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National Association of Colored Women's Clubs

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The organization defined its first year agenda through multiple issues inhibiting the social mobility of black people. These included: "Chain Gang System of the South, the Separate Car Law of the South, the Plantation Mother and Child, Rescue Work in the Alleys and Slums of our Great Cities, the
17: 123:. These organizations and later others across the country merged to form the National Association of Colored Women. The organization helped all African-Americans through its work on issues of civil rights and injustice, such as women’s suffrage, lynching, and 664: 658: 60:). It adopted the motto "Lifting as we climb", to demonstrate to "an ignorant and suspicious world that our aims and interests are identical with those of all good aspiring women." When incorporated in 1904, NACW became known as the 143:, who organized their regional women's clubs at the July 1896 convention to resist negative representations of Black Women. To defend their respectability, they refuted a letter written by James Jacks, then president of the 37: 1331: 939:
See The Records of the National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, 1895–1992, Part 1: Minutes of National Conventions, and President’s Correspondence Β© National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs,
232:, the first journal published by and for African-American women. This publication established black women as a public audience and a community for both NACWC members and prospective members. 1690: 2128: 202:. They also led efforts to improve education, and care for both children and the elderly. Membership grew from 5,000 members in 1897 to 100,000 by 1924 before a decline during the 872: 2539: 1301: 2504: 1173: 2455: 830: 2196: 1925: 884:"The Women of NACWC: Strong, Valiant, Innovative and on Whose Shoulders We Stand" (c) 2012, revised 2016 by the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, Inc. 113: 1500: 810: 221:
made major contributions to the National Association of Colored Women. Their efforts led the NACWC to become the most prominent organization formed during the
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Both women were educated and had economically successful parents. Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin used part of her estate to fund
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The National Association of Colored Women (later National Association of Colored Women's Clubs) was established in
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During the next ten years, the NACWC became involved in campaigns in favor of women's suffrage and against
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To obtain for African-American families the opportunity of reaching the highest levels of human endeavor.
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To promote inter-racial understanding so that justice and good will may prevail amongst all people.
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To secure and use our influence for the enforcement of civil and political rights for all citizens.
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Officers elected at the first meeting of the National Association of Colored Women, July 1896.
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Founding of Homes for our Working Classes, and a Greater Interest in our Fallen and Wayward."
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because Jacks' letter referred to them as thieves and prostitutes. Mrs. Booker T. Washington,
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The Cambridge Guide to African American History: National Association of Colored Women
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To promote the education of women and children through the work of effective programs.
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To work for the economic, moral, religious and social welfare of women and children.
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in restaurants and succeeded in winning a court decision for integration there.
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Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
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was a formidable organizer. She led the struggle in Washington, DC against
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To promote effective interaction with the organization's male auxiliary.
1087:(Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University, 2016), pp. 208–209. 887:"Lifting as They Climb" by MR Gates, David, Elizabeth Lindsay Davis 195: 124: 1691:
Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
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Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994
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Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
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National Association of Colored Women's Clubs headquarters in
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The First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
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To raise the standard and quality of life in home and family.
