1502:, and educated noblewomen played major roles in radical movements in the latter decades of the nineteenth century. The Narodniks promulgated Chernyshevskyan ideas of chaste cohabitation—that men and women should live together with no sexual interactions—and gender equality. These concepts were extremely odd to most peasants, and they did not generally react well to them. Furthermore, Narodniks often lived in communes where non-married men and women slept and lived in the same rooms. To Orthodox Russian peasants in the 1870s, such disregard of gender norms were both offensive and off-putting. Nearly 60% of Narodnik women were from the wealthy classes, which meant that Russian peasants could not relate to most intellectuals in the movement intellectually, economically or socially. Historian
1449:; not understanding this, the Narodnik rhetoric blamed the Tsar and centralized religion for the peasants' lack of land and material resources. Another example of the cultural disconnect between the intelligentsia and the peasants in the "to the people" movement was the Narodniks propagandizing through pamphlets when virtually all poor Russians were illiterate. In essence, the Narodnik movement in 1874 failed because they approached the peasants as though the peasants were intellectuals like themselves. Radicals in the latter part of the 1870s would learn that their concept of the narod was flawed, and intellectuals would have to instead make themselves into peasants to have success in the movement and begin a revolution against the government of Alexander II.
1461:
would be more gradual. Bakunists believed that the peasants were ready to revolt with little propagandizing, whereas the
Lavrists thought that considerable effort would be needed for the uprisings to begin. A lack of ideological unity resulted in varied approaches to the movement, and because of this the Narodniks no longer presented a united front to rural Russia. Some Narodniks believed in propagandizing by staying in one area for an extended period of time and assimilating into a commune that they were trying to revolutionize ("settled" propaganda), and others practiced propagandizing by using pamphlets and literature to maximize the number of people that the message reached ("flying" propaganda).
1476:. The Narodniki, who often took up work as nurses, scribes, schoolteachers, or participated in construction and harvest, struggled in unfamiliar terrain and poverty. All Narodniks resented foreign intervention into Russia, wanted Russian communes to control their own economic policies. Narodniks believed that the Tsar had impoverished the peasants, but Narodniks should have understood how highly the peasants regarded the Tsar. By failing to present a disciplined message and avoid directly attacking the Tsar, the Narodniki was often simply ignored. It was not until the formation of Narodnaya Volya in 1879 that young revolutionaries saw the need for organization and a disciplined message.
1366:, justified "as a means of exerting pressure on the government for reform, as the spark that would ignite a vast peasant uprising, and as the inevitable response to the regime's use of violence against the revolutionaries". The attempt to get the peasantry to overthrow the Tsar proved unsuccessful, due to the peasantry's idolisation of the latter as someone "on their side". Narodism therefore developed the practice of terrorism: the peasantry, they believed, had to be shown that the Tsar was not
1484:
actuality, the peasants saw a poorly dressed person as a person with no authority or credibility. Accordingly, intellectuals dressing as they imagined the peasant dressed had an adverse effect; it actually made peasants suspicious of the intellectuals. Furthermore, Narodnik propaganda failed to address the more mundane, ordinary concerns of the peasantry. The everyday troubles of a rural
Russian—a lack of material goods, poor healthcare, etc.—left little time for discussions of
1319:
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1523:(The People's Will) and Chornyperedel (Black Repartition). These groups sought to begin a revolution through violence, and when members of Narodnaya Volya killed Tsar Alexander in 1881, the larger Narodnik movement lost virtually all support in the communes and rural parts of Russia. Government oppression further radicalized the Narodniks, and the peasants could not support enhanced radicalization of the already radical intelligentsia.
25:
1370:, and could be killed. This theory, called "direct struggle", intended "uninterrupted demonstration of the possibility of struggling against the government, in this manner lifting the revolutionary spirit of the people and its faith in the success of the cause, and organising those capable of fighting". On March 1, 1881, they succeeded in
1511:
and land laws, and their propaganda was viewed as a threat by Tsar
Alexander II. He ordered the arrest and trial of known Narodniks and Narodnik sympathizers in the peasantry; peasants were forced to expose the Narodniks to the authorities to escape persecution themselves. Beginning in 1877, a long and slow
1507:
look favorably on the
Narodniks advocating their overthrow, and peasants would only abide Narodniks so long as no criminal connections could be drawn to them. The Narodniks believed that the peasants were the class in Russia most prone to revolution, yet the peasants were not ready for revolutionary action.
