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Era's club members were black, they would not accept Ruffin's credentials. Ruffin was told that she could be seated as a representative of the two white clubs but not the black one. She refused on principle and was excluded from the proceedings. These events became known as "The Ruffin
Incident" and were widely covered in newspapers around the country, most of whom supported Ruffin. Afterwards, the Woman's Era Club made an official statement "that colored women should confine themselves to their clubs and the large field of work open to them there."
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in 1900, she planned to attend as a representative of three organizations: the Woman's Era Club, the New
England Woman's Club and the New England Woman's Press Club. Southern women were in positions of power in the General Federation and, when the executive committee discovered that all of the New
628:. Two quotations from each of those women (including Ruffin) are etched on their own marble panel, and the wall behind all the panels has wallpaper made of six government documents repeated over and over, with each document being related to a cause of one or more of the women.
561:
The New Era Club was disbanded in 1903, but Ruffin remained active in the struggle for equal rights. Along with other women who had belonged to the New Era Club, she co-founded the League of Women for
Community Service, which still exists today.
407:
491:, the country's first newspaper published by and for African American women. She served as the editor and publisher from 1890 to 1897. While promoting interracial activities, the
406:. They also worked for the Sanitation Commission, which provided aid for the care of soldiers in the field. After the war ended, Ruffin turned her attention to organizing for the
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in Boston, which was attended by women from 42 black women's clubs from 14 states. The following year, the organization merged with the
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When her husband George died at the age of 52 in 1886, Ruffin used her financial security and organizational abilities to start the
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701:"The Fight to Protect Race and Regional Identity Within the General Federation of Women's Clubs, 1895-1902"
1307:
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Let Nobody Turn Us Around: voices of resistance, reform, and renewal : an
African American anthology
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Just as the NACWC was forming, Ruffin was integrating the New
England Woman's Club. When the
410:, collecting money and clothes to send to aid southern blacks resettling in Kansas, known as
151:
85:
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578:; Stanley, an inventor; George, a musician; and Robert, who died before his first birthday.
16:
American publisher, journalist, African
American civil rights leader, suffragist, and editor
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in 1868. Josephine Ruffin became its first black member when she joined in the mid-1890s.
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Freedom facts and firsts : 400 years of the
African American civil rights experience
987:"Colored Women in Conference; National Association for Their Betterment Formed in Boston"
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In 1999 a series of six tall marble panels with a bronze bust in each was added to the
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was elected president and Ruffin served as one of the organization's vice-presidents.
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Literary
Sisters: Dorothy West and Her Circle, A Biography of the Harlem Renaissance
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Literary
Sisters: Dorothy West and Her Circle, A Biography of the Harlem Renaissance
245:
in Boston. She completed her studies at the
Bowdoin School (not to be confused with
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Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement - Part 2
1298:
Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement - Part 1
937:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: A pioneer in the black women's club movement Part 1"
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734:(third ed.). Middle Village, NY: Jonathan David Company. pp. 196–197.
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Voices from within the Veil African Americans and the Experience of Democracy
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1207:"African American Women In History: Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin (1842-1924)"
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called on black women to demand increased rights for people of their race.
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433:(AWSA) in Boston. A group of these women, Howe and Stone also founded the
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625:
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310: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
256:(1834–1886), who later became the first African American graduate from
218:
104:
1091:
Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 2
585:
at her home on St. Botolph Street, Boston, in 1924, and was buried in
264:, and the first African American municipal judge. The couple moved to
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100:
874:"Josephine Ruffin, Activist, Philanthropist and Newspaper Publisher"
285:
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and founder of a Boston Zion Church. She attended public schools in
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2727:
511:, an advocacy group for black women, with the help of her daughter
108:
32:
1287:
Josephine Ruffin, activist, philanthropist and newspaper publisher
1178:
Alexander, William H.; Cassandra L. Newby-Alexander, eds. (2008).
268:
but returned to Boston soon afterwards and bought a house in the
179:; August 31, 1842 – March 13, 1924) was a publisher, journalist,
897:
The 19th Amendment and Women's Access to the Vote Across America
1157:
570:
Ruffin and her husband had five children: Hubert, an attorney;
226:
210:
57:
849:"American Woman Suffrage Association | American organization"
670:. Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. Archived from
1204:
1120:
National Women's Hall of Fame, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
503:
In 1891, Ruffin served as the first president of Boston's
465:(NAACP). She was one of the charter members of the NAACP.
463:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
532:
First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
217:, to John St. Pierre, of French and African descent from
1007:
Mitchell, Verner D.; Davis, Cynthia (October 18, 2011).
1225:
382:
Working with her husband, Ruffin became active in the
962:. Vol. 2. New York: Gale Research. p. 240.
197:, the first national newspaper published by and for
1252:
1230:(2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
1130:
1128:
1088:
699:
440:Ruffin founded the first black woman's newspaper,
3389:
1040:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 108.
784:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 85, 89–90.
1226:Mullings, Leith; Manning Marable, eds. (2009).
1182:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub.
1125:
954:Sierra, Susan J.; Jones, Adrienne Lash (1996).
666:State House Women's Leadership Project (2008).
1037:The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925
985:
249:), after segregation in Boston schools ended.
1323:
1006:
777:
540:National Association of Colored Women's Clubs
1257:( ed.). Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press.
1253:Smith, Jessie Carney; Linda T. Wynn (2009).
1013:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 74–75.
891:Prescott, Heather Munro (January 28, 2020).
260:, the first African American elected to the
204:
3528:19th-century African-American women writers
3513:20th-century African-American women writers
3438:African Americans in the American Civil War
3433:Activists for African-American civil rights
953:
921:(Detroit, Michigan), February 13, 1891: 4.
1330:
1316:
773:
771:
524:National Federation of Afro-American Women
241:because of her parents' objections to the
31:
778:Mitchell, Verner; Davis, Cynthia (2011).
370:Learn how and when to remove this message
136:
1000:
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979:
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474:
3488:American people of Martiniquais descent
3418:19th-century American women journalists
768:
721:
719:
693:
691:
689:
574:, a school principal and co-founder of
221:, and Elizabeth Matilda Menhenick from
3390:
765:, Black Past, accessed April 14, 2012.
597:In 1995, Ruffin was inducted into the
3523:19th-century African-American writers
3508:20th-century African-American writers
3503:American women civil rights activists
3208:
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2385:
1710:
1541:
1350:
1311:
1205:Indiana Commission for Women (2003).
1086:
1033:
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935:Neal, Anthony W. (February 3, 2016).
928:
725:
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661:
659:
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456:New England Woman's Press Association
173:
3423:African-American publishers (people)
1095:. Harvard University Press. p.
934:
716:
686:
408:Kansas Freedmen's Relief Association
308:adding citations to reliable sources
279:
3518:20th-century American women writers
1062:"A Corner of Interest to the Women"
923:Readex: African American Newspapers
755:
712:(4): 479–513 – via EBSCOhost.
551:General Federation of Women's Clubs
431:American Woman Suffrage Association
13:
3483:African-American history in Boston
3478:African-American women journalists
3443:American people of Cornish descent
1209:. State of Indiana. Archived from
1171:
947:
866:
648:
468:
14:
3549:
3538:19th-century American journalists
3448:American women's rights activists
1490:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1293:African American Women in History
1280:
958:. In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.).
3468:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
1289:at the African American Registry
698:Smith, Mary Jane (Winter 2010).
565:
507:. In 1894, Ruffin organized the
461:In 1910, Ruffin helped form the
284:
3458:Women in the American Civil War
2560:Harriet Williams Russell Strong
1150:
1113:
1080:
1054:
1034:Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (1978).
1027:
911:
893:"Woman Suffrage in New England"
884:
295:needs additional citations for
132:
3473:Suffragists from Massachusetts
3408:African-American abolitionists
2239:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose
841:
823:
798:
522:In 1895, Ruffin organized the
225:. Her father was a successful
135: 1858; died
1:
3533:19th-century American writers
3209:
2881:
2386:
1711:
1542:
1351:
1340:National Women's Hall of Fame
1162:Boston Women's Heritage Trail
831:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin"
806:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin"
728:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin"
668:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin"
642:
637:Boston Women's Heritage Trail
599:National Women's Hall of Fame
519:, a Boston school principal.