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
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as well as smaller organizations that had arisen from the
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First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
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Dr. Marie Wright Tolliver – 27th President (2006–2010)
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General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
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Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs
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Dr. Patricia L. Fletcher β€” 25th President (1996–2002)
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California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry
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California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
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Dr. Andrea Brooks-Smith – 30th President (2018–2022)
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National Association of Colored Women's Clubs Emblem
2202:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 846:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 641:Sharon R. Bridgeforth – 29th President (2014–2018) 623:Dr. Dolores M. Harris – 23rd President (1988–1992) 1727:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 1367:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America 821:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 2540:Women's organizations based in the United States 2496: 1769:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building 836:Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 632:Margaret J. Cooper β€” 26th President (2002–2006) 1297:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches 626:Savannah C. Jones β€” 24th President (1992–1996) 2505:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs 1249: 611:Juanita W. Brown – 19th President (1972–1976) 62:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs 26:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs 2510:African-American history of Washington, D.C. 2124:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 841:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 617:Otelia Champion – 21st President (1980–1984) 614:Inez W. Tinsley – 20th President (1976–1980) 459:To protect the rights of women and children. 620:Myrtle E. Gray – 22nd President (1984–1988) 608:Myrtle Ollison – 18th President (1968–1972) 1853:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society 1256: 1242: 863:African-American women's suffrage movement 647:Opal Bacon - 31st President (2022–present) 638:Evelyn Rising – 28th President (2010–2014) 102:National Federation of Afro-American Women 38:National Federation of Afro-American Women 1070:(Omaha, Nebraska), November 21, 1896: 2. 2041:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs 1889:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo 1748:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 1287:American Association of University Women 826:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs 816:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs 586: 223:African-American Woman Suffrage Movement 75: 52:. From 1896 to 1904 it was known as the 15: 2525:Organizations based in Washington, D.C. 1921:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs 2515:African-American women's organizations 2497: 1133:Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections 1100:(Cleveland, Ohio), August 8, 1896: 1. 1858:New England Woman's Press Association 1412:Women's Joint Congressional Committee 1372:National Society of New England Women 1357:National Association of Colored Women 1237: 1171: 1165: 1066:Mahammitt, Ella L. "Woman's Column." 