227:, the Governor of Assam, reached a Nine-Points Agreement with the Naga leaders. It was decided that the Nagas would be granted judicial, executive and legislative powers, as well as autonomy in land-related matters. There was a ten-year guarantee of these provisions at the end of which the Nagas could choose between extending the agreement or a new agreement. The Naga leaders were also promised unification of Naga territories from nearby districts into the Naga Hills District. However, the Constituent Assembly refused to ratify the Hydari accord. The Naga leaders envisaged a sovereign state with India as a "Guardian Power" for ten years, while the Indian Constituent Assembly concluded that the Nine Points Agreement guaranteed only a "district autonomy within the Indian Constitution".
315:
the Nagas wanted independence from India. Since it is not clear who actually participated in the plebiscite, the inflated percentage is doubtful. Several of the Naga people inhabited the territory outside the region in which NNC was active. Also, the bulk of the educated Naga people worked outside the region, and the Indian
Government had banned its employees from participating in the plebiscite. The Indian Government and the Government of Assam rejected the result.
215:
during the last meeting of the subcommittee. The
Bordoloi subcommittee concluded that "many of them (Naga leaders) were inclined to take moderate views on the lines of the original resolution passed at Wokha, but in view of the intrasigence of certain other members, probably of the Angami group, they were prevented from doing so."
338:
guns were seized from several villages in raids. On 3 May, the Assam police and the Assam Rifles launched a massive raid on
Khonoma, the village of Phizo. On 26 May 1953, the Assam Maintenance of Public Order (Autonomous Districts) was enacted and on 14 July, it was applied in the Naga Hills District.
341:
On 12 August 1953, the Naga tribal councils and the tribal courts were dissolved. A few days later, the Kohima
Government School was temporarily closed after 19 students boycotted the Indian Independence Day celebrations on 15 August, and threatened to assault the teachers and students who joined the
337:
After NNC's decision to boycott the
Government of India, many posters and letters threatening Government employees (especially the Nagas) appeared. As a result, the Government launched a widespread police action against the NNC. On 4 April 1953, the police raided the house of T. Sakhrie. On 7 April,
329:
In 1953, a meeting was organized between the Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the Burmese Prime Minister U Nu, to decide on borders between India and Burma. The separatist leaders termed the meeting as the process of dividing Naga territory between the two countries. Nehru and U Nu visited
187:
When the subcommittee reached Kohima, NNC did not have a permanent president. The committee had received a list of organizations to be interviewed by Pawsey, the deputy subcommissioner, Pawsey. However, Pawsey had left Kohima shortly before the arrival of the subcommittee, on an investigation into a
314:
In
February 1950, the NNC declared that it would hold a referendum to decide the issue of Naga sovereignty. The Government of India condemned NNC as "the voice of the misguided", and rejected NNC's proposal. Nevertheless, NNC decided to conduct a plebiscite on 16 May 1951 and claimed that 99.9% of
306:
The
Government of independent India continued the British policy of isolating the North-East. The Naga Hills District was placed in Part A tribal areas category, as an Autonomous District administered by the Government of Assam, with a limited representation in the Assam State Legislative Assembly
302:
of the Naga people was concluded between the NNC and the
Government of India in 1948. However, the hardliners led by Phizo gradually increased their influence over the NNC. Phizo became the 4th NNC Chairman in October–November 1949 after defeating Vizar Angami of Zakhama village by a margin of one
286:
to discuss the issue of Naga autonomy. The NNC secretary T. Sakhrie had expressed fears in his letter to Gandhi that the Indian government might use military force to occupy the Naga territory by force. Gandhi assured the Naga delegation that he would go to Kohima, and he would be "the first to be
214:
were also presented before the subcommittee, and spoke against the NNC. The subcommittee did not visit the other subdivision, Mokokchung. The
Bordoloi report was vetoed by the Angami member, Kezehol, but accepted by the Sema member, Khetloushe. Khetloushe replaced Kezehol, when the latter resigned
199:
On the whole, the attitude of the NNC and the general atmosphere seemed to have taken an unpleasant turn, since the (Assam) Premier's visit (in November 1946). It was clearly perceived that the Council was now dominated by certain Angami leaders like KevichĂĽsa and Lungalang and the more reasonable
365:
In January 1956, the Naga Hills District was declared a "Disturbed Area", putting it under the Indian Army's command. On 22 March 1956 Phizo formed the "Naga Central Government", which was later renamed to "Federal Government of Nagaland" (FGN) in 1959. The new organization had a military wing to
357:
In September 1954, Phizo formed the "People's Sovereign Republic of Free Nagaland", with the support of Chang chiefs of Tuensang. He reorganized the NNC setup, as the chances of a peaceful settlement declined. In 1955, the Angami leaders T. Sakhrie (who had served the secretary of NNC since its
401:
denounced the Accord, calling it a "complete sellout of the Naga rights". On 21 November, Isak, Muivah, Lorho, Venuh, Moire and Pamrei officially condemned the Accord, dubbing its supporters as traitors. However, on 2 December, the FGN endorsed the Accord at a meeting held at Dihoma. Both the
176:
In February 1947, the NNC council passed a resolution at Kohima. As a result of this resolution, on 20 February 1947, it submitted a proposal for interim Government of Nagas, under a "Guardian Power" for a period of ten years. They didn't explicitly state who the "Guardian Power" should be
325:
The first Indian general elections were held in 1952, which were boycotted by the separatist leaders. The NNC vice-president, Imkongmeren Ao, submitted a memorandum to Nehru on 18 October 1952, complaining against killing of a Naga, and reminding him of Nagas' desire for independence.
