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minority of black
Democrats, in an unusual arrangement facilitated by the group's constitution, which mandated the nonpartisan nature of its proceedings and activities. It was among the first national organizations to welcome women members and treat them equally with men; many of the national officers were women, and at least one woman from every state served on the national executive committee.
1954:
The
Council lobbied actively for the passage of a federal anti-lynching law and raised funds to finance a court test against the new Louisiana constitution's provision effectively disfranchising most of that state's black voters, under the terms of its so-called "grandfather clause." Men judged to
1962:
The
Council was designed as an umbrella group, with membership based on organizational affiliation—either in a local or state branch of the Council or through an affiliated organization, school, or newspaper. Officers were elected annually at the meetings, and consisted of a president, nine vice
1950:
The annual meetings began three months later in
Washington, D.C., and were held each year thereafter in a large American city, attracting a vibrant cross-section of African-American leaders. Although the overwhelming majority of its members were Republicans, the Council also boasted an active
133:
Afro-American
Council at 1902 meeting in St. Paul, Minnesota. President Alexander Walters is front Center, with Ida B. Wells on his left, Booker T. Washington on his right. William H. Steward, T. Thomas Fortune, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Emmett Jay Scott are all in the second
2127:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), formed by 1910. Many other former leaders of the Council, including Du Bois, George White, Mary Church Terrell, and Archibald Grimké, also helped form the core of the new NAACP, while others joined the new
1955:
be illiterate were deprived of suffrage rights, but white voters with ancestors who had been registered to vote before a certain date were exempted form the literacy requirement. African
Americans were unable to qualify for the exemption. The court test, known as
1938:
The meeting endorsed creation of a non-partisan
Council, to be supported by annual dues payments and based on the ideals expressed by the earlier League. Bishop Walters was elected as president, after Fortune declined to serve; other officers included journalist
1902:, who was president for most of the Council's existence, the Council attracted a wide range of African-American journalists, lawyers, educators, politicians, and community activists to its annual meetings. The Council was the brainchild of New York journalist
1917:
and of increasing disfranchisement of
African-American voters in the South. Alarmed by the lynchings and racial discrimination against African Americans, Bishop Walters circulated a national letter of appeal in the spring of 1898, just weeks after the brutal
2110:
Despite well-publicized meetings in New York in 1906 and
Baltimore in 1907, however, the Council failed to stabilize and soon collapsed, due to internal friction and lack of revenue. After a proposed merger between the Council and three other groups—the
2049:
The
Council's functional bureaus conducted much of its ongoing work between annual meetings, including work in education, business, anti-lynching activities, and legislation. Among many bureau directors during the Council's existence were Professor
1970:
until his death in 1901. Its meetings were given extensive coverage by local newspapers, both mainstream dailies and African-American weeklies, in each host city. The Council met in Chicago (1899), Indianapolis (1900), Philadelphia (1901), and
1963:
presidents, several secretaries, a treasurer, and a national organizer, among others. In addition, a large national executive committee was composed of three members from each U.S. state or territory, including one female member from each.
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The Council came under the influence of Booker T. Washington in 1902, after Washington engineered the selection of Fortune as president, but quickly lost its earlier effectiveness and grew dormant. After the emergence of the
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in 1905, Walters attempted to rejuvenate the Council and distance it from the Tuskegee orbit, hoping to attract new members and bring back older members who had grown disenchanted, such as Du Bois, McGhee, and others.
1926:
by an armed mob of whites. "It becomes absolutely necessary that we organize to protect ourselves," Walters wrote, and more than 150 leaders from across the country signed the letter, which was published in Fortune's
2007:
served as acting president in 1903. Fortune was followed by first vice president William Henry Steward of Kentucky, who served until Walters's reelection in 1905. Bishop Walters was then reelected in 1906 and 1907.
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2119:, and the National Negro American Political League—failed to materialize, the Council faded away. Walters became president of yet another new grouping, the
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1959:, was expected to be taken all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, but was eventually dropped, after an unfavorable ruling in the Louisiana Supreme Court.
1931:. Some of them attended the organizational meeting in September 1898 in Rochester, following the dedication of a statue to the late abolitionist leader,
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and future U.S. minister to Liberia William D. Crum of South Carolina (1900); future U.S. minister to Liberia John R. A. Crossland of Missouri (1900);
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Walters, who served as president until 1902, was succeeded that year by Fortune. Fortune then served until his resignation in 1904, although
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The Council was considered the nation's premier organization of African Americans, and met regularly with U.S. President
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2015:(R-N.C.), who served several terms as vice president and sought twice, unsuccessfully, to be elected president; Bishop
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Justesen, Benjamin R. Broken Brotherhood: The Rise and Fall of the National Afro-American Council. SIU Press, 2008.
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and a training ground for some of the nation's most famous civil rights leaders in the 1910s, 1920s, and beyond.
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2031:-Barnett, first secretary and national organizer; journalists William A. Pledger,
2011:
Early officers in the Council included the nation's only black congressman, Rep.
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Emma Lou Thornbrough, “The National Afro-American League, 1887-1908,” in
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of Alabama (1902); federal official John P. Green (1898) and professor
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The National Afro-American Council, organized 1898, A history, etc.
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Among notable members of the national executive committee were
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was the first nationwide civil rights organization in the
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murder of African-American postmaster Frazier B. Baker
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The Council was formed against a backdrop of violent
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of Chicago, secretary, and federal customs official
2042:of Maryland, Washington, D.C., orator and activist
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Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2089:of New Mexico (1901), the first black graduate of
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2213:(Washington, D.C.: Cyrus F. Adams, 1902), 26-29.
