Nanotechnology - Knowledge

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properties change versus macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions can be different as well. Systems with fast ion transport are referred to as nanoionics. The mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in research.

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estimated that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products were publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week. Most applications are "first generation" passive nanomaterials that includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings, and some food

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Productive nanosystems are "systems of nanosystems" could produce atomically precise parts for other nanosystems, not necessarily using novel nanoscale-emergent properties, but well-understood fundamentals of manufacturing. Because of the discrete (i.e. atomic) nature of matter and the possibility of

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Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements

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Andrew Maynard, chief science advisor to the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, reported insufficient funding for human health and safety research, and as a result inadequate understanding of human health and safety risks. Some academics called for stricter application of

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effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to research and

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is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to

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Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced nanotechnology ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would

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said "We know that some of them probably have the potential to cause mesothelioma. So those sorts of materials need to be handled very carefully." In the absence of specific regulation forthcoming from governments, Paull and Lyons (2008) have called for an exclusion of engineered nanoparticles in

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The emergence of nanotechnology as a field in the 1980s occurred through the convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional attention to the prospects. In the 1980s, two

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Calls for tighter regulation of nanotechnology have accompanied a debate related to human health and safety risks. Some regulatory agencies cover some nanotechnology products and processes – by "bolting on" nanotechnology to existing regulations – leaving clear gaps. Davies proposed a road map

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size effect" in which the electronic properties of solids alter along with reductions in particle size. Such effects do not apply at macro or micro dimensions. However, quantum effects can become significant when nanometer scales. Additionally, physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.)

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Nanoencapsulation involves the enclosure of active substances within carriers. Typically, these carriers offer advantages, such as enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, targeted delivery, and protection of the encapsulated substances. In the medical field, nanoencapsulation plays a

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In the electric car industry, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) address key lithium-ion battery challenges, including energy density, charge rate, service life, and cost. SWCNTs connect electrode particles during charge/discharge process, preventing battery premature degradation. Their

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in the US and UK carried out by the Center for Nanotechnology in Society found that participants were more positive about nanotechnologies for energy applications than for health applications, with health applications raising moral and ethical dilemmas such as cost and availability.

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silver nanoparticles used in socks to reduce foot odor are released in the wash. These particles are then flushed into the wastewater stream and may destroy bacteria that are critical components of natural ecosystems, farms, and waste treatment processes.

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In the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the

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Nanotechnology is the science and engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up making complete, high-performance products.

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may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology. Also, to build structures for on chip computing with light, for example on chip optical quantum information processing, and picosecond transmission of information.

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Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach that involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields, and many of its proposed techniques are beyond current

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was awarded. MBE lays down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field of

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applications whose common trait is scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabricating macroscale products, now referred to as

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Experts, including director of the Woodrow Wilson Center's Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies David Rejeski, testified that commercialization depends on adequate oversight, risk research strategy, and public engagement. As of 206

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can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gasses are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in

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in 1999 used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage.

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More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful

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what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry could progress. These often take a big-picture view, with more emphasis on societal implications than engineering details.

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considers self-sufficient machines operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine. Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and patented methodologies have been demonstrated.

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By the mid-2000s scientific attention began to flourish. Nanotechnology roadmaps centered on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discussed existing and projected capabilities, goals, and applications.

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Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, concerns engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with

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Leary SP, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML (June 2006). "Toward the emergence of nanoneurosurgery: part III--nanomedicine: targeted nanotherapy, nanosurgery, and progress toward the realization of nanoneurosurgery".

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Kurtoglu ME, Longenbach T, Reddington P, Gogotsi Y (2011). "Effect of Calcination Temperature and Environment on Photocatalytic and Mechanical Properties of Ultrathin Sol–Gel Titanium Dioxide Films".

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systems. The premise was that molecular-scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: biology was full of examples of sophisticated,

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A Royal Society report identified a risk of nanoparticles or nanotubes being released during disposal, destruction and recycling, and recommended that "manufacturers of products that fall under

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found lab mice consuming nano-titanium dioxide showed DNA and chromosome damage to a degree "linked to all the big killers of man, namely cancer, heart disease, neurological disease and aging".

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help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques.

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Wu J, Liu W, Xue C, Zhou S, Lan F, Bi L, et al. (December 2009). "Toxicity and penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles in hairless mice and porcine skin after subchronic dermal exposure".

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proposed four states of nanotechnology that seem to parallel the technical progress of the Industrial Revolution, progressing from passive nanostructures to active nanodevices to complex

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research. For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated. However, regulation might stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations.

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Goodman RP, Schaap IA, Tardin CF, Erben CM, Berry RM, Schmidt CF, et al. (December 2005). "Rapid chiral assembly of rigid DNA building blocks for molecular nanofabrication".

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exceptional ability to wrap active material particles enhanced electrical conductivity and physical properties, setting them apart multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black.

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Faunce T, Murray K, Nasu H, Bowman D (2008). "Sunscreen Safety: The Precautionary Principle, the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration and Nanoparticles in Sunscreens".

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Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a resist, which is then followed by an etching process to remove material in a top-down method.

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Cho H, Pinkhassik E, David V, Stuart JM, Hasty KA (May 2015). "Detection of early cartilage damage using targeted nanosomes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model".

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and colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley constructed at least three molecular devices whose motion is controlled via changing voltage: a nanotube

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Mayer B, Janker L, Loitsch B, Treu J, Kostenbader T, Lichtmannecker S, et al. (January 2016). "Monolithically Integrated High-β Nanowire Lasers on Silicon".

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regimes such as end-of-life regulations publish procedures outlining how these materials will be managed to minimize possible human and environmental exposure".

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Nanotechnology may have the ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the doctors' offices and at homes. Cars use

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enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification. The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book

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in 1981 enabled visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers

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allows for bottom-up assemblies of materials, most notably semiconductor materials commonly used in chip and computing applications, stacks, gating, and

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One concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials will have on human health and the environment, as suggested by

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In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis,

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seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device, such as

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Meanwhile, commercial products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products were limited to bulk applications of

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characteristics. With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed. This indicates that smaller dimensional

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in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machines are possible, non-biological molecular machines remained in their infancy.

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To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth.

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Kralj S, Makovec D (October 2015). "Magnetic Assembly of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clusters into Nanochains and Nanobundles".

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food. A newspaper article reports that workers in a paint factory developed serious lung disease and nanoparticles were found in their lungs.

