108:. His concept, that "the Archivist is not and ought not be an Historian" and that the archivist "is the servant of his Archives first and afterwards of the student Public" reflect the idea that archivists should primarily serve as objective custodians of records. This contrasted with the prior practice of archives serving to embellish the histories of politicians and other wealthy patrons. The retention of records in a national archive would then become a universal bureaucratic norm rather than the retention of a select few records for a predetermined purpose. Jenkinson also specified that rather than holding source documents piecemeal, that the integrity of an organic
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56:
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59:"Although the most basic and essential task of a national archives is to serve the interests of the government itself, and to preserve and make available evidence protecting the rights of citizens, it has other responsibilities of far-reaching importance. Foremost among these is its role as a source of enlightenment an improvement for all segments of society."
430:'s passport office had been in existence as early as the 1820s. There was no serious interest in establishing a national "hall of records" until the late 19th Century and despite some 43 fires in various federal buildings between 1880 and 1915, legislation to create such an archive could not pass Congress. Since its founding in 1884, the
274:
although very old records had been kept in Latin
American archives, the archives themselves were mismanaged and the climate damaged many documents. The retention of records by so many government agencies as well as provincial offices has resulted, in Hill's words, that "in no country is the national archive really national in scope."
104:
that the "historicization of state archives can make explicit how archives create national narratives and, more importantly, national characters, prioritizing and privileging specific stories and peoples." The concept of the archivist as a custodian of records originated in the late 19th century and was championed by
103:
The 19th-century centralization of archives, precursor to the 20th century's nationalism, has been opposed by some. Historian Craig
Robertson posits that "archives do not neutrally store documents; rather, objects captured through archival practices are transformed into knowledge." He goes on to say
242:
were charged with maintaining records as a factor of accountability to the public. Jenkinson, a luminary of
British archival practice, specifically criticized the French and Belgian accessions of isolated private documents into national archives, saying "we cannot think that a stray paper from some
273:
while the message itself would be sent to the New World and then archived by the respective viceroy in the
Americas. The colonial offices would likewise keep a copy of their outgoing message locally while sending the original note to the home office in Europe. Roscoe R. Hill opined in 1945 that
222:
as well as private records from the clergy were collected for historical value as those parties were deemed irrelevant to French society. Separately, as of
September 9, 1790, the new regime collected contemporaneous documents as "the depository of all acts that establish the constitution of the
262:
The various national archives of Latin
American countries were founded in the 19th and 20th centuries. Much of those archives benefited from the Spanish and Portuguese colonial practice of keeping a record on hand of outgoing correspondence. Copies of orders from the monarchy were kept in the
421:
investigated the state of government records in 1810, finding the records on hand were "in a state of great disorder and exposure; and in a situation neither safe nor convenient nor honorable to the nation." The committee recommended fireproofing and safe storage only four years before the
243:
dispersed family collection... is a fit inmate for a
National Archive Establishment." He characterized the combination like a melange of the Manuscripts Commission and the Public Record Office, a merger which would happen in the UK some 90 years later.
91:
formed the core of
Western-conceived archives. As the popularity of archives increased as a function of substantiating historical narratives, national archives were purposed towards telling their respective nation's story. For example, the
438:, the AHA's goal in the establishment of a national archives was the collection of germane documents to substantiate conceptions of national history. After a series of further delays, the National Archives Act of 1934 was passed by the
1616:
2071:
446:(started in 1931) was nearing completion. The National Archives and Records Administration has been advertised as an agency of narrative; the archives' façade claims "The Glory and Romance of Our History are Here Preserved."
237:
became the center of historical study. The changing view of the 19th
Century began merging the two concepts of the "historically important" records and the "bureaucratic transactional" records. Archivists trained at the
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were not originally collected to write a national history they have been reinterpreted to explain cultural conflicts in an era of empire-building. Anecdotes from former Soviet
Republics such as
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2011:
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and brought archives into the limelight of serious historical study. In the late 18th century, the storage of old records was divided. Business records in the
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specified the arbitrary date of 1715, for records too old to be discarded thereby describing contemporaneous constructions of historical importance. The
71:
archives generated by royal and clerical institutions retained proofs of political and genealogical claims as a "bastion of authenticity." The emerging
166:(then called the Public Archives) was not created until 1912. The national library was created in 1952 and became a component of the archives with the
1015:
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said the "conservation of the archives of a country assures without doubt for history the most accurate materials and documents relating to it."
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Report of the Committee, appointed to inquire into the State of the Ancient Public Records and Archives of the United States, March 27th, 1810
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in 2004. Regardless of the relative newness of the archive, Canadians reacted to the 1945 disappearance of papers from the archives about
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371:, established under its present name in 1999, but with roots dating back to the 13th century. Similarly archives relating exclusively to
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dating back to 1163. Without the funding to archive this mass of records, many were destroyed in the early 19th century. The English
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evince this mentality of politicization of national archives; that the archives may contain dangerous truth the regime must contain.
