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into pores. Next, two types of phase separation can be carried out on the polymer solution depending on the desired pattern. Liquid-liquid separation is usually used to form bicontinuous phase structures while solid-liquid phase separation is used to form crystal structures. The gelation step plays a crucial role in controlling the porous morphology of the nanofibrous matrices. Gelation is influenced by temperature, polymer concentration, and solvent properties. Temperature regulates the structure of the fiber network: low gelation temperature results in formation of nanoscale fiber networks while high gelation temperature leads to the formation of a platelet-like structure. Polymer concentration affects fiber properties: an increase in polymer concentration decreases porosity and increases mechanical properties such as tensile strength. Solvent properties influence morphology of the scaffolds. After gelation, gel is placed in distilled water for solvent exchange. Afterwards, the gel is removed from the water and goes through freezing and freeze-drying. It is then stored in a desiccator until characterization.
464:. It shows low toxicity, low cost and slow degradation. PCL can be combined with other materials such as gelatin, collagen, chitosan, and calcium phosphate to improve the differentiation and proliferation capacity (2, 17). PLLA is another popular synthetic polymer. PLLA is well known for its superior mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. It shows efficient cell migration ability due to its high spatial interconnectivity, high porosity and controlled alignment. A blend of PLLA and PLGA scaffold matrix has shown proper biomimetic structure, good mechanical strength and favorable bioactivity.
196:
231:. A critical value is attained upon further increase in the electric field in which the repulsive electrostatic force overcomes the surface tension and the charged jet of fluid is ejected from the tip of the Taylor cone. The discharged polymer solution jet is unstable and elongates as a result, allowing the jet to become very long and thin. Charged polymer fibers solidifies with solvent evaporation. Randomly-oriented nanofibers are collected on the collector. Nanofibers can also be collected in a highly aligned fashion by using specialized collectors such as the
682:. Carbon materials have been widely used as cathodes because of their excellent electrical conductivities, large surface areas, and chemical stability. Especially relevant for lithium-air batteries, carbon materials act as substrates for supporting metal oxides. Binder-free electrospun carbon nanofibers are particularly good potential candidates to be used in electrodes in lithium-oxygen batteries because they have no binders, have open macroporous structures, have carbons that support and catalyze the oxygen reduction reactions, and have versatility.
642:
NanoVelcro CTC assays underwent three generations of development. The first generation NanoVelcro Chip was created for CTC enumeration for cancer prognosis, staging, and dynamic monitoring. The second generation NanoVelcro-LCM was developed for single-cell CTC isolation. The individually isolated CTCs can be subjected to single-CTC genotyping. The third generation
Thermoresponsive Chip allowed for CTC purification. The nanofiber polymer brushes undergo temperature-dependent conformational changes to capture and release CTCs.
356:
20:
858:
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113:, template synthesis, and thermal-induced phase separation. Electrospinning is the most commonly used method to generate nanofibers because of the straightforward setup, the ability to mass-produce continuous nanofibers from various polymers, and the capability to generate ultrathin fibers with controllable diameters, compositions, and orientations. This flexibility allows for controlling the shape and arrangement of the fibers so that different structures (
872:
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460:(PEVA) have been developed as alternatives for integration into scaffolds. Being biodegradable and biocompatible, these synthetic polymers can be used to form matrices with a fiber diameter within the nanometer range. Out of these synthetic polymers, PCL has generated considerable enthusiasm among researchers. PCL is a type of biodegradable polyester that can be prepared via ring-opening polymerization of Ξ΅-caprolactone using
762:
634:
303:(hollow nanofiber). This method can be used to prepare fibrils and tubules of many types of materials, including metals, semiconductors and electronically conductive polymers. The uniform pores allow for control of the dimensions of the fibers so nanofibers with very small diameters can be produced through this method. However, a drawback of this method is that it cannot make continuous nanofibers one at a time.
597:
over a large surface area. Whereas surface area to volume ratio can only be controlled by adjusting the radius for spherical vesicles, nanofibers have more degrees of freedom in controlling the ratio by varying both the length and the cross-sectional radius. This adjustability is important for their application in drug delivery system in which the functional parameters need to be precisely controlled.
478:
204:
532:) in the patient own body and transplanting it into the defective site. Transplantation of autologous bone has the best clinical outcome because it integrates reliably with the host bone and can avoid complications with the immune system. But its use is limited by its short supply and donor site morbidity associated with the harvest procedure. Furthermore, autografted bones are
564:. Bone substitute materials intended to replace autologous or allogeneic bone consist of bioactive ceramics, bioactive glasses, and biological and synthetic polymers. The basis of bone tissue engineering is that the materials will be resorbed and replaced over time by the bodyβs own newly regenerated biological tissue.
587:
carrier include maximum effect upon delivery of the drug to the target organ, evasion of the immune system of the body in the process of reaching the organ, retention of the therapeutic molecules from preparatory stages to the final delivery of the drug, and proper release of the drug for exertion of
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on the electrode. During recharging, the lithium oxides separate again into lithium and oxygen which is released back into the atmosphere. This conversion sequence is highly inefficient because there is significant voltage difference of more than 1.2 volts between the output voltage and the charging
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in tumors, these single-sample analyses fail to account for the diverse genomic nature of tumors. Considering the invasive nature, psychological stress, and the financial burden resulting from repeated tumor biopsies in patients, biomarkers that could be judged through minimally invasive procedures,
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Preliminary studies indicate that antibiotics and anticancer drugs may be encapsulated in electrospun nanofibers by adding the drug into the polymer solution prior to electrospinning. Surface-loaded nanofiber scaffolds are useful as adhesion barriers between internal organs and tissues post-surgery.
242:(ECM) well. This resemblance is a major advantage of electrospinning because it opens up the possibility of mimicking the ECM with regards to fiber diameters, high porosity, and mechanical properties. Electrospinning is being further developed for mass production of one-by-one continuous nanofibers.
169:
Anton
Formhals was the first person to attempt nanofiber production between 1934 and 1944 and publish the first patent describing the experimental production of nanofibers. In 1966, Harold Simons published a patent for a device that could produce thin and light nanofiber fabrics with diverse motifs.
