626:
users was discussed. The proposal under discussion sought to replace the word "consumption" with "other than personal consumption (in small quantity)" and also sought to replace the word "addict" with "person with substance use disorder". The reason for this change was to help the courts take a more lenient view on people caught with small quantities, and to more strongly emphasize the difference between possession of drugs for personal consumption and possession of drugs for commercial use. Advocates of the proposal state that drug decriminalization is an important step towards achieving a rational drug policy that puts science and public health before punishment and incarceration. The proposal also suggests that mandatory treatment for de-addiction for 30 days for any person who has been found to have consumed or be in possession to consume drugs.
577:), making them more accessible for use in pain relief and palliative care. The Amendment also contained measures to improve treatment and care for people dependent on drugs, opened up the processing of opium and concentrated poppy straw to the private sector, and strengthened provisions related to the forfeiture of property of persons arraigned on charges of drug trafficking. The Amendment also removed the NDPS Act's imposition of a mandatory death sentence in case of a repeat conviction for trafficking large quantities of drugs, giving courts the discretion to use the alternative sentence of 30 years imprisonment for repeat offences. However, the Amendment increased the punishment for "small quantity" offences from a maximum of 6 months to 1 year imprisonment.
225:, an Indo-British study of cannabis usage in India appointed in 1893, found that the "moderate" use of hemp drugs was "practically attended by no evil results at all", "produces no injurious effects on the mind" and "no moral injury whatever". Regarding "excessive" use of the drug, the Commission concluded that it "may certainly be accepted as very injurious, though it must be admitted that in many excessive consumers the injury is not clearly marked". The report the Commission produced was at least 3,281 pages long, with testimony from almost 1,200 "doctors, coolies, yogis, fakirs, heads of lunatic asylums, bhang peasants, tax gatherers, smugglers, army officers, hemp dealers, ganja palace operators and the clergy."
31:
597:, on 13 September. The committee was scheduled to submit its report within three months, but actually submitted it on 21 March 2012. The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 20 February 2014, and by the Rajya Sabha the next day. It received the assent of then President Pranab Mukherjee on 7 March 2014, and was published in
496:. The paper described the law as "ill-conceived" and "poorly thought-out" due to the law providing the same punishment for all drugs, which meant that dealers shifted their focus to harder drugs, where profits are far higher. The paper also argued that the Act had "actually created a drugs problem where there was none."
475:
entirely on the accused to establish innocence. Furthermore, some critics point out that under this act, there is a presumption of "culpable mental state", that is, the court will presume that there was an intention to commit a crime. They claim that this goes against the general principle of the law
58:
An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to narcotic drugs, to make stringent provisions for the control and regulation of operations relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, to provide for the forfeiture of property derived from, or used in, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs
625:
On 10 November 2021, a high-level meeting of all key stakeholders was held where a consensus was reached to do away with imprisonment and fines for personal consumption of drugs and amend
Section 27 of the NDPS Act, and the possibility of rehabilitation and deaddiction programs of 30 days for drug
228:
Cannabis and its derivatives (marijuana, hashish/charas and bhang) were legally sold in India until 1985, and their recreational use was commonplace. Consumption of cannabis was not seen as socially deviant behaviour, and was viewed as being similar to the consumption of alcohol. Ganja and charas
185:
on 16 September 1985, and came into force on 14 November 1985. The NDPS Act has since been amended four times — in 1988, 2001, 2014 and 2021. The Act extends to the whole of India and applies also to all Indian citizens outside India and to all persons on ships and aircraft registered in India.
621:
has recommended decriminalizing of possession of small quantities of drugs for personal use. The ministry suggested that the NDPS Act be amended to treat the consumer of drugs as victims who ought to be referred for rehabilitation and de-addiction, and not as criminals to be sentenced to jail.