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Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which

5520: 4888: 3650:"Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength and Antibacterial Activity of Orthodontic Adhesive Containing Silver Nanoparticle, an In-Vitro Study" 5636: 4207: 3780:

Das S, Gates AJ, Abdu HA, Rose GS, Picconatto CA, Ellenbogen JC (2007). "Designs for Ultra-Tiny, Special-Purpose Nanoelectronic Circuits".

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Jonaitis TS, Card JW, Magnuson B (February 2010). "Concerns regarding nano-sized titanium dioxide dermal penetration and toxicity study".

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Narayan RJ, Kumta PN, Sfeir C, Lee DH, Choi D, Olton D (2004). "Nanostructured Ceramics in Medical Devices: Applications and Prospects".

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can prepare small molecules of almost any structure. These methods are used to manufacture a wide variety of useful chemicals such as

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seeks to apply biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology.

4747:"Osteogenic lineage restriction by osteoprogenitors cultured on nanometric grooved surfaces: the role of focal adhesion maturation" 4074: 1562: 355: 902:. Thus, components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole. 6357: 6219: 494: 1525:

The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made.

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In general, assembling devices on the atomic scale requires positioning atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness.

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received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007 for their discovery of giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of

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When Drexler independently coined and popularized the term "nanotechnology", he envisioned manufacturing technology based on

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tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called

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is not related to conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles.

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Cavalcanti A, Shirinzadeh B, Freitas RA, Kretly LC (2007). "Medical nanorobot architecture based on nanobioelectronics".

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Nanoscale materials can be used for bulk applications; most commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.

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is one tool suitable for characterization of self-assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is

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tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices. The discovery of

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Cathode by Using Mono-Dispersed Ultra-Long Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for High-Rate Performance Li-Ion Battery"

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Kafshgari MH, Voelcker NH, Harding FJ (2015). "Applications of zero-valent silicon nanostructures in biomedicine".

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Many areas of science develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.

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argued that mechanosynthesis was impossible due to difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules.

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seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled though a fusion of

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DNA nanotechnology utilizes Watson–Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other

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and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as various

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Kerativitayanan P, Carrow JK, Gaharwar AK (August 2015). "Nanomaterials for Engineering Stem Cell Responses".

3316: 2197: 872: 764:. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. 462:

energy production, and consumer products. However, nanotechnology raises issues, including concerns about the

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is important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to

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Kubik T, Bogunia-Kubik K, Sugisaka M (February 2005). "Nanotechnology on duty in medical applications".

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Buzea C, Pacheco II, Robbie K (December 2007). "Nanomaterials and nanoparticles: sources and toxicity".

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was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related

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Functional approaches seek to develop useful components without regard to how they might be assembled.

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of atoms. Nevertheless, many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in exist in

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The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (positional assembly).

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produced many materials that may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other

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offer top-down fabrication techniques where a bulk material is reduced to a nano-scale pattern.

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Schinwald A, Murphy FA, Prina-Mello A, Poland CA, Byrne F, Movia D, et al. (August 2012).

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Cassidy JW, Roberts JN, Smith CA, Robertson M, White K, Biggs MJ, et al. (February 2014).

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Lyon D, Hubler A (2013). "Gap size dependence of the dielectric strength in nano vacuum gaps".

2202: 1594: 1186: 934: 929:, machines that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of 796: 548: 470:. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special 5056:"Testimony of David Rejeski for U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation" 4225: 2888:"Nanotechnology Information Center: Properties, Applications, Research, and Safety Guidelines" 1511:

have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelengths of sound or light.

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strengthening using silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles.

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to increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications.

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Elishakoff I, Dujat K, Muscolino G, Bucas S, Natsuki T, Wang CM, et al. (March 2013).

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Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M, Hamidon TS, Masruchin N, Brosse N, et al. (2020).

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have been infused with nanotechnology to last longer and lower temperature in the summer.

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in products such as display technology, lighting, solar cells and biological imaging; see

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Murray RG (1993). "A Perspective on S-Layer Research". In Beveridge TJ, Koval SF (eds.).

2822:. Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering. July 2004. p. xiii. Archived from 2509:"Self-assembled wiggling nano-structures and the principle of maximum entropy production" 2117: 2097: 1671: 1539: 1391: 1387: 1146:

The bottom-up approach seeks to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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for applications in nanotechnology, including the use of viruses and lipid assemblies.

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exponential growth, this stage could form the basis of another industrial revolution.

1089:. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related to nanoionics and nanoelectronics. 7527: 7464: 7350: 7017: 6913: 6895: 6792: 6470: 6119: 6025: 6000: 5929: 5919: 5764: 5689: 5439:"Nanobiotechnology Regulation: A Proposal for Self-Regulation with Limited Oversight" 5398: 5223: 5188: 5130: 5012: 4973: 4837: 4776: 4727: 4671: 4652: 4567: 4447: 4406: 4357: 4326: 4275: 4234: 4203: 4195: 4097: 4047: 4004: 3969: 3934: 3852: 3816: 3681: 3630: 3579: 3540: 3505: 3474: 3389: 3290: 3282: 3192:

California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)

3099: 3042: 3032: 3009: 2999: 2891: 2740: 2591: 2546: 2489: 2399: 2325: 2304:"Digital quantum batteries: Energy and information storage in nanovacuum tube arrays" 2284: 2274: 2246: 2236: 2229: 2122: 2077: 2037: 1932: 1819:. When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic the nanoscale features of a 1785: 1557:

Another group of nano-technological techniques include those used for fabrication of

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Lapshin RV (2011). "Feature-oriented scanning probe microscopy". In Nalwa HS (ed.).

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Shinn E (2012). "Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors".

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may be a promising way to implement these nano-scale manipulations via an automatic

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These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly.

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Bowman D, Hodge G (2006). "Nanotechnology: Mapping the Wild Regulatory Frontier".

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The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by physicist

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Field of science involving control of matter on atomic and (supra)molecular scales

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breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology. First, the invention of the

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Amir Y, Ben-Ishay E, Levner D, Ittah S, Abu-Horowitz A, Bachelet I (May 2014).

4442: 4425: 4169:"Feature-oriented scanning methodology for probe microscopy and nanotechnology" 4043: 3734: 3501: 2023: 1964: 1875: 1856: 1820: 1746: 1679: 1402: 1401:

Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words

1211: 1108: 721: 700:(nm) is one billionth, or 10, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon–carbon 463: 412: 317: 218: 114: 5558: 4143: 3701:"The Synthesis of Curved and Linear Structures from a Minimal Set of Monomers" 3466: 3236: 2862: 2434: 1478:

with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a

371:

is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100

7608: 7474: 7325: 7221: 6990: 6943: 6865: 6594: 5584: 4922: 4490: 4451: 4093: 3965: 3919: 3793: 3648:

Eslamian L, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Karimi S, Saadat S, Badiee MR (July 2020).

