891:
1095:(CDC) has recommended strategies for optimizing their use in healthcare settings. N95 respirators can be used beyond their manufacturer-designated shelf life, although components such as the straps and nose bridge material may degrade, making it particularly important that the wearer perform the expected seal check. N95 respirators can be reused a limited number of times after being removed, as long as they have not been used during aerosol-generating procedures and are not contaminated with patients' bodily fluids, because this increases the risk of surface contamination with pathogens. The respirator manufacturer may recommend a maximum number of donnings or uses; if no manufacturer guidance is available, preliminary data suggests limiting to five uses per device. Respirators approved under standards used in other countries and are similar to NIOSH-approved N95 respirators—including
1225:
173:
875:
883:
1016:
1677:
299:
1496:
781:
349:
669:
147:
1344:
730:
5493:
1867:
1322:, like hospitals, where many patients infected with TB were also infected with HIV. The proposed rule would require signage that includes a STOP sign, with red background, white symbols, and a set of words warning people to wear "N95 or more protective" respirators (under 42 CFR 84) near isolation rooms where TB infection is likely. Additional notices could be added at the discretion of an employer, so long as it did not contradict the required wording.
1555:, and to keep them within the U.S. instead. However, 3M refused, saying: "Ceasing all export of respirators produced in the United States would likely cause other countries to retaliate and do the same, as some have already done. If that were to occur, the net number of respirators being made available to the United States would actually decrease. That is the opposite of what we and the administration, on behalf of the American people, both seek."
246:. An authentic N95 respirator is marked with the text "NIOSH" or the NIOSH logo, the filter class ("N95"), and, for most filtering facepiece respirators (respirators with non-replaceable filters), a "TC" approval number of the form 84A-####, the approval number. All N95 respirators, regardless of type, must be listed on the NIOSH Certified Equipment List (CEL) or the NIOSH Trusted-Source page, and it must have headbands instead of ear loops.
125:
5517:
1790:
1284:
5505:
677:
1751:
3675:
3639:
3308:
3185:
2620:
1712:
1699:
725:
1311:, which would require more rigorous standards to mitigate, especially since they felt that the 1990 CDC guidelines for TB were not being properly followed. The CDC eventually revised and released new TB guidelines in 1994, and in 1995 and 1996, meetings started to be held between OSHA and various stakeholders for a new TB standard, borrowing heavily from the CDC's work.
1837:
1738:
1725:
1817:
1915:
697:
363:
1764:
1126:; physical barriers such as clear windows; allowing only those involved in direct care to enter a room with a COVID-19 patient; using only the PPE necessary for the specific task; continuing use of the same respirator without removing it while caring for multiple patients with the same diagnosis; monitoring and coordinating the PPE
2810:
735:
1803:
1367:
confusion over respirator procedures, and the insinuation by various infection control practitioners that N95 respirators were not necessary. However, the report concludes, from laws preceding SARS, healthcare workers were obligated to wear N95 respirators throughout the outbreak, despite suggestions to the contrary.
321:, these standards were merely advisory, as the USBM had no enforcement power at the time. After the disaster, an explicit approval program was established in 1934, along with the introduction of combination Type A/B/C respirator ratings, corresponding to Dusts/Fumes/Mists respectively, with Type D blocking all three.
1777:
1850:
1147:
filters may also be used to increase ventilation in isolation rooms when surgical masks are being used in place of respirators. If neither respirators nor surgical masks are available, as a last resort, it may be necessary for healthcare workers to use masks that have never been evaluated or approved
1110:
is not available, as a respirator will still provide better protection than a surgical mask or no mask. In this case, best practices for getting a good face seal include trying different models or sizes, using a mirror or asking a colleague to check that the respirator is touching the face, and doing
989:
In industrial settings where infectious disease exposure is not a concern, users can wear and reuse a filtering facepiece respirator until it is damaged, soiled, or causing noticeably increased breathing resistance, unless there is a manufacturer-specified duration of use. However, in laboratories at
817:
was in full force at the time) was noted to be one of the strongest factors for TB activation, since most TB outbreaks and mortalities reported at the time involved healthcare workers and patients infected with HIV. Respiratory protection and the performance of respirators were emphasized in the 1994
4440:
Lyngse FP, Mortensen LH, Denwood MJ, Christiansen LE, Møller CH, Skov RL, Spiess K, Fomsgaard A, Lassaunière R, Rasmussen M, Stegger M, Nielsen C, Sieber RN, Cohen AS, Møller FT, Overvad M, Mølbak K, Krause TG, Kirkeby CT (September 2022). "Household transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in
1667:
The CDC recommends farm workers wear PPE, including N95 or better respirators, when working with farm animals potentially infected with H5N1. However, outbreaks of H5N1 have continued among dairy workers, likely due to workers' fear of retaliation by their employers, and reluctance by employers and
1455:
interim guide for H1N1 recommended N95 respirators for the prevention of H1N1, but stopped short of recommending respirators for groups not deemed "at increased risk of severe illness from influenza", except for occupational use in healthcare. NIOSH also emphasized the differences in fit between an
1142:
and maintaining distance from the patient are particularly important to reduce the risk of transmission. When no respirators are left, workers who are at higher risk for severe illness may be excluded from caring for patients, and workers who have clinically recovered from COVID-19 may be preferred
1137:
When it is no longer possible for all healthcare workers to wear N95 respirators when caring for a COVID-19 patient, the CDC recommends that respirators be prioritized for workers performing aerosol-generating procedures on symptomatic persons, and those within three feet of an unmasked symptomatic
912:
Before use of a respirator can be mandated by an employer, OSHA regulations require a medical evaluation. In the United States medical evaluation is required once, prior to initial fit testing and use, although it may need to be repeated if any adverse signs or symptoms are observed. Correct use of
821:
To quickly address the HEPA-only respirator requirement for TB controls, stemming from the lack of biological protection in the existing 30 CFR 11 standards (which were mainly designed for miners), NIOSH aimed to have the proposed 42 CFR rule changes finished by the end of 1994. The proposal at the
1593:
may have been due to relaxing of policies preventing COVID-19 transmission (like source control policies). The 2023 paper also cites a research letter published in 2022, that suggests that the surge of COVID-19 cases in hospitals may have been due to the high contagiousness of
Omicron, an article
1476:
After the 2009 H1N1 flu season, the CDC issued guidelines recommending surgical masks instead, after complaints were leveled by various groups on the effectiveness of surgical masks compared to N95 respirators, along with complaints about comfort. The new recommendations were met with approval by
1366:
Meanwhile, in Canada, discussions with
Ontario EMS and New York Department of Health in 2004 noted that infected emergency medical personnel failed to properly use N95 respirators. According to Ontario SARS commission final report, this was likely due to confusion over infectious disease control,
1354:
In 2003, in response to the SARS outbreak, the United States CDC advised healthcare workers to wear N95 respirators. Despite this advice, a patient who had traveled from
Ontario exposed six healthcare workers in Pennsylvania following contact tracing by the CDC, though fitted N95 respirators were
1255:
A surgical mask may not block all particles, due to the lack of fit between the surface of the face mask and the face. The filtration efficiency of a surgical mask ranges between 10% to 90% for any given manufacturer, when measured using tests required for NIOSH certification. A study found that
853:
30 CFR 11. On July 10, 1995, in response to respirators exhibiting "low initial efficiency levels", new 42 CFR 84 standards, including the N95 standard, were enforced under a three-year transition period, ending on July 1, 1998. The standard for N95 respirators includes, but is not limited to, a
2016:
A later preprint study by the same lead author (Loeb) claiming the same thing was found to be fraudulent in multiple ways, including use of unregistered study sites, repeated alteration of mathematical analysis methods to obscure the evidence in the data, as well as concealment of conflicts of
1472:
studies of masks started being done, comparing surgical masks and N95 respirators with the tendency for medical staff to be infected by the flu. One paper concluded that N95s were better than surgical masks, but its results were later called into question. Another paper claimed that protection
1006:
to prevent the spread of diseases like COVID-19 when worn by asymptomatic infected users, at a level similar to that of a surgical or cloth facemask, although it is not equivalent to the performance of unvalved respirators. The same study found that "odifications can further reduce particle
1578:
noted that the CDC had dropped mandates for masks in hospitals during COVID, limiting the COVID policies to an advisory role. Use of masks for source control is still recommended in times of high viral activity, but the CDC did not provide numbers for benchmarks. The new policies are thought,
808:
was tasked with reducing the incidences of hospital acquired TB infections. TB infections had traditionally occurred mainly in underserved groups and areas, as well as the very young and elderly, but regardless, usually had around a 10% chance of turning into an active TB infection in a given
822:
time would drop the HEPA classification for non-powered respirators, and add three respirator types, at the time called Type A, B and C, with filtration efficiencies of greater than or equal to 99.97%, 99%, and 95% respectively, with Type C corresponding to the current N95 standard.
825:
According to NIOSH, all the new respirator types proposed in 42 CFR 84, including Type C (later N95), would meet the CDC's requirement for protection against TB, and would provide avenues for cheaper NIOSH-approved respirators without the need for HEPA or NIOSH class-100 filters.
1031:. These may also be labeled "Surgical N95", "medical respirators", or "healthcare respirators". The difference lies in the extra fluid-resistant layer outside, typically colored blue. In addition to 42 CFR 84, surgical N95s are regulated under FDA regulation 21 CFR 878.4040.
317:(USBM). An example of an early respirator standard, Type A, established in 1926, was intended to protect against mechanically generated dusts produced in mines. These standards were intended to obviate miner deaths, noted to have reached 3,243 by 1907. However, prior to the
1160:
Disposable filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 respirators are not approved for routine decontamination and reuse as standard of care. However, their decontamination and reuse may need to be considered as a crisis capacity strategy to ensure continued availability.
1906:
717:
1888:
707:
905:(US) requires an initial respirator fit test to identify the right model, style, and size respirator for each worker; as well, as annual fit tests. Additionally, tight-fitting respirators, including the N95, require a user seal check each time one is put on.
4124:
1459:
For those in the general public wishing to wear N95 respirators, properly wearing a N95 was noted to be difficult, but the tendency for people to distance themselves from those wearing masks complimented the six-foot social distancing rules at the time.
1879:
1001:
Some industrial N95 series respirators have an exhaust valve to improve comfort, making exhalation easier, reducing leakage on exhalation and steaming-up of glasses. Research has indicated that wearing a valved N95 respirator does provide some
702:
249:
N95 respirators are considered similar to other respirators regulated under non-U.S. jurisdictions, but slightly different criteria are used to certify their performance, such as the filter efficiency, test agent and flow rate, and permissible
1956:
553:
1636:
stated there were harms in continued undue weight being placed on RCTs and flawed mask studies in a social and political context, as retracted papers continue to be circulated to justify certain masking behaviors and beliefs. One retracted
4701:
Greenhalgh, Trisha; MacIntyre, C. Raina; Baker, Michael G.; Bhattacharjee, Shovon; Chughtai, Abrar A.; Fisman, David; Kunasekaran, Mohana; Kvalsvig, Amanda; Lupton, Deborah; Oliver, Matt; Tawfiq, Essa; Ungrin, Mark; Vipond, Joe (2024).
