117:
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services from the union. For comparison, in 1989, the
American Federation of Government Employees had 180,000 dues-paying members but was forced to represent 700,000 employees. NFFE had 45,000 and 152,000 members, respectively; the National Treasury Employees Union 65,000 and 146,000. Such large numbers of non-dues-paying members can significantly drain a union's resources. See: Levitan and Gallo, "Can Employee Associations Negotiate New Growth?",
299:. The unit was the largest NFFE chapter in the country, the largest local union in the country, and the largest women's union in the country. NFFE also quickly abandoned its craft focus. Some local chapters—especially those in large federal agencies in Washington, D.C., where the number of workers enabled craft-based bargaining units to remain viable—retained their craft structure. But most of the union's units throughout the country became
362:. In August 1987, the Reagan administration issued civil service rules requiring all federal workers to sign a new secrecy pledge, Standard Form 189. Administration officials said the new form was designed merely to reinforce the need to maintain the security of those documents classified as top secret. But NFFE filed a lawsuit on August 17, 1987, challenging the constitutionality of the secrecy pledge. In May 1988, a
287:
26:
400:, that the issuance of Standard Form 312 may have resolved the conflict. The Supreme Court remanded the case back to the District Court to resolve any outstanding issues. The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit also remanded the second NFFE lawsuit to District Court. In March 1990, the District Court dismissed the remaining issues in its ruling in
263:) on August 24, 1912, declaring that "the right of persons employed in the civil service of the United States, either individually or collectively, to petition Congress or any member thereof or to furnish information to either House of Congress or to any committee thereof, shall not be denied or interfered with."
490:
The IAM affiliation, however, helped to significantly strength NFFE in the longer term. New raids on NFFE membership no longer occurred, and the union's administrative and financial resources greatly improved. NFFE is now considered "a key player in backing collective bargaining and appeal rights
472:
member. The NFFE executive council subsequently agreed to affiliate the union with the
International Association of Machinists (IAM). The IAM claimed to represent more than 100,000 federal workers, making it the second-largest union of federal workers. The affiliation did not help, however. Because
459:
in the U.S. Department of
Veterans' Affairs. The workers were already represented by NFFE, and constituted more than 85 percent of NFFE's membership in the VA health system. As NFFE's voting strength among the workers weakened, the national union's leaders sought to end the raid by affiliating with
317:
NFFE relied heavily on the provisions of the Lloyd–La
Follette Act as the basis for its operations. Much of the union's focus was on legislative action. For example, it began advocating for a formal federal job classification system and uniform rates of compensation in 1919. These efforts paid off:
494:
More recently, NFFE waged a lengthy legal battle against the U.S. Department of
Defense's new National Security Personnel System. NFFE won several significant rulings in the legal fight but did not prevent the system's implementation, and the union began to pursue legislative remedies in Congress
752:
are banned under labor relations laws and regulations governing federal workers. A union which represents a unit of workers must represent all the workers, whether they pay dues or not. Most federal workers' unions have substantial numbers of non-dues-paying members who nonetheless must receive
222:
163 on
January 31, 1902, banning federal workers from "individually or through associations, an increase of pay, or to influence or to attempt to influence in their own interest any legislation whatever, either before Congress or its Committees, or in any way save through the heads of the
522:, at the age of 47 on June 30, 2009. William Dougan, the union's Secretary-Treasurer, was automatically elevated to the position of President to serve out the rest of Brown's term (which expired in 2012); Dougan was subsequently elected to a full four-year term in his own right.
390:. Meanwhile, in September 1988, the federal government issued Standard Form 312 as a replacement for Standard Form 189. The new form expunged much of the objectionable language which had so deeply concerned NFFE and other unions. On April 18, 1989, the Supreme Court held in
348:. Consequently, union membership among U.S. government employees soared from 13 percent in 1961 to 60 percent in the 1974. NFFE's membership also grew tremendously, roughly doubling during the same period from 80,000 members to 150,000 members.
1488:
290:
Dennis G. Bue (seated, right), president of Local 1363 of the
National Federation of Federal Employees, signing a labor-management agreement with Lt. Gen. Daniel R. Zanini (seated, left), Commander, 8th Army, in South Korea on October 31,
329:. The break occurred over the AFL's refusal to abandon its support for craft unionism and cease its attacks on industrial unions. NFFE disaffiliated in December 1931. The AFL responded by chartering a new federal employees union, the
227:
as well. On
November 26, 1908, Roosevelt dramatically widened the extent of the Executive Order to include military personnel, expanded the kind of information which could not be communicated, and banned other actions by employees.