1424:, the "to the people" movement was political activism primarily by the Russian intelligentsia. These individuals were generally anti-capitalist, and they believed that they could facilitate both an economic and a political revolution amongst rural Russians by "going to" and educating the peasant classes.
1439:
said that "none of us like the narod as they actually are, but only as each of us has imagined them." Russian political activists and government officials often claimed to be working to improve the lives of
Russian peasants; in reality, they were manipulating the image of the peasant to further their
1510:
Government suppression of the
Narodniki resulted in mass trials that widely publicized the views of the Narodniki, and outraged the public. Between 1873 and 1877, the Russian police arrested 1,611 propagandists, of whom 15% were women. Radicals in the movement focused on Russia's oppressive taxation
1506:
writes that "sensing their inability to act alone, the intelligent radical made the peasantry the instrument to realize their hopes." As historian Daniel Field wrote, however, "Narodniks found that the peasant desire for land was not accompanied by a wish to rebel." The
Russian government did not
1460:
and
Lavrists, and Narodnik circles acting on independent initiative, were a further obstacle. The Bakunists believed revolution among the peasantry and populist uprisings in Russia would begin in the immediate future, the latter believed that propaganda should precede revolution, and the process
1269:
were slowly becoming the primary theories of
Russian political thought, and Mikhaylovsky, realizing this shift in thought, began to tweak his original ideas of Narodnism, such that two groups of Narodniks emerged: the so-called "Critical Narodniks" and "Doctrinaire Narodniks". Critical Narodniks
1483:
received in the communes was so poor that it destroyed their idealized image of the peasant that was so common prior to 1874. The
Narodniks saw peasants as a unified body; they thought that all peasants dressed poorly, so intellectuals dressed as poorly as was possible in order to fit in. In
1580:
for "people") movement eventually rejected revolution altogether. Nevertheless, he shared the Narodnik view that capitalism was not a necessary stage in the development of an agrarian country. This perspective, which contradicted traditional Marxism, also influenced
1518:
The more the government tried to repress the Narodniks, the more radical the Narodniks became. They grew increasingly selective in their membership, and their Zemlya i Volya (Land and Freedom) members would eventually evolve to form more terroristic organizations:
1444:
wrote that the narod was "the official Russia; the real Russia." Hampered by a biased understanding of the peasantry, the Narodniks struggled, mostly unsuccessfully, to relate to the peasantry. Rural Russians were typically highly devoted to the Tsar and to the
1453:'s "anthropological principle" held that all humans, regardless of class, have many intrinsic similarities, and intellectuals saw in the peasants a purified version of themselves that could be radicalized; time demonstrated that this was simply not the case.
1306:
that would overthrow the monarchy, and perceived the village commune as the embryo of socialism. However, they also believed that the peasantry would not achieve revolution on their own, insisting instead that history could only be made by
1270:
followed Mikhaylovsky, and assumed a very flexible stance on capitalism, whilst adhering to their basic orientation. The more well-known Doctrinaire Narodniks had a firm belief that capitalism had no future in Russia or in any
1374:. This act backfired on a political level, because the peasantry were generally horrified by the murder, and the government had many Narodnaya Volya leaders hanged, leaving the group unorganized and ineffective.
1315:
to "bestir itself from the mental lethargy into which, in contrast to the sensitive and lively years of the seventies, it had fallen and formulate a scientific theory of Russian economic development".
1295:
and of distributing land fairly among the peasantry. The Narodniks generally believed that it was possible to forgo the capitalist phase of Russia's development and proceed directly to
1229:
campaigns were the central impetus of the Narodnik movement. The Narodniks were in many ways the intellectual and political forebears and, in notable cases, direct participants of the
1479:
This lack of unity is responsible for the third reason that the "going to the people movement" failed; the peasants did not receive the intellectuals well. The reception that the
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all pursued similar ideas and tactics to the Narodniks. The philosophy and actions of the Narodniks therefore helped prepare the way for the
1170:
1412:
The Narodnik movement was a populist initiative to engage the rural classes of Russia in a political debate that would overthrow the
1404:
is an example of a modern-day grouping claiming the heritage of the Narodniks and the democratic socialist parties inspired by them.
