:10.1086/667826
459:
446:
444:
441:
388:Main article:
385:
382:
354:United Kingdom
303:Main article:
300:
299:United Kingdom
297:
268:
265:
237:
234:
220:First Republic
207:. The crown's
178:
175:
141:Arthur Doughty
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
87:Nicholas Dirks
41:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:United States
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:Liechtenstein
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Guinea-Bissau
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1251:on 2015-12-20
1247:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:9781555707262
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1191:9781125127001
1187:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:9780674365384
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1133:9780822336884
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:9780199964086
1105:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:, p. 98.
1082:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1056:, p. 37.
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1002:
996:
989:
984:
977:
972:
965:
960:
954:, p. 24.
953:
948:
942:, p. 34.
941:
936:
934:
926:
921:
914:
909:
902:
897:
890:
885:
878:
873:
867:, p. xi.
866:
861:
854:
849:
843:, p. 44.
842:
837:
831:, p. 22.
830:
825:
818:
813:
806:
801:
794:
789:
781:
777:
773:
771:9781567204698
767:
763:
762:
754:
740:on 2014-10-23
736:
732:
731:
726:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
681:on 2014-10-23
677:
673:
672:
667:
660:
653:
648:
642:, p. 84.
641:
636:
629:
624:
617:
612:
606:, p. 71.
605:
600:
594:, p. 70.
593:
588:
581:
576:
570:, p. 21.
569:
564:
562:
554:
549:
542:
537:
535:
527:
522:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:
463:
457:, p. 21.
456:
451:
447:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:Although the
391:
384:United States
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
331:feet of fines
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:biculturalism
278:
274:
264:
261:
260:
255:
246:
242:
236:Latin America
233:
230:
225:
221:
217:
216:
210:
206:
205:
204:Ancien Régime
200:
196:
188:
183:
174:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:Igor Gouzenko
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:confederation
128:
126:
125:Thomas Symons
120:
105:
102:
100:
99:archive group
96:
90:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:Enlightenment
59:
55:
46:
37:
35:
31:
27:
22:
2276:Vatican City
2226:Turkmenistan
2126:South Africa
2096:Sierra Leone
2076:Saudi Arabia
1451:Burkina Faso
1253:. Retrieved
1246:the original
1208:
1179:
1167:
1143:
1122:
1098:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1032:, p. 6.
1025:
1013:
1000:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
920:
908:
896:
884:
872:
860:
855:, p. 1.
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
760:
753:
742:. Retrieved
735:the original
728:
718:
706:
694:
683:. Retrieved
676:the original
669:
659:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
548:
521:
474:
468:
462:
450:
393:
343:
308:
270:
257:
250:
213:
202:
192:
186:
168:
156:
130:
122:
118:
103:
91:
77:
69:
51:
25:
24:
2166:Switzerland
2136:South Sudan
2131:South Korea
2056:Saint Lucia
2011:Philippines
1956:North Korea
1936:New Zealand
1931:Netherlands
1736:Ivory Coast
1576:El Salvador
1321:Afghanistan
1042:Burton 2005
1018:Burton 2005
940:Millar 2010
925:Burton 2005
913:Burton 2005
817:Burton 2005
805:Burton 2005
699:Millar 2010
604:Burton 2005
592:Burton 2005
541:Millar 2010
455:Rhoads 1983
267:New Zealand
54:Middle Ages
2266:Uzbekistan
2186:Tajikistan
2091:Seychelles
2071:San Marino
1906:Mozambique
1896:Montenegro
1866:Mauritania
1831:Madagascar
1826:Luxembourg
1781:Kyrgyzstan
1756:Kazakhstan
1561:East Timor
1511:Costa Rica
1476:Cape Verde
1386:Bangladesh
1371:Azerbaijan
1255:2014-10-11
1090:References
1066:Jones 1969
1030:Jones 1969
780:2001057863
744:2014-09-29
730:Archivaria
685:2014-09-29
671:Archivaria
404:provenance
329:, and the
323:Pipe rolls
293:Uzbekistan
19:See also:
2281:Venezuela
2146:Sri Lanka
2101:Singapore
1986:Palestine
1941:Nicaragua
1871:Mauritius
1821:Lithuania
1706:Indonesia
1661:Guatemala
1361:Australia
1351:Argentina
901:Hill 1945
889:Hill 1945
877:Hill 1945
865:Hill 1945
853:Hill 1945
513:144791480
443:Citations
327:Exchequer
145:Canadiana
56:into the
52:From the
34:modernity
2320:Category
2306:Zimbabwe
2196:Thailand
2191:Tanzania
2156:Suriname
2111:Slovenia
2106:Slovakia
2021:Portugal
2001:Paraguay
1976:Pakistan
1891:Mongolia
1846:Maldives
1841:Malaysia
1766:Kiribati
1686:Honduras
1601:Ethiopia
1596:Eswatini
1551:Dominica
1546:Djibouti
1501:Colombia
1466:Cameroon
1461:Cambodia
1446:Bulgaria
1431:Botswana
1391:Barbados
1229:(1983).
