556:
fingerprints of the subject of the firearms-disqualifying record. Another chief reason deny decisions are overturned on appeal pertain to criminal history records that do not contain current and accurate information ... In cases where the matches are refuted by fingerprints, the NICS Section may overturn the subject's deny decision and allow the transaction to proceed. However, because the NICS is required to purge all identifying information regarding proceed transactions within 24 hours of notification to the FFL, in many instances, the process must be repeated when the same transferee attempts subsequent firearm purchases and is again matched to the same prohibiting record." The NICS system however also includes a "Voluntary Appeal File" procedure, by which an individual may request that the NICS section retain their identifying information, rather than purging it, to prevent future erroneous denials or delays.
22:
391:(III), and the NICS Index. According to the FBI, checks are usually determined within minutes of initiation. If there is no match in any of the checked databases, the dealer is cleared to proceed with the transfer. Otherwise, the FBI's NICS Section must contact the appropriate judicial and/or law enforcement agencies for more information. Per the Brady Act, the FBI has three business days to make its decision to approve or deny the transfer. If the FFL dealer has not received the decision within that time it may legally proceed with the transaction. If the FBI later determines that the buyer is prohibited, it refers it to the
44:
329:, federal law states that only FFL-holders may transport a firearm across state lines for the purpose of sale. Sales between two private parties may be conducted without a background check, so long as both the buyer and seller are residents of the state that the transfer is being conducted. Some states require background checks for firearm transfers not covered by the federal system. These states either require gun sales to be processed through an FFL holder, or they may require the buyer to obtain a license or permit from the state.
246:
724:
348:(FFL). It also created a system for keeping prohibited persons (e.g. a person determined to be prohibited of possessing a weapon due to criminal history or immigration status) from buying guns that relied upon buyers answering a series of "yes/no" questions such as, "Are you a fugitive from justice?". However, sellers, including FFL dealers, were not required to verify the answers.
410:, or by electronic batch files. In addition, the NICS Section receives calls, often in emergency situations, from mental health care providers, police departments, and family members requesting placement of individuals into the NICS Index. Documentation justifying entry into the NICS Index must be available to originating agencies.
371:
state law enforcement to run checks until 1998, when the NICS would become operational and come into effect. In 1997, the
Supreme Court ruled against the five-day waiting period, but by 1998 the NICS was up and running, administered by the FBI, and applied to all firearms purchases from FFL dealers, including long guns.
370:
The Brady Act mandated that FFL dealers run background checks on their buyers. At first, the law applied only to handgun sales, and there was a waiting period (maximum of five days) to accommodate dealers in states that did not already have background check systems in place. Those dealers were to use
555:
In an operations report in 2014 by the FBI, of a total of 90,895 "deny transactions", 4,411 (about 5%) were overturned after further research by the NICS section. According to the report, "The primary reason for the overturned deny decisions in 2014 was the appellant's fingerprints not matching the
591:
without a prescription a month prior to his purchasing a firearm would have disqualified him as a prohibited person under the Gun
Control Act of 1968. An internal FBI report on Roof's background check cited gaps in the agency's databases and its policies for handling background checks, along with
569:
reported that the FBI had stopped processing NICS denial appeals in
October 2015, leaving a backlog of approximately 7,100 appeals as of January 20, 2016. The National Rifle Association said that the failure to review the appeals was a "gross disregard for those illegitimately denied their Second
535:
A buyer who believes that a NICS denial is erroneous may appeal the decision by either challenging the accuracy of the record used in the evaluation of the denial or claiming that the record used as basis for the denial is invalid or does not pertain to the buyer. The provisions for appeals are
402:
States may implement their own NICS programs. Such states become the point of contact (POC) between their FFL dealers and the NICS. A few partial-POC states run FFL handgun checks, while the FBI runs long gun checks. FFL dealers in other, non-POC states access the NICS directly through the FBI.
559:
Between
November 30, 1998 and May 31, 2016, the NICS denied 1,323,172 transactions. The top reasons for denials include: "Convicted of a crime punishable by more than one year or a misdemeanor punishable by more than two years", "Fugitive from Justice", "Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic Violence
311:, but is a list of persons prohibited from owning or possessing a firearm. By law, upon successfully passing the background check, the buyer's details are to be discarded and a record on NICS of the firearm purchase is not to be made. However as an FFL holder, the seller is required to keep a
398:
In 2019, 261,312 federal background checks took longer than three business days. Of those, the FBI referred 2,989 to ATF for retrieval. The FBI stops researching a background check and purges most of the data from its systems at 88 days. This happened 207,421 times in 2019.