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Bone tissue engineering presents a versatile response to treat bone injuries and deformations. Nanofibers produced via electrospinning mimics the architecture and characteristics of natural extracellular matrix particularly well. These scaffolds can be used to deliver bioactive agents that promote
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that traps airborne toxins. As the filters become saturated, chemicals begin to pass through and render the respirators useless. In order to easily determine when the filter is spent, Kelly and his team developed a mask equipped with a sensor composed of carbon nanofibers assembled into repeating
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are more likely to have detectable CTCs in the bloodstream but CTCs also exist in patients with localized diseases. It has been found that the number of CTCs present in the bloodstream of patients with metastatic prostate and colorectal cancer is prognostic of the overall survival of tumors. CTCs
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that result in no harm to the tissue of the host and no toxic accumulation in the human body, respectively. Due to their cylindrical morphology, nanofibers possess a high surface area-to-volume ratio. As a result, the fibers possess high drug-loading capacity and may release therapeutic molecules
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nanofibers produced via electrospinning, Shih et al. found that the engineered collagen scaffold showed an increase in cell adhesion and decrease in cell migration with increasing fiber diameter. Using silk scaffolds as a guide for growth for bone tissue regeneration, Kim et al. observed complete
277:
The homogenous polymer solution in the first step is thermodynamically unstable and tends to separate into polymer-rich and polymer-lean phases under appropriate temperature. Eventually after solvent removal, the polymer-rich phase solidifies to form the matrix and the polymer-lean phase develops
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is applied to the end of the capillary tube that contains the polymer solution held by its surface tension and forms a charge on the surface of the liquid. As the intensity of the electric field increases, the hemispherical surface of the fluid at the tip of the capillary tube elongates to form a
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Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produce nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous mats specifically intended for use as in vitro cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue
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The drawing method makes long single strands of nanofibers one at a time. The pulling process is accompanied by solidification that converts the dissolved spinning material into a solid fiber. A cooling step is necessary in the case of melt spinning and evaporation of solvent in the case of dry
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Sportswear textile with nanofiber membrane inside is based on the modern nanofiber technology where the core of the membrane consists of fibers with a diameter 1000Γ thinner than human hair. This extremely dense "sieve" with more than 2,5 billion of pores per square centimeter works much more
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Nanofibers have the capabilities in oilβwater separation, most particularly in sorption process when the material in use has the oleophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. These characteristic enable the nanofibers to be used as a tool to combat either oily waste- water from domestic household and
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voltage of the battery meaning that approximately 30% of the electrical energy is lost as heat when the battery is charging. Also the large volume changes resulting from continuous conversion of oxygen between its gaseous and solid state puts stress on the electrode and limits its lifetime.
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Recently, Ke et al. developed a NanoVelcro chip that captures the CTCs from the blood samples. When blood is passed through the chip, the nanofibers coated with protein antibodies bind to the proteins expressed on the surface of cancer cells and act like Velcro to trap CTCs for analysis. The
98:. The diameters of nanofibers depend on the type of polymer used and the method of production. All polymer nanofibers are unique for their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high porosity, appreciable mechanical strength, and flexibility in functionalization compared to their
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Nanofibers have many possible technological and commercial applications. They are used in tissue engineering, drug delivery, seed coating material, cancer diagnosis, lithium-air battery, optical sensors, air filtration, redox-flow batteries and composite materials.
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have been successfully incorporated into polymer nanofibers. Meng et al. showed that quantum dot-doped polymer nanofiber sensor for humidity detection shows fast response, high sensitivity, and long-term stability while requiring low power consumption.
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spinning. A limitation, however, is that only a viscoelastic material that can undergo extensive deformations while possessing sufficient cohesion to survive the stresses developed during pulling can be made into nanofibers through this process.
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is an option that is becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to solid tumor biopsy. This is simply a blood draw that contains circulating tumor cells (CTCs) which are shed into the bloodstream from solid tumors. Patients with
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between liquids by preparing an experiment in which he observed a spherical water drop on a dry surface warp into a cone shape when it was held below an electrically charged amber. This deformation later came to be known as the
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Electrospun nanofibers are particularly well-suitable for optical sensors because sensor sensitivity increases with increasing surface area per unit mass. Optical sensing works by detecting ions and molecules of interest via
485:
In tissue engineering, a highly porous artificial extracellular matrix is needed to support and guide cell growth and tissue regeneration. Natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers have been used to create such scaffolds.
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the intended therapeutic effect. Nanofibers are under study as a possible drug carrier candidate. Natural polymers such as gelatin and alginate make for good fabrication biomaterials for carrier nanofibers because of their
363:
Due to their high porosity and large surface area-to-volume ratio, nanofibers are widely used to construct scaffolds for biological applications. Major examples of natural polymers used in scaffold production are
3372:
Sukumar UK, Packirisamy G (2019-10-08). "Fabrication of
Nanofibrous Scaffold Grafted with Gelatin Functionalized Polystyrene Microspheres for Manifesting Nanomechanical Cues of Stretch Stimulated Fibroblast".
409:
bone union after 8 weeks and complete healing of defects after 12 weeks whereas the control in which the bone did not have the scaffold displayed limited mending of defects in the same time period. Similarly,
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Madheswaran, Divyabharathi; Sivan, Manikandan; Valtera, Jan; Kostakova, Eva
Kuzelova; Egghe, Tim; Asadian, Mahtab; Novotny, Vit; Nguyen, Nhung H. A.; Sevcu, Alena; Morent, Rino; Geyter, Nathalie De (2022).
2088:
Nascimento ML, AraΓΊjo ES, Cordeiro ER, de
Oliveira AH, de Oliveira HP (2015). "A Literature Investigation about Electrospinning and Nanofibers: Historical Trends, Current Status and Future Challenges".
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O. The oxygen remains in its solid state as it transitions among these forms. The chemical reactions of these transitions provide electrical energy. During charging, the transitions occur in reverse.
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and does not convert between gaseous and solid forms during charging and discharging. When the battery is discharging, lithium ions in nanolithia and react with superoxide oxygen the matrix to form Li
3230:
Hejazi F, Mirzadeh H (September 2016). "Novel 3D scaffold with enhanced physical and cell response properties for bone tissue regeneration, fabricated by patterned electrospinning/electrospraying".
744:
Kelly et al. developed a sensor that warns first responders when the carbon filters in their respirators have become saturated with toxic fume particles. The respirators typically contain activated
235:, metal frame, or a two-parallel plates system. Parameters such as jet stream movement and polymer concentration have to be controlled to produce nanofibers with uniform diameters and morphologies.
2622:
Kim KW, Lee KH, Khil MS, Ho YS, Kim HY (2004). "The effect of molecular weight and the linear velocity of drum surface on the properties of electrospun poly(ethylene terephthalate) nonwovens".