3046: 3013: 2396:

Carbon Nanotubes and Nano Sensors: Vibrations, Buckling, and Ballistic Impact

2329: 2152: 2147: 2107: 1999:, slowing marketing approval, enhanced labelling and additional safety data. 1860: 1809: 1675: 1626: 1606: 1586: 1487: 1451: 1435: 1419: 1332: 1104: 816: 776: 772: 757: 746:

device; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of

662: 646: 639: 266: 237: 138: 5393: 5376: 4311: 3385: 3095: 2823: 2735: 2718: 2474: 2288: 2250: 1867:

research potential health effects stemming from exposures to nanoparticles.

1423: 990:, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator. 910:, most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. 446:

Nanotechnology may be able to create new materials and devices with diverse

7560: 7550: 7522: 7378: 7340: 7125: 7040: 6953: 6731: 6622: 6569: 6236: 5608: 5402: 5361: 5227: 5192: 5134: 4977: 4916:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. November 7, 2012. 4909: 4841: 4780: 4731: 4656: 4571: 4410: 4392: 4330: 4279: 4101: 4075:"Smart microrobots for mechanical cell characterization and cell convoying" 4051: 4008: 3973: 3938: 3856: 3716: 3685: 3634: 3544: 3536: 3509: 3393: 3294: 3235:. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from 3103: 2744: 2595: 2550: 2493: 2157: 2137: 1793: 1765: 1630: 1409:

have been coined in analogy to it, although these are used only informally.

1369: 1340: 1157:

Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis (Inorganic and

1151: 1134: 1130: 1096: 1065:

to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.

1062: 804: 658: 623: 451: 436: 380: 289: 157: 109: 5109:"The significance of nanoparticles in particle-induced pulmonary fibrosis" 4823: 3575: 811:. The positions of the individual atoms composing the surface are visible. 791: 7593: 7512: 7479: 7469: 7383: 7368: 7120: 7115: 7007: 6885: 6870: 6860: 6033: 5645: 5290: 3837: 3666: 3131: 3118: 2182: 2102: 1831: 1757: 1690:

Nanowire lasers for ultrafast transmission of information in light pulses

1619: 1443: 1381: 1377: 1328: 1231: 1227: 1162: 1026: 871:

to automatically arrange themselves into a useful conformation through a

701: 650: 631: 599: 591: 536: 513:

in 1974, though it was not widely known. Inspired by Feynman's concepts,

459: 416: 6803: 6310: 4887:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 15, 2012. 4713: 4125:"International Perspective on Government Nanotechnology Funding in 2005" 2630: 1021: 867:

These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or

649:

and did not involve atomic control of matter. Some examples include the

7398: 7388: 7358: 7292: 7080: 6965: 6048: 5418:"Is Chronic Inflammation the Key to Unlocking the Mysteries of Cancer?" 4371:

Guo M, Cao Z, Liu Y, Ni Y, Chen X, Terrones M, et al. (May 2023).

3876:

Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment

3568:

Nanomaterials in tissue engineering : fabrication and applications

3151: 2760:"Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?" 2372: 2320: 2303: 1824: 1742: 1479: 1475: 1447: 1431: 1314: 1273: 1123: 1119: 1082: 983: 945: 780: 726: 587: 372: 6775: 4969: 4271: 3647: 3616: 3343: 3286: 3278: 2996:

What is nanotechnology and why does it matter?: from science to ethics

2587: 2532: 2017: 312: 7110: 6928: 6602: 6342: 5859: 4910:"Filling the Knowledge Gaps for Safe Nanotechnology in the Workplace" 4746: 2695: 1761: 1574: 1519: 1455: 1218:-based hard drives already on the market fit this description, as do 1112: 987: 887: 697: 579: 571: 147: 3317:"Surface-tension-driven nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator" 7027: 7012: 6933: 6383: 6373: 6231: 4343: 3250:

Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Ritchie RO, Zettl A (September 2005).

2820:"Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties" 1960: 1936: 1654: 1427: 1286: 1011: 1006: 709: 615: 467: 395:

Nanotechnology defined by scale includes fields of science such as

7282: 6787: 4466:"Single wall CNT cells: high energy density anodes & cathodes" 4073:

Boukallel M, Gauthier M, Dauge M, Piat E, Abadie J (August 2007).

4029: 2578: 2031: 1645:

One of the major applications of nanotechnology is in the area of

821:

Several phenomena become pronounced as system size. These include

324: 7570: 6903: 6485: 5501:"Nanotechnology Oversight: An Agenda for the Next Administration" 4856:"Technion Nano Bible, world's smallest, displayed at Smithsonian" 2142: 1931:

Inhaling airborne nanoparticles and nanofibers may contribute to

1777: 1769: 1686: 1310: 1297: 1086: 907: 857: 830: 720:'s diameter is around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest 5374: 3814: 2270:

Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation

1057: 1045: 958:

Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation

864:

consisting of many molecules arranged in a well-defined manner.

783:

have evolved to provide nanotechnology's scientific foundation.

5603: 3166: 1917:

A video on the health and safety implications of nanotechnology

1650: 1486:

beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of

891: 890:

rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an

678:

Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development

562: 5614: 4800:"Universal computing by DNA origami robots in a living animal" 4373:"Preparation of Tough, Binder-Free, and Self-Supporting LiFePO 2670:

Kroto HW, Heath JR, O'Brien SC, Curl RF, Smalley RE (1985). "C

3892: 3522: 2393: 1797: 1773: 1483: 913: 837: 786: 4744: 4299:

Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research

3598: 2617:

Binnig G, Rohrer H (1986). "Scanning tunneling microscopy".

5324:"Nanoparticles used in paint could kill, research suggests" 5150:"Tiny Inhaled Particles Take Easy Route from Nose to Brain" 3895:"Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications" 2058:

Electrostatic deflection (molecular physics/nanotechnology)

1801: 1780:

are infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster.

1466: 1214:

are capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm.

1161:) aim at designing molecules with well-defined shape (e.g. 853: 800: 705: 4072: 3951: 3565: 2422:

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation

1971:

in Edinburgh, Scotland, who contributed to the article on

1657:≈10 nm in length. Here is a simulation of such a nanowire. 4948:

Lubick N (June 2008). "Silver socks have cloudy lining".