639:
had issued reports flagging similar problems with criminal reporting in 1997 and 2015. The error in Kelley's case prompted the Air Force to begin a review. The attack was the deadliest mass shooting by one person in Texas and the fifth-deadliest
322:, after which an FFL seller initiates a NICS background check by phone or computer. Most checks are determined within minutes and if a determination is not obtained within three business days, then the transfer may legally be completed.
413:
The ATF has designated some states' firearm possession or carry permits/licenses as exempting that person from the NICS background check requirement since ownership of such permits/licenses require a background check.
1272:
586:
apologized for "lapses in the FBI’s background-check system", saying that "An error on our part is connected to this guy’s purchase of a gun". Dylann Roof's arrest and admission that he was in possession of
551:
rights. The NRA says that "there is significant reason to believe that the number of erroneous denials is far greater than those overturned on appeal" because some people may not appeal erroneous denials.
383:—Firearms Transaction Record, and then the FFL dealer contacts the NICS by telephone or Internet for the background check. When the background check is initiated three databases are accessed: the
536:
outlined in the NICS Regulations at Title 28, Code of
Federal Regulations, Part 25.10, and Subsection 103 (f) and (g) and Section 104 of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993.
105:
1117:
1345:
1160:
367:
in 1993. When signed into law in
November of that year, the Brady Act included a GCA amendment that created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS).
478:(B) except as provided in subsection (y)(2), has been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa (as that term is defined in section 101(a)(26) of the
1309:
482:(8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(26))) (broadly, a visa issued for a defined temporary period to allow aliens living outside the US visit, study, live, and/or work in the U.S.);
793:
Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Vittes, Katherine A. (2011). "Law and Policy
Approaches to Keeping Guns from High-Risk People". In Culhane, John G. (ed.).
635:
database, which is used by the
National Instant Criminal Background Check System to flag prohibited purchases. In the wake of the shooting, it emerged that the
593:
974:
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392:
83:
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54:
636:
519:
Is subject to a court order that restrains the person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or child of such intimate partner;
1174:
207:
68:
1221:
307:(FFL) are required to undertake a NICS background check on prospective buyers before transferring a firearm. The NICS is not intended to be a
232:
1481:
1200:
1428:
1125:
848:
1398:
818:
472:
352:
274:
325:
While background checks under federal law are not required for intrastate firearm transfers between private parties through the
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135:
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legal restrictions on how long it can maintain certain kinds of data, for the failure. On August 30, 2019, the
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140:
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612:
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Receiving any firearm or ammunition that has been shipped or transported in interstate or foreign commerce.
155:
125:
1004:
267:
120:
1178:
884:
685:
579:
540:
506:
212:
170:
1080:
1228:
351:
Coordinated efforts to create a national background check system did not materialize until after the
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Has been convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
299:
of 1993 to prevent firearm sales to people prohibited under the Act. The system was launched by the
1364:
345:
304:
165:
130:
679:
624:
341:
145:
1177:. Federal Bureau of Investigation Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Archived from
510:
495:
260:
1310:"Charleston mass murderer got his gun because of background check gaps, internal report shows"
747:
615:. Kelley was prohibited by law from purchasing or possessing firearms and ammunition due to a
406:
Authorized local, state, tribal and federal agencies can update NICS Index data via the NCIC
192:
859:
707:"National Gun Registry Creation Carries 15-Year Sentence Under Joe Manchin, Pat Toomey Deal"
43:
1290:
1092:
608:
250:
110:
826:
318:
Access to NICS is limited to FFL holders. A prospective buyer is required to complete ATF
16:
US system for determining if prospective firearms or explosives buyers are eligible to buy
8:
458:
Is under indictment for a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year;
407:
303:(FBI) in 1998. Under the system, firearm dealers, manufacturers or importers who hold a
1399:"2 of the 5 deadliest mass shootings in modern US history happened in the last 35 days"
499:
465:
450:
1346:"Pentagon misled Obama administration on gun background check problem, document shows"
1222:"Federal Denials Reasons Why the NICS Section Denies November 30, 1998 – May 31, 2016"
596:
ruled that the survivors and families of the deceased can sue the federal government.
