259:
on making Iran an
Islamic Republic (the Referendum of 12 Farvardin). In the debate over Iran's new revolutionary constitution it supported a parliamentary democracy with equal rights for women, adoption of the universal declaration of human rights and limited presidential powers. "Expressing concern
216:
The
National Democratic Front was launched in early March 1979 at a meeting attended by approximately one million people. This was "at a time when all shades of secular opinion outside the guerrilla movements were beginning to sense the direction of Khomeini's political strategy" and opposed the
277:. The demonstration was attacked and hundreds are injured by rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars wielded by Hezbollah "toughs". Before the end of the month the newspapers the party had tried to protect were banned, Ayandegan was seized and converted into a pro-Islamist newspaper,
200:. Though it was short-lived, the party has been described as one of "the three major movements of the political center" in Iran during this period, and its ouster was one of the first indications that the Islamist revolutionaries in control of the
237:—who refused to criticize Khomeini out of anti-imperialist solidarity. It hoped to "draw on the Mosaddegh heritage to reestablish a coalition of the middle classes and the intelligentsia". Matin-Daftari had been a member of the
964:
252:, and revolutionary committees. Its economic programs favored "the mass of the people", and it supported a "decentralized system of administration based on popularly elected local councils."
1062:
876:
841:
281:. A warrant was issued for the arrest of Hedayat Matin-Daftari, "ostensibly for disrupting public order." Consequently, the party went underground. In 1981 it joined the
180:
46:
939:
260:
over the freedom of elections and government control over the broadcast media," along with the
National Front they announced they would boycott the election for the
1009:
317:
1087:
866:
1077:
244:
The NDF "emphasized political freedoms, guarantees for individual rights, access for all political groups to the broadcast media, the curbing of the
984:
196:
and a "lawyer who had been active in human rights causes" before the downfall of the shah and the son of the fourth prime minister and the jurist
1082:
881:
603:
999:
1057:
322:
17:
185:
708:
861:
256:
1052:
989:
916:
307:
791:
718:
643:
282:
82:
384:
312:
1047:
871:
826:
796:
1072:
1028:
994:
596:
241:- the other major Iranian liberal, secular party of the time—and his new party was somewhat more leftist than the NF.
949:
658:
613:
245:
131:
1067:
1014:
974:
713:
703:
668:
663:
638:
230:
589:
290:
1004:
924:
856:
836:
781:
99:
271:
thugs." On 12 August 1979 it scheduled a mass demonstration to protest the closure of newspapers such as
1092:
771:
249:
821:
698:
653:
979:
959:
896:
756:
648:
261:
161:
352:
934:
886:
851:
786:
693:
673:
400:
222:
218:
104:
969:
846:
741:
581:
404:
238:
176:
72:
343:
267:
It drew large crowds at its demonstrations but these were "ferociously attacked by gangs of
746:
116:
8:
929:
776:
688:
221:. It was a "broad coalition" aimed at groups and individuals who disapproved both of the
197:
901:
831:
302:
201:
172:
111:
380:
268:
193:
136:
356:. Fasc. 2. Vol. III. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 132–133
255:
Along with the
Fadayan and some Kurdish groups, the NDP boycotted the March 30, 31,
891:
801:
622:
152:
126:
906:
736:
678:
347:
186:
806:
226:
1041:
683:
179:, and was banned shortly after by the Islamic government. It was founded by
944:
761:
751:
728:
41:
766:
234:
816:
630:
205:
286:
273:
217:
domination of the revolution by
Islamist theocratics such as ran the
965:
People's
Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran
877:
Organization of
Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
374:
92:
611:
811:
434:
432:
341:
940:
Office for the
Cooperation of the People with the President
429:
1063:
Defunct political parties of the
Islamic Republic of Iran
1010:
Mojahedin of the
Islamic Revolution of Iran Organization
318:
Board of Directors of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
502:
500:
166:
342:
L. P. Elwell-Sutton; P. Mohajer (August 18, 2011) .
497:
377:
Business and the Middle East: Threats and Prospects
171:) was a liberal political party founded during the
867:Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
1039:
985:Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization
192:, a grandson of celebrated Iranian nationalist
882:Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters
597:
1000:Association for Defence of Revolution Values
293:(MEK) to fight the Islamist regime in Iran.