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in the Narodnik movement was also hard for the peasantry to accept. Pre-Marxist revolutionaries believed in an unusually strong
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1550:(who was a member of Narodnaya Volya in his youth). The latter helped found various groups, included one formed around the
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own political objectives. Narodniks saw the peasant commune as a Russia that had not been tainted by western influence;
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Angel of Vengeance: The Girl Who Shot the Governor of St. Petersburg and Sparked the Age of Assassination
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One response to this repression was the formation of Russia's first organized revolutionary party,
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Narodniks was conducted. The propagandists had to either operate covertly or face imprisonment.
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Disunity was prevalent even though Narodniks only traveled in three directions: either towards
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Von Laue, Theodore H. (1954). "The Fate of Capitalism in Russia: The Narodnik Version".
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in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against
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Pedler, Anne (June 1927). "Going to the People. The Russian Narodniki in 1874-5".
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Narodniki Women: Russian Women Who Sacrificed Themselves for the Dream of Freedom
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von Laue, Theodore H. "The Fate of Capitalism in Russia: The Narodnik Version".
1237:, which went on to greatly influence Russian history in the early 20th century.
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McNeal, Robert H. (Winter 1971–1972). "Women in the Russian Radical Movement".
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Venturi, Franco (1960). "Chaikovskists and Movement "To Go To The People."".
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Peasant Icons: Representations of Rural People in Late 19th Century Russia
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However, these events did not mark the end of the movement, and the later
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Peasants and Propagandists in the Russian Movement to the People in 1874
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Pearl, Deborah (2003). "The People's Will". In Millar, James R. (ed.).
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Pedler, Anne. "Going to the People: The Russian Narodniki in 1874–5".
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Narodnichestvo as a philosophy was influenced by the works of
2226:"Remembering Nikolai Tchaikovsky: lessons from the Narodniks"
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Pipes, Richard (1964). "Narodnichestvo: A Semantic Inquiry".
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Information on sex in the Narodnik movement was drawn from
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1687:
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Statistics on the trials of Narodniks were borrowed from
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Wortman, Richard (1967). "The City and the Countryside".
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Narodniki established semi-underground circles (кружки,
2121:(16). Modern Humanities Research Association: 130–141.
1913:(in Russian). Moscow: Soviet historical encyclopedia.
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1416:'s government in the nineteenth century. Unlike the
2302:Woods, Alan. "Bolshevism: the Road to Revolution".
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2077:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 62–70.
1534:had a direct influence on politics and culture in
2159:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 335–350.
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1253:(1828–1889), whose convictions were refined by
2157:Russia since 1801: the making of a new society
1981:(in Russian). Tomson Gale. pp. 1162–1163.
1904:
1801:
1748:
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1358:("People's Will"), in June 1879. It favoured
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2292:6.16 (1927): 130–141. Web. 19 October 2011.
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2140:Siljak, Ana (2010). "The "Girl Assassin"".
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2342:1861 establishments in the Russian Empire
2299:13.1 (1954): 11–28. Web. 19 October 2011.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2297:American Slavic and East European Review
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1941:American Slavic and East European Review
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1911:Sovetskaia istoricheskaia entsiklopediya
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1261:(1842–1904). In the late 19th century,
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16:1860s–1870s Russian political movement
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2007:"Glossary of Terms and Organisations"
1976:
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1781: 'people, folk', similar to the
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2377:Philosophical schools and traditions
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1967:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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1892:Revolyutsionnyye narodniki Belarusi
1427:The concept of the narod, like the
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1187:were members of a movement of the
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2306:(1999): 33–50. Sat. 24 June 2017.
1251:Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky
2232:. 6 January 2012. Archived from
2230:Students for a Stateless Society
2144:. New York: Griffin. p. 48.
1924:Lyaschenko, L. M. (1989-01-01).
1671:
1647:Party of Revolutionary Communism
1559:, which he published along with
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1979:Encyclopedia of Russian History
1909:[Going to the People].
1824:[xɐʐˈdʲenʲɪje‿v‿nɐˈrot]
1593:, as well as the philosophy of
34:needs additional citations for
2387:Politics of the Russian Empire
2093:The Crisis of Russian Populism
1932:
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1637:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
1402:Popular Resistance Association
1:
2382:Political movements in Russia
2250:The Russian Empire, 1801–1917
1833:
1617:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1407:
1235:Socialist-Revolutionary Party
379:Criticism of multiculturalism
1905:Itenberg, B.S. (1973–1982).