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477:
ruled that the election could go ahead. Although IAM devoted significant resources to the organizing battle, the
Machinists' expertise was in the construction and aerospace fields, not health care. After a year-long campaign,
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made the
Executive Order less onerous. On April 8, 1912, Taft amended the order to permit federal workers to communicate with Congress, but required them to do so through their supervisors and department heads.
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436:) 50,000 dues-paying members. The National Federation of Federal Employees, however, had just 45,000 dues-paying members. Much of NFFE's membership losses had come through significant downsizing of the
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Departments in or under which they serve, on penalty of dismissal from the government service." This Executive Order was expanded by Roosevelt on January 26, 1906, to include the
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on the local level beginning in the early 1880s. Unions representing letter carriers and railway postal clerks won passage in 1888 of federal legislation mandating an
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274:(AFL) acted to bring the various local unions together to form a single national union. The National Federation of Federal Employees was founded in
208:—pushed for legislation revising federal postal salaries as well. Although the effort was unsuccessful, a union of postal clerks organized in 1900.
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The same year, Congress established the Joint Congressional Committee on the Reclassification of Salaries. In 1923, NFFE won passage of the
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303:. Even many of the D.C.-area unions abandoned their craft orientation to become industrial unions with agency-wide bargaining units.
386:) that certain terms in Standard Form 189 needed additional clarification by the executive branch. NFFE appealed this ruling to the
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By 1989, NFFE—once the second-largest union representing federal workers—had shed nearly three-quarters of its members. The
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The significance of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing local was not lost on NFFE. NFFE became a strong advocate for
278:, on September 17, 1917. In 1918, it became the first labor union to win the legal right to represent federal workers.
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The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change
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The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy: The Economics and Politics of Institutional Change
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was particularly aggressive in courting NFFE members and convincing them to switch their union affiliation.
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federal workforce where NFFE's membership was concentrated. NFFE also lost a large number of members due to
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History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 9: The T.U.E.L. to the End of the Gompers Era
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History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 9: The T.U.E.L. to the End of the Gompers Era
455:. In 1998, AFGE began an organizing drive among 2,600 physicians, nurses and dentists working for the
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1032:
National Federation of Federal Employees. Southern Labor Archives, Georgia State University Library.
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The Federal Service: A Study of the System of Personnel Administration in the Federal Government
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declined to issue a charter, but agreed to readmit the union if it affiliated with an existing
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374:) that Standard Form 189 was constitutional. The NFFE and other plaintiffs appealed to the
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NFFE grew quickly. For example, by 1929 it had organized more than 1,500 workers at the
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provided a significant impetus to the formation federal employees' unions. In 1916, the
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The affiliation was later ratified by delegates to the NFFE biennial convention in 1990.
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Levitan, Sar A. and Gallo, Frank. "Can Employee Associations Negotiate New Growth?"
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987:
Masters, Marick F. "Federal-Sector Unions: Current Status and Future Directions."
918:. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database).
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719:"Labor Suit Widens Drive on Secrecy Pledge," Associated Press, September 3, 1987.
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Unhappy with Taft's refusal to rescind the order entirely, Congress passed the
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convinced a majority of the VA employees to switch their affiliation in 2000.
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58:
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Ballard, Tanya. "AFGE Wins Election to Represent Veterans Affairs Workers."
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of employees." As of 2007, NFFE represented about 100,000 federal workers.
1088:
952:
Information Security Oversight Office. Executive Office of the President.
914:
Executive Order 163, January 31, 1902. John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters.
906:
Ballenstedt, Brittany R. "First Civil Service Union Celebrates 90 Years."
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The focus on dues-paying members is important under U.S. federal law. The
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The growing power of these and other unions in the federal government led
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875:. Clifton, New Jersey: James T. White & Company. 1973. p. 558.
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Masters, "Federal-Sector Unions: Current Status and Future Directions,"
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the organizing dispute began prior to NFFE's affiliation with IAM, the
441:
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252:
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Friedman, Daniel. "Unions Oppose 'Draft' of Federal Workers to Iraq."
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The AFL-CIO constitution forbids its members from raiding one another.
706:
Levitan and Gallo, "Can Employee Associations Negotiate New Growth?",
200:
for postal workers. In 1898, these two unions—with the support of the
1607:
810:
Ballard, "AFGE Wins Election to Represent Veterans Affairs Workers,"
1067:
518:
NFFE President Richard N. Brown died unexpectedly at his home in
956:. Washington, D.C.: Information Security Oversight Office, 1990.