454:, and became a member of the
319:"Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin"
252:At 16 years old, she married
3498:People from West End, Boston
3493:African-American suffragists
3428:American publishers (people)
3413:African-American journalists
2586:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
960:Notable Black American Women
899:. U.S. National Park Service
835:Notable Black American Women
732:Great African-American Women
706:Georgia Historical Quarterly
498:
404:55th Massachusetts regiments
7:
2769:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright
2173:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
1076:– via Newspapers.com.
608:; the busts are of Ruffin,
275:
170:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
163:Elizabeth Matilda Menhenick
76:Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
25:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin
10:
3554:
2325:Katharine Dexter McCormick
1623:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones
1068:. June 8, 1902. p. 17
837:. Detroit, MI: Gale. 1992.
421:and, in 1869, joined with
237:, and a private school in
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2183:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
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1087:James, Edward T. (1971).
878:African American Registry
606:Massachusetts State House
592:
446:. She also wrote for the
205:Early years and education
157:
146:
114:
96:
81:
65:
39:
30:
23:
2414:Marjory Stoneman Douglas
2224:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay
1997:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
435:New England Women's Club
90:Cambridge, Massachusetts
2904:Dorothy Harrison Eustis
2794:Catherine Filene Shouse
2647:Patricia Roberts Harris
2285:Mary Steichen Calderone
2153:Lillian Moller Gilbreth
2022:Frances Wisebart Jacobs
1826:Martha Wright Griffiths
853:Encyclopedia Britannica
3463:19th century in Boston
2850:Rebecca Talbot Perkins
2345:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
2209:Frances Xavier Cabrini
2123:Elizabeth Hanford Dole
1901:Ellen Swallow Richards
1871:Constance Baker Motley
1521:Elizabeth Bayley Seton
1454:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
1136:"HEAR US Virtual Tour"
726:Lyman, Darryl (2005).
614:Mary Kenney O'Sullivan
536:Colored Women's League
484:
390:, they helped recruit
3364:Anna Wessels Williams
3051:Carlotta Walls LaNier
2784:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross
2642:Martha Matilda Harper
2606:Mary Engle Pennington
2444:Frances Oldham Kelsey
2229:Anne Morrow Lindbergh
1982:Jane Cunningham Croly
1911:Katherine Siva Saubel
1806:Marian Wright Edelman
1729:Margaret Bourke-White
1654:Harriet Beecher Stowe
810:bostonlitdistrict.org
763:"George Lewis Ruffin"
587:Mount Auburn Cemetery
478:
384:abolitionist movement
152:Florida Ruffin Ridley
86:Mount Auburn Cemetery
60:, Massachusetts, U.S.
3061:Mary Harriman Rumsey
2899:St. Katharine Drexel
2743:Mary Burnett Talbert
2738:Blanche Stuart Scott
2723:Mother Marianne Cope
2703:Ruth Fulton Benedict
2662:Mildred Robbins Leet
2360:Angelina Grimké Weld
2234:Maria Goeppert Mayer
2204:Charlotte Anne Bunch
1781:Antoinette Blackwell
1760:Gertrude Belle Elion
1690:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
1459:Helen Brooke Taussig
1449:Margaret Chase Smith
941:The Bay State Banner
304:improve this article
191:, and editor of the
44:Josephine St. Pierre
3453:Writers from Boston
3278:Rebecca S. Halstead
3252:Mary Church Terrell