3416:"Wireless Nanocrystals Efficiently Radiate Visible Light" 2669: 717: 627: 4797: 4628: 4292: 4257: 3487: 3363: 1633:

vesicles, are approved for human use in some countries.

4698:"Nanotechnology in the Regeneration of Complex Tissues" 4233:. Vol. 14. American Scientific. pp. 105–115. 3599:

Gaharwar AK, Peppas NA, Khademhosseini A (March 2014).

3566:

Gaharwar A, Sant S, Hancock M, Hacking S, eds. (2013).

3249: 1841:

in order to increase youth interest in nanotechnology.

1837:

A nano bible (a .5mm2 silicon chip) was created by the

1438:

have higher surface area compared to 3D nanomaterials.

5544: 4629:

Kumari A, Singla R, Guliani A, Yadav SK (March 2014).

4541: 4293:

Rajan R, Jose S, Mukund VP, Vasudevan DT (July 2011).

1061:

This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of

5266:"Effects of Nanotubes May Lead to Cancer, Study Says" 5243:"Amid Nanotech's Dazzling Promise, Health Risks Grow" 3601:"Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications" 3314: 2506: 2231:

Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology

1865:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

1418:

Nanomaterials can be classified in 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D

1037:. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNA 520:

Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology

5205: 5001:

Advances in Bacterial Paracrystalline Surface Layers

4672:"Microencapsulation and Nanoencapsulation: A Review" 4423: 3733:. National Nanotechnology Initiative. Archived from 3444: 3148:"Nanotechnology: Developing Molecular Manufacturing" 2013: 1898: 1095:

Progress has been made in using these materials for

2882: 2880: 1206:Many technologies that descended from conventional 3698: 2923:. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies. 2008. 2757: 2563: 2228: 1991:describing steps to deal with these shortcomings. 1895:was the only US city to regulate nanotechnology. 1629:, such as the highly deformable, stress-sensitive 1413: 1179:. This technique fits into the larger subfield of 5291:"Nanotechnology: The Next Challenge for Organics" 2507:Belkin A, Hubler A, Bezryadin A (February 2015). 1292:Synthetic chemical methods can be used to create 630:in 1991, for which Iijima won the inaugural 2008 7606: 4424:Jimenez NP, Balogh MP, Halalay IC (April 2021). 3779: 2877: 2645:"Press Release: the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics" 2455: 734:, following the definition used by the American 517:used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book 4669: 2993: 2915: 2913: 2814: 2812: 2719:"Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)" 2073:Ion implantation-induced nanoparticle formation 1033:nanostructure of the type made in the field of 7283:Levels of technological manipulation of matter 4495:National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network 4227:Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 4162: 4160: 3986: 3031:. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 31–32. 2262: 2260: 7268: 6819: 6501: 5630: 3315:Regan BC, Aloni S, Jensen K, Zettl A (2005). 3077: 3075: 2716: 1237:Solid-state techniques can be used to create 509:The term "nano-technology" was first used by 349: 5170: 4251: 4219: 4217: 4082:IEEE Transactions on Bio-Medical Engineering 3081: 2910: 2838: 2809: 2616: 2093:List of software for nanostructures modeling 1741:products; Carbon allotropes used to produce 441:direct control of matter on the atomic scale 5471: 5086:"Berkeley considering need for nano safety" 4370: 4157: 3825:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 3782:IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I 2963: 2947:"Productive Nanosystems Technology Roadmap" 2456:Saini R, Saini S, Sharma S (January 2010). 2257: 1538:Various techniques of lithography, such as 375:(nm). At this scale, commonly known as the 7275: 7261: 7235: 6826: 6812: 6508: 6494: 5637: 5623: 5288: 5106: 5083: 3072: 2462:Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery 2418: 1923:Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials 1796:in such ways that car parts require fewer 1041:, and each vertex is a three-arm junction. 974:This led to an exchange of letters in the 914:Molecular nanotechnology: a long-term view 838:Simple to complex: a molecular perspective 787:Larger to smaller: a materials perspective 672:into nanotechnology, such as American the 356: 342: 6833: 5392: 5240: 5124: 4921: 4902: 4831: 4770: 4721: 4646: 4441: 4400: 4320: 4310: 4214: 3928: 3918: 3846: 3836: 3675: 3665: 3624: 3357: 3130: 3053: 2939: 2861: 2734: 2577: 2540: 2483: 2473: 2319: 1670:Nanostructures provide this surface with 1625:Therapeutic products based on responsive 1384:and ultimately to productive nanosystems. 1129:Applications incorporating semiconductor 5593:) is being considered for deletion. See 5031: 5025: 1902: 1685: 1660: 1640: 1465: 1304: 1263: 1056: 1044: 1020: 1005: 790: 590:(buckyballs) were discovered in 1985 by 561: 500: 42: 5518: 4885:NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic 4695: 4346:Journal of the American Ceramic Society 4223: 4166: 3145: 3116: 2717:Adams WW, Baughman RH (December 2005). 2619:IBM Journal of Research and Development 2266: 2226: 2220: 1494: 1461: 1442:have been extensively investigated for 1279:materials such as magnetic nano chains. 1272:Magnetic assembly for the synthesis of 1141: 687: 555:and Gerber also invented the analogous 30:For the materials science journal, see 14: 7607: 7091:Differential technological development 6417:Electrical and electronics engineering 5498: 5154:University of Rochester Medical Center 4998: 4950:Environmental Science & Technology 4947: 4930:from the original on November 11, 2012 4891:from the original on September 4, 2015 4430:Journal of the Electrochemical Society 3870:Hogan CM (May 2010). Draggan S (ed.). 3692: 3026: 2751: 2610: 2301: 1321:is one example of the systems studied. 1197: 724:life forms, the bacteria of the genus 7256: 6807: 6489: 5618: 5321: 5263: 5147: 4873: 4702:Bone and Tissue Regeneration Insights 4631:"Nanoencapsulation for drug delivery" 4501:from the original on January 19, 2012 3869: 3426:from the original on 14 November 2012 2898:from the original on 26 December 2014 2458:"Nanotechnology: the future medicine" 2350: 2063:Energy applications of nanotechnology 1963:if inhaled in sufficient quantities. 6762: 6450: 5415: 5060:Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 4670:Suganya V, Anuradha V (March 2017). 4483: 4122: 3954:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3208: 3059: 2088:List of nanotechnology organizations 1738:Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies 1693: 574:, is a representative member of the 495:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom 439:with dimensions on the nanoscale to 34:. For other uses of "Nanotech", see 7180:Future-oriented technology analysis 6460: 5436: 5354:"Nanofibres 'may pose health risk'" 5107:Byrne JD, Baugh JA (January 2008). 4521:"Nano in computing and electronics" 3699:Levins CG, Schafmeister CE (2006). 2971:"NASA Draft Nanotechnology Roadmap" 2647:. Nobelprize.org. 15 October 1986. 1955:study suggested that some forms of 1874:. Researchers have discovered that 1732:List of nanotechnology applications 24: 6939:High-temperature superconductivity 6515: 5346: 4491:"Nanotechnology Consumer Products" 4001:10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16 2994:Allhoff F, Lin P, Moore D (2010). 2188:National Nanotechnology Initiative 1969:Institute of Occupational Medicine 1440:Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials 933:. Manufacturing in the context of 736:National Nanotechnology Initiative 674:National Nanotechnology Initiative 25: 7641: 5611:(A Vega/BBC/OU Video Discussion). 5597:to help reach a consensus. › 5576: 5453:from the original on 14 July 2011 3756:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007" 3060:Kahn J (2006). "Nanotechnology". 3029:Modern Concepts in Nanotechnology 2758:Monthioux M, Kuznetsov V (2006). 2178:Nanotechnology in water treatment 1899:Health and environmental concerns 668:Governments moved to promote and 505:Comparison of nanomaterials sizes 7234: 7051:Self-reconfiguring modular robot 6786: 6774: 6761: 6750: 6749: 6469: 6459: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6309: 5311:from the original on 2011-07-18. 4787:from the original on 2017-08-30. 4358:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04218.x 4247:from the original on 2013-09-09. 4210:from the original on 2013-09-09. 4132:Journal of Nanoparticle Research 4032:Recent Patents on Nanotechnology 3605:Biotechnology and Bioengineering 3353:from the original on 2006-05-26. 3177:from the original on 2006-04-11. 3167:"Some papers by K. Eric Drexler" 2983:from the original on 2013-01-22. 2959:from the original on 2013-09-08. 2651:from the original on 5 June 2011 2030: 2016: 2004:extended producer responsibility 1815:Nanotechnology may play role in 1698: 1591:Dual-polarization interferometry 1254:Transmission electron microscopy 1085:, and various nanoparticles and 1069: 323: 311: 224:Semiconductor device fabrication 5644: 5538: 5512: 5492: 5465: 5430: 5409: 5368: 5315: 5282: 5257: 5234: 5199: 5164: 5141: 5100: 5077: 5048: 4992: 4941: 4914:NIOSH Publications and Products 4848: 4791: 4738: 4689: 4663: 4622: 4600: 4578: 4535: 4513: 4458: 4417: 4364: 4337: 4286: 4116: 4066: 4023: 3980: 3945: 3886: 3863: 3808: 3773: 3762:from the original on 2011-08-05 3748: 3723: 3641: 3592: 3570:. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing. 3559: 3516: 3481: 3438: 3408: 3308: 3252:"Nanocrystal-powered nanomotor" 3243: 3225: 3202: 3181: 3159: 3139: 3110: 3020: 2987: 2927:from the original on 5 May 2011 2850:Chemical & Engineering News 2710: 2663: 2637: 1870:Nanoparticle products may have 1863:research agencies, such as the 1844: 1636: 1482:but on a much smaller scale. A 1414:Dimensionality in nanomaterials 980:Chemical & Engineering News 807:) surface, as visualized using 704:, or the spacing between these 7417:Microelectromechanical systems 6944:High-temperature superfluidity 5003:. 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John Wiley & Sons. 2173:Nanotechnology in fiction 2113:Molecular design software 2046:Outline of nanotechnology 1707:This section needs to be 1589:and positional assembly. 