1088:Political parties of the Iranian Revolution
375:Robert A. Kilmarx, Yonah Alexander (2013).
604:
590:
323:Women in the Islamic Consultative Assembly
842:Organization of Communist Revolutionaries
1078:Political parties disestablished in 1981
257:1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
990:Coalition of the Oppressed and Deprived
308:Organizations of the Iranian Revolution
1040:
792:Movement of God-Worshipping Socialists
283:National Council of Resistance of Iran
1083:Political parties established in 1979
585:
313:The history of the parliament in Iran
1019:Worker-Communist Unity Party of Iran
264:, which wrote the new constitution.
233:, and of leftist groups—such as the
231:Provisional Revolutionary Government
797:United Front of Progressive Parties
426:, Thomas Dunne Books, c2001, p. 218
156:
13:
14:
1104:
1058:Defunct liberal political parties
709:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
413:New York, Basic Books, 1984, p.68
1015:Islamic Iran Participation Front
975:Front for the Liberation of Iran
714:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
995:Coalition of Imam's Line groups
614:political organizations in Iran
565:
552:
539:
526:
513:
424:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah
1053:1981 disestablishments in Iran
950:Muslim People's Republic Party
719:Revolutionary Republican Party
484:
471:
458:
445:
416:
393:
368:
335:
1:
644:Socialist Revolutionary Party
328:
1005:Islamic Reconciliation Party
925:Coalition of Islamic Parties
857:Union of Communist Militants
837:League of Iranian Socialists
782:Azerbaijani Democratic Party
175:of 1979 that overthrew Shah
7:
1048:1979 establishments in Iran
862:Union of Iranian Communists
560:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
547:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
534:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
521:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
492:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
479:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
466:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
453:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
411:The Reign of the Ayatollahs
296:
211:
168:Jebhe-ye demokrātīk-e mellī
167:
23:Political party in Iran
10:
1109:
822:Society of Muslim Warriors
291:People's Mujahedin of Iran
181:Hedayatollah Matin-Daftari
47:Hedayatollah Matin-Daftari
15:
1073:Political history of Iran
1026:
955:National Democratic Front
915:
872:People's Democratic Front
727:
654:Moderate Socialists Party
629:
620:
379:. Elsevier. p. 124.
149:National Democratic Front
122:
110:
98:
88:
78:
68:
60:
52:
40:
31:National Democratic Front
28:
18:National Democratic Front
980:Islamic Republican Party
960:Radical Movement of Iran
659:Union and Progress Party
1068:Liberal parties in Iran
669:Unified Socialist Party
639:Social Democratic Party
262:1st Assembly of Experts
112:Political position
704:Young Communist League
674:Social Reformers Party
407:being the other two.)
401:National Front of Iran
219:Islamic Republic Party
105:Progressive liberalism
970:Azadegan Organization
847:Islamic Nations Party
405:Iran Freedom Movement
285:, a group founded by
177:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
772:National Union Party
353:Encyclopædia Iranica
250:revolutionary courts
246:Revolutionary Guards
16:For other uses, see
930:Quintuple Coalition
887:Nationalists' Party
777:National Will Party
204:would not tolerate
198:Ahmad Matin-Daftari
1093:Secularism in Iran
664:Progressives Party
510:, (2001), p.219–20
303:Iranian Revolution
208:political forces.