1200:69014373
1165:(1922).
346:Scotland
319:Chancery
30:archives
28:are the
2286:Vietnam
2271:Vanuatu
2261:Uruguay
2241:Ukraine
2216:Tunisia
2121:Somalia
2081:Senegal
2036:Romania
1951:Nigeria
1916:Namibia
1911:Myanmar
1901:Morocco
1881:Moldova
1806:Liberia
1801:Lesotho
1796:Lebanon
1741:Jamaica
1721:Ireland
1696:Iceland
1691:Hungary
1656:Grenada
1641:Germany
1636:Georgia
1616:Finland
1591:Estonia
1586:Eritrea
1566:Ecuador
1541:Denmark
1516:Croatia
1506:Comoros
1456:Burundi
1421:Bolivia
1401:Belgium
1396:Belarus
1381:Bahrain
1376:Bahamas
1366:Austria
1356:Armenia
1336:Andorra
1331:Algeria
1326:Albania
481:: 171.
256:or the
2301:Zambia
2236:Uganda
2231:Tuvalu
2221:Turkey
2181:Taiwan
2161:Sweden
2086:Serbia
2046:Rwanda
2041:Russia
2016:Poland
1991:Panama
1966:Norway
1886:Monaco
1876:Mexico
1836:Malawi
1791:Latvia
1776:Kuwait
1771:Kosovo
1751:Jordan
1726:Israel
1676:Guyana
1666:Guinea
1651:Greece
1631:Gambia
1621:France
1526:Cyprus
1471:Canada
1441:Brunei
1436:Brazil
1416:Bhutan
1406:Belize
1341:Angola
1242:UNESCO
1215:
1198:
1188:
1151:
1130:
1106:
778:
768:
511:
503:
470:Osiris
177:France
113:Canada
2296:Yemen
2206:Tonga
2171:Syria
2151:Sudan
2141:Spain
2066:Samoa
2026:Qatar
1981:Palau
1946:Niger
1926:Nepal
1921:Nauru
1856:Malta
1811:Libya
1761:Kenya
1746:Japan
1731:Italy
1701:India
1681:Haiti
1646:Ghana
1626:Gabon
1571:Egypt
1496:China
1491:Chile
1411:Benin
1249:(PDF)
1238:Paris
1234:(PDF)
738:(PDF)
679:(PDF)
509:S2CID
501:JSTOR
477:(1).
370:Wales
2201:Togo
2006:Peru
1971:Oman
1851:Mali
1786:Laos
1716:Iraq
1711:Iran
1611:Fiji
1521:Cuba
1486:Chad
1213:ISBN
1196:LCCN
1186:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1128:ISBN
1104:ISBN
776:LCCN
766:ISBN
271:The
215:ergo
193:The
491:hdl
483:doi
2322::
1240::
1236:.
1194:.
1073:^
932:^
774:.
727:.
668:.
560:^
533:^
507:.
499:.
489:.
475:27
473:.
380:.
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
1258:.
1221:.
1202:.
1157:.
1136:.
1112:.
782:.
747:.
688:.
515:.
493::
485::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