804: 766:35th, 1970, Atlantic City, New Jersey 736:25th, 1950, Atlantic City, New Jersey 209: 54:National Association of Colored Women 1790:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs 1322:Daughters of the American Revolution 775:38th, 1976, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 248: 135:Two of NACWC's leading members were 36:, United States, by a merger of the 1827:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association 1422:Young Women's Christian Association 1392:United Daughters of the Confederacy 1337:General Federation of Women's Clubs 1317:Daughters of the American Colonists 1102:Readex: African American Newspapers 1072:Readex: African American Newspapers 1005:Readex: African American Newspapers 760:33rd, 1966, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 739:26th, 1952, Los Angeles, California 727:22nd, 1941, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 450: 356:Chairman of the Executive Committee 243: 13: 2530:Women's clubs in the United States 2249:Texas Association of Women's Clubs 2244:Daughters of the Republic of Texas 1822:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore 1402:Women's Christian Temperance Union 1126: 878: 851:Texas Association of Women's Clubs 86:Sixteenth Street Historic District 48:of Washington, DC, at the call of 14: 2551: 2269:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association 2264:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs 1407:Women's National Republican Club 1206: 951:"The Black Women's Club Movement" 724:21st, 1939, Boston, Massachusetts 712:17th, 1930, Hot Springs, Arkansas 2259:Texas Equal Suffrage Association 2061:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn) 1362:National Council of Jewish Women 1218:AfricanAmericans.com information 769:36th, 1972, San Jose, California 110:National League of Colored Women 98:Nineteenth Street Baptist Church 1706:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club 1387:United States Daughters of 1812 1146: 1120: 1107: 1090: 1077: 1060: 784:41st, 1982, Anchorage, Arkansas 778:39th, 1978, Seattle, Washington 733:24th, 1948, Seattle, Washington 706:15th, 1926, Oakland, California 691:10th, 1916, Baltimore, Maryland 682:7th, 1910, Louisville, Kentucky 591:Irene M. Gaines, 15th President 420:Committee to Draft Constitution 154:Founders of the NACWC included 2254:Texas Equal Rights Association 1438:Alabama's Colored Women's Club 1047: 1025: 1022:, W.W. Norton & Co., 1999. 1010: 993: 968: 943: 933: 917: 898: 751:30th, 1960, New York, New York 700:13th, 1922, Richmond, Virginia 673:4th, 1904, St. Louis, Missouri 651: 1: 891: 787:42nd, 1984, Norfolk, Virginia 781:40th, 1980, Washington, D. C. 763:34th, 1968, Chicago, Illinois 754:31st, 1962, Washington, D. C. 748:29th, 1958, Detroit, Michigan 742:27th, 1954, Washington, D. C. 730:23rd, 1946, Washington, D. C. 721:20th, 1937, Fort Worth, Texas 715:18th, 1933, Chicago, Illinois 709:16th, 1928, Washington, D. C. 703:14th, 1924, Chicago, Illinois 697:12th, 1920, Tuskegee, Alabama 679:6th, 1908, Brooklyn, New York 518:) – 5th President (1912–1916) 481: 376:- Mrs. Booker T. Washington, 130: 2066:Newswomen's Club of New York 1541:Hollywood Women's Press Club 1347:Ladies' Memorial Association 1033:"Margaret Murray Washington" 799:51st, 1992, Portland, Oregon 793:49th, 1988, Orlando, Florida 772:37th, 1974, Atlanta, Georgia 757:32nd, 1964, Denver, Colorado 694:11th, 1918, Denver, Colorado 688:9th, 1914, Wilberforce, Ohio 685:8th, 1912, Hampton, Virginia 676:5th, 1906, Detroit, Michigan 670:3rd, 1901, Buffalo, New York 661:, 1897, Nashville, Tennessee 605:– 17th President (1964–1968) 599:– 16th President (1958–1964) 583:– 15th President (1952–1958) 577:– 14th President (1948–1952) 571:– 13th President (1946–1948) 564:– 12th President (1941–1945) 557:– 11th President (1937–1941) 550:– 10th President (1933–1937) 316:- Mrs. Jennie Chase Williams 7: 1327:Daughters of the Cincinnati 1307:Colonial Dames XVII Century 1035:. English.illinoisstate.edu 856: 796:50th, 1990, Cleveland, Ohio 718:19th, 1935, Cleveland, Ohio 543:– 9th President (1928–1933) 537:– 8th President (1924–1928) 531:– 7th President (1920–1924) 524:– 6th President (1916–1920) 508:– 4th President (1908–1912) 502:– 3rd President (1904–1908) 496:– 2nd President (1900–1904) 490:– 1st President (1896–1900) 