1001:
Pueschel, Matt. "Unionization Continues to Grow in Agencies."
827:
Friedman, "Unions Oppose 'Draft' of Federal Workers to Iraq,"
629:
Ballenstedt, "First Civil Service Union Celebrates 90 Years,"
1809:
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
576:
Richard N. Brown, November 1, 1998 – June 30, 2009 (deceased)
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James Monroe Peirce, Jr., November 1, 1976 – October 31, 1990
408:), and NFFE dropped any further attempts to revive the suit.
95:
International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
25:
570:
James Doyle Cunningham, November 1, 1996 – February 21, 1998
507:
1036:
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National Federation of Federal Employees official web site
534:
Luther Corwin Steward, September 1, 1918 – August 19, 1955
451:
Such raids eventually drove NFFE to re-affiliate with the
388:
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
144:
NFFE has about 200 local unions, most of them agency-wide
543:
Nathan Tully Wolkomir, October 1, 1964 – October 31, 1976
537:
Michael E. Markwood, September 1, 1955 – January 27, 1957
531:
Howard Marion McLarin, September 24, 1917 – June 30, 1918
380:
National Federation of Federal Employees v. United States
368:
National Federation of Federal Employees v. United States
344:, establishing the right of federal workers to engage in
779:
Pueschel, "Unionization Continues to Grow in Agencies,"
351:
In 1963, NFFE was one of the foremost proponents of the
564:
Robert Eugene Estep, Jr., October 2, 1995 – May 2, 1996
552:
Robert Scott Keener, November 1, 1992 – January 2, 1994
137:
which represents about 100,000 public employees in the
549:
Sheila K. Velazco, November 1, 1990 – October 31, 1992
358:
NFFE became embroiled in a major legal fight with the
555:
Sheila K. Velazco, January 3, 1994 – October 31, 1994
1024:
573:
Albert Schmidt, February 22, 1998 – October 31, 1998
561:
Sonya Constaine, September 9, 1995 – October 1, 1995
411:
109:
558:
Louis Jasmine, November 1, 1994 – September 8, 1995
378:. In July 1988, the District Court further held in
927:. New York: International Publishers, 1991. Cloth
846:O'Keefe, Ed. "NFFE President Richard Brown Dies."
567:Gary Wayne Divine, May 3, 1996 – October 31, 1996
402:American Foreign Service Association v. Garfinkel
393:American Foreign Service Association v. Garfinkel
1795:
540:Vaux Owen, January 29, 1957 – September 30, 1964
1226:International Labor Communications Association
963:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
314:, as the chair of its first national council.
1052:
973:"Labor Suit Widens Drive on Secrecy Pledge."
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331:American Federation of Government Employees
174:Department of Housing and Urban Development
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420:now had 180,000 dues-paying members, the
1814:1917 establishments in the United States
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127:National Federation of Federal Employees
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731:Information Security Oversight Office,
664:Executive Order 163, January 31, 1902,
506:force government civilians to serve in
422:International Association of Machinists
192:Workers in federal agencies had formed
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1288:AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union
998:. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1922.
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1187:Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance
1040:
636:
434:Service Employees International Union
325:In 1931, NFFE disaffiliated from the
1778:Congress of Industrial Organizations
428:65,000 dues-paying members, and the
148:. Its members work primarily in the
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579:William Dougan, July 1, 2009 – 2016
13:
1192:Coalition of Black Trade Unionists
14:
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873:Notable Names in American History
426:National Treasury Employees Union
424:100,000 dues-paying members, the
412:Membership losses and affiliation
86:Steve Lenkart, executive director
1819:Trade unions established in 1917
593:United Public Workers of America
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297:Bureau of Engraving and Printing
1783:Directly affiliated local union
1008:Rutzick, Karen. "Union Rally."
916:The American Presidency Project
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786:
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666:The American Presidency Project
162:General Services Administration
84:Randy Erwin, national president
1257:International Rescue Committee
1197:Coalition of Labor Union Women
1182:Alliance for Retired Americans
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713:
684:
671:
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457:Veterans Health Administration
158:Department of Veterans Affairs
1:
1236:Working for America Institute
893:
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333:(AFGE), on October 17, 1932.
1773:American Federation of Labor
1177:A. Philip Randolph Institute
954:1990 Report to the President
733:1990 Report to the President
327:American Federation of Labor
272:American Federation of Labor
206:American Federation of Labor
187:
7:
1066:
586:
502:'s recommendation that the
498:The union also opposed the
10:
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178:Bureau of Consular Affairs
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1252:American Rights at Work
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17:National Federation of
1691:central labor councils
1689:State federations and
1293:National Labor College
1262:Jewish Labor Committee
1211:Union Veterans Council
1151:Professional Employees
514:Death of Richard Brown
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1156:Transportation Trades
910:. September 17, 2007.