1642:Party of Narodnik Communists
1622:Group of Narodnik Socialists
1540:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
1526:
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2036:Frierson, Cathy A. (1993).
1814:
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1391:Russian revolutions of 1905
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1198:. Their ideology, known as
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2352:20th century in philosophy
2347:19th century in philosophy
2155:Thaden, Edward C. (1971).
2097:Cambridge University Press
1771:[nɐˈrodnʲɪtɕɪstvə]
1538:, through the writings of
1372:assassinating Alexander II
1347:Unofficial narodnik anthem
1240:
882:Ukrainian national revival
2412:Russian words and phrases
2188:Journal of Social History
1926:Revolyutsionnye narodniki
1802:
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1714:
1379:Socialist-Revolutionaries
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1309:outstanding personalities
877:Anti-Administration party
2319:The Heritage We Renounce
2272:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1657:
1591:National Peasants' Party
1542:and the advocacy of the
1323:Arrest of a Propagandist
991:Election of Donald Trump
2196:Oxford University Press
2042:Oxford University Press
1736:[nɐˈrodʲnʲɪkʲɪ]
1589:and its successor, the
1447:Russian Orthodox Church
2058:Field, Daniel (1992).
1928:. Prosveshenie Moskva.
1890:Sambuk, S. M. (1972).
1786:
1330:
1233:—in particular of the
1077:Democratic backsliding
279:Jeffersonian democracy
2248:Watson, Hugh (1967).
1451:Nikolay Chernyshevsky
1321:
996:Yellow vests protests
2367:Left-wing ideologies
2362:History of socialism
2304:WellRed Publications
1907:"Khozhdenie v narod"
1627:Nakanune (newspaper)
1259:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky
1067:Classical radicalism
426:Grassroots democracy
394:Economic nationalism
352:Anti-intellectualism
269:Jacksonian democracy
43:improve this article
2407:Socialism in Russia
2290:The Slavonic Review
2256:. pp. 205–225.
2236:on 18 October 2014.
2204:10.1353/jsh/5.2.143
2170:Maxwell, Margaret.
2115:The Slavonic Review
2075:Roots of Revolution
1422:Revolutions of 1848
1304:revolutionary class
1227:Going to the People
1147:Politics portal
961:Revolutions of 1989
689:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
669:Kirchner (Cristina)
471:Popular sovereignty
456:Natural aristocracy
2402:Russian Revolution
2397:Russian philosophy
2392:Populism in Russia
2372:Left-wing populism
2099:. pp. 87–111.
2062:. London: Garland.
1561:Garabet Ibrăileanu
1383:Popular Socialists
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1231:Russian Revolution
1216:agrarian socialism
976:Tea Party movement
496:Welfare chauvinism
414:Anti-establishment
347:Anti-globalization
2357:Agrarian politics
1815:Hoždenije v narod
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1652:Popular socialism
1632:Nikolai Danielson
1607:Nihilist movement
1552:literary magazine
1456:Disunity between
1437:Fyodor Dostoevsky
1418:French Revolution
1352:
1351:
1285:Chaikovsky Circle
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1180:
1109:Paleoconservatism
907:Völkisch movement
897:Farmers' Alliance
674:Kirchner (Néstor)
466:Popular democracy
431:Identity politics
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1289:Land and Liberty
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1272:agrarian country
1257:(1823–1900) and
1249:(1812–1870) and
1247:Alexander Herzen
1214:, was a form of
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1119:Radical centrism
1057:Authoritarianism
941:Share Our Wealth
931:Great Depression
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1595:Virgil Madgearu
1587:Peasants' Party
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1500:equality of sex
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1356:Narodnaya Volya
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1481:intelligentsia
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
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38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
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2296:
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2283:Bibliography
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2234:the original
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2040:. New York:
2037:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:Marxists.org
2010:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1947:(1): 11–28.
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421:General will
371:
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205:Berlusconism
124:Part of the
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2198:: 143–163.