2939:Barbara A. Mikulski
2667:Patsy Takemoto Mink
2652:Stephanie L. Kwolek
2591:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2565:Emily Howell Warner
2510:Dorothy H. Andersen
2484:Annie Dodge Wauneka
2479:Mary Edwards Walker
2404:Faye Glenn Abdellah
2335:Edith Nourse Rogers
2315:Shirley Ann Jackson
2290:Mary Ann Shadd Cary
2168:Sandra Day O'Connor
2148:Matilda Joslyn Gage
1744:Florence B. Seibert
1581:Carrie Chapman Catt
1511:Juliette Gordon Low
1394:Elizabeth Blackwell
1389:Mary McLeod Bethune
1213:on February 9, 2005
956:"Eliza Ann Gardner"
622:Sarah Parker Remond
544:Mary Church Terrell
530:. She convened the
398:, specifically the
262:Boston City Council
254:George Lewis Ruffin
209:Ruffin was born in
121:George Lewis Ruffin
3237:Barbara Rose Johns
3188:Flossie Wong-Staal
3163:Nicole Malachowski
3092:Lorraine Hansberry
3036:Marcia Greenberger
2990:Mary Joseph Rogers
2929:Coretta Scott King
2914:Abby Kelley Foster
2830:Susan Kelly-Dreiss
2718:Rita Rossi Colwell
2494:Frances E. Willard
2330:Rozanne L. Ridgway
2280:Lydia Moss Bradley
2265:Madeleine Albright
2158:Nannerl O. Keohane
2128:Anne Dallas Dudley
2057:Betty Bone Schiess
2027:Susette La Flesche
2012:Zora Neale Hurston
2007:Helen LaKelly Hunt
1931:Madam C. J. Walker
1846:Mary Putnam Jacobi
1796:Jacqueline Cochran
1776:Ethel Percy Andrus
1644:Barbara McClintock
1066:The Decatur Herald
994:The New York Times
761:Stephanie Knight,
485:
448:black weekly paper
388:American Civil War
258:Harvard Law School
243:segregated schools
3385:
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3339:Kimberlé Crenshaw
3334:Elouise P. Cobell
3298:Katherine Johnson
3268:Octavia E. Butler
3200:
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3107:Clare Boothe Luce
2919:Helen Murray Free
2872:
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2733:Patricia A. Locke
2698:Florence E. Allen
2682:Sheila E. Widnall
2627:Linda G. Alvarado
2611:Mercy Otis Warren
2570:Victoria Woodhull
2555:Barbara Holdridge
2550:Beatrice A. Hicks
2525:Lydia Maria Child
2439:Leontine T. Kelly
2377:
2376:
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2199:Louisa May Alcott
2113:Mary Breckinridge
1992:Geraldine Ferraro
1977:Annie Jump Cannon
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1439:Eleanor Roosevelt
1338:Inductees to the
1138:. Mass Humanities
1020:978-0-8135-5213-2
635:is a site on the
417:Ruffin supported
380:
379:
372:
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223:Cornwall, England
167:
166:
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3173:Louise Slaughter
3097:Victoria Jackson
3056:Philippa Marrack
3041:Barbara Iglewski
2949:Kathrine Switzer
2944:Donna E. Shalala
2889:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2835:Allie B. Latimer
2815:Louise Bourgeois
2789:Judith L. Pipher
2596:Katharine Graham
2540:Marian de Forest
2459:Anna Howard Shaw
2409:Emma Smith DeVoe
2394:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2295:Joan Ganz Cooney
2219:Oveta Culp Hobby
2214:Mary A. Hallaren
2077:Sarah Winnemucca
1946:Gloria Yerkovich
1941:Rosalyn S. Yalow
1896:Jeannette Rankin
1876:Georgia O'Keeffe
1831:Fannie Lou Hamer
1791:Shirley Chisholm
1739:Billie Jean King
1719:
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1708:
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1670:Gwendolyn Brooks
1550:
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1379:Susan B. Anthony
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1031:
1025:
1024:
1004:
998:
997:
996:. July 29, 1895.