1510:, filed a trademark application on June 17, 2020 for various 42 CFR 84 trademarks, including the N95, allowing NIOSH to enforce rules on counterfeit masks outside of rules defined in 42 CFR 84. The trademarks were registered in 2022.
1259:
A CDC study found that in public indoor settings, consistently wearing a respirator was linked to a 83% lower risk of testing positive for COVID-19, as compared to a 66% reduction when using surgical masks, and 56% for cloth.
206:
and forms the inner filtration layer that filters out hazardous particles. However, the N95 standard does not preclude alternative means of filtration, so long as the respirator meets N95 standards and is approved by NIOSH.
4095:""Medical masks versus N95 respirators for preventing COVID-19 among health care workers: A secondary analysis of findings inconsistent with prior understanding reflects the expected inferiority of medical masks""
1621:
Following previous H1N1 randomized control trials comparing N95s and surgical masks, new RCTs were published. Major flaws were noted, including contraction of virus outside hospital, the lack of controls over
1042:
to wear respiratory protection, such as an N95 respirator. The CDC recommends the use of respirators with at least N95 certification to protect the wearer from inhalation of infectious particles including
3877:
Svoboda, Tomislav; Henry, Bonnie; Shulman, Leslie; Kennedy, Erin; Rea, Elizabeth; Ng, Wil; Wallington, Tamara; Yaffe, Barbara; Gournis, Effie; Vicencio, Elisa; Basrur, Sheela; Glazier, Richard H. (2004).
4533:
Potter AL, Vaddaraju V, Venkateswaran S, Mansur A, Bajaj SS, Kiang MV, Jena AB, Yang CJ (October 2023). "Deaths Due to COVID-19 in
Patients With Cancer During Different Waves of the Pandemic in the US".
4355:
Potter AL, Vaddaraju V, Venkateswaran S, Mansur A, Bajaj SS, Kiang MV, Jena AB, Yang CJ (October 2023). "Deaths Due to COVID-19 in
Patients With Cancer During Different Waves of the Pandemic in the US".
1362:
start stocking PPE and N95 respirators in the event of another SARS outbreak. It was noted at the time that there were few N95 respirator manufacturers, potentially exacerbating a shortage in a crisis.
1164:
There have been efforts to evaluate cleaning methods for respirators in emergency shortages, although there is concern that this may reduce filter performance, or affect mask fit by deforming the mask.
1072:
is designed to provide barrier protection against droplets and does not have an air-tight seal and thus does not protect its wearer against airborne particles such as virus material to the same extent.
2290:
1801:, Elvin L. Boyce & William Keith Robinson, "Filter mask", published 1976-10-12, issued 1976-10-12, assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc. and Alpha Pro Tech Inc.
1788:, Joseph P. Kronzer, Roger J. Stumo, James F. Dyrud, Harvey J. Berg, "Methods of forming fibrous filtration face masks", published 1994-05-03, issued 1994-05-03, assigned to 3M Co
2637:
943:
According to the NIOSH Respirator
Selection Logic, respirators with filters in the N, R, and P series are recommended for concentrations of hazardous particulates that are greater than the relevant
1473:
provided by an N95 respirator compared similarly to a surgical mask, but the study did not control health care personnel potentially being exposed outside, without respirators, via the community.
1188:
OSHA does not currently have any standards for disinfecting N95 respirators. NIOSH recommends that during shortages N95 respirators may be used up to five times without cleaning them, as long as
861:
Once 42 CFR 84 was in effect, MSHA, under a proposed rule change to 30 CFR 11, 70, and 71, would withdraw from the approval process of rated respirators (outside of respirators used for mining).
270:
are expected to meet at least 95% filtration. However, NIOSH found that some products labeled "KN95" failed to meet these standards, some of them filtering out as little as one percent. Both the
4054:
Loeb, Mark; Dafoe, Nancy; Mahony, James; John, Michael; Sarabia, Alicia; Glavin, Verne; Webby, Richard; Smieja, Marek; Earn, David J. D.; Chong, Sylvia; Webb, Ashley; Walter, Stephen D. (2009).
4040:
1325:
OSHA withdrew the proposal in 2003, owing to commenters and reviewers pointing to a likely overstating of risk, declining rates of TB in the years following the proposal, as well as compliance
4745:
1451:, and the waiving of certain quality controls on certain models of newly manufactured N95 respirators, provided they were documented "for use during the swine flu emergency". Initially, the
2469:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities, 1994"
1749:, James F. Dyrud, Harvey J. Berg, Alice C. Murray, "Resilient shape-retaining fibrous filtration face mask", published 1989-02-28, issued 1989-02-28, assigned to 3M Co
340:, establishing NIOSH, as well as other regulations established around the time, reshuffled regulatory authority for respirators, but nonetheless continued the use of USBM-era regulations.
2499:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. September 1999.