75:. T Aliba Imti Ao, was the son of a Imtilepden of Lonjang village, he was the first teacher amongst the Nagas and also served as a pastor. T Aliba was a graduate from St. Edmund's College, Shillong and had been the secretary of the Hills Students' Federation, an affiliate of the
36:), with Eno T. Aliba Imti Ao as the President, and other democratically elected Naga representatives as its members. NNC declared independence a day before India's independence on 14 August 1947, and unsuccessfully campaigned for the secession of the Naga territory from India.
95:. Each central council was split into a number of tribal councils, which were further split into sub-tribal councils. Generally, a sub-tribal council was formed with five villages. Members were not elected, but chosen by the NNC leadership.
239:
wrote to the Naga National Council (NNC) secretary, T. Sakhrie, saying that the Indian government is against the separate electorates, as they "limit and injure the small group by keeping it separated from rest of the nation."
385:
as its chief minister. Several Naga rebel groups continued the insurgency, but the scale of violence decreased considerably. On 11 November 1975, a 6-member delegation, which included Phizo's brother Kevi Yallay, signed the
349:(PSP), led by its president, Hareswar Goswami. In return, Naga Goodwill mission led by Phizo's niece Rano M. Iralu (the President of Naga Women's Federation) visited Assam from 30 November to 15 December 1953.
334:, the deputy commissioner of the district disallowed the NNC delegation from meeting Nehru, apparently without Nehru's knowledge. Consequently, Nehru's public meeting was boycotted by NNC and its sympathizers.
345:
Some days later, a goodwill mission of APCC led by its President Bimala Prasada Chaliha visited Naga Hills District. It was followed by another goodwill mission of the Assam Unit of the
184:
to the Bordoloi subcommittee. The Bardoloi subcommittee was constituted with Mayangnokcha Ao as a member, but he did not accept the position. Hence, Aliba was taken in his place.
157:
to be included in an autonomous Assam in the independent India. It further emphasized local autonomy for the Naga Hills District, and a separate electorate for the Naga tribes.
28:, active from the late 1940s to the early 1950s. It evolved out of the Naga Hills District Tribal Council, an organization established in 1945 by the Deputy Commissioner of the
56:, and in February 1946, it was reorganized as a political organization called Naga National Council (NNC). NNC's objective was to work out the terms of relationship with the
358:
inception) and Zasokie broke off with Phizo at a meeting in the Khonoma village. Phizo got Sakhrie murdered in January 1956. Other leaders who dissented with Phizo, such as
180:
In 1947, the Bardoloi sub-committee came to Kohima for discussions with the Naga leaders. The Kohima Central Council of NNC was reluctant to nominate a person for
52:, established the Naga Hills District Tribal Council as a forum of the various Naga groups in the district. This body replaced an earlier organization called
275:
leaders in an attempt to convince them to form independent countries of their own, instead of joining the Union of India. However, his efforts failed.
141:
In a memorandum presented to the British Government in June 1945, the NNC demanded an autonomous status for the Naga region. When the report of the
303:
vote; the vote was held in the absence of most of the other leaders. Under his leadership, the NNC inclined towards seeking secession from India.
696:
626:
311:) was placed in the Part B tribal areas category, which was administered by the Governor of Assam acting as Agent of the President of India.
223:
Aliba Imti continued to strive for a settlement between the Government and the NNC members. As a result of his efforts, on 26 June 1947, Sir
318:
Phizo met Nehru in December 1951 near Tezpur in Assam, in March 1952 at Delhi, and in July 1952 at Dibrugarh. He was arrested in Burma for
663:
278:
On 19 July, an eleven-member Naga delegation led by A Z Phizo, Viselie, John Angami, Khrehie and Seto met the Indian nationalist leader
817:
133:
had not attended the first meeting of the council, and were not represented. There was no representation from the unadministered area.