567:
Tissue engineering is not only limited to the bone: a large amount of research is devoted to cartilage, ligament, skeletal muscle, skin, blood vessel, and neural tissue engineering as well.
173:
Only at the end of the 20th century have the words electrospinning and nanofiber become common language among scientists and researchers. Electrospinning continues to be developed today.
773:(VOC) from the atmosphere. Scholten et al. showed that adsorption and desorption of VOC by electrospun nanofibrous membrane were faster than the rates of conventional activated carbon.
166:(1855-1944) published a manuscript about nanofiber development and production. In 1900, American inventor John Francis Cooley (1861-1903) filed the first modern electrospinning patent.
780:(MSHA). Recent work with mining equipment manufacturers and the MSHA has shown that nanofiber filter media can reduce cabin dust concentration to a greater extent compared to standard
2388:
Sarbatly R, Krishnaiah D, Kamin Z (May 2016). "A review of polymer nanofibres by electrospinning and their application in oil-water separation for cleaning up marine oil spills".
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Mo XM, Xu CY, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (May 2004). "Electrospun P(LLA-CL) nanofiber: a biomimetic extracellular matrix for smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation".
3097:
Zhang C, Xue X, Luo Q, Li Y, Yang K, Zhuang X, et al. (November 2014). "Self-assembled
Peptide nanofibers designed as biological enzymes for catalyzing ester hydrolysis".
685:
Zhu et al. developed a novel cathode that can store lithium and oxygen in the electrode they named nanolithia which is a matrix of carbon nanofibers periodically embedded with
490:
engineering showed that Human
Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon the fibers.
2294:"Improved methods of and apparatus for electrically separating the relatively volatile liquid component from the component of relatively fixed substances of composite fluids"
807:
and other particles. Filtration efficiency is at about 99.9% and the principle of filtration is mechanical. Particles in the air are bigger than pores in nanofiber web, but
1045:"Alternating current electrospinning: The impacts of various high-voltage signal shapes and frequencies on the spinnability and productivity of polycaprolactone nanofibers"
517:) make up the nanocomposite structure of the bone ECM. The organic collagen fibers and the inorganic mineral salts provide flexibility and toughness, respectively, to ECM.
4259:
Singhal R, Kalra V (2016). "Binder-free hierarchically-porous carbon nanofibers decorated with cobalt nanoparticles as efficient cathodes for lithium-oxygen batteries".
3173:
Kim KH, Jeong L, Park HN, Shin SY, Park WH, Lee SC, et al. (November 2005). "Biological efficacy of silk fibroin nanofiber membranes for guided bone regeneration".
1726:
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transparency, great flexibility, and biocompatibility, polymer optical fibers show great potential for short-distance networking, optical sensing and power delivery.
501:
pattern and composed of organized structures that vary in length from the centimeter range all the way to the nanometer scale. Nonmineralized organic component (i.e.
404:. Its fibrillary structure, which varies in diameter from 50-500 nm, is important for cell recognition, attachment, proliferation and differentiation. Using
1319:
Ahn SY, Mun CH, Lee SH (2015). "Microfluidic spinning of fibrous alginate carrier having highly enhanced drug loading capability and delayed release profile".
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efficiently with vapor removal and brings better level of water resistance. In the language of numbers, the nanofiber textile brings the following parameters:
776:
Airborne contamination in the personnel cabins of mining equipment is of concern to the mining workers, mining companies, and government agencies such as the
323:
residues to form proteins with unique three-dimensional structures. The self-assembly process of peptide nanofibers involves various driving forces such as
3926:"Relationship of circulating tumor cells to tumor response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer"
2534:. 6th International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials, Minerals & Environment (RAMM) 2018, RAMM 2018, 27β29 November 2018, Penang, Malaysia.
1696:
Zhang B, Kang F, Tarascon JM, Kim JK (2016). "Recent advances in electrospun carbon nanofibers and their application in electrochemical energy storage".
493:
Nanofiber scaffolds are used in bone tissue engineering to mimic the natural extracellular matrix of the bones. The bone tissue is arranged either in a
3653:
Yang F, Xu CY, Kotaki M, Wang S, Ramakrishna S (2004). "Characterization of neural stem cells on electrospun poly(L-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffold".
1939:
Scholten E, Bromberg L, Rutledge GC, Hatton TA (October 2011). "Electrospun polyurethane fibers for absorption of volatile organic compounds from air".
4380:
Liu H, Edel JB, Bellan LM, Craighead HG (April 2006). "Electrospun polymer nanofibers as subwavelength optical waveguides incorporating quantum dots".
520:
Although the bone is a dynamic tissue that can self-heal upon minor injuries, it cannot regenerate after experiencing large defects such as bone tumor
3320:
Sun B, Long YZ, Zhang HD, Li MM, Duvail JL, Jiang XY, Yin HL (2014). "Advances in three-dimensional nanofibrous macrostructures via electrospinning".
150:(1842-1919) analyzed the unstable states of liquid droplets that were electrically charged, and noted that the liquid was ejected in tiny jets when
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industrial activities, or oily seawater due to the oil run down to the ocean from oil transportation activities and oil tank cleaning on a vessel.
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Ignatova M, Rashkov I, Manolova N (April 2013). "Drug-loaded electrospun materials in wound-dressing applications and in local cancer treatment".
2797:
Huang ZM, Zhang YZ, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2003). "A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites".
2433:"Plasma treatment effects on bulk properties of polycaprolactone nanofibrous mats fabricated by uncommon AC electrospinning: A comparative study"
2837:
Cheng J, Jun Y, Qin J, Lee SH (January 2017). "Electrospinning versus microfluidic spinning of functional fibers for biomedical applications".
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are of particular interest due to their considerable energy storing capacities and high power densities. As the battery is being used, lithium
3846:
Kumbar SG, Nair LS, Bhattacharyya S, Laurencin CT (2006). "Polymeric nanofibers as novel carriers for the delivery of therapeutic molecules".
2481:"Composite yarns with antibacterial nanofibrous sheaths produced by collectorless alternating-current electrospinning for suture applications"
1600:"Programming thermoresponsiveness of NanoVelcro substrates enables effective purification of circulating tumor cells in lung cancer patients"
1779:
Wang X, Drew C, Lee SH, Senecal KJ, Kumar J, Samuelson LA (2002). "Electrospun nanofibrous membranes for highly sensitive optical sensors".
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Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK (April 2015). "Biomaterials-based nanofiber scaffold: targeted and controlled carrier for cell and drug delivery".