146:, the new nation had few records to archive since most colonial records had been taken back to Europe. The first Dominion Archivist,
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indicated that the archives were already seen as both a matter of government accountability and as an element of national identity.
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376:
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as created excluded contemporary records in favor of documenting defunct institutions as a matter of national heritage. Historian
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413:, the first organized collection of American records created in 1791. The value of United States state archives centered on the
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434:(AHA) voiced concern over the lack of a national archive, especially in light of continued losses of records. Led by
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on the interpretation of much older archival material for the purposes of legitimating the nation in view of shared
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426:. Although the reconstruction after the fire did not include the creation of a national archive, an archive at the
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383:, but some important series of records relating exclusively to the government of Wales (for example, those of the
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162:'s 'organic whole' concept. The mandate of the archive shifted from pure documentation toward social memory.
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Political impact on the administration of archives has been common in both dictatorships and democracies.
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said in 2005 that archive employees are "the designated custodians of America's national memory."
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was not created until 1934, it was preceded by numerous private and state archives, including the
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a new public record). Thus the National Archives served to house practical documents from the
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based on the impact of nationalism upon bureaucratic processes of paperwork retention.
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352:(successor to Her Majesty's Stationery Office) was merged into the archives in 2006.
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concept of studying history as a science rather than as literature was influenced by
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of their records while driven by the local narratives of their benefactors. The
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has said that national archives are the "primary site of state monumentality."
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The Dominion Archives were created in 1872. Having been created so soon after
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1242:"The Role of Archives and Records Management in National Information Systems"
341:
291:
171:
135:
772:
Archives and the Public Good: Accountability and Records in Modern Society
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The National Archives were formed in 2003, as a merger of the much older
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64:
1158:. Joint Committee on Latin American Studies. Harvard University Press.
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681:
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333:
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1110:
Processing the Past: Contesting Authority in History and the Archives
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44:
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of a country. The concept evolved in various nations at the dawn of
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356:
790:
656:
154:, practiced the 'total archives' concept collecting all manner of
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379:, established in 1923. There is no national archives as such for
40:
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1182:. Economic and Social History of the World War. Clarendon Press.
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Records of a Nation: Their Management, Preservation, and Use
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Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and the Writing of History
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has been purposed to making records available to the people.
130:"Canadian Archives are the foundation of Canadian Studies."
736:"The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries As Heritage"
677:"The Collective Memory: Archives and Libraries As Heritage"
547:
545:
240:
French National School of Paleography and Archival Studies
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478:
Daston, Lorraine (2012). "The Sciences of the Archive".
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1107:Blouin, Francis X.; Rosenberg, William G. (2011).
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769:Cox, Richard J.; Wallace, David A., eds. (2002).
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332:Archives and the tax accounting records of the
387:) have been transferred to the custody of the
355:In addition, archives relating exclusively to
223:kingdom, the rights of its public, its laws" (
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401:National Archives and Records Administration
363:and since 1707 as a constituent part of the
298:. Although the imperial records donated by
208:was created informally on July 29, 1789 by
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328:. The records of England originate in the
87:while documents of cultural import in the
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178:-loss. Public response to reportage from
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377:Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
290:, reflect the 20th-century influence of
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54:
14:
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1222:. New York: Neal-Schurman Publishers.
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1155:The National Archives of Latin America
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407:U.S. National Archives Establishment
118:
94:National Historical Archive of Spain
1323:List of national archives worldwide
350:Office of Public Sector Information
174:as if it were a disturbing case of
24:
1220:Archives: Principles and Practices
1179:A Manual of Archive Administration
168:Library and Archives of Canada Act
25:
2348:
1274:
326:Historical Manuscripts Commission
309:
286:and its sister organization, the
2072:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1547:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1280:
775:. Quorum Books. pp. 37–38.
442:just as the construction of the
411:Massachusetts Historical Society
394:
284:national archives of New Zealand
246:
1004:
762:
734:Taylor, Hugh A. (Winter 1982).
727:
675:Taylor, Hugh A. (Winter 1982).
668:
432:American Historical Association
288:National Library of New Zealand
1617:Federated States of Micronesia
471:
277:
13:
1:
1100:
369:National Archives of Scotland
346:Public Record Office Act 1877
336:, the Memoranda Rolls of the
270:Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino
265:General Archive of the Indies
1255:. p. 21. Archived from
1195:. New York: Atheneum Books.
453:
7:
1113:. Oxford University Press.