441:Other significant attendees 291:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 215:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 137:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 50:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin 10: 2556: 2353:University Club of Seattle 2308:Daughters of Utah Pioneers 1639:Atlanta Neighborhood Union 1417:Women's Trade Union League 1382:Queen Isabella Association 1053:Davis, Elizabeth Lindsay, 910:February 23, 2015, at the 745:28th, 1956, Miami, Florida 378:Margaret Murray Washington 360:Margaret Murray Washington 185: 160:Margaret Murray Washington 149:Margaret Murray Washington 145:Missouri Press Association 71: 2535:Women in Washington, D.C. 2475: 2468: 2451: 2444: 2425: 2418: 2393: 2377: 2361: 2330: 2314: 2302: 2236: 2210: 2189: 2168: 2137: 2116: 2100: 2084: 2033: 2002: 1966: 1950: 1934: 1913: 1897: 1881: 1835: 1814: 1798: 1782: 1761: 1740: 1719: 1683: 1667: 1631: 1600: 1579: 1493: 1462: 1446: 1430: 1312:Colonial Dames of America 1279: 1272: 790:48th, 1986, Austin, Texas 667:, 1899, Chicago, Illinois 541:Mrs. Sallie Wyatt Stewart 151:, convened the meeting. 1863:New England Women's Club 1172:Boehm, Randolph (1994). 955:DeColonizing Our History 426:, Mrs. Anna Jones, Mrs. 399:Ways and Means Committee 1292:American Woman's League 928:EncyclopΓ¦dia Britannica 506:Elizabeth Carter Brooks 436:Victoria Earle Matthews 369:Victoria Earle Matthews 338:Corresponding Secretary 172:Victoria Earle Matthews 112:of Washington, DC, the 1848:College Club of Boston 1774:Woman's Club of Topeka 1701:Fortnightly of Chicago 1352:League of Women Voters 592: 548:Mary Fitzbutler Waring 494:Josephine Silone Yates 320:Seventh Vice President 300:Josephine Silone Yates 176:Josephine Silone Yates 168:Ida Bell Wells-Barnett 89: 46:Colored Women's League 21: 2480:List of women's clubs 2469:List of women's clubs 2150:Colored Women's Clubs 2046:Brooklyn Woman's Club 1873:Saturday Morning Club 1397:United Order of Tents 1377:Phillis Wheatley Club 1055:Lifting As They Climb 590: 512:Margaret James Murray 296:Fourth Vice President 278:Second Vice President 121:women's club movement 79: 19: 2223:Country Woman's Club 1696:Chicago Woman's Club 1644:Atlanta Woman's Club 1516:College Women's Club 1267:in the United States 1158:May 2, 2015, at the 1153:"Roster of Officers" 1016:Deborah Gray White, 516:Booker T. Washington 314:Sixth Vice President 305:Fifth Vice President 287:Third Vice President 273:Fanny Jackson Coppin 269:First Vice President 164:Frances E. W. Harper 1675:Daughters of Hawaii 1190:on October 23, 2016 535:Mary McLeod Bethune 488:Mary Church Terrell 329:Recording Secretary 264:Mary Church Terrell 234:Mary Church Terrell 219:Mary Church Terrell 180:Mary Church Terrell 141:Mary Church Terrell 114:Women's Loyal Union 108:of Boston, and the 44:of Boston, and the 1506:Berkeley City Club 1127:Taylor, Julius F. 805:Notable affiliates 593: 581:Irene McCoy Gaines 569:Christine S. Smith 394:Frances J. Jackson 365:National Organizer 210:Notable leadership 90: 22: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2464: 2463: 2440: 2439: 2414: 2413: 2406:Women's City Club 2218:19th Century Club 2176:Cosmopolitan Club 2076:Women's City Club 2056:Cosmopolitan Club 1958:20th Century Club 1561:Metropolitan Club 1098:Cleveland Gazette 999:"A Timely Call." 390:Ida Wells-Barnett 309:Sylvanie Williams 249:Inaugural meeting 2547: 2473: 2472: 2449: 2448: 2423: 2422: 1868:Woman's Era Club 1277: 1276: 1258: 1251: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1178: 1169: 1163: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1124: 1118: 1111: 1105: 1094: 1088: 1083:Raymond Gavins. 