1548:electron beam lithography 1527:Scanning probe microscopy 1516:Feature-oriented scanning 1509:scanning probe microscopy 1474:setup. A microfabricated 1296:, such as in a so-called 875:approach. The concept of 862:supramolecular assemblies 767:Areas of physics such as 622:is largely attributed to 484:History of nanotechnology 36:Nanotech (disambiguation) 7455:Molecular nanotechnology 6986:Molecular nanotechnology 6949:Linear acetylenic carbon 6719:Molecular nanotechnology 6663:Solid lipid nanoparticle 6648:Self-assembled monolayer 5595:templates for discussion 5519:Maynard A (2008-04-16). 5330:. London. 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Wiley. pp. 3–5. 2736:10.1126/science.1122120 2475:10.4103/0974-2077.63301 1997:precautionary principle 1959:could be as harmful as 1872:unintended consequences 1764:to fly straighter, and 1653:'s being made of small 1597:or MBE. Researchers at 1567:atomic layer deposition 1552:nanoimprint lithography 1546:, dip pen lithography, 1501:atomic force microscope 1220:atomic layer deposition 1216:Giant magnetoresistance 1177:dip pen nanolithography 1173:Atomic force microscope 1053:, one kind of fullerene 844:Molecular self-assembly 557:atomic force microscope 525:The Foresight Institute 433:molecular self-assembly 247:Atomic force microscopy 181:Supramolecular assembly 167:Molecular self-assembly 7364:Bering Strait crossing 7170:Technology forecasting 7165:Technological paradigm 7138:Proactionary principle 6427:Structural engineering 6422:Mechanical engineering 6165:Engineering management 5381:Toxicological Sciences 5148:Elder A (2006-08-03). 4393:10.1002/advs.202207355 3899:Frontiers in Chemistry 3821:"Lipid nanotechnology" 3815:Mashaghi S, Jadidi T, 3717:10.1002/chin.200605222 3537:10.1002/adhm.201500272 3233:"Zettl Research Group" 2203:Translational research 2198:Top-down and bottom-up 1918: 1691: 1683: 1658: 1595:molecular-beam epitaxy 1491: 1187:Molecular Beam Epitaxy 1066: 1054: 1042: 1018: 935:productive nanosystems 823:statistical mechanical 812: 583: 566:Buckminsterfullerene C 549:Nobel Prize in Physics 506: 48: 7584:History of technology 7556:Limits of computation 7331:Planetary engineering 7308:Megascale engineering 7096:Disruptive innovation 6959:Metamaterial cloaking 6835:Emerging technologies 6793:Technology portal 6407:Aerospace engineering 6320:Engineering education 5394:10.1093/toxsci/kfs171 4824:10.1038/nnano.2014.58 4804:Nature Nanotechnology 3576:10.1533/9780857097231 3123:Nature Nanotechnology 1952:Nature Nanotechnology 1916: 1689: 1669: 1644: 1469: 1337:mechanical properties 1305:Biomimetic approaches 1264:Functional approaches 1060: 1048: 1024: 1009: 884:intermolecular forces 877:molecular recognition 794: 762:molecular recognition 565: 504: 425:molecular engineering 409:semiconductor physics 330:Technology portal 300:Molecular engineering 46: 7518:Particle accelerator 7143:Technological change 7086:Collingridge dilemma 6580:Green nanotechnology 6348:Graduate certificate 5416:Stix G (July 2007). 5038:Nanotechnology Today 3838:10.3390/ijms14024242 3667:10.3390/nano10081466 3132:10.1038/nnano.2006.5 1942:A two-year study at 1893:Berkeley, California 1808:significant role in 1495:Scanning microscopes 1462:Tools and techniques 1142:Bottom-up approaches 1097:medical applications 927:molecular assemblers 900:folding of a protein 825:effects, as well as 688:Fundamental concepts 655:silver nanoparticles 570:, also known as the 209:Molecular logic gate 120:Green nanotechnology 7374:Great Wall of China 7321:Climate engineering 7200:Technology scouting 7175:Accelerating change 7046:Powered exoskeleton 7003:Programmable matter 6881:Smart manufacturing 6876:Molecular assembler 6856:3D microfabrication 6727:Molecular assembler 6333:Bachelor of Science 6175:Engineering physics 6159:Engineering drawing 5681:Interdisciplinarity 5423:Scientific American 5271:The Washington Post 4962:2008EnST...42.3910L 4816:2014NatNa...9..353A 4714:10.4137/BTRI.S12331 4608:"Nano in transport" 4556:2016NanoL..16..152M 4188:2004Nanot..15.1135L 4167:Lapshin RV (2004). 3911:2020FrCh....8..392T 3459:2004JOM....56j..38N 3378:2005Sci...310.1661G 3336:2005ApPhL..86l3119R 3271:2005NanoL...5.1730R 3062:National Geographic 2781:2006Carbo..44.1621M 2688:1985Natur.318..162K 2631:10.1147/rd.441.0279 2525:2015NatSR...5E8323B 2365:2013Cmplx..18c..24S 2267:Drexler KE (1992). 2227:Drexler KE (1986). 2118:Molecular mechanics 2098:Magnetic nanochains 1782:Video game consoles 1672:superhydrophobicity 1540:optical lithography 1392:information science 1388:Programmable matter 1198:Top-down approaches 1029:is an artificially 950:biological machines 894:targeting a single 886:. The Watson–Crick 850:synthetic chemistry 758:assemble themselves 712:, are in the range 661:-based sunscreens, 653:platform for using 285:Molecular assembler 257:Electron microscope 47:Fullerene nanogears 7625:1985 introductions 7620:1960 introductions 7495:Wet nanotechnology 7490:Wearable generator 7445:DNA nanotechnology 7217:Technology roadmap 6919:Conductive polymer 6781:Science portal 6658:DNA nanotechnology 5935:Telecommunications 5840:Naval architecture 5499:Davies JC (2008). 5208:Toxicology Letters 5173:Toxicology Letters 4751:Acta Biomaterialia 4586:"Nano in medicine" 3758:. Nobelprize.org. 3117:Rodgers P (2006). 3027:Prasad SK (2008). 2513:Scientific Reports 2373:10.1002/cplx.21427 2321:10.1002/cplx.20306 2208:Wet nanotechnology 2163:Nanoscale networks 1933:pulmonary diseases 1919: 1817:tissue engineering 1786:personal computers 1692: 1684: 1659: 1492: 1222:(ALD) techniques. 1101:tissue engineering 1067: 1055: 1049:Rotating view of C 1043: 1035:DNA nanotechnology 1019: 995:Cornell University 898:, or the specific 827:quantum mechanical 813: 614:(sometimes called 584: 507: 468:doomsday scenarios 435:, from developing 385:quantum mechanical 318:Science portal 186:DNA nanotechnology 49: 7602: 7601: 7528:Synthetic element 7465:Nanobiotechnology 7351:Macro-engineering 7250: 7249: 7069: 7068: 7018:Synthetic diamond 6914:Artificial muscle 6896:Materials science 6801: 6800: 6483: 6482: 6412:Civil engineering 6358:Licensed engineer 6353:Engineer's degree 6305: 6304: 6137:Building services 6120:Health technology 5981:Chemical reaction 5930:Signal processing 5334:on March 15, 2010 5018:978-0-306-44582-8 4970:10.1021/es0871199 4272:10.2217/nnm.15.91 4240:978-1-58883-163-7 3617:10.1002/bit.25160 3585:978-0-85709-596-1 3344:10.1063/1.1887827 3279:10.1021/nl0510659 3038:978-81-8356-296-6 3005:978-1-4051-7545-6 2892:American Elements 2588:10.1116/1.2815690 2533:10.1038/srep08323 2405:978-1-84821-345-6 2302:Hubler A (2010). 2280:978-0-471-57547-4 2242:978-0-385-19973-5 2123:Nanobiotechnology 2078:Gold nanoparticle 2038:Technology portal 1914: 1830:Researchers used 1827:resorption pits. 1728: 1727: 1667: 1544:X-ray lithography 1396:materials science 1325:Bionanotechnology 1319:Biomineralization 1277:superparamagnetic 1249:Focused ion beams 1159:organic synthesis 942:molecular machine 576:carbon structures 551:in 1986. Binnig, 405:molecular biology 401:organic chemistry 366: 365: 16:(Redirected from 7637: 7427:Photolithography 7394:Space settlement 7316:Astroengineering 7277: 7270: 7263: 7254: 7253: 7238: 7237: 7185:Horizon scanning 7101:Ephemeralization 7061:Uncrewed vehicle 6981:Carbon nanotubes 6846: 6845: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6791: 6790: 6779: 6778: 6765: 6764: 6753: 6752: 6737:Mechanosynthesis 6628:characterization 6510: 6503: 6496: 6487: 6486: 6473: 6463: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6313: 5900:Electromechanics 5686: 5685: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5571: 5570: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5523:. Archived from 5516: 5510: 5508: 5503:. Archived from 5496: 5490: 5489: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5295: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5274:. Archived from 5264:Weiss R (2008). 5261: 5255: 5254: 5249:. Archived from 5238: 5232: 5231: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5156:. Archived from 5145: 5139: 5138: 5128: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5092:. Archived from 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5062:. Archived from 5052: 5046: 5045: 5040:. Archived from 5029: 5023: 5022: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4881:"Nanotechnology" 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4774: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4725: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4650: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4614:. Archived from 4604: 4598: 4597: 4592:. Archived from 4582: 4576: 4575: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4527:. Archived from 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4387:(13): e2207355. 