707:"The whole human race knows that the Roman and Persian kingdoms resemble two great luminaries, and that, like a man's two eyes, they ought mutually to adorn and illustrate each other, and not in the extremity of their wrath to seek rather each other's destruction. So to act is not to act manfully, but is indicative rather of levity and weakness; for it is to suppose that our inferiors can never be of any service to us, and that therefore we had better get rid of them. Narseh, moreover, ought not to be accounted a weaker prince than other Persian kings; thou hast indeed conquered him, but then thou surpassest all other monarchs; and thus Narseh has of course been worsted by thee, though he is no whit inferior in merit to the best of his ancestors. The orders which my master has given me are to entrust all the rights of Persia to the clemency of Rome; and I therefore do not even bring with me any conditions of peace, since it is for the emperor to determine everything. I have only to pray, on my master's behalf, for the restoration of his wives and male children; if he receives them at your hands, he will be forever beholden to you, and will be better pleased than if he recovered them by force of arms. Even now my master cannot sufficiently thank you for the kind treatment which he hears you have vouchsafed them, in that you have offered them no insult, but have behaved towards them as though on the point of giving them back to their kith and kin. He sees herein that you bear in mind the changes of fortune and the instability of all human affairs."
526:
624:. The proposition of Narseh presumably following Shapur I's expansionistic approach does not match with his testimony in the Paikuli inscription; "And Caesar and the Romans were in gratitude (?) and peace and friendship with us." Contrary to the testimony, however, the two empires soon clashed with each other−in 296. From a Roman viewpoint, the mutual relations with Iran had been heavily strained due to the aggressive and expansionistic approach of Ardashir I and Shapur I. However, the conclusive causes for the Roman offensive was possibly due to their territorial losses and the disadvantageous change in the sphere of authority and influence in the Mesopotamian-Armenian lands in the 240s and 250s.
899:
820:
805:
832:
603:
633:
580:), and which Narseh now made use of in order to gain the approval of the aristocracy as a legitimate ruler instead that of a usurper. Narseh was decisively voted in favour by the majority, and guaranteed "to enter the throne of our father and our forefathers with the help of the Gods, in their name and that of our forefathers." Amongst those nobles who supported Narseh was the leading priest Kartir, which is attested in the
58:
553:. However, Bahram III was considered a weak ruler by the other nobles, who decided to pledge allegiance to Narseh, the last remaining son of Shapur, and someone who was perceived as being a stronger leader and one who would be able to bring glory to Iran. Four months into Bahram III's reign, Narseh was summoned to
313:
was unwillingly crowned by a nobleman named Wahnam. The rest of the nobility did not support Bahram III's kingship, and asked Narseh to rule instead. Ultimately, Bahram III abdicated as shah, while Wahnam was executed. Narseh was the first
Sasanian shah to not ascend the throne as a crown prince. The
694:
and inflicted a crushing defeat on the latter, forcing him to flee in haste. His wife, prisoners, his sisters and a number of his children were captured apart from his prodigious military chest. Eastern
Mesopotamia was recovered by the Romans and Tiridates was reinstated as the monarch of Armenia.
568:
In order to avoid bloodshed, Narseh proposed to make peace with both Bahram III and Wahnam. Both seem to have agreed, as no accounts of battles have been made. The reason behind Bahram III and Wahnam's quick agreement to peace may have been due to desertion amongst many of Bahram III's men. Bahram
1002:
During his rule as king of Iran, he assumed the titles of his predecessors: ptkly ZNH mzdysn bgy nlsḥy MLKʾn MLKʾ ʾyrʾn W ʾnyrʾn MNW ctry MN yzdʾn, "This (is) the image of the Mazda-worshipping god Narseh, king of kings of Eran and Aneran, whose seed (is) from the gods" in the inscription of his
791:("the Mazda-worshiping, divine Narseh, King of Kings of Iran(ians) and non-Iran(ians), whose image/brilliance is from the gods"). The iconography of Narseh's coins can be categorized into three phases. The first and second phases portray him wearing a
874:. This, however, marks the last time that Parthian is used in Sasanian royal records. The inscription, along with Shapur I's inscription, demonstrates that the organization of the early Sasanian Empire did not contrast much to its predecessor, the
687:. On his arrival at Antioch, Galerius was rebuked by Diocletian who disgraced him for his shameful defeat at the hands of Narseh. Vowing to take revenge, Galerius made preparations throughout the winter of 297 and invaded Armenia with 25,000 men.