1303:
While NIOSH was busy finishing 42 CFR 84 respirator regulations (including the N95), other agencies and groups were advocating for new standards for the prevention of TB. In 1992, the
4609:"Notice of Retraction. Walach H, et al. Experimental Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Content in Inhaled Air with or Without Face Masks in Healthy Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
4185:
1399:
be required, so long as it was limited to "routine entry", patients were not confirmed to be infected, and no aerosol-generating procedures were being done. "Standard precautions"
3504:"Decontamination and Reuse of N95 Respirators with Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor to Address Worldwide Personal Protective Equipment Shortages During the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic"
2089:
829:
After the passage of 42 CFR 84, a 1999 NIOSH guide for health care administrators noted that respirators selected for TB prevention under 42 CFR would likely be N95 respirators.
7290:
396:
4570:"Proposed Update to Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings (2007), 'Protective Environment' Recommendation"
3032:(Publication No. 2021-107). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
3786:"Part III DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis"
1710:, David L. Braun, "Particle-loaded microfiber sheet product and respirators made therefrom", published 1976-07-27, issued 1976-07-27, assigned to 3M Co
1951:
1897:
712:
188:
Thoroughly check the NIOSH Certified
Equipment List, and compare the look and feel to known good respirators to verify that a suspect respirator is a NIOSH-approved N95.
278:
require such KN95 products failing to meet the filtration standards to be re-labeled as "face masks" instead of "respirators", when being sold in the U.S. and Canada.
1612:
union, as they felt the changes did not go far enough. Changes included clarifying by adding "source control" as a qualification for the use of "barrier precautions".
3592:
1697:, Robert J Barghini, Walter M Westberg, Patrick H Carey Jr, "Cold weather face mask", published 1967-08-01, issued 1967-08-01, assigned to 3M Co
1023:
Respirators used in healthcare are traditionally a specific variant called a surgical respirator, which is both approved by NIOSH as a respirator and cleared by the
1528:
officials reported that the supply of respirators and other PPE in the stockpile was nearly gone. Respirators came to be in short supply and high demand during the
5555:
3754:"DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29 CFR Part 1910 [Docket No. H-371] RIN 1218-AB46 Occupational Exposure to Tuberculosis"
3620:
75:
under 21 CFR 878.4040, in addition to NIOSH 42 CFR 84. 42 CFR 84, the federal standard which the N95 is part of, was created to address shortcomings in the prior
4141:
1866:
1723:, Donald A. Kubik & Charles I. Davis, "Melt-blown fibrous electrets", published 1980-08-05, issued 1980-08-05, assigned to 3M Co
4819:
230:; two other standards, R95 and P95, add that requirement. The N95 type is the most common filtering facepiece respirator. Current filters are an example of a
6439:
4125:"From Scarcity to Abundance: Complementary Government and Private Initiatives to Manage the Allocation of N95 Masks in the U.S. During the COVID-19 Pandemic"
449:
215:
56:
1579:
according to the New York Times, based on various citations to medical literature, to increase mortality among vulnerable patients, especially those with
5032:
1414:
in
Toronto, that "N95 or higher respirators may offer additional protection to those exposed to aerosol-generating procedures and high risk activities".
505:
3503:
510:
337:
4256:
4204:
2239:
1835:, Kevin K. Brunson, "Disposable Aerosol Mask", published 1994-06-21, issued 1998-06-02, assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc.
1432:
for new facilities, and use of fitted N95 respirators. These measures should be used whenever someone is suspected of harboring an "infectious agent".
2268:
3694:"Effectiveness of Face Mask or Respirator Use in Indoor Public Settings for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection — California, February–December 2021"
3561:
916:
For persons who are medically disqualified from negative-pressure respirators, or who cannot pass a fit test due to facial hair or other reasons, a
4155:
3203:"Release of Stockpiled N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators Beyond the Manufacturer-Designated Shelf Life: Considerations for the COVID-19 Response"
2782:
1519:
970:. For substances hazardous to the eyes, a respirator equipped with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood is recommended. They are not effective during
4793:
5044:
3488:
2068:
418:
325:
4652:"Retraction: Physio-metabolic and clinical consequences of wearing face masks—Systematic review with meta-analysis and comprehensive evaluation"
3026:"Filtering Facepiece Respirators with an Exhalation Valve: Measurements of Filtration Efficiency to Evaluate Their Potential for Source Control"
1848:, "Face mask with enhanced seal and method", published 1997-12-09, issued 1997-12-09, assigned to Kimberly-Clark Worldwide Inc.
1278:
6877:
767:
4852:
2912:
1403:
the use of masks, face shields, and/or eye protection, would be needed if there was potential for the spraying of bodily fluids, like during
1307:
started lobbying OSHA to create advisories and formal rules to protect workers from TB. The group was especially concerned about the rise of
1035:
902:
585:
4484:
Gong IY, Vijenthira A, Powis M, Calzavara A, Patrikar A, Sutradhar R, Hicks LK, Wilton D, Singh S, Krzyzanowska MK, Cheung MC (March 2023).
4170:
6431:
5548:
4936:
838:
424:
329:
64:
5521:
1916:
NIOSH Recommended
Guidelines for Personal Respiratory Protection of Workers in Health-Care Facilities Potentially Exposed to Tuberculosis
1038:(OSHA) requires healthcare workers who are expected to perform patient activities with those suspected or confirmed to be infected with
2916:
1736:, Harvey J. Berg, "Molded fibrous filtration products", published 1985-08-20, issued 1985-08-20, assigned to 3M Co
1506:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mask and respirator market rapidly grew, along with counterfeit respirators. NIOSH, on behalf of the
1374:
concluded that universal use of N95 respirators, as well as additional infection control measures, ended the SARS outbreak in
Ontario.
