464:, and other senior Congolese military officers, where he declared that he was joining forces with the national army to fight the FDLR. Nkunda was arrested on 22 January after he had crossed in Rwanda. After unsuccessfully attempting to defeat the CNDP militarily, Congolese president Kabila made a deal with President Kagame of Rwanda to allow Rwandan soldiers into the DRC to uproot FDLR militants in exchange for Rwanda removing Nkunda. The Congolese government subsequently gave Ntaganda a senior position in the integration of CNDP forces back into the military. Later he effectively acted as deputy commander of Operation Kimia II, the 2009 anti-FDLR operation. About 6,000 CNDP combatants were integrated into the FARDC through what became known as the 'accelerated integration' process. The
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having failed, and three months of standoff ensued as relations between soldiers loyal to Nkunda and loyalist troops grew increasingly tense. Matters reached a breaking point when the army chief of staff declared that the offensive against the FDLR would be halted. After an international outcry, he
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sees as an attempt to distance himself from a disaster in the making, as accusations mounted that the CNDP was in effect setting up a small kingdom in Masisi. In late April, the military stopped the creation of the sixth brigade scheduled to be under Nkunda. The mixed brigades carried out
336:
created five mixed brigades. While numbers are disputed, Nkunda's two original brigades (the 81st and the 83rd) numbered about 2,200 men but by May 2007 some 8,000 to 8,500 men considered themselves under his command. This expansion was at least partially accomplished because Nkunda began
407:
would be allowed to fight, apparently in the belief that the all-Tutsi CNDP units were more likely to be indiscriminately violent towards the mostly Hutu population of the FDLR heartland. On 28 August 2007, soldiers loyal to Nkunda ambushed pro-Kinshasa soldiers of the Bravo brigade in
337:
incorporating all manner of men with unclear backgrounds into the brigades under his control, including former
Rwandan soldiers, members of former militias who had been demobilized and had no skills outside of war, and others simply attracted to his populist Tutsi rhetoric.
283:
in
February 2004, clashes began between the army and RCD. Nkunda and his allies mobilized, launching a ten day attack on the city before retreating. Tensions again flared up in late 2005 as the Congolese army deployed to
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offensives against the FDLR from mid-April to mid-May but, despite the claims of the CNDP, did poorly as they had little logistical support and the FDLR fought well. The military demanded that the CNDP soldiers undergo
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328:, at that time head of the Congolese air force, he declared the group he led to be the National Congress for the Defence of the People on 30 December 2006. Nkunda benefited greatly from
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THE INABILITY OF PEACEKEEPING TO ADDRESS THE SECURITY DILEMMA: A case study of the
Rwandan-Congolese Security Dilemma and the United Nation's Mission in the Congo
452:, declared that he was taking leadership from Nkunda. On January 16, he appeared at a joint press conference with Congolese Minister of the Interior and Security
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and demobilized rebel groups, Nkunda rallied fellow RCD leaders into a new political organization, Synergy for Peace and
Harmony (
214:. In January 2009, the CNDP split and Nkunda was arrested by the Rwanda government. The remaining CNDP splinter faction, led by
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381:. Newly formed national brigades were ordered to establish territorial control, which Nkunda took to mean fighting the Hutu
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and began to confiscate weapons distributed by the former RCD. Nkunda alleged that
Congolese forces were targeting the
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The CNDP under the command of Col. Sultani
Makenga was accused of massacring 67 civilians in 2008 in the town of
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On March 23, 2009, the CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government, in which it agreed to become a
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Africa's World War: Congo, the
Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
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448:, a commander in the CNDP and former chief of military operations of the
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683:"DRC: North Kivu operation a boost for repatriation, peace - president"
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263:). As part of the peace process, rebels were to be integrated into the
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639:"Urge the Congolese Authorities to Arrest ICC Suspect Bosco Ntaganda "
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The War That Doesn't Say Its Name: The
Unending Conflict in the Congo
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A soldier of the CNDP in 2008 (with an anti-rape badge on his beret).
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369:(Nkunda's homeland) and then further north and west. With his new
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655:"DRC: Civilians at risk from further fighting after Nkunda arrest"
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battalions, Nkunda was able to control large areas of Masisi and
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has stated that the CNDP has verbally committed to release all
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reversed himself but stated that only units that had undergone
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564:"For Tutsis of Eastern Congo, Protector, Exploiter or Both?"
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2006 establishments in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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population, and his forces drove the army out of
Rutshuru.
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811:
The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair
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The armed confrontation resumed three years later, in the
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United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo
324:, when Nkunda engaged in negotiations with Major General
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Military history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members.