339:; his wives, children, and many Iranian nobles were taken as prisoners of war. Due to this ignominious defeat, Narseh was forced to accept a peace treaty prescribed by the Romans, ceding them several areas at the Sasanian-Roman border.
715:. In the meantime, he consulted Diocletian at Nisibis, and he persuaded Galerius to offer terms of peace to the Iranians. Accordingly, terms of peace were agreed upon, and were ratified by a treaty concluded by Narseh with the Romans.
619:
has been questioned. According to historian Ursula Weber, "It is quite certain" that the whole of
Armenia continued to be a part of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century, until it was later ceded to the Romans in 298/9 after the
512:("Great King of Armenia"), which was used by the heir to the throne. Nevertheless, Narseh still most likely viewed Bahram I as a usurper. Bahram I's reign however, lasted shortly, ending on September 274 with his death. His son
956:). The relief depicts an investiture scene, with Narseh, wearing a lamellar crown, surrounded by his family. Narseh is receiving the ring of kingship from a female figure that is frequently assumed to be the goddess
516:
succeeded him as shah, seemingly without any issues; he may have been aided by Kartir to ascend the throne over Narseh. This most likely frustrated Narseh, who had now been neglected from succession several times.
561:, where he was firmly approved and likely also declared shah for the first time. The reasons behind the nobles favour of Narseh might have been due to his jurisdiction as governor, his image as an advocate of the
610:
When Narseh ascended the throne, the eastern portion of
Mesopotamia (since 244) and all of Armenia (since 252) were under Iranian rule. The traditional notion of the western part of Armenia had been given to the
489:, who was never considered a candidate for succession of the throne by their father, probably due to having a mother of lowly origin, ascended the throne with the aid of the powerful
481:. During his term as governor, he reportedly played an important role in the affairs of the eastern portion of the empire. Shapur I died in 270, and was succeeded by
295:("Great King of Armenia"), which was used by the heir to the throne in the early Sasanian times. Nevertheless, Narseh most likely still viewed Bahram I as a usurper.
327:
Three years after Narseh's accession, war erupted between the
Sasanians and Romans once again. In 296 or 297, Narseh's forces inflicted a defeat on the forces of
1767:
671:, which Narseh had occupied hoping to check his advance. Three battles were fought subsequently, the first two of which were indecisive. In the third fought at
283:, who had never been considered as a candidate for succession to the throne by his father, ascended the throne with the aid of the powerful Zoroastrian priest
981:
859:
525:
287:. He then made a settlement with Narseh to give up his entitlement to the throne in return for the governorship of the important frontier province of
573:. Narseh then summoned the aristocrats to take part in the royal referendum, a ritual which had been used since the first Sasanian shah, Ardashir I (
500:
He then made a settlement with Narseh to give up his entitlement to the throne in return for the governorship of the important frontier province of
2391:
1454:
1361:
565:
religion and as an insurer for harmony and prosperity of the empire. His ancestry from the early
Sasanian family probably also played a role.
1617:
1648:
747:
99:
1876:
74:
2401:
1772:
2411:
2396:
2386:
771:
Narseh did not survive for long after the conclusion of this humiliating treaty. He died in 303 and was succeeded by his son,
2416:
1781:
980:
Throughout his lifetime, Narseh is known to have had several titles, attested in contemporary chronicles, four inscriptions (
798:, albeit with two different hairstyles. In the third phase, he is wearing a lamellar crown along with a different hairstyle.