145:
was published, NNC passed a resolution on 19 June 1946 at Wokha in Mokokchung division. It stated that it was against grouping of
406:
827:
790:
763:
736:
636:
597:
154:
45:
29:
555:
518:
454:
169:, the Premier of Assam visited the district. The Nagas respected the Assamese politicians like Gopinath Bardoloi and
295:
On 14 August 1947, one day before India gained its independence, Nagas declared the independence of Naga region.
366:
encounter the Indian soldiers, who were accused of human rights violations by the separatists. Phizo escaped to
812:
203:(a) on account of the Naga system of not deciding matters by a majority but by a general agreement only, and
142:
76:
224:
402:
factions sought Phizo's views. But Phizo, who was in London, neither endorsed nor condemned the Accord.
279:
700:
822:
405:
Subsequently, in 1980, a faction led by Isak, Muviah and SS Khaplang broke away from NNC to form the
387:
362:
and Silie, had to ask for refuge from the Indian Government. Thus, the NNC virtually collapsed.
780:
753:
670:
726:
346:
192:, the senior extra assistant commissioner at Kohima, acted as the guardian angel of the NNC.
170:
103:
8:
57:
189:
398:
359:
299:
67:
The president of the NNC was T. Aliba Imti Ao. The joint secretary of the NNC was an
669:. Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization. Archived from
786:
759:
732:
642:
632:
603:
593:
561:
551:
524:
514:
460:
450:
418:
308:
244:
166:
236:
590:
The Politics of Dialogue: Living Under the Geopolitical Histories of War and Peace
98:
The Kohima Central Council consisted of 12 members, of whom seven belonged to the
547:
394:
248:
542:
Chadha, Vivek (2005). "Appendix M - 10 Year Akbar Hydari Agreement: June 1947".
49:
33:
728:
Nagas' Rights to Self Determination: An Anthropological-historical Perspective
177:(Government of India, the Provincial Government or His Majesty's Government).
806:
782:
Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace
367:
319:
272:
268:
130:
61:
646:
607:
565:
528:
464:
377:
The secessionist movement declined to a great extent after the formation of
256:
122:
114:
382:
252:
99:
68:
32:. The group was reorganized to form NNC in 1946 at Sanis (in present-day
25:
330:
the Naga areas in India and Burma. On 30 March 1953, when they visited
264:
126:
118:
92:
72:
181:
110:
53:
378:
211:
206:(b) by the threat of force which seemed to hold the NNC together.
109:
The Mokokchung Central Council had 15 members, of whom five were
371:
331:
260:
150:
88:
230:
283:
146:
664:"Integration of the North East: the State Formation Process"
778:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
188:
headhunting report received from the unadministered area.
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
658:
656:
440:
438:
436:
434:
160:
471:
381:
as a new state of India in 1963, with the Naga leader
307:
and in the National Parliament. The Naga Tribal Area (
173:, and showed cordiality to Bardoloi in November 1946.
653:
431:
409:(NSCN), which continued the secessionist activities.
623:
619:
617:
751:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
200:elements were prevented from asserting themselves
614:
804:
572:
745:
724:
290:
44:In April 1945, the deputy commissioner of the
544:Low Intensity Conflicts In India: An Analysis
758:. Bibliophile South Asia. pp. 103–104.
755:Let Freedom Ring?: Story of Naga Nationalism
195:The secretary of the subcommittee observed:
785:. Ashgate Publishing Limited. p. 139.
231:Rise of Phizo and the secessionist ideology
779:Professor Ranabir Samaddar (28 May 2015).
87:NNC had two central councils, one each at
720:
718:
587:
370:in December 1956, from where he went to
218:
731:. Mittal Publications. pp. 93–94.
805:
715:
541:
508:
444:
407:National Socialist Council of Nagaland
298:An agreement recognizing the right to
136:
752:A. S. Atai Shimray (1 January 2005).
513:. Orient Longman. pp. 153–161.
235:In June 1947, Indian Prime Minister
161:Talks with the Bardoloi subcommittee
13:
694:
624:Christopher A Mullen, ed. (1997).
449:. Orient Longman. pp. 74–77.
24:) was a political organization of
14:
839:
818:Organizations established in 1945
287:shot before any Naga is killed".
102:tribe. It was presided over by a
511:Hill politics in Northeast India
509:Chaube, Shibani Kinkar (1999) .