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is the most commonly used method to fabricate nanofibers. The instruments necessary for electrospinning include a high voltage supplier, a
3796:"Prevention of postsurgery-induced abdominal adhesions by electrospun bioabsorbable nanofibrous poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-based membranes"
3062:
Malkar NB, Lauer-Fields JL, Juska D, Fields GB (2003). "Characterization of peptide-amphiphiles possessing cellular activation sequences".
87:
689:. These cobalt oxides provide stability to the normally unstable superoxide-containing nanolithia. In this design, oxygen is stored as LiO
4224:
Mitchell RR, Gallant BM, Thompson CV, Shao-Horn Y (2011). "All-carbon-nanofiber electrodes for high-energy rechargeable LiO2 batteries".
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Lin VS, Lee MC, O'Neal S, McKean J, Sung KL (October 1999). "Ligament tissue engineering using synthetic biodegradable fiber scaffolds".
583:
Successful delivery of therapeutics to the intended target largely depends on the choice of the drug carrier. The criteria for an ideal
548:
which transplants bones harvested from a human cadaver. However, allografts introduce the risk of disease and infection in the host.
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Dersch R, Liu T, Schaper AK, Greiner A, Wendorff JH (2003). "Electrospun nanofibers: internal structure and intrinsic orientation".
2312:
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Maccaferri, Emanuele; Mazzocchetti, Laura; Benelli, Tiziana; Brugo, Tommaso Maria; Zucchelli, Andrea; Giorgini, Loris (2022-01-12).
1238:
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Hu X, Liu S, Zhou G, Huang Y, Xie Z, Jing X (July 2014). "Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for drug delivery applications".
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Schematic of a lithium-air battery. For the nanofiber-based lithium-air battery, the cathode would be made up of carbon nanofibers.
436:
However, cellular recognition of natural polymers can easily initiate an immune response. Consequently, synthetic polymers such as
3756:
Yoo HS, Kim TG, Park TG (October 2009). "Surface-functionalized electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering and drug delivery".
147:
1441:"Enhancing Agrichemical Delivery and Seedling Development with Biodegradable, Tunable, Biopolymer-Based Nanofiber Seed Coatings"
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that reflect specific wavelengths of light. The sensors exhibit an iridescent color that changes when the fibers absorb toxins.
238:
The electrospinning technique transforms many types of polymers into nanofibers. An electrospun nanofiber network resembles the
4415:
Meng C, Xiao Y, Wang P, Zhang L, Liu Y, Tong L (September 2011). "Quantum-dot-doped polymer nanofibers for optical sensing".
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Drugs and biopolymers can be loaded onto nanofibers via simple adsorption, nanoparticles adsorption, and multilayer assembly.
4112:"High-purity prostate circulating tumor cell isolation by a polymer nanofiber-embedded microchip for whole exome sequencing"
295:
The template synthesis method uses a nanoporous membrane template composed of cylindrical pores of uniform diameter to make
4469:
1995:
Graham K, Ouyang M, Raether T, Grafe T, McDonald B, Knauf P (2002). "Polymeric nanofibers in air filtration applications".
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De
Gregorio PR, Michavila G, Ricciardi Muller L, de Souza Borges C, Pomares MF, Saccol de SΓ‘ EL, et al. (2017-05-04).
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835:Β· RET 4.8 vapor permeability and 30,000 mm water column (version preferring water resistance)
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Adhesion occurs during the healing process and can bring on complications such as chronic pain and reoperation failure.
4063:"A comparison of isolated circulating tumor cells and tissue biopsies using whole-genome sequencing in prostate cancer"
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Sivan M, Madheswaran D, Asadian M, Cools P, Thukkaram M, Van Der Voort P, Morent R, De Geyter N, Lukas D (2020-10-15).
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Polymer optical fibers have generated increasing interest in recent years. Because of low cost, ease of handling, long
1857:
Zubia J, Arrue J (2001). "Plastic optical fibers: an introduction to their technological processes and applications".
1747:
Yang X, He P, Xia Y (2009). "Preparation of mesocellular carbon foam and its application for lithium/oxygen battery".
3705:
2332:"Polyvinylidene fluoride molecules in nanofibers, imaged at atomic scale by aberration corrected electron microscopy"
1897:"Carbon and carbon/silicon composites templated in rugate filters for the adsorption and detection of organic vapors"
832:Β· RET 1.0 vapor permeability and 10,000 mm water column (version preferring breathability)
1827:
Yang Q, Jiang X, Gu F, Ma Z, Zhang J, Tong L (2008). "Polymer micro or nanofibers for optical device applications".
1544:"Clinical Applications of NanoVelcro Rare-Cell Assays for Detection and Characterization of Circulating Tumor Cells"
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under vacuum. Thermal-induced phase separation method is widely used to generate scaffolds for tissue regeneration.
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Zhu Z, Kushima A, Yin Z, Qi L, Amine K, Lu J, Li J (2016). "Anion-redox nanolithia cathodes for Li-ion batteries".
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Sivan, Manikandan; Madheswaran, Divyabharathi; Valtera, Jan; Kostakova, Eva
Kuzelova; Lukas, David (2022-01-01).
3546:"Electrospun degradable polyesterurethane membranes: potential scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering"
2528:"Production of poly (Ξ΅-caprolactone) Antimicrobial Nanofibers by Needleless Alternating Current Electrospinning"
2030:"Self-Assembled NBR/Nomex Nanofibers as Lightweight Rubbery Nonwovens for Hindering Delamination in Epoxy CFRPs"
765:
Paints and protective coatings on furniture contain volatile organic compounds such as toluene and formaldehyde.
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and severe nonunion fractures because it lacks the appropriate template. Currently, the standard treatment is
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more than four centuries ago. Beginning with the development of the electrospinning method, English physicist
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and hence have different physical properties and application potentials. Examples of natural polymers include
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83:
1480:"Beneficial rhizobacteria immobilized in nanofibers for potential application as soybean seed bioinoculants"
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is complete due to high remodeling rates in the body. Another strategy for treating severe bone damage is
725:. Wang et al. successfully developed nanofibrous thin film optical sensors for metal ion (Fe and Hg) and
2232:"On the equilibrium of liquid conducting masses charged with electricity London, Edinburgh, and Dublin"
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Thermal-induced phase separation separates a homogenous polymer solution into a multi-phase system via
3282:
Burg KJ, Porter S, Kellam JF (December 2000). "Biomaterial developments for bone tissue engineering".