1885:
1372:
The
Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE
711:
But
Galerius dismissed Aphraban without giving any definite answer, at the same time accusing the Iranians of ill-treating
1836:
1574:
1539:
1499:
1404:
48:
819:
569:
III abdicated as shah and was probably spared, whilst Wahnam was executed when Narseh entered the
Sasanian capital of
1520:
1425:
1380:
703:
Anxious to make peace with the Romans, Narseh dispatched his envoy
Aphraban to Galerius with the following message:
1751:
469:). Narseh is quoted in an inscription by his father Shapur I as the governor of the eastern Sasanian provinces of
804:
557:
at the request of many members of the Iranian nobility. He met them in the passage of Paikuli in the province of
831:
2406:
1869:
761:
474:
257:
2376:
291:, which was a persistent cause for war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. Narseh held the title of
2054:
1642:
1448:
1355:
858:
is the only source that describes the reign of Bahram III and the rise of Narseh to the throne. Unlike
612:
992:("the Iranian, Mazda-worshipping Narseh, king of Hind(estan), Sagestan and Turan up to the seacoast").
961:
911:
722:
Five provinces beyond the Tigris were to be ceded to the Romans. One writer gives these provinces as
161:
1862:
1549:
616:
542:
470:
261:
1797:
1662:
1512:
Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
351:
332:
320:
227:
20:
1014:
blossoms"), which Narseh had most likely received by his supporters at the gathering at Paikuli.
898:
691:
621:
336:
1798:
The Civilizations of the Ancient Near East Volume VII by George Rawlinson (Project Gutenberg)
1627:
1489:
1491:
The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
1854:
906:
relief of Narseh, receiving the ring of kingship from a female figure, either the goddess
8:
2381:
2254:
1463:
851:
581:
378:
315:
1763:
1738:
1679:
712:
675:, Galerius suffered a complete defeat and was forced to retreat. Galerius crossed the
1777:
1742:
1683:
1570:
1565:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2013). "Sasanian Political Ideology". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
1535:
1516:
1495:
1421:
1400:
1376:
867:
429:
374:
168:
1723:
1706:
1728:
1718:
1671:
1604:
1553:
935:
784:
641:
501:
288:
1658:""Aryan Worshiping Ohrmazd": Towards the Political Biography of Shahanshah Narseh"
1476:
1436:
753:
The semi-independent kingdom of Armenia was to be extended up to the fortress of
2274:
1889:
1811:
1510:
1415:
1394:
875:
855:
837:
795:
530:
478:
436:
418:
410:
354:
342:
Narseh is notable for returning to the religious tolerance policy of his father.
309:) seemingly occurred without any issues. After Bahram II's death in 293, his son
265:
103:
1675:
1345:
1585:
1390:
927:
903:
871:
863:
767:
Formal dealings between Iran and Rome would henceforth be conducted at Nisibis.
402:
386:
382:
366:
207:
187:
66:
1657:
2370:
2314:
2174:
883:
235:
1754:. In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.).
1608:
2214:
2074:
645:
505:
1530:
Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).
602:
2264:
2234:
2084:
2034:
2004:
1984:
1733:
923:
690:
Supported by the Armenians, Galerius surprised Narseh in his camp at the
668:
562:
554:
490:
62:
2334:
2294:
2284:
2224:
2184:
2164:
2154:
2014:
1974:
1954:
1904:
1846:
1829:
965:
931:
915:
879:
810:
772:
664:
538:
485:, whose rule only lasted one year due to death. Narseh's older brother
459:
310:
173:
131:
121:
1595:
Weber, Ursula (2012). "Narseh, König der Könige von Ērān und Anērān".
960:. However, some scholars have suggested that this might be his queen,
886:"), ruling as the overlord of other lesser kings, such as the king of
2324:
2144:
2044:
2024:
1994:
1944:
1924:
914:. The figure standing behind Narseh is most likely his son and heir,
739:
676:
632:
570:
513:
482:
458:, being born between 228 and 233 during the reign of his grandfather
299:
269:
92:
964:. The figure standing behind Narseh is most likely the crown prince
878:. Like the Parthian monarch, the Sasanian monarch used the title of
2204:
2064:
1934:
1914:
946:
887:
792:
735:
731:
723:
656:
637:
558:
486:
455:
328:
280:
246:
197:
1370:
1274:
2344:
2194:
2134:
2114:
2094:
1011:
969:
957:
907:
743:
727:
684:
335:. The following year, however, Narseh suffered a major defeat at
182:
27:
57:
2124:
2104:
990:ēr mazdēsn Narseh, šāh Hind, Sagestān ud Turestān tā drayā damb
754:
649:
550:
546:
494:
284:
268:
under his father. Shapur I was eventually succeeded by his son
2304:
2244:
1138:
1136:
1134:
680:
672:
279:), who died after a reign of one year. Shapur I's eldest son
1192:
1190:
1884:
1322:
789:
Mazdēsn bay Narsē šāhān šāh Ērān ud Anērān kēčihr az yazdān
397:. However, other Greek sources generally spell his name as
389:
version of his name is also listed in the inscriptions, as
239:
1131:
1031:
Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".