690:Johnson and Libecap,
633:, September 17, 2007.
360:Reagan administration
346:collective bargaining
342:Executive Order 10988
289:
268:Lloyd-La Follette Act
245:Lloyd-La Follette Act
166:National Park Service
150:Department of Defense
1219:Allied organizations
1010:Government Executive
991:. 25:1 (March 2004).
982:Monthly Labor Review
977:. September 3, 1987.
908:Government Executive
901:Government Executive
816:Government Executive
812:Government Executive
755:Monthly Labor Review
708:Monthly Labor Review
631:Government Executive
235:pressure, President
225:independent agencies
1170:Constituency groups
1012:. February 1, 2007.
949:. December 8, 2006.
831:, December 8, 2006.
818:, February 1, 2007.
520:Arlington, Virginia
504:Bush administration
432:(a division of the
364:U.S. District Court
336:In 1962, President
182:Department of State
20:
376:U.S. Supreme Court
320:Classification Act
312:Florence Etheridge
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216:Theodore Roosevelt
194:craft-based unions
139:federal government
36:September 17, 1917
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1231:Solidarity Center
1115: (2009–2021)
1109: (1995–2009)
1101:Thomas R. Donahue
1097: (1979–1995)
1091: (1955–1979)
923:Foner, Philip S.
903:. March 14, 2001.
384:695 F. Supp. 1196
301:industrial unions
133:) is an American
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1146:Metal Trades
1103: (1995)
1089:George Meany
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984:. July 1989.
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935:; Paperback
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91:Affiliations
41:Headquarters
1509:Ironworkers
1161:Union Label
1129:Departments
746:closed shop
438:blue-collar
261:§ 7511
135:labor union
1798:Categories
1724:New York (
1660:UNITE HERE
1119:Liz Shuler
1082:Presidents
1075:Governance
894:References
882:0883710021
750:union shop
526:Presidents
80:Key people
1699:South Bay
1608:SAG-AFTRA
1573:NFLPA/FPA
495:instead.
366:ruled in
218:to issue
213:President
188:Formation
70:Members
1766:See also
1281:Programs
1068:AFL-CIO
651:Mayers,
587:See also
204:and the
51:Location
1710:Indiana
1705:Florida
735:, 1990.
694:, 1994.
681:, 1991.
677:Foner,
655:, 1922.
475:AFL–CIO
470:AFL–CIO
466:AFL–CIO
462:AFL–CIO
453:AFL–CIO
444:. The
442:raiding
340:signed
282:History
105:Website
99:AFL–CIO
74:100,000
33:Founded
1732:Oregon
1670:UURWAW
1593:OPCMIA
1588:NWSLPA
1514:IUANPW
1445:Locals
1357:AFSCME
967:
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464:. The
259:
251:
231:Under
172:, the
168:, the
164:, the
160:, the
156:, the
152:, the
1715:Maine
1648:RWDSU
1618:SMART
1598:OPEIU
1568:NATCA
1544:NPMHU
1539:LIUNA
1534:IUPAT
1499:IFPTE
1484:IATSE
1457:GMPIU
1432:NABET
1402:BCTGM
604:Notes
291:2002.
249:Stat.
1751:King
1680:WGAE
1675:UWUA
1655:UMWA
1643:DWAW
1638:UFCW
1583:NTWA
1563:NALC
1556:PASS
1551:MEBA
1529:IUPA
1524:IUOE
1519:IUEC
1494:IBEW
1477:TCIU
1472:NFFE
1462:IAFF
1452:FLOC
1437:PPMW
1412:CSEA
1392:AWIU
1382:ATDA
1372:APWU
1367:ALPA
1352:AFSA
1342:AFGE
1330:GIAA
1325:AGVA
1320:AGMA
1315:AAAA
965:ISBN
937:ISBN
929:ISBN
877:ISBN
748:and
508:Iraq
480:AFGE
460:the
266:The
131:NFFE
125:The
112:.org
110:nffe
1665:USW
1633:UAW
1623:TWU
1613:SIU
1578:NNU
1504:ILA
1489:IBB
1467:IAM
1442:TNG
1427:IUE
1422:AFA
1417:CWA
1407:BRS
1397:BAC
1387:ATU
1377:ARA
1362:AFT
1347:AFM
1337:AEA
253:555
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