2527:
4169:"Capture and stimulated release of circulating tumor cells on polymer-grafted silicon nanostructures"
3349:"NIH PHASE I FINAL REPORT: FIBROUS SUBSTRATES FOR CELL CULTURE (R3RR03544A) (PDF Download Available)"
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1997:
Fifteenth Annual
Technical Conference & Expo of the American Filtration & Separations Society
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The performance of these batteries depends on the characteristics of the material that makes up the
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1652:"Circulating tumor cells: a novel prognostic factor for newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer"
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for nutrients, which affects their viability in the host. The grafts can also be resorbed before
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which involves obtaining the donor bone from a non-significant and easily accessible site (i.e.
3965:"Circulating tumor cells predict survival in early average-to-high risk breast cancer patients"
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Rack B, Schindlbeck C, JΓΌckstock J, Andergassen U, Hepp P, Zwingers T, et al. (May 2014).
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Bone matrix composed of collagen fibrils. Nanofiber scaffolds are able to mimic such structure.
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91:
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Matthews JA, Wnek GE, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL (2002). "Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers".
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Cristofanilli M, Hayes DF, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Reuben JM, et al. (March 2005).
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hollow, flat and ribbon shaped) can be fabricated depending on intended application purposes.
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is the current standard method for molecular characterization in testing for the presence of
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is placed into the polymer solution and the other electrode is attached to the collector. An
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Cohen SJ, Punt CJ, Iannotti N, Saidman BH, Sabbath KD, Gabrail NY, et al. (July 2008).
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Azimi B, Nourpanah P, Rabiee M, Arbab S (2014). "Poly (Ξ΅-caprolactone) fiber: an overview".
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so its production is not harmful to nature. Membranes to sportswear made from nanofiber are
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Quantum dots show useful optical and electrical properties, including high optical gain and
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Martin C (1995). "Template synthesis of electronically conductive polymer nanostructures".
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range (typically, between 1 nm and 1 ΞΌm). Nanofibers can be generated from different
8:
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Lolla D, Gorse J, Kisielowski C, Miao J, Taylor PL, Chase GG, Reneker DH (January 2016).
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Betz RR (May 2002). "Limitations of autograft and allograft: new synthetic solutions".
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1974:
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1198:
1146:
1074:
964:
937:
726:
3486:
3459:
3295:
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2895:
2878:
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618:
such as blood draws, constitute an opportunity for progression in precision medicine.
195:
4432:
4397:
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4149:
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3994:
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3825:
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2010:
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1918:
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1519:
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1425:
1374:
1298:
1277:
Sharifi F, Sooriyarachchi AC, Altural H, Montazami R, Rylander MN, Hashemi N (2016).
1252:
1202:
1097:
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626:
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71:
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2098:
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1978:
1956:
1948:
1908:
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1806:
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1705:
1663:
1619:
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1563:
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1413:
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1234:
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1138:
1056:
1023:
959:
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750:
589:
561:
441:
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332:
218:
with a pipette or needle with a small diameter, and a metal collecting screen. One
75:
4323:
3734:
3436:
3186:
3032:
1709:
1456:
1417:
630:
also have been demonstrated to inform prognosis in earlier stages of the disease.
4464:
3894:
3011:
Martin CR (December 1994). "Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach".
2526:
Manikandan, S.; Divyabharathi, M.; Tomas, K.; Pavel, P.; David, L. (2019-01-01).
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1504:
1370:
1225:
Ma PX, Zhang R (July 1999). "Synthetic nano-scale fibrous extracellular matrix".
1061:
1044:
502:
498:
453:
405:
385:
190:
155:
130:
106:
59:
4029:
3150:
3133:
2956:
2543:
2131:"The history of the science and technology of electrospinning from 1600 to 1995"
1440:
1401:
3769:
2709:
2331:
863:
593:
506:
355:
340:
251:
223:
215:
95:
3794:
Zong X, Li S, Chen E, Garlick B, Kim KS, Fang D, et al. (November 2004).
3698:
Bioactive-based poly(anhydride-esters) and blends for controlled drug delivery
3544:
Riboldi SA, Sampaolesi M, Neuenschwander P, Cossu G, Mantero S (August 2005).
3243:
2278:
2263:"On the production, properties, and some suggested uses of the finest threads"
2247:
19:
4458:
4315:
4078:
3941:
3666:
2698:
Materials Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
2551:
2504:
2456:
2053:
1173:
Li D, Xia Y (2004). "Electrospinning of nanofibers: reinventing the wheel?".
1070:
954:
663:
659:
621:
557:
553:
271:
232:
4012:
Lu YT, Zhao L, Shen Q, Garcia MA, Wu D, Hou S, et al. (December 2013).
3134:"Growth of mesenchymal stem cells on electrospun type I collagen nanofibers"
2743:"Electrospinning fundamentals: optimizing solution and apparatus parameters"
1668:
1651:
1598:
Ke Z, Lin M, Chen JF, Choi JS, Zhang Y, Fong A, et al. (January 2015).
1012:"Electrospun biodegradable nanofibers scaffolds for bone tissue engineering"
637:
CTC capture and release mechanism of third generation Thermoresponsive Chip.
4436:
4428:
4401:
4393:
4210:
4192:
4153:
4135:
4096:
4047:
3998:
3949:
3902:
3867:
3829:
3777:
3742:
3674:
3639:
3604:
3569:
3530:
3522:
3495:
3444:
3394:
3386:
3303:
3251:
3194:
3159:
3118:
3083:
3040:
2858:
2776:
2727:
2694:"Effect of electrospinning parameters on the nanofiber diameter and length"
2608:
2417:
2363:
2208:
2110:
2071:
2045:
1970:
1922:
1913:
1896:
1878:
1677:
1633:
1577:
1523:
1378:
1302:
1256:
1194:
973:
839:
541:
514:
510:
494:
445:
373:
79:
47:
3980:
1400:
Farias BV, Pirzada T, Mathew R, Sit TL, Opperman C, Khan SA (2019-12-16).
105:
There exist many different methods to make nanofibers, including drawing,
4167:
Hou S, Zhao H, Zhao L, Shen Q, Wei KS, Suh DY, et al. (March 2013).
4061:
Jiang R, Lu YT, Ho H, Li B, Chen JF, Lin M, et al. (December 2015).
3859:
1278:
1247:
737:
650:
Among many advanced electrochemical energy storage devices, rechargeable
529:
430:
228:
143:
2994:
1961:
1542:
Chen JF, Zhu Y, Lu YT, Hodara E, Hou S, Agopian VG, et al. (2016).