1344:
Brosius, Maria (2000). "Women i. In Pre-Islamic Persia".
1187:
1202:
1441:
Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. III, Fasc. 5
1262:
1250:
1163:
1153:
1151:
314:
circumstances of his rise to power are detailed in the
1417:
From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran
1286:
1298:
968:, due to his cap being the form of that of an animal
504:, which was constantly the source of war between the
401:. The name of Narseh is known in other languages as;
361:, meaning "men's praise". Narseh's name is listed as
1148:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
760:
Iran was expected to relinquish all her rights over
38:
1310:
1175:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1056:
1044:
1375:. University of California Press. pp. 1–512.
1238:
1749:
537:Following the death of Bahram II in 293, his son
2368:
1413:
1280:
1068:
1396:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
860:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
508:and Sasanian Empires. Narseh held the title of
1707:"Narseh, Armenia, and the Paikuli Inscription"
972:, which was typically worn by Sasanian heirs.
454:Narseh seems to have been the youngest son of
449:
16:Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 293 to 303
1870:
1414:Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2016).
1750:Schottky, Martin; Tinnefeld, Franz (2006).
922:While ruling as king of Iran, Narseh had a
862:, the Paikuli inscription omits the use of
549:and supported by Adurfarrobay, governor of
1877:
1863:
1762:
1453:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1360:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1214:
845:
529:Ruins of the Paikuli tower in present-day
1732:
1722:
988:As governor of Hind, Sakastan and Turan;
1655:
1564:
1558:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5
1548:
1529:
1481:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5
1461:
1434:
1328:
1268:
1256:
1226:
1142:
1062:
1003:brother, Bahram I, which he had altered.
897:
683:to join his father-in-law Diocletian at
631:
601:
524:
1773:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1587:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XV, Fasc. 6
1584:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2011). "Kartir".
1583:
1508:
1389:
1343:
1316:
1292:
1196:
1169:
1157:
606:Map showing the Roman-Sasanian borders.
2369:
1704:
1647:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1368:
1304:
592:
1858:
1615:
1594:
1474:
1468:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition
1208:
1181:
1125:
1050:
698:
256:), Narseh served as the governor of
231:
39:
1776:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1567:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
1532:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran
1487:
1244:
984:, NVŠ, NPi, ŠṬBn-I) and his coins.
541:was unwillingly proclaimed shah in
422:
13:
1837:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
1698:
350:The name of Narseh stems from the
298:The succession of Bahram I's son,
49:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran
14:
2428:
2392:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
1791:
1420:. H&S Media. pp. 1–126.
930:, between the burial site of the
1616:Weber, Ursula (2016). "Narseh".
830:
818:
803:
56:
1724:10.4467/20800909EL.21.007.13365
951:
940:
575:
464:
304:
274:
251:
2402:Sasanian governors of Sakastan
1770:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1399:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240.
1025:
893:
825:Gold dinar of Narseh, phase 2.
1:
2412:Sasanian governors of Armenia
2397:4th-century Sasanian monarchs
2387:3rd-century Sasanian monarchs
1443:. New York. pp. 514–522.
1038:
954: 486 – 465 BC
943: 522 – 486 BC
597:
2417:3rd-century kings of Armenia
1462:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2005).
1435:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (1988).
1281:Daryaee & Rezakhani 2016
545:by a group of nobles led by
324:and to legitimize his rule.
7:
2359:usurpers or rival claimants
1676:10.31857/S032103910008630-6
1656:Dmitriev, Vladimir (2020).