1372:
798:
765:
755:
616:
523:
326:
222:
1327:
1005:"Permanent Brady Permit Chart | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives"
1433:
1055:
1029:
752:
Guns in
American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law
491:
227:
431:
423:
1363:
Montgomery, David; Oppel, Richard A. Jr.; Real, Jose A. Del (November 6, 2017).
544:
63:
1465:
1376:
728:
620:
604:
340:
Background checks of firearm buyers was discussed as early as the 1930s. The
769:
516:
Having been a citizen of the United States, has renounced U.S. citizenship;
308:
217:
1273:"FBI: Breakdown in background check system allowed Dylann Roof to buy gun"
1175:"National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Operations 2014"
1455:
583:
360:
356:
197:
754:(1st ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 431–432.
78:
1429:"The Strongest Evidence We Have that Background Checks Really Matter"
720:
NICS Firearm
Background Checks, November 30, 1998 – December 31, 2024
673:
565:
380:
344:(GCA) mandated that individual and corporate firearms dealers hold a
319:
1056:"U.S. Code, Title 18, Part I, Chapter 44, § 922 - Unlawful acts (n)"
1030:"U.S. Code, Title 18, Part I, Chapter 44, § 922 - Unlawful acts (g)"
560:
Conviction" and "Unlawful User/Addicted to a Controlled Substance".
379:
A prospective buyer from a FFL dealer must complete and sign an ATF
1081:
https://veterans.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=6398
588:
295:) is a background check system in the United States created by the
603:, in which the gunman, 26-year-old Devin Patrick Kelley of nearby
795:
Reconsidering Law and Policy Debates: A Public Health Perspective
727:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
446:
332:
Nearly 30 million NICS background checks were performed in 2023.
1254:"FBI official: 'Perfect storm' imperiling gun background checks"
825:. U.S. Department of Justice. November 30, 2008. Archived from
487:
Is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance;
359:
was seriously wounded in the attack, and afterward his wife,
981:. U.S. Department of Justice. December 2013. Archived from
522:
Has been convicted in any court of a "misdemeanor crime of
945:"FBI never completes hundreds of thousands of gun checks"
912:
910:
908:
906:
858:. U.S. Department of Justice. April 2012. Archived from
1085:
627:. The Air Force failed to record the conviction in the
1153:"No Way Out: Feds Stop Processing NICS Denial Appeals"
430:
Shipping or transporting any firearm or ammunition in
1365:"Air Force Error Allowed Texas Gunman to Buy Weapons"
903:
792:
659:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
1362:
975:"National Instant Criminal Background Check System"
748:"National Instant Criminal Background Check System"
393:
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
1291:"Identify Prohibited Persons, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)"
969:
967:
965:
788:
786:
637:Department of Defense Office of Inspector General
289:National Instant Criminal Background Check System
1463:
353:assassination attempt on President Ronald Reagan
1270:
1426:
1062:. Legal Information Institute. August 13, 2013
1036:. Legal Information Institute. August 13, 2013
962:
783:
741:
739:
737:
1048:
1022:
877:
705:Terkel, Amanda; Stein, Sam (April 11, 2013).
573:
268:
1343:
1307:
1118:"Gun Background Check Denial Appeal Process"
942:
473:illegally or unlawfully in the United States
811:
734:
704:
355:in March 1981. White House press secretary
1427:Caplan Bricker, Nora (February 18, 2014).
1147:
1145:
1143:
1122:FBI Criminal Background Check and Gun Laws
275:
261:
530:
526:", a defined term in 18 U.S.C. 921(a)(33)
1093:"Glossary: Nonimmigrant Visa Definition"
797:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
20:
1140:
819:"NICS Celebrates 10 Years of Operation"
745:
432:interstate commerce or foreign commerce
426:, certain persons are prohibited from:
208:Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S.
181:International treaties for arms control
1464:
176:History of concealed carry in the U.S.