1092:
937:
805:
428:
3166:
2291:"Certain Filtering Facepiece Respirators from China May Not Provide Adequate Respiratory Protection - Letter to Health Care Providers"
4109:
2027:
1785:
1759:
1733:
1720:
1707:
1565:
1384:
4393:"Association of Omicron vs Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 Variants With Hospital-Onset SARS-CoV-2 Infections in a US Regional Hospital System"
3289:
1772:
1746:
1694:
1536:
and hoarding, often leading to confiscation of masks. Production of N95 respirators was limited due to constraints on the supply of
890:
4593:
4283:
3257:
3105:
7285:
5541:
4569:
1946:
1507:
948:
472:
7212:
7199:
5813:
5569:
3540:
1963:
952:
1815:, Elvin L. Boyce, "Filter mask", published 1987-04-25, issued 1987-04-25, assigned to Alpha Pro Tech Inc.
1410:
The guidelines are the same regardless of the type of pathogen, but the guidelines also note that, based on the experience of
6484:
2335:
1988:
842:
467:
434:
333:
5826:
4171:"Depleted National Stockpile Contributed to COVID PPE Shortage: 'You Can't Be Prepared If You're Not Funded to Be Prepared'"
3942:
7001:
6459:
5509:
2519:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84 RIN 0905–AB58 Respiratory Protective Devices"
1941:
1003:
628:
477:
172:
88:
3079:
2662:
1762:, Martin R. Skov, "Face mask", published 1989-07-25, issued 1989-07-25, assigned to Moldex Metric Inc
1256:
80–100% of subjects failed an OSHA-accepted qualitative fit test, and a quantitative test showed between 12–25% leakage.
1224:
6138:
5365:
5088:
2995:
2688:
Hui, David S.; Chow, Benny K.; Chu, Leo; Ng, Susanna S.; Lee, Nelson; Gin, Tony; Chan, Matthew T. V. (December 5, 2012).
2152:
1216:
showed the most promise as potential methods to decontaminate N95 respirators and other filtering facepiece respirators.
1082:
800:
While discussions for overhauling existing respirator regulations had been discussed since the late 1980s, in 1992, the
7204:
4962:
4897:
3232:"Recommended Guidance for Extended Use and Limited Reuse of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings"
1657:
1447:
In May of 2009, in response to the H1N1 swine flu outbreak, the CDC authorized the release of N95 respirators from the
1205:
979:
760:
633:
6208:
3880:"Public Health Measures to Control the Spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome during the Outbreak in Toronto"
2938:
6634:
6629:
5255:
4967:
4874:
4845:
1630:
1054:
271:
6239:
2543:
2312:
1204:
when donning and seal-checking a used N95 respirator and discarding the gloves immediately after. According to CDC,
7173:
6713:
6120:
5736:
5415:
5400:
4989:
1544:
1308:
917:
801:
3991:
3463:
2834:"Building a Safety Program to Protect the Nanotechnology Workforce: A Guide for Small to Medium-Sized Enterprises"
2576:
2493:
2411:
6307:
3130:
1992:
1525:
1371:
689:
684:
4257:"3 million masks ordered by Massachusetts were confiscated in Port of New York, leading to creative alternative"
4223:
958:
N series respirators, including the N95 respirator, are only effective in the absence of oil particles, such as
7048:
6646:
6365:
6343:
5774:
5224:
5151:
4974:
3992:"Interim Recommendations for Facemask and Respirator Use to Reduce Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Transmission"
3923:"2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings"
3829:
3800:
2196:
2130:
1926:
231:
135:
3860:
3231:
2468:
874:
318:
7016:
5714:
5039:
3132:
2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
1606:
2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
1393:
2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings
1274:
1115:
814:
753:
414:
357:
314:
84:
76:
4486:"Association of COVID-19 Vaccination With Breakthrough Infections and Complications in Patients With Cancer"
4330:
3514:
901:
is a critical component to a respiratory protection program whenever workers use tight-fitting respirators.
7043:
6196:
5959:
5674:
5497:
4885:
4838:
1589:
article cites a paper published in 2023, that suggests the high mortality of cancer patients following the
1448:
1359:
1182:
1024:
605:
182:
with N95 filters installed. Note the lack of a TC number; TC numbers are absent on elastomeric respirators.
72:
5868:
4205:"Feds have 1.5 million expired N95 masks in storage despite CDC clearing them for use on COVID-19: report"
4025:
2443:
1524:
The Strategic National Stockpile had not been refilled following the H1N1 pandemic, and by April of 2020,
818:
guidelines to controlling TB, which, at the time, were limited to respirators equipped with HEPA filters.