1569:. Oxford University Press.
1534:. Oxford University Press.
1369:Canepa, Matthew P. (2018).
783:The title of Narseh on his
450:Early life and governorship
318:, which he made as his own
234:) was the seventh Sasanian
10:
2433:
1347:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol
1337:
778:
742:; by another as Arzanene,
718:According to this treaty,
627:
25:
18:
2357:
1899:
1843:
1834:
1826:
1805:
1705:Cereti, Carlo G. (2021).
975:
203:
193:
181:
167:
157:
149:
141:
137:
127:
117:
109:
98:
88:
80:
73:
55:
46:
35:
1509:Marciak, Michał (2017).
1018:
995:As governor of Armenia:
640:attacking Narseh on the
587:
26:Not to be confused with
1663:Vestnik Drevnei Istorii
1609:10.2143/IA.47.0.2141965
846:The Paikuli inscription
520:
345:
321:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
21:Narses (disambiguation)
919:
709:
653:
607:
534:
406:
1624:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1488:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
1008:Narseh ī Abzūdxwarrah
901:
705:
635:
605:
528:
2407:Shahnameh characters
999:("King of Armenia").
245:The youngest son of
19:For other uses, see
2255:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
1590:. pp. 608–628.
1560:. pp. 464–465.
1550:Shahbazi, A. Shapur
1483:. pp. 514–522.
1331:, pp. 464–465.
1211:, pp. 514–522.
1199:, pp. 608–628.
1145:, pp. 514–522.
852:Paikuli inscription
840:of Narseh, phase 3.
813:of Narseh, phase 1.
593:War with the Romans
582:Paikuli inscription
379:Paikuli inscription
316:Paikuli inscription
2377:3rd-century births
1475:Klíma, O. (1988).
1464:"Sasanian dynasty"
1283:, pp. 31, 67.
920:
699:Peace negotiations
654:
608:
535:
510:Vazurg Šāh Arminān
293:Vazurg Šāh Arminān
2364:
2363:
2349:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2079:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1894:
1853:
1852:
1844:Succeeded by
1783:978-0-19-866277-8
1764:Wiesehöfer, Josef
1756:Brill's New Pauly
1643:cite encyclopedia
1449:cite encyclopedia
1356:cite encyclopedia
1172:, pp. 10–11.
866:, but still uses
333:Battle of Carrhae
242:from 293 to 303.
213:
212:
2424:
2350:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2175:Bahram VI Chobin
2170:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1892:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1855:
1827:Preceded by
1822:
1812:Sasanian dynasty
1803:
1802:
1787:
1759:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1626:. Archived from
1612:
1591:
1580:
1561:
1545:
1526:
1505:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1431:
1410:
1386:
1365:
1359:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
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1048:
1032:
1029:
1010:("Narseh, whose
955:
953:
944:
942:
936:Darius the Great
834:
822:
807:
787:was the typical
692:Battle of Satala
642:Arch of Galerius
622:Peace of Nisibis
579:
577:
468:
466:
424:
308:
306:
278:
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255:
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153:303 (aged 70–75)
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33:
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2273:
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2123:
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2093:
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2013:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
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1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1903:
1895:
1890:Sasanian Empire
1883:
1849:
1840:
1832:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1794:
1784:
1758:. Brill Online.
1701:
1699:Further reading
1688:
1686:
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1633:
1631:
1597:Iranica Antiqua
1577:
1542:
1523:
1502:
1446:
1445:
1428:
1407:
1391:Daryaee, Touraj
1383:
1353:
1352:
1350:. London et al.
1340:
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1026:
1021:
978:
950:
939:
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876:Parthian Empire
856:Iraqi Kurdistan
854:in present-day
848:
841:
835:
826:
823:
814:
808:
781:
750:, and Corduene.
701:
630:
600:
595:
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574:
531:Iraqi Kurdistan
523:
463:
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355:theophoric name
348:
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145:Between 228–233
104:Sasanian Empire
75:King of Armenia
69:
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1792:External links
1790:
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1695:
1670:(2): 434–461.