1998:
1991:(1906). Its final meeting was held in 1907 at
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2023:of Boston, both vice presidents; attorney
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802:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
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1975:(1902). In 1903, the Council convened in
1947:of North Carolina, first vice president.
258:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2027:of Minnesota, who held several offices;
2077:(1900) of Ohio; anti-Tuskegee activist
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2121:National Independent Political League
2081:of Massachusetts; former congressman
1000:Athletic associations and conferences
489:History of African-American education
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923:Association for the Study of African
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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2151:27, No. 4 (November 1961), 494-512.
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807:National Conference of Black Mayors
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2233:The National Afro-American Council
940:National Black Chamber of Commerce
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300:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
253:Abolitionism in the United States
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58:"National Afro-American Council"
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1999:Leaders and other officials
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2079:William Monroe Trotter
2075:William S. Scarborough
1904:Timothy Thomas Fortune
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377:Second Great Migration
187:Timothy Thomas Fortune
2200:Justesen 2008, p43-44
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2019:of Ohio and attorney
1973:Saint Paul, Minnesota
1882:, created in 1898 in
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1456:List of neighborhoods
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320:Post–civil rights era
197:William Henry Steward
2173:Justesen 2008, p9-10
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1977:Louisville, Kentucky
1941:Ida B. Wells-Barnett
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43:improve this article
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2160:Alexander Walters,
2060:Archibald H. Grimké
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1993:Baltimore, Maryland
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551:Black History Month
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2191:Justesen 2008 p3-4
2182:Justesen 2008, p10
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2017:Benjamin W. Arnett
2013:George Henry White
2005:William A. Pledger
1933:Frederick Douglass
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1968:William McKinley
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2113:Negro Academy
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1989:New York City
1986:
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1945:John C. Dancy
1942:
1936:
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1925:
1921:
1916:
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1880:United States
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1801:Minstrel show
1799:
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1796:Magical Negro
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1606:West Virginia
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1172:Nova Scotians
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1075:Black Indians
1073:
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1050:
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1013:HBCU (HBCUAC)
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917:
914:Organizations
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783:Organizations
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487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
476:
474:
473:
469:
468:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Neighborhoods
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
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422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
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194:(1903 acting)
193:
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91:
88:
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81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2243:Bibliography
2232:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2109:
2095:
2068:
2048:
2029:Ida B. Wells
2010:
2002:
1987:(1905), and
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1937:
1929:New York Age
1928:
1912:
1897:
1875:
1873:
1699:Sierra Leone
1531:Philadelphia
1501:Jacksonville
1097:Brass Ankles
850:Conservatism
825:Afrocentrism
797:Joint Center
688:Black church
679:Institutions
594:Billionaires
584:Middle class
537:Celebrations
500:Fraternities
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2040:Ernest Lyon
1767:Stereotypes
1694:Nova Scotia
1576:Mississippi
1536:San Antonio
1516:Los Angeles
1451:Black mecca
1378:Mississippi
1285:Negro Dutch
1107:Dominickers
1051:Multiethnic
960:TransAfrica
870:Nationalism
840:Black power
624:Black pride
589:Upper class
288:Politicians
2256:Categories
2135:References
2091:West Point
1333:California
1307:Population
880:Patriotism
865:Liberalism
845:Capitalism
816:Ideologies
697:Theologies
556:Juneteenth
528:Literature
456:Newspapers
364:Migrations
295:Juneteenth
177:Presidents
69:newspapers
1981:St. Louis
1915:lynchings
1791:Hollywood
1781:Blackface
1716:Prejudice
1634:US cities
1511:Lexington
1486:Davenport
1466:Baltimore
1442:US cities
1418:Tennessee
1368:Louisiana
1314:US states
1122:Melungeon
1092:Blaxicans
890:Socialism
855:Garveyism
830:Anarchism
634:Good hair
461:Soul food
431:Folktales
148:Dissolved
140:Formation
2235:, 30-31.
1983:(1904),
1831:Category
1654:Diaspora
1581:Missouri
1506:Kentucky
1433:Virginia
1403:Oklahoma
1388:New York
1383:Nebraska
1373:Maryland
1348:Illinois
1328:Arkansas
1167:Merikins
1112:Freedmen
1085:Mascogos
885:Populism
776:Politics
671:Religion
641:Stepping
407:Lifeways
243:Timeline
210:a series
208:Part of
99:May 2009
2231:Adams,
2037:Liberia
1985:Detroit
1894:History
1689:Liberia
1571:Georgia
1566:Florida
1496:Houston
1491:Detroit
1476:Chicago
1461:Atlanta
1353:Indiana
1343:Georgia
1338:Florida
1323:Alabama
1255:Tutnese
1134:Redbone
860:Leftism
561:Kwanzaa
518:Studies
470:Schools
399:Culture
328:Aspects
273:Slavery
235:Periods
227:History
166:Purpose
83:scholar
2115:, the
1723:Racism
1684:Israel
1674:France
1669:Canada
1664:Africa
1471:Boston
1408:Oregon
1363:Kansas
1273:Gullah
1162:Gullah
982:Sports
729:Hoodoo
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2125:NAACP
1836:Index
1679:Ghana
1601:Texas
1526:Omaha
1423:Texas
935:NAACP
446:Names
436:Music
416:Dance
90:JSTOR
76:books
1874:The
1769:and
1428:Utah
1398:Ohio
1358:Iowa
965:UNCF
426:Film
275:and
156:Type
151:1907
143:1898
134:row.
62:news
1922:in
523:Art
45:by
2258::
2131:.
1995:.
1935:.
212:on
1863:e
1856:t
1849:v
649:"
645:"
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