7260:
7085:
6956:
6892:
6860:
6808:
6105:
6087:
5410:
5395:
5067:
5027:
3569:
3562:"Duke Researchers Find Way to Decontaminate and Reuse N95 Masks, Possibly Alleviating Critical Shortfall"
3327:"N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Basics, Types, and Shortage Solutions"
1996:
1936:
1338:
1233:
1209:
1178:
1174:
975:
944:
850:
789:
560:
543:
500:
38:
3593:"FDA lifts restrictions on Ohio-based Battelle's mask-sterilizing technology amid coronavirus shortages"
3541:"Duke researchers are decontaminating N95 masks so doctors can reuse them to treat coronavirus patients"
3202:
3053:
2602:
2577:"CHANGES IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REGS WILL PERMIT BETTER RESPIRATORS TO PROTECT AGAINST DUST AND DISEASE"
882:
6641:
6054:
5794:
5380:
5306:
4814:
1907:
Differences and Limitations Between Part 11 Particulate Respirators and Part 84 Particulate Respirators
1845:
1832:
1812:
1798:
1590:
1169:
researchers have published a method for cleaning N95 respirators without damaging them using vaporized
1045:
623:
2178:
1889:
Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease
951:
level and the manufacturer's maximum use concentration, subject to the respirator having a sufficient
708:
Changes in Occupational Safety Regs Will Permit Better Respirators to Protect Against Dust and Disease
7145:
7135:
6830:
6766:
6489:
6454:
6257:
6234:
6020:
5833:
5442:
5137:
2518:
1775:, Jerome H. Lemelson, "Face mask and method", published 1989-08-15, issued 1989-08-15
1119:
590:
17:
2756:
7280:
7275:
6963:
6825:
6700:
6554:
5669:
5659:
5146:
5120:
3966:
2217:
2050:
1595:
1469:
1213:
2904:
7150:
7068:
6934:
6464:
6262:
5969:
5907:
5741:
5709:
5457:
5425:
5370:
5277:
5193:
4957:
4890:
4767:
4288:
3376:
Viscusi, Dennis J.; Bergman, Michael S.; Eimer, Benjamin C.; Shaffer, Ronald E. (November 2009).
2878:
1442:
1348:
1015:
595:
104:
5821:
7265:
6737:
6522:
6272:
6145:
5751:
5608:
5598:
5009:
4704:"Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: A state of the science review"
1957:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
1676:
1609:
1599:
1537:
983:
643:
199:
179:
52:
3785:
2561:
Herring Jr., Ronald N. (1997). "42 CFR Part 84: It's time to change respirators... but how?".
1192:-generating procedures are not performed, and respirators are not contaminated with patients'
982:
is recommended instead. They are not effective against hazardous gases or vapors, for which a
894:
Guidance for performing a user seal check, which is required every time a respirator is put on
7058:
6690:
6559:
6067:
5974:
5893:
5287:
5265:
5250:
2396:
5838:
3843:
3753:
1604:
Also in 2023, new draft guidelines were proposed by the CDC HICPAC, to update the pre-COVID
1420:", a specific protocol for "infectious agents transmitted by the airborne route", like with
7270:
7140:
7033:
6979:
6907:
6897:
6589:
6444:
6317:
5924:
5533:
5375:
5270:
4450:
4010:
3657:
3024:
Portnoff, L; Schall, J; Brannen, J; Suhon, N; Strickland, K; Meyers, J (December 1, 2020).
2701:
1429:
1358:
Following the SARS outbreak in the US, US Senate hearings started to be held proposing the
1245:
648:
48:
31:
4304:
3054:"A Comparison of Surgical Masks, Surgical N95 Respirators, and Industrial N95 Respirators"
1395:, suggesting that use of "barrier precautions", defined as "masks, gowns, gloves", would
218:. It is illegal in the United States to use the term "N95" without the approval of NIOSH.
8:
7227:
7217:
7183:
6788:
6226:
6062:
5873:
5462:
5405:
5173:
5156:
5132:
5078:
4861:
3814:
3436:
2116:
NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84
1880:
NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84
1107:
1062:
898:
4678:
4651:
4510:
4485:
4454:
3922:
2757:"Understanding respiratory protection options in healthcare: the overlooked elastomeric"
2705:
2690:"Exhaled Air Dispersion during Coughing with and without Wearing a Surgical or N95 Mask"
1626:
in hospital, and assumptions made about transmission via droplets instead of aerosols.
6951:
6946:
6855:
6835:
6469:
6312:
6277:
6131:
6097:
5647:
5420:
5260:
5235:
4996:
4417:
4392:
3718:
3410:
3377:
3353:
3326:
3258:"Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
2967:
2732:
2689:
2373:
2356:
1574:
1058:
741:
638:
298:
60:
5883:
4576:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3693:
3167:"Strategies for Optimizing the Supply of N95 Respirators: Crisis/Alternate Strategies"
7237:
7178:
7038:
6991:
6793:
6295:
5964:
5954:
5944:
5929:
5746:
5729:
5593:
5474:
5469:
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5245:
5166:
4950:
4727:
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4632:
4628:
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4515:
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4422:
4373:
4231:
4075:
3899:
3723:
3482:
3415:
3397:
3358:
2737:
2719:
2378:
2090:"COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. But They're Surprisingly Hard To Make"
1529:
1500:
1490:
1170:
1088:
668:
303:
195:
131:
108:
4056:"Surgical Mask vs N95 Respirator for Preventing Influenza Among Health Care Workers"
3937:
3935:
2240:"Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes"
1495:
7232:
7168:
7155:
6984:
6973:
6865:
6845:
6680:
6594:
6569:
6300:
6247:
6186:
6077:
5724:
5652:
5198:
4810:
4723:
4715:
4673:
4663:
4624:
4608:
4543:
4505:
4497:
4458:
4412:
4404:
4365:
4067:
3910:
3891:
3713:
3705:
3405:
3389:
3348:
3338:
3033:
2975:
2851:
2841:
2727:
2709:
2500:
2494:"TB Respiratory Protection Program In Health Care Facilities Administrator's Guide"
2368:
2131:"NIOSH-Approved N95 Particulate Filtering Facepiece Respirators - A Suppliers List"
2073:
1598:, and papers finding increased mortality of cancer patients due to higher rates of
1106:
According to NIOSH, respirators may still be used in crisis situations if standard
1087:
During crisis situations where there is a shortage of N95 respirators, such as the
785:
7100:
7095:
6939:
6887:
6695:
6672:
6517:
6494:
5878:
5843:
5719:
5664:
4156:"NIOSH Registers Respirator Certification Marks with Patent and Trademark Office"
3949:
3932:
2714:
2114:
1643:
1547:, invoking the DPA, ordered 3M to stop exporting N95 respirators to customers in
1166:
1149:
1050:
995:
991:
855:
5848:
4547:
4501:
4369:
3767:
3378:"Evaluation of Five Decontamination Methods for Filtering Facepiece Respirators"
1138:
person. Under these conditions, masking of symptomatic patients with at least a
731:
Terrorism and CBRN defense (with SCBAs) meeting by NIOSH, circa March-April 2001
7130:
7063:
6778:
6667:
6659:
6584:
6537:
6532:
6479:
6203:
5984:
5979:
5939:
5888:
5853:
5691:
5627:
5320:
5127:
5098:
4668:
4462:
1685:
1100:
287:
259:
3464:"Doctors scramble for best practices on reusing medical masks during shortage"
2885:. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. December 7, 2011
2444:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84"
2355:
Spelce, David; Rehak, Timothy R; Meltzer, Richard W; Johnson, James S (2019).