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367:Middle Persian
359:*naryasa(n)ha-
347:
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307: 274–293
277: 270–271
254: 240–270
228:Middle Persian
218:(also spelled
211:
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208:Zoroastrianism
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1382:9780520964365
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1329:Shahbazi 2004
1325:
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1269:Shayegan 2013
1265:
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1063:Shahbazi 2005
1059:
1052:
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1024:
1013:
1009:
1006:The title of
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1001:
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994:
991:
987:
986:
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973:
971:
967:
963:
962:Shapurdukhtak
959:
948:
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925:
917:
913:
912:Shapurdukhtak
910:or his queen
909:
905:
900:
891:
889:
885:
884:King of Kings
881:
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749:
746:, Zabdicene,
745:
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737:
733:
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725:
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647:
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623:
618:
617:Tiridates III
614:
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583:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
527:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
461:
457:
447:
445:
442:, as well as
441:
438:
434:
431:
427:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
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396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
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356:
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343:
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330:
325:
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312:
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296:
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271:
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259:
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243:
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236:King of Kings
229:
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199:
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192:
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180:
175:
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162:Shapurdukhtak
160:
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72:
68:
65:of Narseh in
64:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
34:
29:
22:
2215:Ardashir III
2075:Yazdegerd II
1964:
1835:
1818:
1810:
1771:
1755:
1714:
1710:
1687:. Retrieved
1667:
1661:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1623:
1618:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1566:
1557:
1554:"Hormozd II"
1531:
1511:
1494:. ABC-CLIO.
1490:
1480:
1477:"Bahrām III"
1467:
1440:
1416:
1395:
1371:
1346:
1324:
1317:Brosius 2000
1312:
1300:
1293:Marciak 2017
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1204:
1197:Skjærvø 2011
1177:
1170:Daryaee 2014
1165:
1158:Daryaee 2014
1058:
1046:
1027:
1007:
996:
989:
979:
921:
849:
788:
782:
770:
717:
710:
706:
702:
689:
660:
655:
646:Thessaloniki
609:
567:
536:
509:
499:
453:
443:
439:
432:
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414:
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370:
362:
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349:
341:
326:
319:
297:
292:
244:
223:
219:
215:
214:
47:
2348:(pretender)
2338:(pretender)
2328:(pretender)
2265:Azarmidokht
2235:Khosrow III
2138:(498/9–531)
2128:(496–498/9)
2085:Hormizd III
2035:Yazdegerd I
2005:Ardashir II
1985:Adur Narseh
1603:: 153–302.
1437:"Bahrām II"
1305:Canepa 2018
997:šāh Armenān
924:rock relief
894:Rock relief
757:, in Media.
669:Mesopotamia
563:Zoroastrian
555:Mesopotamia
491:Zoroastrian
352:Old Iranian
118:Predecessor
89:Predecessor
63:Rock relief
2382:303 deaths
2371:Categories
2335:Bahram VII
2295:Khosrow IV
2285:Hormizd VI
2225:Shahrbaraz
2185:Khosrow II
2165:Khosrow II
2155:Hormizd IV
2015:Shapur III
1975:Hormizd II
1955:Bahram III
1905:Ardashir I
1847:Hormizd II
1830:Bahram III
1634:2017-05-04
1209:Klíma 1988
1182:Weber 2012
1126:Weber 2016
1051:Weber 2012
1039:References
932:Achaemenid
926:carved at
880:Shahanshah
811:Gold dinar
773:Hormizd II
673:Callinicum
667:, invaded
665:Diocletian
636:Detail of
598:Background
539:Bahram III
460:Ardashir I
311:Bahram III
232:𐭭𐭥𐭮𐭧𐭩
174:Hormizd II
132:Hormizd II
122:Bahram III
100:Shahanshah
40:𐭭𐭥𐭮𐭧𐭩
2325:Peroz III
2318:(632–651)
2308:(631–632)
2298:(630–636)
2288:(630–632)
2278:(630–631)
2268:(630–631)
2218:(628–630)
2198:(591–596)
2188:(591–628)
2178:(590–591)
2158:(579–590)
2148:(531–579)
2145:Khosrow I
2118:(488–496)
2108:(484–488)
2098:(459–484)
2088:(457–459)
2078:(438–457)
2068:(420–438)
2045:Shapur IV
2038:(399–420)
2028:(388–399)
2025:Bahram IV
2018:(383–388)
2008:(379–383)
1998:(309–379)
1995:Shapur II
1978:(303–309)
1968:(293–303)
1948:(274–293)
1945:Bahram II
1938:(271–274)
1928:(270–271)
1925:Hormizd I
1918:(240–270)
1908:(224–242)
1893:(224–651)
1743:243513056
1717:: 69–87.