479:
There is a higher threshold for bail in serious cases under the Act. Under
Section 37 of the NDPS Act, if a person is accused of an offence involving "commercial quantities", that is, more than 1 kg in case of hashish, and serious offences such as financing illicit traffic and harbouring
507:
criticized the ban on cannabis as "elitist", and labeling cannabis the "intoxicant" of the poor. He also felt that the ban was "an overreaction to a scare created by the United States". Sathpathy has also advocated the legalisation of cannabis. On 2 November 2015, Lok Sabha MP
241:
in 1961. However, India opposed the move, and withstood
American pressure to make cannabis illegal for nearly 25 years. American pressure increased in the 1980s, and in 1985, the Rajiv Gandhi government succumbed and enacted the NDPS Act, banning all narcotic drugs in India.
520:
Romesh
Bhattacharji said of the law, "This needs to be debated in the face of such stiff ignorance which often takes root in the moral high grounds people take after being influenced by the UN conventions. This law has been victimising people since 1985".
512:
announced that he had received clearance from
Parliament to table a Private Member's Bill seeking to amend the NDPS Act to allow for the legalised, regulated, and medically supervised supply of "non-synthetic" intoxicants including cannabis and opium.
202:
616:
Currently, under
Section 27 of the NDPS Act, possession of small quantities for personal consumption of drugs is a punishable offence, and can attract a fine of ₹10,000 and imprisonment of six months or both. The Union
480:
offenders, then bail can only be granted if "the court is satisfied that there are reasonable grounds for believing that he is not guilty of such offence and that he is not likely to commit any offence while on bail".
884:
483:
During the discussion of the Bill in
Parliament, several members opposed it for treating hard and soft drugs as the same. However, the Rajiv Gandhi administration claimed that soft drugs were
990:
463:
amount to "amount to virtual denial and ensure years of incarceration". Critics say that the conditions of bail under this act are needlessly harsh and are similar to provisions of the
1183:
1117:
721:
59:
and psychotropic substances, to implement the provisions of the
International Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and for matters connected therewith
1280:
914:
701:
1334:
1137:
965:
940:
292:, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than 10 years but which may extend to 20 years and also a fine which shall not be less than
464:
761:
892:
741:
181:. The bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 23 August 1985. It was passed by both the Houses of Parliament, received assent from then President
1088:
833:
1382:
1209:
1367:
1042:
1187:
1169:
1074:
1016:
793:
618:
858:
1223:
173:
that prohibits the production/manufacturing/cultivation, possession, sale, purchase, transport, storage, and/or consumption of any
1305:
689:
198:
1392:
1102:
193:
was set up under the act with effect from March 1986. The Act is designed to fulfill India's treaty obligations under the
1144:
238:
194:
468:
500:
recommended that some of the softer drugs should be legalized, as this might reduce the level of heroin addiction.
459:
Critics of the NDPS Act say that the restriction that the act is "draconian" and that it imposes on the grant of
565:(Act No. 16 of 2014) amended the NDPS Act to relax restrictions placed by the Act on Essential Narcotic Drugs (
768:
229:
were considered by upper class
Indians as the poor man's intoxicant, although the rich consumed bhang during
222:
517:
252:
Anyone who contravenes the NDPS Act will face punishment based on the quantity of the banned substance.
1387:
1255:
278:, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to 10 years and with fine which may extend to
260:, with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to 1 year, or with a fine which may extend to
589:(Bill No. 78 of 2011) was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 8 September 2011 by then Minister of Finance
915:"Make cannabis consumption legal; ban is turning people alcoholic: BJD chief whip Tathagata Satpathy"
190:
1335:"Modi govt plans changes to NDPS Act, could decriminalise possession of small quantities of drugs"
807:
534:
203:
United
Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
178:
1049:
472:
71:
885:"The joint campaign: Should we not legalize recreational use of Cannabis? - Times of India"
722:"The joint campaign: Should we not legalize recreational use of Cannabis? - Times of India"
640:
599:
1230:
1210:"PRS - Bill Track - The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Bill, 2011"
8:
170:
143:
Prevention of Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988
109:
38:
1310:
746:
726:
706:
684:
Psychedelics encyclopedia By Peter G. Stafford, Jeremy Bigwood, Ronin Publishing, 1992
504:
492:
237:
began to campaign for a worldwide law against all drugs, following the adoption of the
1163:
1068:
787:
702:"Recreational use of marijuana: Always a way of life in our country - Times of India"
685:
635:
166:
1103:"THE NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2001 – Lawyers Law"
1017:"Legal Marijuana in India? Punjab Lawmaker Dharamvir Gandhi Set to Move Parliament"
859:"Legal Marijuana in India? Punjab Lawmaker Dharamvir Gandhi Set to Move Parliament"
590:
509:
214:
550:
374:
476:
where people accused of a crime are assumed to be innocent until proven guilty.
