390:
296:
absorbed and defused as reformist elements. The SI pinpointed the increasingly evident problem of capitalist institutions subverting the terms of oppositional movements for their own uses recuperation operated on all fronts: in advertising, in academics, in public political discourse, in the marginal discourses of leftist factions, and so on.
179:
This is arguably a derivation from the first sense. The outcome of such co-option will be specific to the individual case, and will depend on the relative strength of the co-opting and co-opted groups, the degree of alignment of their interests, and the vigour with which their members are prepared to
295:
the process by which those who control the spectacular culture, embodied most obviously in the mass media, co-opt all revolutionary ideas by publicizing a neutralized version of them, literally turning oppositional tactics into ideology. The SI identified the threat of revolutionary tactics being
49:
Co-optation may refer to the process by which a group subsumes or acculturates a smaller or weaker group with related interests, or the process by which one group gains converts from another group by replicating some aspects of it without adopting the full program or ideal ("informal co-optation").
88:
Two common uses of co-option are firstly, to recruit members who have specific skills or abilities needed by the group which are not available among existing members. Secondly, to fill vacancies which could not be filled by the usual process (normally election), e.g. if suitable candidates appear
45:
at the discretion of members of the body, usually to manage opposition and so maintain the stability of the group. Outsiders are "co-opted" by being given a degree of power on the grounds of their elite status, specialist knowledge, or potential ability to threaten essential commitments or goals
78:
Co-opting an individual usually involves giving him or her a desirable role in the design or implementation of the change. Co-opting a group involves giving one of its leaders, or someone it respects, a key role in the design or implementation of a change. This is not a form of participation,
105:, co-option to fill vacancies is inappropriate, as a member selected by existing members will not necessarily represent the interests of the group represented by the vacating member. In this case, vacancies may be filled via a mechanism specified in its rules, such as a
192:, both environmental advocates and the general public must decide how to engage (or not) with the greenwashed result (accept it wholly, boycott it, apply pressure from another angle, ignore it, or some other path).
89:
subsequently. Co-opted members may or may not have the same rights as the elected members of a group (such as the right to vote on motions), depending on the rules of the group. Sociologist
195:
Selznick, again in the context of the
Tennessee Valley Authority, described this form as "informal co-optation", although the process he describes is almost indistinguishable from the
218:
237:
46:("formal co-optation"). Co-optation may take place in many other contexts, such as a technique by a dictatorship to control opposition.
93:
defined co-optation as "challengers gaining access to the public policy process but without achieving actual policy changes."
74:
presented co-optation as a "form of manipulation" for dealing with employees who are resistant to new management programs:
255:
339:
265:
416:
133:
168:
20:
79:
however, because the initiators do not want the advice of the co-opted, merely his or her endorsement.
421:
213:
51:
196:
281:
189:
8:
362:
307:
71:
411:
368:
335:
261:
254:
Chu, Yun-han; Diamond, Larry; Nathan, Andrew J.; Shin, Doh Chull (1 September 2008).
41:, has two common meanings. It may refer to the process of adding members to an elite
394:
331:
327:
185:
358:
164:
129:
148:
122:
90:
101:
If a group is elected or appointed based on its members representing specific
405:
118:
308:
John P. Kotter and
Leonard A. Schlesinger, "Choosing Strategies for Change"
372:
114:
102:
42:
141:
106:
67:
389:
364:
TVA and the Grass Roots: a Study in the
Sociology of Formal Organization
181:
208:
324:
The Wiley-Blackwell
Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements
137:
19:
This article is about a political term. For other uses, see
180:
pursue those interests. For example, when corporations
50:
Co-optation is associated with the cultural tactic of
282:"Expression as vandalism: Asger Jorn's Modifications
253:
54:, and is often understood to be synonymous with it.
171:(TVA), described this form as "formal cooptation".
403:
219:Interventions of political parties in Venezuela
151:constituencies in the New Zealand legislature)
292:No. 53/54 (SpringāAutumn, 2008), pp. 295ā96.
367:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
353:
351:
260:. Columbia University Press. p. 41.
357:
113:geographical constituencies (as used in
348:
322:Coy, Patrick G. (2013). "Co-Optation".
404:
184:their brands by co-opting the tone of
96:
321:
13:
83:
14:
433:
383:
188:without any deep reform of their
128:constituencies of adherents to a
388:
290:RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics
332:10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm054
244:, Oxford University Press 1998.
174:
158:
315:
301:
274:
257:How East Asians View Democracy
247:
231:
57:
1:
393:The dictionary definition of
224:
199:sale of political influence.
326:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
136:(as used in legislatures in
7:
202:
134:proportional representation
10:
440:
169:Tennessee Valley Authority
147:ethnic groups (as used in
21:Co-option (disambiguation)
18:
154:any other affinity group.
167:, in the context of the
310:Harvard Business Review
242:Dictionary of Sociology
214:Recuperation (politics)
64:Harvard Business Review
298:
81:
62:In a 1979 article for
417:Political terminology
293:
76:
190:environmental impact
33:and sometimes spelt
72:Leonard Schlesinger
280:Kurczynski, Karen
97:Limitations on use
109:. Examples are:
429:
392:
377:
376:
359:Selznick, Philip
355:
346:
345:
319:
313:
305:
299:
285:
278:
272:
271:
251:
245:
235:
186:environmentalism
29:, also known as
439:
438:
432:
431:
430:
428:
427:
426:
422:Group processes
402:
401:
386:
381:
380:
356:
349:
342:
320:
316:
306:
302:
283:
279:
275:
268:
252:
248:
236:
232:
227:
205:
177:
165:Philip Selznick
161:
130:political party
99:
86:
84:Reasons for use
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
437:
436:
425:
424:
419:
414:
399:at Wiktionary
385:
384:External links
382:
379:
378:
347:
340:
314:
300:
273:
266:
246:
229:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
204:
201:
176:
173:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
145:
126:
123:United Kingdom
103:constituencies
98:
95:
91:William Gamson
85:
82:
66:, consultants
59:
56:
16:Political term
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
435:
434:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
407:
400:
398:
397:
391:
374:
370:
366:
365:
360:
354:
352:
343:
341:9780470674871
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
312:
311:
304:
297:
291:
287:
277:
269:
267:9780231517836
263:
259:
258:
250:
243:
239:
238:"Co-optation"
234:
230:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
200:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
172:
170:
166:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
120:
119:United States
116:
112:
111:
110:
108:
104:
94:
92:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
395:
387:
363:
323:
317:
309:
303:
294:
289:
276:
256:
249:
241:
233:
194:
178:
175:Second sense
163:Sociologist
162:
159:Nomenclature
115:legislatures
100:
87:
77:
63:
61:
52:recuperation
48:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:
142:New Zealand
132:, known as
107:by-election
68:John Kotter
58:First sense
31:co-optation
406:Categories
396:cooptation
225:References
39:cooptation
412:Elections
182:greenwash
27:Co-option
361:(1949).
209:Entryism
203:See also
35:cooption
373:2293803
197:corrupt
117:in the
371:
338:
264:
138:Israel
288:, in
149:MÄori
43:group
369:OCLC
336:ISBN
262:ISBN
140:and
121:and
70:and
328:doi
37:or
408::
350:^
334:.
240:.
375:.
344:.
330::
286:"
284:'
270:.
144:)
125:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.