1684:240767593
1515:. BRILL.
740:Zabdicene
677:Euphrates
571:Ctesiphon
514:Bahram II
483:Hormizd I
300:Bahram II
270:Hormizd I
128:Successor
113:293 – 303
93:Hormizd I
84:271 – 293
2205:Kavad II
2065:Bahram V
1935:Bahram I
1915:Shapur I
1841:293–303
1768:"Narseh"
1766:(2018).
1752:"Narses"
1711:Electrum
1552:(2004).
1393:(2014).
1245:Kia 2016
947:Xerxes I
888:Adiabene
868:Parthian
793:palmette
748:Rehimene
736:Corduene
732:Arzanene
724:Ingilene
713:Valerian
657:Galerius
638:Galerius
559:Garmekan
487:Bahram I
475:Sakastan
456:Shapur I
430:Armenian
395:Narsaios
391:Narsaiēs
375:Parthian
329:Galerius
281:Bahram I
258:Sakastan
247:Shapur I
204:Religion
198:Shapur I
2345:Narsieh
2195:Vistahm
2135:Kavad I
2115:Kavad I
2095:Peroz I
2055:Khosrow
1888:of the
1807:Narseh
1689:19 July
1338:Sources
1233:Neusner
1221:Henning
1012:xwarrah
970:protome
966:Hormizd
958:Anahita
916:Hormizd
908:Anahita
838:Drachma
779:Coinage
744:Moxoene
728:Sophene
685:Antioch
628:The war
615:prince
613:Arsacid
502:Armenia
493:priest
444:Narseos
440:Narsaph
407:Narseus
377:on the
331:at the
289:Armenia
224:Narseus
102:of the
28:Narsieh
2125:Jamasp
2105:Balash
1965:Narseh
1886:Rulers
1817:
1780:
1741:
1682:
1573:
1538:
1519:
1498:
1424:
1403:
1379:
1223:p. 403
976:Titles
945:) and
934:kings
762:Iberia
755:Zintha
738:, and
661:Caesar
650:Greece
551:Meshan
547:Wahnam
495:Kartir
437:Coptic
433:Nerseh
419:Arabic
411:Syriac
399:Narsēs
385:. The
371:nryshw
337:Satala
285:Kartir
220:Narses
216:Narseh
194:Father
158:Spouse
36:Narseh
2305:Boran
2258:(630)
2248:(630)
2245:Boran
2238:(630)
2228:(630)
2208:(628)
2168:(590)
2058:(420)
2048:(420)
1988:(309)
1958:(293)
1819:Died:
1739:S2CID
1680:S2CID
1019:Notes
864:Greek
796:crown
785:coins
681:Syria
679:into
588:Reign
506:Roman
479:Turan
426:Narsi
413:ܢܪܣܝ
403:Latin
387:Greek
363:nrshy
266:Turan
183:House
169:Issue
110:Reign
81:Reign
1778:ISBN
1691:2020
1649:link
1571:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1455:link
1422:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1362:link
1235:p. 3
902:The
870:and
850:The
543:Pars
521:Rise
477:and
471:Hind
423:نرسي
415:Nrsy
381:and
369:and
346:Name
264:and
262:Hind
240:Iran
150:Died
142:Born
1821:303
1729:hdl
1719:doi
1672:doi
1605:doi
982:ŠKZ
644:at
393:or
373:in
365:in
357:of
238:of
222:or
2373::
1737:.
1727:.
1715:28
1713:.
1709:.
1678:.
1668:80
1666:.
1660:.
1645:}}
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