1081: 1075: 1064: 1058: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1029: 1023: 1014: 1008: 997: 991: 990: 988: 986: 972: 966: 965: 963: 961: 947: 941: 937: 931: 921: 915: 902: 597:Dr Rosa L. Gragg 562:Ada Belle Dement 451:NACWC objectives 333:Alice Ruth Moore 244:Officers elected 204:Great Depression 118:African-American 106:Woman's Era Club 94:Washington, D.C. 82:Washington, D.C. 42:Woman's Era Club 34:Washington, D.C. 2555: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2484: 2460: 2436: 2431:The Woman's Era 2410: 2394:Washington D.C. 2389: 2373: 2357: 2326: 2310: 2298: 2284:Houston Heights 2232: 2206: 2185: 2164: 2133: 2112: 2096: 2080: 2029: 1998: 1994:Upper Montclair 1962: 1946: 1930: 1909: 1893: 1877: 1831: 1810: 1794: 1778: 1757: 1736: 1715: 1711:Three Arts Club 1679: 1663: 1627: 1618:Fort Lauderdale 1596: 1575: 1556:LA Nurses' Club 1489: 1458: 1442: 1426: 1268: 1262: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1160:Wayback Machine 1151: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1125: 1121: 1112: 1108: 1095: 1091: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1015: 1011: 998: 994: 984: 982: 974: 973: 969: 959: 957: 949: 948: 944: 938: 934: 922: 918: 912:Wayback Machine 903: 899: 894: 881: 879:Further reading 859: 807: 802: 654: 575:Ella P. Stewart 555:Jennie B. Moton 529:Hallie Q. Brown 522:Mary B. Talbert 484: 453: 374:Editorial Staff 351:Helen Appo Cook 342:A. V. Thompkins 282:F. E. W. Harper 251: 246: 212: 188: 133: 74: 12: 11: 5: 2553: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2426: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2193: 2191: 2190:South Carolina 2187: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2085:North Carolina 2082: 2081: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1571:Wilfandel Club 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1536:Francisca Club 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1238: 1232: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1208: 1207:External links 1205: 1202: 1201: 1164: 1145: 1129:"The Broad Ax" 1119: 1115:Washington Bee 1106: 1089: 1076: 1059: 1046: 1024: 1009: 992: 967: 942: 932: 916: 896: 895: 893: 890: 889: 888: 885: 880: 877: 876: 875: 870: 868:Black feminism 865: 858: 855: 854: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 806: 803: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 662: 655: 653: 650: 649: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603:Mamie B. Reese 600: 585: 584: 578: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 538: 532: 525: 519: 509: 503: 497: 491: 483: 480: 479: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 457: 452: 449: 448: 447: 438: 432:Rosa D. Bowser 428:C. L. Franklin 417: 415:Julia F. Jones 411:Ella Mahammitt 403:J. Napier Kemp 396: 386:Rosa D. Bowser 371: 362: 353: 344: 335: 326: 317: 311: 302: 293: 284: 275: 266: 256: 255: 250: 247: 245: 242: 211: 208: 187: 184: 156:Harriet Tubman 132: 129: 84:, part of the 73: 70: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2552: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2520:Dupont Circle 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2401:Sulgrave Club 2399: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2229: 2228:Ossoli Circle 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1836:Massachusetts 1834: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1526:Ebell Society 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Beverly Hills 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Junior League 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1265:Women's clubs 1259: 1254: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1213:NACWC website 1211: 1210: 1186: 1182: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1149: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1116: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1056: 1050: 1034: 1028: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1006: 1002: 996: 981: 977: 971: 956: 952: 946: 936: 929: 925: 920: 913: 909: 906: 901: 897: 886: 883: 882: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 656: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 594: 589: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 566: 563: 559: 556: 552: 549: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 526: 523: 520: 517: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 454: 446: 445:John H. Smyth 442: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 372: 370: 366: 363: 361: 357: 354: 352: 348: 