594:
1306:"Avoid jail for drug users, seizure of small amounts: Social justice ministry"
1184:"» Parliament passes the NDPS (Amendment) Bill, 2014: many gains; some losses"
471:
which result in long periods of imprisonment and that the NDPS act places the
1376:
1362:
484:
234:
217:
in India has been known since at least 2000 BC and is first mentioned in the
174:
834:"Why has Aryan Khan failed to get bail despite no drugs being found on him?"
593:. The Bill was referred to the Standing Committee on Finance, chaired by
335:
1118:"Passing of NDPS Act Amendment Bill will make morphine more accessible"
182:
49:
991:"Bill for legalised supply of opium, marijuana cleared for Parliament"
1122:
1089:"Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 2001- Introduction"
574:
414:
742:"Recreational use of marijuana: Of highs and laws - Times of India"
714:
570:
566:
427:
30:
587:
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Bill, 2011
361:
1281:"Consensus emerges on decriminalising personal drug consumption"
563:
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 2014
547:
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 2001
531:
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Act, 1988
388:
348:
671:
P. Ram Manohar, "Smoking and Ayurvedic Medicine in India" in
440:
81:
941:"Cannabis ban is elitist. It should go: Tathagata Satpathy"
460:
230:
465:
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987
401:
213:
India had no legislation regarding narcotics until 1985.
115:
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Bill, 1985
549:(Act No. 9 of 2001) received assent from then President
533:(Act No. 2 of 1989) received assent from then President
270:
where the contravention involves a quantity lesser than
205:.There are 6 Chapters and 83 Sections in NDPS act 1985.
159:
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
24:
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
966:"BJD MP Tathagata Satpathy Tells How to Score Weed"
310:The table below lists the current definition of a
221:, which dates back a few thousands years BC. The
1374:
1368:NDPS (Amendment) Act, 1988 - Full text (Page 8)
516:In November 2016, former commissioner of the
1278:
1363:NDPS Act, Rules and Amendments - Full text
983:
619:Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment
29:
808:"NDPS Act: Should Vices Be Criminalised?"
580:
1332:
1375:
1168:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1073:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
792:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1333:Bhardwaj, Ananya (14 November 2021).
1274:
1272:
1256:"Home - High Court of Madhya Pradesh"
199:Convention on Psychotropic Substances
1383:Acts of the Parliament of India 1985
1279:Vishnoi, Anubhuti; Tripathi, Rahul.
1115:
889:articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com
299:(US$ 1,200) but which may extend to
611:
288:where the contravention involves a
256:where the contravention involves a
239:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
195:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
13:
1269:
831:
606:
14:
1404:
1356:
556:
540:
524:
469:Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002
1326:
1298:
1248:
1216:
1202:
1176:
1130:
1109:
1095:
1081:
1035:
1009:
958:
933:
907:
877:
851:
490:The NDPS Act was criticized in
825:
800:
754:
734:
694:
678:
665:
653:
161:, commonly referred to as the
1:
646:
409:100 milligrams (1.5 gr)
247:
208:
1116:Maya, C (22 February 2014).
454:
448:2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb)
406:2 milligrams (0.031 gr)
223:Indian Hemp Drugs Commission
7:
1393:Rajiv Gandhi administration
629:
518:Central Bureau of Narcotics
10:
1409:
383:20 kilograms (44 lb)
356:1 kilogram (2.2 lb)
147:
142:
137:
133:1988, 2001, 2014 and 2021
132:
127:
119:
108:
103:
95:
87:
77:
67:
44:
37:
28:
23:
435:250 grams (8.8 oz)
396:250 grams (8.8 oz)
380:1 kilogram (2.2 lb)
369:100 grams (3.5 oz)
318:for some popular drugs.