202:Iranian Revolution
194:Mohammad Mosaddegh
173:Iranian Revolution
157:جبهه دموکراتیک ملی
34:جبهه دموکراتیک ملی
1035:
1034:
386:978-1-4831-8975-8
165:
145:
144:
132:Political parties
1100:
917:Islamic Republic
802:Iran Unity Party
757:Motherland Party
729:Pahlavi monarchy
689:Reformers' Party
623:Politics of Iran
606:
599:
592:
583:
582:
576:
575:, (2006), p.253)
569:
563:
556:
550:
543:
537:
530:
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517:
511:
504:
495:
488:
482:
475:
469:
462:
456:
449:
443:
436:
427:
420:
414:
409:Bakhash, Shaul,
397:
391:
390:
372:
366:
365:
363:
361:
348:Yarshater, Ehsan
339:
225:'s closeness to
191:
188:
170:
160:
158:
127:Politics of Iran
79:Merged into
26:
25:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1022:
935:Grand coalition
911:
907:Rastakhiz Party
902:Iranians' Party
723:
699:Communist Party
694:Socialist Party
679:Learned Council
625:
616:
610:
580:
579:
570:
566:
557:
553:
544:
540:
531:
527:
518:
514:
505:
498:
489:
485:
476:
472:
463:
459:
450:
446:
442:, (2001), p.218
437:
430:
421:
417:
408:
398:
394:
387:
373:
369:
359:
357:
340:
336:
331:
299:
279:Sobh-e Azadegan
214:
183:
141:
69:Split from
36:
35:
32:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1033:
1032:
1029:Active parties
1027:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
897:People's Party
894:
892:New Iran Party
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
807:Comrades Party
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Democrat Party
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
742:Progress Party
739:
737:New Iran Party
733:
731:
725:
724:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
649:Democrat Party
646:
641:
635:
633:
631:Qajar monarchy
627:
626:
621:
618:
617:
609:
608:
601:
594:
586:
578:
577:
564:
551:
538:
525:
512:
496:
483:
470:
457:
444:
428:
415:
392:
385:
367:
333:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
298:
295:
239:National Front
227:Mehdi Bazargan
223:National Front
213:
210:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
123:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
73:National Front
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
33:
30:
29:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
914:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
827:Toilers Party
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:Justice Party
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
730:
726:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Revival Party
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
587:
584:
574:
568:
562:, 1984, p.218
561:
555:
549:, 1984, p.142
548:
542:
535:
529:
522:
516:
509:
503:
501:
493:
487:
480:
474:
467:
461:
454:
448:
441:
435:
433:
425:
422:Moin, Baqer.
419:
412:
406:
402:
396:
388:
382:
378:
371:
360:September 12,
355:
354:
349:
345:
338:
334:
324:
321:
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306:
304:
301:
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292:
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284:
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253:
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240:
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232:
228:
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220:
209:
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195:
189:
182:
178:
174:
169:
163:
154:
150:
138:
135:
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125:
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121:
118:
115:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
43:
39:
27:
19:
954:
945:Eponym Group
762:Jungle Party
752:Peykar Party
572:
567:
559:
554:
546:
541:
536:, 1984, p.89
533:
528:
523:, 1984, p.88
520:
515:
507:
494:, 1984, p.80
491:
486:
481:, 1984, p.77
478:
473:
468:, 1984, p.73
465:
460:
455:, 1984, p.68
452:
447:
439:
423:
418:
410:
395:
376:
370:
358:. Retrieved
351:
337:
278:
272:
266:
254:
243:
215:
148:
146:
89:Headquarters
832:Third Force
767:Azure Party
612:Historical
573:Modern Iran
344:"ĀYANDAGĀN"
235:Tudeh Party
184: [
117:Centre-left
1042:Categories
817:Aria Party
329:References
269:Hezbollahi
56:March 1979
558:Bakhash,
545:Bakhash,
532:Bakhash,
519:Bakhash,
490:Bakhash,
477:Bakhash,
464:Bakhash,
451:Bakhash,
287:Bani Sadr
274:Ayandegan
162:romanized
137:Elections
61:Dissolved
571:Keddie,
508:Khomeini
440:Khomeini
403:and the
297:See also
289:and the
212:Overview
187:Wikidata
100:Ideology
350:(ed.).
206:liberal
164::
153:Persian
53:Founded
506:Moin,
438:Moin,
383:
93:Tehran
42:Leader
812:SUMKA
399:(The
346:. In
190:]
852:JAMA
381:ISBN
362:2016
147:The
83:NCRI
64:1981
229:'s
1044::
499:^
431:^
248:,
159:,
155::
605:e
598:t
591:v
389:.
364:.
151:(
20:.
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