304:. After sustaining heavy casualties in battle with the
218:, was planned to be integrated into the national army.
385:(FDLR) descended from the groups that carried out the
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Rebel groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
699:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'"
673:, DDR in the DRC Program Update, September 2009, p.4
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Nkunda rebelled again in November 2006 and attacked
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Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
389:. In late March 2007, Numbi left Goma in what the
377:and expand north and east toward the border with
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243:had been a senior officer in the Rwandan-backed
212:military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
275:After the arrest RCD officer Joseph Kasongo in
176:National Congress for the Defence of the People
22:National Congress for the Defence of the People
456:, the Inspector General of the Police General
383:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
206:in December 2006. The CNDP was engaged in the
689:, 3 February 2009 (accessed 23 February 2009)
661:, 26 January 2009 (accessed 23 February 2009)
645:, 5 February 2009 (accessed 23 February 2009)
436:, accused Makenga of committing war crimes.
320:. Perhaps inspired by the recently concluded
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245:Congolese Rally for Democracy (Goma faction)
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849:UN Panel of Experts report, December 2008,
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519:"IV. "Mixage"-An Attempted Solution Fails"
460:, Rwanda's Chief of Defence Staff General
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184:Congrès national pour la défense du peuple
27:Congrès national pour la défense du peuple
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349:, Nkunda's troops controlled a swathe of
332:; before 2007, he had two brigades while
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742:, Africa Report N°133, 31 October 2007
525:, Human Rights Watch, 22 October 2007
608:International Crisis Group, p. 11-13
581:International Crisis Group, p. 10-11
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261:Synergie pour la paix et la concorde
722:Congo: Bringing Peace to North Kivu
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591:"Rwanda anger at Congo rebel move"
544:, cndp-congo.org, 30 December 2006
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623:Independent Online (South Africa)
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210:, an armed conflict against the
204:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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86:Democratic Republic of the Congo
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618:Congo war crimes suspects named
839:. Lambert Academic Publishing
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1:
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502:Prunier, p. 297-298, 322-323.
484:2012 East D.R. Congo conflict
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863:CNDP official site (English)
523:Renewed Crisis in North Kivu
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247:rebel group. After the 2003
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450:Union of Congolese Patriots
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789:Princeton University Press
740:International Crisis Group
430:UN Human Rights Commission
391:International Crisis Group
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868:January 17, 2010, at the
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566:by Stephanie McCrummen,
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444:In early January 2009,
440:Splintering of the CNDP
190:) is a political armed
454:CĂ©lestin Mbuyu Kabangu
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296:Formation of the CNDP
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835:Miller, Eric (2010)
239:Since 1998, General
569:The Washington Post
82:Active regions
643:Human Rights Watch
562:See, for example,
540:2011-07-25 at the
466:UN Children's Fund
428:. The head of the
249:Sun City Agreement
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62:December 2006
58:Dates of operation
845:978-3-8383-4027-2
828:978-1-78032-345-9
798:978-0-6911-9408-0
768:978-0-19-537420-9
416:Kiwandja massacre
322:general elections
308:battalion of the
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154:Succeeded by
70:– March 2009
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16:Congolese militia
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890:Rwandan genocide
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807:Deibert, Michael
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729:. Archived from
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434:Navi Pillay
290:Banyarwanda
31:(in French)
879:Categories
851:S/2008/773
713:References
671:World Bank
458:John Numbi
426:North Kivu
326:John Numbi
281:South Kivu
251:ended the
235:Background
90:North Kivu
819:Zed Books
785:Princeton
490:Footnotes
367:Kitchanga
363:Kirolirwe
345:Prior to
341:Expansion
306:Pakistani
113:Opponents
866:Archived
809:(2013).
779:(2022).
749:(2009).
596:BBC News
538:Archived
422:Kiwandja
405:brassage
396:brassage
375:Rutshuru
318:brassage
286:Rutshuru
277:Bakongo
222:History
198:in the
192:militia
74:2009-03
72: (
66:2006-12
64: (
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815:London
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755:Oxford
410:Rubare
400:mixage
379:Uganda
371:mixage
347:mixage
334:mixage
330:mixage
314:mixage
257:French
180:French
107:Rwanda
96:Allies
47:Leader
734:(PDF)
727:(PDF)
353:from
841:ISBN
823:ISBN
793:ISBN
763:ISBN
687:IRIN
659:IRIN
365:and
359:Sake
355:Goma
302:Goma
200:Kivu
188:CNDP
174:The
135:FDLR
703:AFP
521:in
424:in
279:in
165:M23
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68:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