447:Hill politics in Northeast India
445:Chaube, Shibani Kinkar (1999) .
772:
82:
688:
535:
390:with the Government of India.
1:
592:. Ashgate. pp. 171–173.
424:
143:1946 Cabinet Mission to India
77:All India Students Federation
828:1945 establishments in India
631:. Kluwer Law International.
7:
412:
291:After independence of India
225:Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari
10:
844:
697:"The Truth And Naga Issue"
588:Samaddar, Ranabir (2004).
352:
280:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
106:school teacher of Kohima.
39:
243:The hardline NNC leader
725:Reisang Vashum (2000).
210:The non-Naga groups of
397:and General Secretary
208:
393:NNC's Vice President
388:Shillong Peace Accord
347:Praja Socialist Party
219:Nine-Points Agreement
197:
171:Bimala Prasad Chaliha
18:Naga National Council
813:Politics of Nagaland
703:on 15 December 2004
247:separately met the
155:Naga Hills District
137:Demand for autonomy
58:Government of India
46:Naga Hills District
30:Naga Hills district
676:on 30 October 2007
399:Thuingaleng Muivah
300:self-determination
165:In November 1946,
792:978-1-4724-3493-7
765:978-81-85002-61-3
738:978-81-7099-774-0
638:978-90-411-0439-7
599:978-0-7546-3607-6
419:Angami Zapu Phizo
245:Angami Zapu Phizo
167:Gopinath Bardoloi
153:, and wanted the
835:
823:Naga nationalism
797:
796:
776:
770:
769:
749:
743:
742:
722:
713:
712:
710:
708:
699:. Archived from
692:
686:
685:
683:
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675:
668:
660:
651:
650:
621:
612:
611:
585:
570:
569:
539:
533:
532:
506:
469:
468:
442:
237:Jawaharlal Nehru
190:KevichĂĽsa Angami
843:
842:
838:
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
803:
802:
801:
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793:
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622:
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586:
573:
558:
550:. p. 477.
540:
536:
521:
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457:
443:
432:
427:
415:
395:Isak Chishi Swu
355:
293:
233:
221:
163:
139:
85:
42:
12:
11:
5:
841:
831:
830:
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815:
799:
798:
791:
771:
764:
744:
737:
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695:Jassal, R. S.
687:
652:
637:
629:Yearbook, 1996
613:
598:
571:
556:
534:
519:
470:
455:
429:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
414:
411:
354:
351:
342:celebrations.
292:
289:
232:
229:
220:
217:
162:
159:
138:
135:
84:
81:
41:
38:
34:Wokha district
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
840:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
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811:
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557:0-7619-3325-5
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456:81-250-1695-3
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368:East Pakistan
363:
361:
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348:
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327:
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320:illegal entry
316:
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55:
51:
47:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
781:
774:
754:
747:
727:
705:. Retrieved
701:the original
690:
678:. Retrieved
671:the original
625:
589:
543:
537:
510:
446:
404:
392:
376:
364:
356:
344:
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205:
202:
198:
194:
186:
179:
175:
164:
140:
108:
97:
86:
83:Organization
66:
64:withdrawal.
50:C. R. Pawsey
43:
21:
17:
15:
383:P. Shilu Ao
69:Angami Naga
26:Naga people
807:Categories
425:References
125:, and one
93:Mokokchung
73:T. Sakhrie
60:after the
707:11 August
182:co-option
54:Naga Club
680:20 March
647:39055035
608:56466278
566:56356140
529:42913576
465:42913576
413:See also
379:Nagaland
309:Tuensang
249:Assamese
117:, three
104:Liangmei
79:(AISF).
360:Jasokie
353:Decline
273:Meiteis
269:Mishmis
261:Lushais
212:Dimapur
131:Konyaks
123:Sangtam
113:, four
62:British
40:History
789:
762:
735:
645:
635:
606:
596:
564:
554:
527:
517:
463:
453:
372:London
332:Kohima
257:Khasis
151:Bengal
129:. The
121:, two
100:Angami
89:Kohima
674:(PDF)
667:(PDF)
284:Delhi
265:Abors
253:Garos
147:Assam
127:Chang
119:Lotha
787:ISBN
760:ISBN
733:ISBN
709:2015
682:2008
643:OCLC
633:ISBN
627:UNPO
604:OCLC
594:ISBN
562:OCLC
552:ISBN
548:SAGE
525:OCLC
515:ISBN
461:OCLC
451:ISBN
271:and
115:Sema
91:and
16:The
282:at
149:in
22:NNC
809::
717:^
655:^
641:.
616:^
602:.
574:^
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546:.
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473:^
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20:(
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