575:
181:
Many chemical and mechanical techniques for preparing nanofibers exist.
4280:
4237:
2678:
2635:
2355:
2187:
Taylor G (1964). "Disintegration of water drops in an electric field".
1559:
1439:
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1340:
1239:
10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199907)46:1<60::aid-jbm7>3.0.co;2-h
714:
545:
320:
99:
3596:
3110:
3075:
2590:
2496:
1952:
1840:
1810:
1615:
1028:
1011:
857:
1402:"Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers as Seed Coatings for Crop Protection"
1276:
843:
781:
614:
610:
537:
533:
525:
461:
369:
359:
Collagen fibers in a cross-sectional area of dense connective tissue.
219:
43:
31:
3543:
2262:
2231:
670:
477:
3962:
2087:
804:
792:
745:
422:
418:
397:
393:
389:
365:
267:
259:
67:
63:
39:
35:
3476:
2027:
2011:"A bibliometric review of flow batteries' progress and challenges"
1119:"Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer produced by electrospinning"
871:
4110:
Zhao L, Lu YT, Li F, Wu K, Hou S, Yu J, et al. (June 2013).
4014:"NanoVelcro Chip for CTC enumeration in prostate cancer patients"
2758:
2525:
2313:"Process and apparatus for producing patterned non-woven fabrics"
679:
552:
tissue regeneration. These bioactive materials should ideally be
414:
410:
381:
377:
312:
55:
51:
16:
Natural or synthetic fibers with diameters in the nanometer range
4223:
3845:
2477:
1042:
761:
633:
808:
300:
296:
1938:
203:
3061:
2129:
Tucker N, Stanger JJ, Staiger MP, Razzaq H, Hofman K (2012).
788:
3132:
Shih YR, Chen CN, Tsai SW, Wang YJ, Lee OK (November 2006).
2430:
319:. The method was inspired by the natural folding process of
4337:
Peters K (2011). "Polymer optical fiber sensorsβa review".
2796:
1649:
800:
796:
584:
3695:
2128:
258:, liquid-liquid or liquid-solid phase separation, polymer
207:
Taylor cone from which jet of polymer solution is ejected.
3582:
3210:
2329:
1094:
Polymer Solutions: An Introduction to Physical Properties
938:"Nanofibers and their applications in tissue engineering"
655:
3923:
2383:
2381:
1994:
1009:
3880:
2656:
2387:
787:
Nanofibers can be used in masks to protect people from
509:), and many other noncollagenous matrix proteins (i.e.
344:
4379:
3508:
1399:
658:
combine with oxygen from the air to form particles of
3617:
2741:
Leach MK, Feng ZQ, Tuck SJ, Corey JM (January 2011).
2378:
1279:"Fiber based approaches as medicine delivery systems"
729:(DNT) detection using the electrospinning technique.
3696:
Fogaça R, Ouimet MA, Catalani LH, Uhrich KE (2013).
1695:
853:
254:
changes. The procedure involves five steps: polymer
3232:
Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine
245:
3371:
2740:
2015:Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering
1778:
124:
4414:
3793:
2912:An Introduction to Electrospinning and Nanofibers
2575:"Electrospinning jets and nanofibrous structures"
339:and is influenced by external conditions such as
4456:
4011:
3655:Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition
3652:
3281:
3172:
3131:
2934:
1645:
1643:
838:Nanofiber apparel and shoe membranes consist of
311:The self-assembly technique is used to generate
4293:
4166:
3460:"Current state of cartilage tissue engineering"
1541:
769:Electrospun nanofibers are useful for removing
199:Diagram of a general set-up of electrospinning.
3720:
3319:
3229:
2836:
1894:
3096:
2223:
2083:
2081:
1826:
1640:
1597:
1356:
400:is a natural extracellular component of many
4258:
2621:
1727:"Lithium-air batteries: their time has come"
1721:
1719:
811:particles are small enough to pass through.
88:poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
4060:
3006:
3004:
2976:
2974:
2909:
2903:
2691:
1934:
1932:
1445:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
1438:
1406:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
1116:
1010:Khajavi R, Abbasipour M, Bahador A (2016).
935:
4109:
3755:
3457:
2572:
2078:
1856:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1005:
1003:
4200:
4143:
4086:
4037:
3988:
3848:Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
3841:
3839:
3819:
3485:
3475:
3149:
2928:
2894:
2766:
2717:
2598:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2061:
1990:
1988:
1960:
1912:
1895:Kelly TL, Gao T, Sailor MJ (April 2011).
1822:
1820:
1800:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1716:
1667:
1623:
1567:
1513:
1503:
1318:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1246:
1060:
1027:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
963:
953:
931:
505:), mineralized inorganic component (i.e.
94:(PEVA). Polymer chains are connected via
70:. Examples of synthetic polymers include
23:Example of a cellulose nanofiber network.
4217:
3969:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3874:
3576:
3206:
3204:
3001:
2971:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2685:
2566:
1929:
1890:
1888:
1852:
1850:
1227:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
760:
669:
632:
574:
476:
354:
266:of solvent from the gel with water, and
202:
194:
18:
4252:
3789:
3787:
3537:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3090:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2154:
2148:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1684:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1352:
1350:
1224:
1091:
814:
4457:
4336:
4330:
3836:
3689:
3315:
3313:
3055:
3010:
2980:
2650:
2304:
2285:
2229:
2186:
2180:
2117:
2034:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
1985:
1941:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
1817:
1737:
1263:
1110:
1085:
980:
645:
4054:
3917:
3346:
3201:
3166:
2825:
2783:
2734:
1885:
1847:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1314:
1312:
1172:
942:International Journal of Nanomedicine
908:
823:
778:Mine Safety and Health Administration
472:
290:
4408:
4103:
3956:
3784:
3646:
3451:
3422:
3409:
3266:
3223:
3125:
2865:
2260:
2254:
1767:
1530:
1347:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
886:Subwavelength-diameter optical fiber
350:
176:
4373:
4287:
4160:
3749:
3502:
3310:
2910:Ramakrishna S, et al. (2005).
2615:
604:
129:Nanofibers were first produced via
13:
4005:
3812:10.1097/01.sla.0000143302.48223.7e
3714:
3632:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.042
3611:
3562:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.035
3334:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.06.002
2879:"Scaffolds for tissue fabrication"
2876:
2851:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.040
2485:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
2310:
2291:
2189:Proceedings of the Royal Society A
1584:
1309:
708:
184:
14:
4481:
2747:Journal of Visualized Experiments
1209:
1157:
756:
137:(1544-1603) first documented the
30:are fibers with diameters in the
3464:Arthritis Research & Therapy
2692:Beachley V, Wen X (April 2009).