1092:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
1065:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
999:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
987:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
840:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
804:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
722:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
663:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
639:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
591:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
579:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
564:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
537:Blouin & Rosenberg 2011
440:73rd United States Congress
419:11th United States Congress
206:National Archives of France
10:
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490:History of Science Society
444:National Archives Building
398:
324:(created in 1838) and the
313:
235:National Library of France
29:
1328:
1218:Millar, Laura A. (2010).
1137:. Duke University Press.
744:(15): 130. Archived from
685:(15): 128. Archived from
507:21.11116/0000-0003-659D-B
389:National Library of Wales
187:
164:Canada's National Archive
123:
32:List of national archives
1492:Central African Republic
1152:Hill, Roscoe R. (1945).
359:(both historically as a
196:Since its creation, the
385:Court of Great Sessions
1437:Bosnia and Herzegovina
259:
212:to document the prior
201:
132:
60:
51:Conceptual development
2187:São Tomé and Príncipe
2062:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2042:Republic of the Congo
1187:Jones, H. G. (1969).
424:Burning of Washington
254:
195:
150:, and his successor,
128:
58:
27:Archives of a country
2257:United Arab Emirates
1289:at Wikimedia Commons
322:Public Record Office
256:Bernardino Rivadavia
220:Treasury of Charters
112:must be maintained.
89:archives historiques
2222:Trinidad and Tobago
1357:Antigua and Barbuda
1014:. Washington D.C.:
926:, pp. 100–104.
665:, pp. 163–164.
629:, pp. 106–107.
566:, pp. 152–153.
554:, pp. viii–ix.
436:J. Franklin Jameson
296:Anglo-Māori history
210:the Revolutionaries
198:Archives Nationales
69:Early modern period
1567:Dominican Republic
1129:Burton, Antoinette
1018:. 1810. p. 1.
902:, pp. xi–xii.
890:, pp. xiv–xv.
367:) are held in the
300:Alexander Turnbull
260:
233:onwards while the
202:
181:The Halifax Herald
85:records management
81:archives courantes
61:
2337:National archives
2324:
2323:
1592:Equatorial Guinea
1287:National archives
1285:Media related to
1174:Jenkinson, Hilary
1079:, pp. 10–14.
1055:, pp. 74–75.
1031:, pp. 72–73.
1001:, pp. 32–35.
989:, pp. 21–22.
938:, pp. 54–55.
712:, pp. 30–31.
641:, pp. 37–39.
539:, pp. 23–24.
176:collective memory
119:By region/country
77:Leopold von Ranke
37:National archives
18:National Archives
16:(Redirected from
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2007:Papua New Guinea
1872:Marshall Islands
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979:
977:, p. 115.
975:Jenkinson 1922
967:
963:Jenkinson 1922
955:
940:
928:
916:
914:, p. xiv.
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
852:Jenkinson 1922
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832:
830:, p. 162.
820:
818:, p. 161.
808:
806:, p. 166.
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714:
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964:
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953:, p. 34.
952:
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920:
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908:
901:
896:
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878:, p. xi.
877:
872:
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854:, p. 44.
853:
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842:, p. 22.
841:
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817:
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792:
788:
784:
782:9781567204698
778:
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751:on 2014-10-23
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692:on 2014-10-23
688:
684:
683:
678:
671:
664:
659:
653:, p. 84.
652:
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628:
623:
617:, p. 71.
616:
611:
605:, p. 70.
604:
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468:, p. 21.
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405:Although the
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342:feet of fines
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292:biculturalism
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247:Latin America
244:
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215:Ancien Régime
211:
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185:
183:
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177:
173:
172:Igor Gouzenko
169:
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145:
144:confederation
139:
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136:Thomas Symons
131:
116:
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111:
110:archive group
107:
101:
99:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:Enlightenment
70:
66:
57:
48:
46:
42:
38:
33:
19:
2287:Vatican City
2237:Turkmenistan
2137:South Africa
2107:Sierra Leone
2087:Saudi Arabia
1462:Burkina Faso
1264:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1219:
1190:
1178:
1154:
1133:
1109:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1043:, p. 6.
1036:
1024:
1011:
1006:
994:
982:
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958:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
866:, p. 1.