4381:Advanced Science 4368: 4362: 4361: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4324: 4314: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4232: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4146:. Archived from 4129: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4027: 4021: 4020: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3932: 3922: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3878:. Archived from 3867: 3861: 3860: 3850: 3840: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3669: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3422:. 12 July 2004. 3420:Photonics Online 3412: 3406: 3405: 3372:(5754): 1661–5. 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3297:. Archived from 3256: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3194:. Archived from 3185: 3179: 3178: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3150:. Archived from 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2951: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2884: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2791:. Archived from 2764: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2696:10.1038/318162a0 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2581: 2572:(4): MR17–MR71. 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2487: 2477: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2323: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2234: 2224: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2026: 2021: 2020: 1973:carbon nanotubes 1957:carbon nanotubes 1915: 1760:to last longer, 1723: 1720: 1714: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1668: 1345:biocompatibility 1210:for fabricating 1016:molecular switch 965:Carlo Montemagno 931:mechanosynthesis 740:kinetic diameter 733: 715: 634:in Nanoscience. 620:carbon nanotubes 612:carbon nanotubes 421:microfabrication 358: 351: 344: 328: 327: 316: 315: 295:Mechanosynthesis 153:Carbon nanotubes 51: 50: 21: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7630:1986 neologisms 7605: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7575: 7538:Femtotechnology 7532: 7499: 7431: 7409:Microtechnology 7403: 7345: 7302: 7284: 7281: 7251: 7246: 7226: 7065: 7022: 6924:Femtotechnology 6909:Amorphous metal 6890: 6837: 6832: 6802: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6741: 6713: 6690: 6686:Nanolithography 6673:Nanoelectronics 6667: 6634: 6589: 6552: 6543:Popular culture 6519: 6514: 6484: 6479: 6431: 6378: 6362: 6338:Master's degree 6314: 6301: 6215:Instrumentation 6078: 6020: 5986:Electrochemical 5939: 5925:Radio frequency 5864: 5791: 5755:Municipal/Urban 5679: 5677: 5671: 5648: 5643: 5598: 5579: 5574: 5543: 5539: 5530: 5528: 5517: 5513: 5497: 5493: 5470: 5466: 5456: 5454: 5435: 5431: 5414: 5410: 5373: 5369: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5262: 5258: 5239: 5235: 5204: 5200: 5169: 5165: 5146: 5142: 5105: 5101: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5030: 5026: 5019: 4997: 4993: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4931: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4796: 4792: 4743: 4739: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4664: 4627: 4623: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4540: 4536: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4475: 4473: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4422: 4418: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4342: 4338: 4291: 4287: 4266:(16): 2553–71. 4256: 4252: 4241: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4028: 4024: 3985: 3981: 3950: 3946: 3891: 3887: 3868: 3864: 3813: 3809: 3788:(11): 2528–40. 3778: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3697: 3693: 3646: 3642: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3564: 3560: 3531:(11): 1600–27. 3521: 3517: 3486: 3482: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3207: 3203: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3144: 3140: 3115: 3111: 3080: 3073: 3068:(June): 98–119. 3058: 3054: 3039: 3025: 3021: 3006: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2901: 2899: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2715: 2711: 2682:(6042): 162–3. 2673: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2615: 2611: 2562: 2558: 2505: 2501: 2454: 2450: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2392: 2388: 2349: 2345: 2300: 2296: 2281: 2265: 2258: 2243: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2133:Nanoengineering 2053:Carbon nanotube 2048: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2012: 1988: 1982: 1929: 1921:Main articles: 1903: 1901: 1884:risk perception 1853: 1847: 1734: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1661: 1647:nanoelectronics 1639: 1583: 1536: 1497: 1464: 1416: 1407:femtotechnology 1354: 1307: 1266: 1212:microprocessors 1200: 1191:nanowire lasers 1181:nanolithography 1144: 1072: 1052: 1004: 969:Richard Smalley 922: 916: 854:pharmaceuticals 846: 840: 819: 789: 769:nanoelectronics 748:microtechnology 731: 713: 690: 609: 596:Richard Smalley 569: 541:Heinrich Rohrer 515:K. Eric Drexler 511:Norio Taniguchi 490:Richard Feynman 486: 480: 456:nanoelectronics 397:surface science 362: 322: 310: 214:Nanolithography 195:Nanoelectronics 83:Popular culture 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7643: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7615:Nanotechnology 7600: 7599: 7597: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7568: 7566:Nuclear isomer 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7546:Femtochemistry 7542: 7540: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7505:Picotechnology 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7437:Nanotechnology 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7422:Micromachinery 7419: 7413: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7336:Space elevator 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7056:Swarm robotics 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6998:Picotechnology 6995: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6976:Nanotechnology 6973: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6831: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6700: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6605: 6599: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6575:Nanotoxicology 6572: 6566: 6564: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6517:Nanotechnology 6513: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6467: 6457: 6447: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6367:Related topics 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6287:Sustainability 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6151: 6149:Geoengineering 6146: 6145: 6144: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6130:Rehabilitation 6127: 6125:Pharmaceutical 6122: 6117: 6112: 6110:Bioinformatics 6102: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6071: 6069:Semiconductors 6066: 6061: 6059:Nanotechnology 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5976: 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4688: 4662: 4621: 4618:on 2011-10-29. 4599: 4596:on 2011-11-14. 4577: 4550:(1): 152–156. 4534: 4531:on 2011-11-14. 4512: 4482: 4457: 4416: 4374: 4363: 4336: 4305:(3): 138–143. 4285: 4250: 4239: 4213: 4182:(9): 1135–51. 4176:Nanotechnology 4156: 4153:on 2012-01-31. 4115: 4088:(8): 1536–40. 4065: 4022: 3995:(6): 1009–26. 3979: 3944: 3885: 3882:on 2013-05-13. 3862: 3831:(2): 4242–82. 3807: 3772: 3747: 3722: 3691: 3640: 3611:(3): 441–453. 3591: 3584: 3558: 3515: 3496:(4): 939–946. 3480: 3437: 3407: 3356: 3330:(12): 123119. 3307: 3304:on 2006-05-10. 3242: 3239:on 2015-10-08. 3224: 3201: 3198:on 2014-10-08. 3180: 3158: 3154:on 2020-06-01. 3138: 3109: 3090:(10): 9700–7. 3071: 3052: 3037: 3019: 3004: 2986: 2962: 2938: 2909: 2876: 2837: 2826:on 26 May 2011 2808: 2750: 2729:(5756): 1916. 2709: 2671: 2662: 2636: 2625:(4): 355–369. 2609: 2566:Biointerphases 2556: 2499: 2448: 2429:(4): 1467–71. 2411: 2404: 2386: 2343: 2294: 2279: 2256: 2241: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2044:Main article: 2042: 2041: 2027: 2024:Science portal 2011: 2008: 1984:Main article: 1981: 1978: 1965:Anthony Seaton 1900: 1897: 1876:bacteriostatic 1857:nanotoxicology 1849:Main article: 1846: 1843: 1747:food packaging 1730:Main article: 1726: 1725: 1706: 1704: 1697: 1680:inclined plane 1678:roll down the 1676:water droplets 1638: 1635: 1613:for which the 1603:John R. Arthur 1582: 1579: 1535: 1532: 1503:(AFM) and the 1496: 1493: 1488:photodetectors 1463: 1460: 1458:applications. 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1403:picotechnology 1399: 1385: 1373: 1367: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1327:is the use of 1322: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1280: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1246: 1235: 1224:Peter Grünberg 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1184: 1170: 1166: 1155: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1127: 1116: 1109:antibacterials 1093: 1090: 1071: 1068: 1050: 1014:, useful as a 1003: 1000: 993:Ho and Lee at 946:stochastically 918:Main article: 915: 912: 856:or commercial 842:Main article: 839: 836: 815:Main article: 797:reconstruction 788: 785: 689: 686: 607: 567: 482:Main article: 479: 476: 474:is warranted. 