2573:Garg K, Bowlin GL (March 2011).
2103:10.2174/187221050902150819151532
2091:Recent Patents on Nanotechnology
870:
856:
723:fluorescence quenching mechanism
570:
306:
246:Thermal-induced phase separation
3883:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
3458:Tuli R, Li WJ, Tuan RS (2003).
3365:
3340:
2519:
2471:
2437:Surface and Coatings Technology
2424:
2410:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.037
2323:
2021:
2003:
1471:
1432:
1393:
1295:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00281
467:
125:History of nanofiber production
3758:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
2449:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126203
1096:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1036:
458:poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate)
92:poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate)
1:
4359:10.1088/0964-1726/20/1/013002
3735:10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.018
3723:Journal of Controlled Release
3700:. American Chemical Society.
3437:10.3928/0147-7447-20020502-04
3296:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00102-2
3187:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.033
3033:10.1126/science.266.5193.1961
2896:10.1016/S1369-7021(04)00233-0
2811:10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7
1710:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.08.002
1457:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02696
1418:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b05200
901:
450:poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
162:. In 1887, British physicist
146:. In 1882, English physicist
84:poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
3930:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3895:10.1517/17425247.2013.758103
2532:Materials Today: Proceedings
1761:10.1016/j.elecom.2009.03.029
1656:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1505:10.1371/journal.pone.0176930
1371:10.3109/1061186X.2014.992899
1062:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.110308
154:was established between the
7:
4470:Nanoparticles by morphology
4030:10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.019
3151:10.1634/stemcells.2006-0253
2544:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.526
936:Vasita R, Katti DS (2006).
849:
536:and hence are dependent on
227:conical shape known as the
10:
4486:
3770:10.1016/j.addr.2009.07.007
2710:10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.037
1117:Reneker D, Chun I (1996).
771:volatile organic compounds
281:
188:
3375:ACS Applied Bio Materials
3244:10.1007/s10856-016-5748-8
2957:10.1209/epl/i1998-00233-9
2390:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2279:10.1080/14786448708628043
2248:10.1080/14786448208628425
1359:Journal of Drug Targeting
1143:10.1088/0957-4484/7/3/009
4316:10.1038/nenergy.2016.111
4079:10.18632/oncotarget.6330
3942:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.8923
3667:10.1163/1568562042459733
3175:Journal of Biotechnology
1859:Optical Fiber Technology
955:10.2147/nano.2006.1.1.15
736:stability. A variety of
325:hydrophobic interactions
139:electrostatic attraction
3347:Simon, Eric M. (1988).
1669:10.1200/JCO.2005.08.140
4429:10.1002/adma.201101392
4394:10.1002/smll.200500432
4267:(105): 103072β103080.
4193:10.1002/adma.201203185
4136:10.1002/adma.201205237
3523:10.1089/ten.1999.5.443
3387:10.1021/acsabm.9b00580
2209:10.1098/rspa.1964.0151
2168:Cite journal requires
2046:10.1021/acsami.1c17643
1914:10.1002/adma.201190052
1879:10.1006/ofte.2000.0355
1195:10.1002/adma.200400719
1049:Materials & Design
896:Polyaniline nanofibers
766:
675:
638:
611:pathologic examination
580:
482:
425:demonstrate excellent
360:
299:(solid nanofiber) and
208:
200:
24:
764:
673:
652:lithium-air batteries
636:
578:
480:
358:
206:
198:
22:
3860:10.1166/jnn.2006.462
3431:(5 Suppl): s561-70.
2914:. World Scientific.
1283:ACS Biomater Sci Eng
815:Oil-water separation
337:van der Waals forces
329:electrostatic forces
240:extracellular matrix
4351:2011SMaS...20a3002P
4308:2016NatEn...116111Z
4273:2016RSCAd...6j3072S
4185:2013AdM....25.1547H
4128:2013AdM....25.2897Z
3981:10.1093/jnci/dju066
3025:1994Sci...266.1961M
2995:10.1021/ar00050a002
2949:1998EL.....42..215O
2671:2003JPoSA..41..545D
2402:2016MarPB.106....8S
2348:2015Nanos...8..120L
2201:1964RSPSA.280..383T
1871:2001OptFT...7..101Z
1793:2002NanoL...2.1273W
1496:2017PLoSO..1276930D
1412:(24): 19848β19856.
1333:2015RSCAd...515172A
1327:(20): 15172β15181.
1187:2004AdM....16.1151L
1135:1996Nanot...7..216R
646:Lithium-air battery
317:peptide amphiphiles
164:Charles Vernon Boys
160:electrostatic force
4417:Advanced Materials
4339:Smart Mater Struct
4281:10.1039/C6RA16874D
4238:10.1039/c1ee01496j
4226:Energy Environ Sci
4173:Advanced Materials
4116:Advanced Materials
3854:(9β10): 2591β607.
3511:Tissue Engineering
2799:Compos Sci Technol
2679:10.1002/pola.10609
2636:10.1007/BF02902925
2356:10.1039/C5NR01619C
2195:(1382): 383β39 7.
1901:Advanced Materials
1749:Electrochem Commun
1560:10.7150/thno.15359
1341:10.1039/C4RA11438H
1092:Teraoka I (2002).
824:Sportswear textile
767:
749:structures called
727:2,4-dinitrotoluene
676:
662:, which attach to
639:
581:
483:
473:Tissue engineering
402:connective tissues
361:
291:Template synthesis
209:
201:
25:
3800:Annals of Surgery
3597:10.1021/bm015533u
3585:Biomacromolecules
3381:(12): 5323β5339.
3213:J Eng Fibers Fabr
3111:10.1021/nn5051344
3076:10.1021/bm0256597
3064:Biomacromolecules
2921:978-981-256-415-3
2805:(15): 2223β2253.
2591:10.1063/1.3567097
2497:10.1002/app.51851
2230:Strutt J (1882).
2138:J Eng Fibers Fabr
1953:10.1021/am200748y
1841:10.1002/app.28716
1811:10.1021/nl020216u
1787:(11): 1273β1275.
1616:10.1021/nn5056282
1451:(25): 9537β9548.
1181:(14): 1151β1170.