2018:21 February
1774:; from
1709:nə-ROHD-nik
1544:Bessarabian
1087:Nationalism
1029:New Zealand
918:Sămănătorul
902:Chłopomania
859:Zhirinovsky
684:La Follette
508:Politicians
491:Wedge issue
373:Continuismo
337:Agrarianism
289:Kirchnerism
210:Bonapartism
58:"Narodniks"
2331:Categories
2268:"Narodnik"
2252:. Oxford:
2095:. London:
1834:References
1569:Poporanist
1408:Challenges
1327:Ilya Repin
1325:(1892) by
1267:capitalism
1062:Chauvinism
936:Vargas Era
912:Gilded Age
804:Shinawatra
774:Papandreou
524:Berlusconi
309:Poporanism
249:Fortuynism
232:Erdoğanism
199:Ideologies
177:Right-wing
99:April 2014
69:newspapers
2337:Narodniks
1877:147530830
1809:romanized
1756:romanized
1727:narodniki
1721:romanized
1715:народники
1527:Influence
1486:socialism
1458:Bakunists
1387:Trudoviks
1364:terrorism
1297:socialism
1263:socialism
1204:Narodnism
1185:Narodniks
1124:Socialism
1104:New Right
1072:Communism
1052:Alt-right
1008:By region
966:Pink tide
892:Narodniks
744:Netanyahu
714:Mélenchon
664:Kaczyński
624:de Gaulle
549:Boulanger
544:Bonaparte
539:Bolsonaro
461:Pluralism
299:Nasserism
259:Hansonism
227:Dutertism
215:Caesarism
157:Left-wing
1601:See also
1578:Romanian
1496:Feminism
1220:populism
1200:Narodism
1114:Putinism
1099:New Left
1082:Georgism
814:Subianto
644:Iglesias
574:Castillo
559:Buchanan
451:Nativism
446:Mob rule
441:Localism
384:Demagogy
362:Backlash
331:Concepts
319:Trumpism
314:Qasimism
304:Peronism
284:Kemalism
264:Hindutva
254:Gaullism
221:Chavismo
152:Judicial
141:Variants
133:Populism
2212:3786408
2127:4202141
1961:2492162
1869:2492683
1779:(narod)
1536:Romania
1470:Dnieper
1433:Germany
1420:or the
1280:kruzhki
1241:History
1196:tsarism
887:Hromada
871:History
844:Wilders
829:Wallace
799:Sanders
794:Salvini
789:Quadros
749:Obrador
734:Morales
659:Johnson
649:Jackson
619:Gaddafi
614:Fortuyn
604:Erdoğan
599:Duterte
534:Billing
529:Bernier
514:Atatürk
404:Elitism
274:Janismo
237:Fascism
187:Valence
83:scholar
2321:, 1897
2210:
2125:
1959:
1875:
1867:
1783:German
1572:(from
1546:-born
1490:egoism
1385:, and
1019:Europe
1014:Canada
986:Brexit
954:Europe
839:Weaver
834:Warren
824:Vargas
784:Peters
764:Ortega
739:Nasser
719:Meloni
709:Maduro
639:Humala
634:Hébert
609:Farage
589:Correa
584:Corbyn
579:Chávez
569:Caesar
564:Butler
519:Bannon
294:Lulism
182:Techno
167:Market
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2208:JSTOR
2194:(2).
2123:JSTOR
1957:JSTOR
1873:S2CID
1865:JSTOR
1777:народ
1658:Notes
1574:popor
1472:, or
1466:Volga
1362:-led
854:Zeman
819:Trump
809:Stere
779:Perón
769:Palin
759:Orbán
724:Milei
654:Janša
554:Bryan
172:Penal
147:Black
90:JSTOR
76:books
2020:2013
1820:IPA:
1788:Volk
1767:IPA:
1732:IPA:
1429:volk
1414:Tsar
1400:The
1395:1917
1393:and
1287:and
1265:and
1225:The
1183:The
849:Yoon
729:Modi
704:Lula
699:Long
679:Khan
594:Dean
62:news
2200:doi
1949:doi
1857:doi
1585:'s
1488:or
1474:Don
1431:in
1206:or
1092:Neo
629:Han
242:Neo
45:by
2333::
2270:.
2228:.
2206:.
2190:.
2117:.
2105:^
2083:^
2050:^
2028:^
2009:.
1969:^
1955:.
1945:13
1943:.
1871:.
1863:.
1853:23
1851:.
1818:,
1806:,
1765:,
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1730:,
1718:,
1688:oʊ
1597:.
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2274:.
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2174:.
2129:.
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2044:.
2022:.
1963:.
1951::
1894:.
1879:.
1859::
1811::
1758::
1723::
1703:/
1700:k
1697:ɪ
1694:n
1691:d
1685:r
1682:ˈ
1679:ə
1676:n
1673:/
1329:.
1172:e
1165:t
1158:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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