429:device physics 413:energy storage 369:Nanotechnology 364: 363: 361: 360: 353: 346: 338: 335: 334: 333: 332: 320: 305: 304: 303: 302: 297: 292: 287: 279: 278: 272: 271: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 241: 240: 234: 233: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 198: 197: 191: 190: 189: 188: 183: 178: 170: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 155: 150: 142: 141: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 115:Nanotoxicology 112: 104: 103: 93: 92: 91: 90: 85: 80: 75: 67: 66: 64:Nanotechnology 60: 59: 58:of articles on 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7642: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7475:Nanomaterials 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7326:Megastructure 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7266: 7264: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7243: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7223: 7222:Transhumanism 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6991:Nanomaterials 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6954:Metamaterials 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866:3D publishing 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849:Manufacturing 6847: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6817: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6806: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6623:Nanoparticles 6621: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6595:Nanomaterials 6592: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6538:Organizations 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6456: 6448: 6446: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830:Manufacturing 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Biomechanical 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5718:Environmental 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Architectural 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5527:on 2010-12-05 5526: 5522: 5515: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5066:on 2008-04-08 5065: 5061: 5057: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635:EXCLI Journal 4632: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4612:NanoandMe.org 4609: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4590:NanoandMe.org 4587: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4525:NanoandMe.org 4522: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4436:(4): 040507. 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4352:(4): 1101–8. 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3737:on 2010-11-20 3736: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654:Nanomaterials 3651: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3453:(10): 38–43. 3452: 3448: 3441: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3311: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265:(9): 1730–3. 3264: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2813: 2798:on 2009-09-29 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2775:(9): 1621–3. 2774: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2666: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2415: 2407: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235:. Doubleday. 2233: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2153:Nanoneuronics 2151: 2149: 2148:Nanometrology 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108:Nano-thermite 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1987: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1924: 1896: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1861:Public health 1858: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1810:drug delivery 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:nanomaterials 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:bowling balls 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1722: 1710: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1688: 1681: 1677: 1674:, which lets 1673: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:nanomaterials 1623: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:Alfred Y. Cho 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:self-assembly 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452:drug delivery 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436:nanomaterials 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:nanomaterials 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1366:capabilities. 1364: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Nanocellulose 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1258: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1169:conformation. 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1152:nucleic acids 1149: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1132: 1131:nanoparticles 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105:drug delivery 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1070:Nanomaterials 1064: 1063:quantum wells 1059: 1047: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1008: 999: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 961: 959: 953: 951: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 921: 911: 909: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 835: 832: 828: 824: 818: 817:Nanomaterials 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 784: 782: 778: 777:nanophotonics 774: 773:nanomechanics 770: 765: 763: 759: 754: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 729: 728: 723: 719: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 670:fund research 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 647:nanomaterials 643: 641: 640:Royal Society 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 581: 577: 573: 564: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 528: 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 503: 499: 497: 496: 491: 485: 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 450:, such as in 449: 444: 442: 438: 437:new materials 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 359: 354: 352: 347: 345: 340: 339: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 319: 314: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 281: 280: 277: 274: 273: 268: 267:Nanotribology 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 243: 242: 239: 238:Nanometrology 236: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 200: 199: 196: 193: 192: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 173: 172: 171: 168: 165: 164: 159: 158:Nanoparticles 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139:Nanomaterials 137: 136: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 106: 105: 102: 98: 95: 94: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 78:Organizations 76: 74: 71: 70: 69: 68: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 52: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7561:Mode-locking 7551:Hafnium bomb 7523:Rydberg atom 7450:Implications 7436: 7379:Panama Canal 7341:Terraforming 7239: 7126:Robot ethics 7041:Nanorobotics 7008:Quantum dots 6975: 6766: 6754: 6732:Nanorobotics 6570:Nanomedicine 6562:applications 6516: 6391:Engineering 6237:Mechatronics 6090:Agricultural 6058: 5740:Geotechnical 5708:Construction 5588: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5529:. Retrieved 5525:the original 5514: 5505:the original 5494: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5446: 5442: 5432: 5421: 5411: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5362:the original 5357: 5348: 5336:. Retrieved 5332:the original 5327: 5317: 5301: 5297: 5284: 5276:the original 5269: 5259: 5251:the original 5246: 5236: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5158:the original 5153: 5143: 5119:(1): 43–50. 5116: 5112: 5102: 5094:the original 5089: 5079: 5068:. Retrieved 5064:the original 5059: 5050: 5042:the original 5037: 5027: 5000: 4994: 4956:(11): 3910. 4953: 4949: 4943: 4932:. Retrieved 4926:. 2013-101. 4913: 4904: 4893:. Retrieved 4884: 4875: 4864:. Retrieved 4862:. 2015-11-04 4859: 4850: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4679:. Retrieved 4676:ResearchGate 4675: 4665: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4616:the original 4611: 4602: 4594:the original 4589: 4580: 4547: 4544:Nano Letters 4543: 4537: 4529:the original 4524: 4515: 4505:November 23, 4503:. Retrieved 4494: 4485: 4474:. 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