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
771:
764:
753:. Retrieved
746:the original
739:
729:
717:
705:
694:. Retrieved
687:the original
680:
670:
658:
646:
634:
622:
610:
598:
586:
559:
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485:
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404:
354:
319:
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224:
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197:
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167:
141:
133:
129:
114:
102:
88:
80:
62:
36:
35:
2177:Switzerland
2147:South Sudan
2142:South Korea
2067:Saint Lucia
2022:Philippines
1967:North Korea
1947:New Zealand
1942:Netherlands
1747:Ivory Coast
1587:El Salvador
1332:Afghanistan
1053:Burton 2005
1029:Burton 2005
951:Millar 2010
936:Burton 2005
924:Burton 2005
828:Burton 2005
816:Burton 2005
710:Millar 2010
615:Burton 2005
603:Burton 2005
552:Millar 2010
466:Rhoads 1983
278:New Zealand
65:Middle Ages
2277:Uzbekistan
2197:Tajikistan
2102:Seychelles
2082:San Marino
1917:Mozambique
1907:Montenegro
1877:Mauritania
1842:Madagascar
1837:Luxembourg
1792:Kyrgyzstan
1767:Kazakhstan
1572:East Timor
1522:Costa Rica
1487:Cape Verde
1397:Bangladesh
1382:Azerbaijan
1266:2014-10-11
1101:References
1077:Jones 1969
1041:Jones 1969
791:2001057863
755:2014-09-29
741:Archivaria
696:2014-09-29
682:Archivaria
415:provenance
340:, and the
334:Pipe rolls
304:Uzbekistan
30:See also:
2292:Venezuela
2157:Sri Lanka
2112:Singapore
1997:Palestine
1952:Nicaragua
1882:Mauritius
1832:Lithuania
1717:Indonesia
1672:Guatemala
1372:Australia
1362:Argentina
912:Hill 1945
900:Hill 1945
888:Hill 1945
876:Hill 1945
864:Hill 1945
524:144791480
454:Citations
338:Exchequer
156:Canadiana
67:into the
63:From the
45:modernity
2331:Category
2317:Zimbabwe
2207:Thailand
2202:Tanzania
2167:Suriname
2122:Slovenia
2117:Slovakia
2032:Portugal
2012:Paraguay
1987:Pakistan
1902:Mongolia
1857:Maldives
1852:Malaysia
1777:Kiribati
1697:Honduras
1612:Ethiopia
1607:Eswatini
1562:Dominica
1557:Djibouti
1512:Colombia
1477:Cameroon
1472:Cambodia
1457:Bulgaria
1442:Botswana
1402:Barbados
1240:(1983).
1211:69014373
1176:(1922).
357:Scotland
330:Chancery
41:archives
39:are the
2297:Vietnam
2282:Vanuatu
2272:Uruguay
2252:Ukraine
2227:Tunisia
2132:Somalia
2092:Senegal
2047:Romania
1962:Nigeria
1927:Namibia
1922:Myanmar
1912:Morocco
1892:Moldova
1817:Liberia
1812:Lesotho
1807:Lebanon
1752:Jamaica
1732:Ireland
1707:Iceland
1702:Hungary
1667:Grenada
1652:Germany
1647:Georgia
1627:Finland
1602:Estonia
1597:Eritrea
1577:Ecuador
1552:Denmark
1527:Croatia
1517:Comoros
1467:Burundi
1432:Bolivia
1412:Belgium
1407:Belarus
1392:Bahrain
1387:Bahamas
1377:Austria
1367:Armenia
1347:Andorra
1342:Algeria
1337:Albania
492:: 171.
267:or the
2312:Zambia
2247:Uganda
2242:Tuvalu
2232:Turkey
2192:Taiwan
2172:Sweden
2097:Serbia
2057:Rwanda
2052:Russia
2027:Poland
2002:Panama
1977:Norway
1897:Monaco
1887:Mexico
1847:Malawi
1802:Latvia
1787:Kuwait
1782:Kosovo
1762:Jordan
1737:Israel
1687:Guyana
1677:Guinea
1662:Greece
1642:Gambia
1632:France
1537:Cyprus
1482:Canada
1452:Brunei
1447:Brazil
1427:Bhutan
1417:Belize
1352:Angola
1253:UNESCO
1226:
1209:
1199:
1162:
1141:
1117:
789:
779:
522:
514:
481:Osiris
188:France
124:Canada
2307:Yemen
2217:Tonga
2182:Syria
2162:Sudan
2152:Spain
2077:Samoa
2037:Qatar
1992:Palau
1957:Niger
1937:Nepal
1932:Nauru
1867:Malta
1822:Libya
1772:Kenya
1757:Japan
1742:Italy
1712:India
1692:Haiti
1657:Ghana
1637:Gabon
1582:Egypt
1507:China
1502:Chile
1422:Benin
1260:(PDF)
1249:Paris
1245:(PDF)
749:(PDF)
690:(PDF)
520:S2CID
512:JSTOR
488:(1).
381:Wales
2212:Togo
2017:Peru
1982:Oman
1862:Mali
1797:Laos
1727:Iraq
1722:Iran
1622:Fiji
1532:Cuba
1497:Chad
1224:ISBN
1207:LCCN
1197:ISBN
1160:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1115:ISBN
787:LCCN
777:ISBN
282:The
226:ergo
204:The
502:hdl
494:doi
2333::
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1084:^
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699:.
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504::
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20:)
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