664:Criminal records in the United States
607:killed 26 and injured 20 others, the
422:Under sections 922(g) and (n) of the
417:
365:Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
297:Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
91:Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
841:
363:, spearheaded the push to pass the
13:
1482:United States federal firearms law
1420:
1163:from the original on July 3, 2022.
924:. U.S. Department of Justice. 2020
891:. U.S. Department of Justice. 2014
642:mass shooting in the United States
601:Sutherland Springs church shooting
547:in the NICS system deny citizens'
116:Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
14:
1493:
1449:
1396:
1344:Joshua Eaton (October 11, 2018).
1308:Joshua Eaton (October 10, 2019).
1271:Ellen Nakashima (July 10, 2015).
943:Joshua Eaton (December 3, 2019).
669:Gun politics in the United States
633:National Crime Information Center
385:National Crime Information Center
151:Gun-Free School Zones Act (GFSZA)
106:Connecticut Children's Safety Act
722:
654:Bipartisan Background Checks Act
441:A prohibited person is one who:
374:
244:
74:Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
42:
1390:
1356:
1337:
1320:
1301:
1283:
1264:
1246:
1214:
1193:
1167:
1110:
1074:
997:
629:Federal Bureau of Investigation
594:Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
480:Immigration and Nationality Act
445:May be an honorably discharged
395:(ATF) to retrieve the firearm.
389:Interstate Identification Index
301:Federal Bureau of Investigation
936:
750:. In Carter, Gregg Lee (ed.).
713:
698:
188:Background Check System (NICS)
1:
918:"2019 NICS Operations Report"
849:"Firearms Transaction Record"
691:
505:Has been discharged from the
335:
161:Gun laws in the U.S. by state
141:Firearm Owners Protection Act
86:Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
1472:103rd United States Congress
613:115th United States Congress
126:Federal Firearms Act of 1938
7:
746:Carroll, Walter F. (2002).
647:
461:Is a fugitive from justice;
193:National Firearms Act (NFA)
121:Federal Assault Weapons Ban
101:Concealed carry in the U.S.
84:Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
69:Assault weapons legislation
32:Firearm legal topics of the
10:
1498:
686:Universal background check
580:Charleston Church shooting
574:Notable claims of failures
541:National Rifle Association
507:United States Armed Forces
490:Has been adjudicated as a
213:Second Amendment sanctuary
171:High-capacity magazine ban
313:record of the transaction
186:National Instant Criminal
346:Federal Firearms License
305:Federal Firearms License
251:United States portal
166:Gun politics in the U.S.
131:Federal Firearms License
96:Campus carry in the U.S.
680:Printz v. United States
625:United States Air Force
511:dishonorable conditions
342:Gun Control Act of 1968
235:and Law Enforcement Act
218:Sullivan Act (New York)
146:Gun Control Act of 1968
885:"FBI: NICS Fact Sheet"
709:– via Huff Post.
611:was introduced in the
531:Firearm denial appeals
203:Open carry in the U.S.
26:
1297:. September 22, 2016.
327:private sale loophole
233:Violent Crime Control
24:
1477:1998 in American law
1456:FBI: Gun Checks/NICS
1159:. January 22, 2016.
865:on February 15, 2015
609:Fix NICS Act of 2017
498:(not admitted) to a
111:Constitutional carry
1260:. January 19, 2016.
1181:on January 20, 2016
599:In the wake of the
570:Amendment rights".
451:mandatory reporting
156:Gun law in the U.S.
1369:The New York Times
1201:"NICS Appeals—FBI"
500:mental institution
418:Prohibited persons
27:
25:Emblem of the NICS
1128:on March 27, 2012
804:978-0-521-19505-8
617:domestic violence
563:In January 2016,
539:According to the
524:domestic violence
285:
284:
1489:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1434:The New Republic
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1227:. Archived from
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1124:. Archived from
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1097:U.S. Immigration
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619:conviction in a
549:Second Amendment
492:mental defective
447:military Veteran
277:
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249:
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228:Tiahrt Amendment
136:Firearm case law
46:
29:
28:
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1421:Further reading
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1234:on May 14, 2016
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1060:law.cornell.edu
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1034:law.cornell.edu
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988:
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985:on July 1, 2014
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829:on July 1, 2014
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545:false positives
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1350:ThinkProgress
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1328:"No. 18–1931"
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