600:
7254:
7011:
6968:
6927:
6820:
6803:
6761:
6474:
6025:
5994:
5615:
5360:
5330:
5240:
5161:
4235:
4186:"Protective gear in national stockpile is nearly depleted, DHS officials say"
4055:
3679:
3643:
3401:
3312:
3189:
3038:
2980:
2846:
2723:
2624:
1552:
1533:
1416:
However, separate from "barrier precautions" and "standard precautions" are "
1241:
1229:
1201:
1139:
1069:
1028:
963:
854:
filtration of at least 95% under a 0.3 micrometer 200 milligram test load of
275:
255:
251:
161:
96:
5861:
3393:
3138:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2019. pp. 55–56
2905:"Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes; Significant New Use Rule (40 CFR 721.10155)"
2197:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC"
2133:. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. March 19, 2020
1499:
A Hospital Corpsman wearing a Surgical N95 during the initial months of the
1248:, and other liquid-borne particles from the mouth and nose that may contain
7222:
7160:
6922:
6902:
6850:
6798:
6749:
6549:
6499:
6110:
5681:
5430:
5282:
5203:
5093:
4731:
4687:
4636:
4555:
4519:
4470:
4426:
4408:
4377:
4324:
4322:
4094:
4079:
4071:
3903:
3727:
3709:
3419:
3362:
3025:
2833:
2741:
2504:
2382:
1425:
1319:
1296:
1131:
1127:
1123:
971:
933:
913:
the respirator decreases the chances of airborne contamination by viruses.
538:
353:
235:
203:
80:
4305:"3M faces pressure from Trump order to stop exporting N95 masks to Canada"
4224:"It's Bedlam in the Mask Market, as Profiteers Out-Hustle Good Samaritans"
2547:
878:
Infographic on three key factors required for a respirator to be effective
7115:
6917:
6840:
6815:
6564:
6544:
6449:
6409:
6333:
5704:
5699:
5620:
5603:
5447:
5390:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5103:
5083:
4794:"Just One Human Is Infected by Bird Flu in the US. More Cases Are Likely"
4719:
3895:
3343:
3080:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: Ancillary Respirator Information"
2811:"N95 Respirators, Surgical Masks, Face Masks, and Barrier Face Coverings"
2357:"History of U.S. Respirator Approval (Continued) Particulate Respirators"
1197:
906:
4319:
3995:
2580:
2336:"The Historic and Cultural Importance of the HAWKS NEST TUNNEL DISASTER"
1616:
928:
N95 respirators are also designed for industrial use in sectors such as
780:
7053:
7028:
6996:
6773:
6754:
6744:
6732:
6579:
6191:
6163:
5989:
5949:
5437:
5110:
5004:
4927:
4703:
3879:
2856:
2017:
interest; the actual data in that study showed that N95s were superior.
1872:
1404:
1343:
1193:
533:
378:
313:
Prior to the 1970s, respirator standards were under the purview of the
4830:
2879:"Respiratory Protection for Workers Handling Engineered Nanoparticles"
1293:
No Admittance Without Wearing a Type N95 or More Protective Respirator
348:
226:
The N95 standard does not require that the respirator be resistant to
7125:
6604:
5637:
5632:
5565:
5385:
5325:
5115:
4984:
4700:
4594:"Study on masks vs N95 respirators for health workers spurs concerns"
1249:
1152:, although caution should be exercised when considering this option.
959:
528:
438:
307:
211:
152:
Surgical N95 respirators for use in health care are both approved by
1797:
1456:
N95 respirator and a surgical mask for prevention against the flu.
7108:
7023:
6599:
6574:
6527:
6072:
5642:
5585:
4945:
3815:"Update: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome --- United States, 2003"
2603:"Proper N95 Respirator Use for Respiratory Protection Preparedness"
2601:
D'Alessandro, Maryann M.; Cichowicz, Jaclyn Krah (March 16, 2020).