1103:978-0-471-22451-8
1029:10.1002/app.42883
891:Nanofiber seeding
878:Technology portal
751:photonic crystals
627:metastatic cancer
562:osseointegratable
438:poly(lactic acid)
351:Polymer materials
177:Synthesis methods
72:poly(lactic acid)
4477:
4449:
4448:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4232:(8): 2952β2958.
4221:
4215:
4214:
4204:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4147:
4122:(21): 2897β902.
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4073:(42): 44781β93.
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3823:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3317:
3308:
3307:
3279:
3264:
3263:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3105:(11): 11715β23.
3094:
3088:
3087:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3019:(5193): 1961β6.
3008:
2999:
2998:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2579:Biomicrofluidics
2570:
2564:
2563:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2273:(145): 489β499.
2258:
2252:
2251:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2126:
2115:
2114:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2040:(1): 1885β1899.
2025:
2019:
2018:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1835:(2): 1080β1084.
1829:J Appl Polym Sci
1824:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1755:(6): 1127β1130.
1744:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1682:
1681:
1671:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1289:(9): 1411β1431.
1274:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1222:
1207:
1206:
1170:
1155:
1154:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1016:J Appl Polym Sci
1007:
978:
977:
967:
957:
933:
880:
875:
874:
866:
861:
860:
605:Cancer diagnosis
594:biodegradability
590:biocompatibility
442:polycaprolactone
427:biocompatibility
333:hydrogen bonding
76:polycaprolactone
4485:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4413:
4409:
4378:
4374:
4335:
4331:
4292:
4288:
4257:
4253:
4222:
4218:
4179:(11): 1547β51.
4165:
4161:
4108:
4104:
4059:
4055:
4010:
4006:
3961:
3957:
3936:(19): 3213β21.
3922:
3918:
3879:
3875:
3844:
3837:
3792:
3785:
3764:(12): 1033β42.
3754:
3750:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3694:
3690:
3661:(12): 1483β97.
3651:
3647:
3626:(10): 1883β90.
3616:
3612:
3581:
3577:
3556:(22): 4606β15.
3542:
3538:
3507:
3503:
3456:
3452:
3421:
3410:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3345:
3341:
3318:
3311:
3290:(23): 2347β59.
3280:
3267:
3228:
3224:
3209:
3202:
3171:
3167:
3130:
3126:
3095:
3091:
3060:
3056:
3009:
3002:
2979:
2972:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2908:
2904:
2883:Materials Today
2877:Ma, P. (2004).
2875:
2866:
2835:
2826:
2795:
2784:
2739:
2735:
2690:
2686:
2655:
2651:
2620:
2616:
2571:
2567:
2524:
2520:
2476:
2472:
2429:
2425:
2386:
2379:
2328:
2324:
2309:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2261:Boys C (1887).
2259:
2255:
2242:(87): 184β186.
2228:
2224:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2133:
2127:
2118:
2086:
2079:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1986:
1937:
1930:
1907:(15): 1776β81.
1893:
1886:
1855:
1848:
1825:
1818:
1802:10.1.1.459.8052
1777:
1768:
1745:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1694:
1685:
1648:
1641:
1596:
1585:
1540:
1531:
1490:(5): e0176930.
1476:
1472:
1437:
1433:
1398:
1394:
1355:
1348:
1317:
1310:
1275:
1264:
1223:
1210:
1171:
1158:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1090:
1086:
1041:
1037:
1008:
981:
934:
909:
904:
876:
869:
862:
855:
852:
826:
817:
759:
711:
709:Optical sensors
704:
700:
696:
692:
648:
607:
573:
558:osteoconductive
503:type 1 collagen
475:
470:
454:poly(L-lactide)
406:type I collagen
386:polysaccharides
353:
315:nanofibers and
309:
293:
284:
248:
212:Electrospinning
193:
191:Electrospinning
187:
185:Electrospinning
179:
156:surface tension
135:William Gilbert
131:electrospinning
127:
107:electrospinning
60:polysaccharides
17:
12:
11:
5:
4483:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4451:
4450:
4423:(33): 3770β4.
4407:
4372:
4329:
4286:
4251:
4216:
4159:
4102:
4053:
4004:
3955:
3916:
3873:
3835:
3783:
3748:
3713:
3706:
3688:
3645:
3610:
3575:
3536:
3501:
3450:
3408:
3364:
3339:
3328:(5): 862β890.
3322:Prog Polym Sci
3309:
3265:
3222:
3200:
3165:
3144:(11): 2391β7.
3124:
3089:
3054:
3000:
2970:
2943:(2): 215β220.
2927:
2920:
2902:
2864:
2824:
2782:
2733:
2704:(3): 663β668.
2684:
2665:(4): 545β553.
2649:
2630:(2): 122β127.
2614:
2565:
2518:
2470:
2423:
2377:
2322:
2303:
2284:
2253:
2222:
2179:
2170:|journal=
2147:
2116:
2077:
2020:
2002:
1984:
1947:(10): 3902β9.
1928:
1884:
1865:(2): 101β140.
1846:
1816:
1766:
1736:
1733:. Aug 6, 2016.
1715:
1698:Prog Mater Sci
1683:
1662:(7): 1420β30.
1639:
1583:
1554:(9): 1425β39.
1529:
1470:
1431:
1392:
1346:
1308:
1262:
1208:
1156:
1129:(3): 216β223.
1123:Nanotechnology
1109:
1102:
1084:
1035:
979:
906:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
893:
888:
882:
881:
867:
864:Science portal
851:
848:
825:
822:
816:
813:
784:filter media.
758:
757:Air filtration
755:
710:
707:
702:
698:
694:
690:
660:lithium oxides
647:
644:
606:
603:
572:
569:
554:osteoinductive
507:hydroxyapatite
474:
471:
469:
466:
433:in scaffolds.
352:
349:
341:ionic strength
308:
305:
292:
289:
283:
280:
247:
244:
224:electric field
216:capillary tube
189:Main article:
186:
183:
178:
175:
126:
123:
102:counterparts.
96:covalent bonds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4482:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4345:(1): 013002.
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4296:Nature Energy
4290:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4024:(2): 144β52.
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:(4): 469β83.
3888:
3884:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3707:9780841227996
3703:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:(5): 443β52.
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3477:10.1186/ar991
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:(3): 327β39.
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:(3): 518β28.
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:Europhys Lett
2931:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:: 1100β1104.
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:(13): 51851.
2490:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:(1β2): 8β16.
2395:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2162:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:The Economist
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:(3): 202β21.
1364:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:2027.42/34415
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
975:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
907:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
873:
868:
865:
859:
854:
847:
845:
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