191:Narcotics Control Bureau
16:Indian act of parliament
445:25 grams (0.88 oz)
422:50 grams (1.8 oz)
419:2 grams (0.071 oz)
366:2 grams (0.071 oz)
353:100 grams (3.5 oz)
343:50 grams (1.8 oz)
340:2 grams (0.071 oz)
970:The New Indian Express
660:Marihuana and medicine
581:Proposal and enactment
535:Ramaswamy Venkataraman
503:In 2015, Lok Sabha MP
432:5 grams (0.18 oz)
393:5 grams (0.18 oz)
179:psychotropic substance
641:Drug policy of India
600:The Gazette of India
330:Commercial quantity
1190:on 20 December 2016
537:on 8 January 1989.
316:commercial quantity
290:commercial quantity
274:but greater than a
272:commercial quantity
171:Parliament of India
138:Related legislation
104:Legislative history
39:Parliament of India
1311:The Indian Express
1285:The Economic Times
945:The Times of India
921:. 11 December 2015
919:The Indian Express
747:The Times of India
727:The Times of India
707:The Times of India
505:Tathagata Satpathy
498:The Times of India
493:The Times of India
267:(US$ 120) or both;
78:Territorial extent
72:Act No. 61 of 1985
1388:Cannabis in India
1314:. 24 October 2021
1023:. 2 November 2016
997:. 19 October 2016
865:. 2 November 2016
690:978-0-914171-51-5
636:Cannabis in India
452:
451:
155:
154:
91:16 September 1985
1400:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1236:on 29 March 2017
1235:
1229:. Archived from
1228:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1186:. Archived from
1180:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1143:. Archived from
1142:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1048:. Archived from
1047:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
891:. Archived from
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
829:
823:
822:
820:
818:
804:
798:
797:
791:
783:
781:
779:
773:
767:. Archived from
766:
758:
752:
751:
738:
732:
731:
718:
712:
711:
698:
692:
682:
676:
669:
663:
657:
612:Proposed changes
591:Pranab Mukherjee
510:Dharamvir Gandhi
321:
320:
305:
303:
298:
296:
284:
282:
266:
264:
215:Cannabis smoking
183:Giani Zail Singh
99:14 November 1985
88:Assented to
33:
21:
20:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1270:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1150:on 4 April 2018
1147:
1140:
1138:"Archived copy"
1136:
1135:
1131:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1055:on 4 March 2016
1052:
1045:
1043:"Archived copy"
1041:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
995:Hindustan Times
989:
988:
984:
974:
972:
964:
963:
959:
949:
947:
939:
938:
934:
924:
922:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
883:
882:
878:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
832:Poddar, Umang.
830:
826:
816:
814:
806:
805:
801:
785:
784:
777:
775:
771:
764:
762:"Archived copy"
760:
759:
755:
740:
739:
735:
720:
719:
715:
700:
699:
695:
683:
679:
670:
666:
658:
654:
649:
632:
614:
609:
607:2021 amendments
583:
559:
553:on 9 May 2001.
551:K. R. Narayanan
543:
527:
473:burden-of-proof
457:
301:
300:
294:
293:
280:
279:
262:
261:
250:
211:
63:
60:
54:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1357:External links
1355:
1352:
1351:
1325:
1297:
1268:
1247:
1215:
1201:
1175:
1129:
1108:
1094:
1080:
1034:
1008:
982:
957:
932:
906:
895:on 6 July 2013
876:
850:
824:
799:
774:on 6 July 2016
753:
733:
713:
693:
677:
664:
651:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
638:
631:
628:
613:
610:
608:
605:
595:Yashwant Sinha
582:
579:
558:
557:2014 amendment
555:
542:
541:2001 amendment
539:
526:
525:1988 amendment
523:
456:
453:
450:
449:
446:
443:
437:
436:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
378:
371:
370:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
351:
345:
344:
341:
338:
332:
331:
328:
327:Small quantity
325:
312:small quantity
308:
307:
286:
276:small quantity
268:
258:small quantity
249:
246:
210:
207:
153:
152:
145:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
123:23 August 1985
121:
117:
116:
113:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1405:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1165:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1012:
996:
992:
986:
971:
967:
961:
946:
942:
936:
920:
916:
910:
894:
890:
886:
880:
864:
860:
854:
839:
835:
828:
813:
809:
803:
795:
789:
770:
763:
757:
749:
748:
743:
737:
729:
728:
723:
717:
709:
708:
703:
697:
691:
687:
681:
674:
668:
661:
656:
652:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
627:
623:
620:
604:
603:on 10 March.