991:
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906:
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796:
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759:
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750:
748:
723:
714:
713:
703:
695:
684:
683:
681:
679:
663:
610:Florence Luscomb
509:Woman's Era Club
505:Co-Worker's Club
483:, September 1894
419:women's suffrage
375:
368:
364:
361:
355:
353:
312:
288:
280:
199:African American
178:
177: St. Pierre
140:
138:
134:
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3373:
3369:Serena Williams
3312:
3256:
3242:Henrietta Lacks
3232:Barbara Hillary
3227:Aretha Franklin
3211:
3192:
3178:Sonia Sotomayor
3131:
3070:
3021:Tenley Albright
3009:
2995:Bernice Sandler
2953:
2934:Lilly Ledbetter
2909:Loretta C. Ford
2883:
2864:
2803:
2799:Henrietta Szold
2759:Eleanor K. Baum
2747:
2713:Hillary Clinton
2686:
2637:Gertrude Ederle
2632:Donna de Varona
2615:
2574:
2520:Rosalynn Carter
2498:
2474:Wilma L. Vaught
2429:Crystal Eastman
2424:Sylvia A. Earle
2388:
2369:
2365:Chien-Shiung Wu
2340:Felice Schwartz
2310:Julia Ward Howe
2253:
2244:Maria Tallchief
2187:
2143:Margaret Fuller
2138:Ella Fitzgerald
2133:Mary Baker Eddy
2086:
2042:Antonia Novello
2017:Anne Hutchinson
1950:
1891:Esther Peterson
1866:Wilma Mankiller
1786:Emily Blackwell
1764:
1748:
1713:
1694:
1658:
1632:
1611:
1590:
1586:Frances Perkins
1569:
1565:Sojourner Truth
1560:Margaret Sanger
1544:
1525:
1494:
1468:
1414:Emily Dickinson
1374:Marian Anderson
1353:
1342:
1336:
1283:
1265:
1238:
1216:
1214:
1190:
1174:
1172:Further reading
1169:
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1107:
1085:
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989:
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952:
948:
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744:
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717:
696:
687:
677:
675:
664:
649:
645:
595:
568:
528:Julia O. Henson
501:
481:The Woman's Era
473:
470:The Woman's Era
443:The Woman's Era
423:Julia Ward Howe
376:
365:
359:
356:
313:
311:
301:
289:
278:
247:Bowdoin College
207:
162:
161:John St. Pierre
142:
130:
126:
123:
77:
74:
70:
61:
55:
54:August 31, 1842
49:
47:
46:
45:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
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3372:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Judith Plaskow
3346:
3344:Peggy McIntosh
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3308:Michelle Obama
3305:
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3198:
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3185:
3183:Laurie Spiegel
3180:
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3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Sherry Lansing
3099:
3094:
3089:
3087:Temple Grandin
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Jean Kilbourne
3043:
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3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
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2982:
2977:
2972:
2970:Ina May Gaskin
2967:
2961:
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2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Billie Holiday
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2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Dorothea Lange
2654:
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2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Bessie Coleman
2527:
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2500:
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2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2118:Eileen Collins
2115:
2110:
2108:Amelia Bloomer
2105:
2100:
2098:Virginia Apgar
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2067:Nettie Stevens
2064:
2062:Muriel Siebert
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Linda Richards
2044:
2039:
2037:Maria Mitchell
2034:
2032:Louise McManus
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Catherine East
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:Faye Wattleton
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Helen Stephens
1918:
1916:Gloria Steinem
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Dolores Huerta
1838:
1836:Dorothy Height
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1762:
1756:
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1736:
1734:Barbara Jordan
1731:
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1604:
1602:Belva Lockwood
1598:
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1500:
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1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1464:Harriet Tubman
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:Florence Sabin
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1424:Alice Hamilton
1421:
1419:Amelia Earhart
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
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1386:
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1376:
1371:
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1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1281:External links
1279:
1278:
1277:
1263:
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1236:
1223:
1202:
1188:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
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927:
910:
883:
865:
840:
822:
797:
790:
767:
754:
740:
715:
685:
674:on May 9, 2008
646:
644:
641:
633:Charles Street
594:
591:
572:Florida Ridley
567:
564:
513:Florida Ridley
500:
497:
479:Front page of
472:
467:
392:black soldiers
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79:
78:
75:
73:(aged 81)
69:March 13, 1924
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56:
43:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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3327:
3325:
3324:Patricia Bath
3322:
3321:
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3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Emily Howland
3291:
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3276:
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3259:
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3250:
3248:
3247:Toni Morrison
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3143:Gloria Allred
3141:
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3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Aimee Mullins
3110:
3108:
3105:
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3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:Matilda Cuomo
3080:
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3073:
3067:
3066:Eleanor Smeal
3064:
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3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
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3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Martha Graham
3029:
3027:
3026:Nancy Brinker
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Anna Schwartz
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2860:Kate Stoneman
2858:
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2855:Susan Solomon
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2779:Winona LaDuke
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2709:
2708:Betty Bumpers
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2693:
2689:
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2680:
2678:
2677:Anne Sullivan
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2545:Althea Gibson
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2355:Florence Wald
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2350:Beverly Sills
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2320:Shannon Lucid
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2178:Pat Schroeder
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2072:Oprah Winfrey
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150:5, including
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97:Occupation(s)
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3354:Loretta Ross
3329:Ruby Bridges
3273:Judy Chicago
3168:Rose O'Neill
3148:Angela Davis
3127:Alice Waters
3122:Janet Rowley
3117:Carol Mutter
3005:Emma Willard
2985:Nancy Pelosi
2980:Kate Millett
2845:Ruth Patrick
2840:Emma Lazarus
2825:Karen DeCrow
2820:Mildred Cohn
2515:Lucille Ball
2489:Eudora Welty
2464:Sophia Smith
2449:Kate Mullany
2305:Sarah Grimké
2270:Maya Angelou
2172:
2103:Ann Bancroft
2082:Fanny Wright
2002:Grace Hopper
1926:Lillian Wald
1881:Annie Oakley
1861:Mary Mahoney
1685:Mary Risteau
1675:Willa Cather
1628:Bessie Smith
1506:Dorothea Dix
1434:Helen Keller
1409:Mary Cassatt
1384:Clara Barton
1254:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1179:
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1115:
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745:. Retrieved
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676:. Retrieved
672:the original
631:Her home on
630:
618:Dorothea Dix
603:
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581:She died of
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538:to form the
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441:
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429:to form the
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340:
333:
326:
314:
302:Please help
297:verification
294:
251:
208:
192:
189:abolitionist
181:civil rights
169:
168:
82:Burial place
71:(1924-03-13)
18:
3403:1924 deaths
3398:1842 births
3359:Sandy Stone
3303:Indra Nooyi
2975:Julie Krone
2774:Swanee Hunt
2764:Julia Child
2728:Maya Y. Lin
2601:Bertha Holt
2535:Dorothy Day
2469:Ida Tarbell
2434:Jeanne Holm
2163:Maggie Kuhn
1962:Bella Abzug
1851:Mae Jemison
1821:Ella Grasso
1811:Alice Evans
1801:Ruth Colvin
1429:Helen Hayes
1369:Jane Addams
1142:February 9,
1072:February 4,
919:Plaindealer
576:Woman's Era
493:Woman's Era
489:Woman's Era
452:The Courant
231:Charlestown
194:Woman's Era
3392:Categories
3158:Jane Fonda
3153:Sarah Deer
2965:Betty Ford
2454:Janet Reno
2300:Gerty Cori
2275:Nellie Bly
1967:Ella Baker
1886:Rosa Parks
1680:Sally Ride
1649:Lucy Stone
1516:Alice Paul
1047:0195206398
858:October 4,
815:August 20,
643:References
626:Lucy Stone
427:Lucy Stone
412:Exodusters
396:Union Army
330:newspapers
219:Martinique
185:suffragist
105:journalist
50:1842-08-31
3288:Joy Harjo
3210:2020–2029
2882:2010–2019
2672:Sacagawea
2419:Mary Dyer
2387:2000–2009
1856:Mary Lyon
1712:1990–1999
1543:1980–1989
1352:1970–1979
1273:827887714
1246:309835428
1198:667003527
583:nephritis
555:Milwaukee
542:(NACWC).
499:Club work
360:July 2023
266:Liverpool
158:Parent(s)
101:Publisher
3283:Mia Hamm
903:July 22,
394:for the
276:Activism
270:West End
227:clothier
183:leader,
147:Children
109:activist
553:met in
344:scholar
201:women.
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593:Legacy
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211:Boston
115:Spouse
92:, U.S.
58:Boston
990:(PDF)
526:with
351:JSTOR
337:books
235:Salem
139:)
131:(
127:
3317:2024
3261:2022
3220:2020
3136:2019
3075:2017
3014:2015
2958:2013
2892:2011
2808:2009
2752:2007
2691:2005
2620:2003
2579:2002
2503:2001
2397:2000
2258:1998
2192:1996
2091:1995
1955:1994
1769:1993
1753:1991
1722:1990
1663:1988
1637:1986
1616:1984
1595:1983
1574:1982
1553:1981
1499:1979
1473:1976
1362:1973
1269:OCLC
1259:ISBN
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1219:2008
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
1144:2018
1101:ISBN
1074:2018
1042:ISBN
1015:ISBN
964:ISBN
917:"."
905:2019
860:2018
817:2020
786:ISBN
749:2008
736:ISBN
680:2008
515:and
425:and
402:and
400:54th
323:news
233:and
137:1886
66:Died
40:Born
1097:207
306:by
175:née
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