345: 343: 339: 336: 334: 330: 327: 325: 321: 318: 315: 312: 310: 306: 303: 301: 297: 294: 292: 288: 285: 283: 279: 276: 274: 270: 267: 265: 261: 258: 257: 253: 252: 241: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 207: 205: 201: 200:Jim Crow laws 197: 192: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 128: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 87: 83: 78: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 18: 2429: 2419:Publications 2322:Mount Vernon 2181:Plastic Club 2169:Pennsylvania 1942:East Glacier 1192:. Retrieved 1185:the original 1180: 1167: 1148: 1136:. Retrieved 1132: 1122: 1114: 1113:All United. 1109: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1039:February 27, 1037:. Retrieved 1027: 1018: 1012: 1004: 1000: 995: 983:. Retrieved 979: 970: 958:. Retrieved 954: 945: 935: 927: 919: 905:"Who Are We" 900: 500:Lucy Thurman 440: 419: 398: 382:Rebecca Cole 373: 364: 355: 346: 337: 328: 324:Lucy Thurman 319: 313: 304: 295: 286: 277: 268: 259: 229: 227: 213: 193: 189: 153: 134: 91: 65: 61: 57: 53: 29: 25: 23: 2445:Conventions 2294:San Antonio 2289:Lyceum Club 2051:Colony Club 2025:Silver City 1974:Kalmia Club 1914:Mississippi 1531:Ebell of LA 1470:Casa Grande 985:November 3, 960:January 26, 652:Conventions 434:, and Mrs. 424:A. V. Jones 347:Treasurer - 238:segregation 230:Woman’s Era 2499:Categories 2331:Washington 2279:Fort Worth 2020:Las Cruces 2010:Alamogordo 2003:New Mexico 1989:Rutherford 1979:Morristown 1967:New Jersey 1905:Saint Paul 1753:Des Moines 1592:Wilmington 1494:California 1280:Nationwide 1181:LexisNexis 1068:Enterprise 892:References 482:Presidents 407:Lulu Chase 131:Foundation 2369:Wauwatosa 2362:Wisconsin 2211:Tennessee 2160:Town Club 2092:Charlotte 2015:Carrizozo 1898:Minnesota 1799:Louisiana 1732:Vincennes 1608:Bradenton 1566:San Pedro 1454:Anchorage 1194:April 28, 260:President 2343:Longview 2338:Kirkland 2315:Virginia 2117:Oklahoma 2034:New York 1984:Red Bank 1882:Michigan 1815:Maryland 1806:Era Club 1783:Kentucky 1684:Illinois 1659:Tennille 1654:Demorest 1580:Delaware 1546:La Jolla 1475:Glendale 1162:, NACWA. 1156:Archived 1138:June 18, 908:Archived 857:See also 196:lynching 125:Jim Crow 2378:Wyoming 2348:Olympia 2274:El Paso 2145:Ashland 2071:Sorosis 1935:Montana 1843:Chilton 1720:Indiana 1632:Georgia 1601:Florida 1587:Milford 1551:Lincoln 1485:Willcox 1463:Arizona 1431:Alabama 1001:Freeman 914:, NACW. 443:- Mrs. 430:, Mrs. 422:- Mrs. 413:, Miss 409:, Mrs. 405:, Miss 401:- Mrs. 392:, Mrs. 388:, Mrs. 384:, Mrs. 367:- Mrs. 358:- Mrs. 340:- Miss 331:- Mrs. 322:- Mrs. 307:- Mrs. 298:- Mrs. 289:- Mrs. 280:- Mrs. 271:- Mrs. 262:- Mrs. 186:Mission 72:History 2385:Casper 2155:Dundee 2138:Oregon 2108:Dayton 1951:Nevada 1762:Kansas 1668:Hawaii 1649:Dawson 1521:Corona 1447:Alaska 514:(Mrs. 380:, Dr. 178:, and 127:laws. 104:, the 40:, the 2237:Texas 1623:Miami 1613:Davie 1273:Clubs 1188:(PDF) 1177:(PDF) 980:NACWC 940:1995. 567:Mrs. 560:Mrs. 553:Mrs. 527:Miss 349:Mrs. 66:NACWC 30:NACWC 2303:Utah 2101:Ohio 1741:Iowa 1480:Mesa 1196:2017 1140:2015 1041:2014 987:2023 962:2017 546:Dr. 217:and 198:and 139:and 58:NACW 24:The 665:2nd 659:1st 68:). 2501:: 1179:. 1131:. 978:. 953:. 926:, 225:. 206:. 182:. 174:, 170:, 166:, 162:, 158:, 1257:e 1250:t 1243:v 1198:. 1142:. 1104:. 1074:. 1043:. 1007:. 989:. 964:. 930:. 88:. 64:( 56:( 28:(

Index


Washington, D.C.
National Federation of Afro-American Women
Woman's Era Club
Colored Women's League
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin

Washington, D.C.
Sixteenth Street Historic District
Washington, D.C.
Nineteenth Street Baptist Church
National Federation of Afro-American Women
Woman's Era Club
National League of Colored Women
Women's Loyal Union
African-American
women's club movement
Jim Crow
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
Mary Church Terrell
Missouri Press Association
Margaret Murray Washington
Harriet Tubman
Margaret Murray Washington
Frances E. W. Harper
Ida Bell Wells-Barnett
Victoria Earle Matthews
Josephine Silone Yates
Mary Church Terrell
lynching

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