602:
601:
596:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
554:
552:
548:
538:
536:
532:
522:
519:
514:
511:
506:
501:
499:
495:
494:
488:
486:
485:gateway drugs
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
342:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:
317:
313:
291:
287:
277:
273:
269:
259:
255:
254:
253:
245:
243:
240:
236:
235:United States
232:
226:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
187:
184:
180:
176:
175:narcotic drug
172:
168:
164:
160:
150:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1262:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1224:"4857GI.p65"
1218:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1178:
1152:. Retrieved
1145:the original
1132:
1121:
1111:
1097:
1083:
1057:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1037:
1025:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
994:
985:
973:. Retrieved
969:
960:
948:. Retrieved
944:
935:
923:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
888:
879:
867:. Retrieved
862:
853:
841:. Retrieved
837:
827:
815:. Retrieved
811:
802:
776:. Retrieved
769:the original
756:
745:
736:
725:
716:
705:
696:
680:
672:
667:
659:
655:
624:
615:
598:
586:
584:
562:
560:
546:
544:
530:
528:
515:
502:
497:
491:
489:
482:
478:
458:
315:
311:
309:
306:(US$ 2,400).
289:
285:(US$ 1,200);
275:
271:
257:
251:
244:
227:
218:
212:
188:
162:
158:
156:
148:
48:
18:
1344:22 November
1318:22 November
1290:22 November
1263:www.mphc.in
1240:11 December
1001:10 December
975:10 December
950:10 December
925:10 December
675:, pp. 68–75
377:(Marijuana)
336:Amphetamine
219:Atharvaveda
1377:Categories
899:17 January
843:28 October
817:28 October
647:References
248:Punishment
209:Background
128:Amended by
120:Introduced
50:Long title
1123:The Hindu
838:Scroll.in
575:Methadone
455:Criticism
415:Methadone
96:Commenced
1339:ThePrint
1164:cite web
1069:cite web
869:26 March
812:The Wire
788:cite web
630:See also
571:Fentanyl
567:Morphine
428:Morphine
165:, is an
163:NDPS Act
68:Citation
1027:2 March
362:Cocaine
169:of the
151:Amended
149:Status:
1021:News18
863:News18
688:
662:, p. 3
389:Heroin
349:Charas
314:and a
304:2 lakh
297:1 lakh
283:1 lakh
265:10,000
233:. The
201:, and
1259:(PDF)
1234:(PDF)
1227:(PDF)
1194:1 May
1154:1 May
1148:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
1059:1 May
1053:(PDF)
1046:(PDF)
778:1 May
772:(PDF)
765:(PDF)
673:Smoke
441:Opium
375:Ganja
112:title
82:India
1346:2021
1320:2021
1292:2021
1242:2016
1196:2015
1170:link
1156:2015
1075:link
1061:2015
1029:2018
1003:2016
977:2016
952:2016
927:2016
901:2022
871:2017
845:2021
819:2021
794:link
780:2015
686:ISBN
585:The
573:and
561:The
545:The
529:The
467:and
461:bail
324:Drug
231:Holi
189:The
157:The
110:Bill
402:LSD
177:or
167:Act
1379::
1337:.
1308:.
1283:.
1271:^
1261:.
1166:}}
1162:{{
1120:.
1071:}}
1067:{{
1019:.
993:.
968:.
943:.
917:.
887:.
861:.
836:.
810:.
790:}}
786:{{
744:.
724:.
704:.
569:,
487:.
197:,
1348:.
1322:.
1294:.
1265:.
1244:.
1212:.
1198:.
1172:)
1158:.
1126:.
1105:.
1091:.
1077:)
1063:.
1031:.
1005:.
979:.
954:.
929:.
903:.
873:.
847:.
821:.
796:)
782:.
750:.
730:.
710:.
302:₹
295:₹
281:₹
263:₹
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