2399:. US Department of Labor, US Mine Safety and Health Administration.
1421:
1411:
1318:
proposed new rule changes for industries affected by the spread of
1096:
1039:
967:
837:
Historically, respirators in the US had generally been approved by
832:
548:
92:
4825:
4532:
4439:
4354:
1391:
In 2007, the CDC HICPAC published a set of guidelines, called the
146:
59:(NIOSH) N95 standard of air filtration, filtering at least 95% of
6912:
6783:
6036:
3678:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3642:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3502:
Schwartz, Antony; Stiegel, Matthew; Greeson, Nicole; et al.
3311:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3188:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2623:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1641:
paper garnered a million views, while another retracted paper in
1463:
1189:
87:. Since then, N95 respirator has continued to be solidified as a
4391:
Klompas M, Pandolfi MC, Nisar AB, Baker MA, Rhee C (July 2022).
2069:"World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?"
1520:
Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic § N95 and FFP masks
1513:
1279:
Source control (respiratory disease) § US HIV/AIDS Epidemic
7120:
6685:
6338:
5934:
4746:"Key Public Health Prevention Recommendations for HPAI A(H5N1)"
2218:"Counterfeit Respirators / Misrepresentation of NIOSH-Approval"
2179:"Certified Equipment List | NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC"
2051:"Counterfeit Respirators / Misrepresentation of NIOSH Approval"
1681:
1580:
1548:
1377:
929:
676:
124:
100:
67:
of 0.3 micrometers under 42 CFR 84, effective July 10, 1995. A
3290:"Decontamination and Reuse of Filtering Facepiece Respirators"
2269:"Health Canada issues recall of some KN95 masks made in China"
6349:
4041:"Respirator or face mask? Best H1N1 protection still debated"
1931:
1668:
state officials to allow CDC investigators into dairy farms.
994:
2 and higher, respirators are recommended to be discarded as
909:
at the sealing area of the respirator will cause it to leak.
846:
267:
243:
153:
5563:
4483:
4158:. American Industrial Hygiene Association. January 20, 2022.
1952:
Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
5802:
4768:"Protect Yourself From H5N1 When Working With Farm Animals"
4110:"CDC finalizes flu prevention guidance for health settings"
2313:"Important safety information for certain respirator masks"
2004:
1638:
1315:
1288:
1283:
1144:
1083:
COVID-19 pandemic § Face masks and respiratory hygiene
869:
858:. Standards and specifications are also subject to change.
444:
263:
4649:
3876:
3462:
March 2020, Rafi Letzter – Staff Writer (March 24, 2020).
3375:
3236:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3084:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
3023:
3000:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2972:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2838:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2667:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2157:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1995:
for respirators, which is 99.97% filtration of 0.3 micron
1118:(PPE) may be insufficient during a pandemic, in 2020, the
726:
SCBA cylinder advisory following exposure to acidic agents
4792:
Nix, Jessica; Griffin, Riley; Gale, Jason (May 8, 2024).
4596:. University of Minnesota CIDRAP News. November 29, 2022.
4390:
3545:
2825:
2600:
2354:
2097:
1594:
which suggested a high secondary attack rate relative to
1558:
1452:
810:
239:
227:
157:
71:
is also rated against fluids, and is regulated by the US
4284:"Critical Component of Protective Masks in Short Supply"
2783:"Constructing a Powered Air Purifying Respirator System"
1608:. The proposed updates were met with disapproval by the
3501:
1540:
fabric as well as the cessation of exports from China.
286:
For a broader, non-regulatory historical overview, see
4009:
Brosseau, Lisa; Ann, Roland Berry (October 14, 2009).
3656:
Brosseau, Lisa; Ann, Roland Berry (October 14, 2009).
1196:. Contamination can be reduced by wearing a cleanable
1185:
for its technology used to sterilize N95 respirators.
795:
194:
The N95 respirator is commonly made of a fine mesh of
7291:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4873:
4606:
4331:"In Hospitals, Viruses Are Everywhere. Masks Are Not"
3691:
2939:"Dust Masks, What's in a Rating | N95, P95, N100 etc"
2638:"Medical Evaluations for Workers Who Use Respirators"
1617:
Criticism of N95 RCTs and other controversial studies
1244:
is a loosely-placed, unsealed barrier, meant to stop
978:, or in an unknown atmosphere; in these situations a
216:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
57:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4915:
3106:"Surgical N95 vs. Standard N95 – Which to Consider?"
1898:
NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions
1684:
to this 'Duckbill' style respirator was assigned to
1019:
A U.S. Navy sailor wearing a surgical N95 respirator
713:
NIOSH Change Will Save Health Care Industry Millions
4053:
2412:"Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act"
138:, with TC approval number on the strap, TC-84A-0327
5223:
4607:Christakis, Dimitri; Fontanarosa, Phil B. (2021).
3019:
3017:
2642:U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2220:. NIOSH, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention
1347:A lab worker wearing an N95 respirator during the
406:
262:are required to meet at least 94% filtration, and
3943:"Hospital Respiratory Protection Program Toolkit"
3830:"National stockpile of SARS safety gear proposed"
3621:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks (Face Masks)"
2813:. US Food and Drug Administration. March 10, 2023
7252:
4282:Evan, Melanie; Hufford, Austen (March 7, 2020).
1831:
1566:Source control (respiratory disease) § Post-2023
1385:Source control (respiratory disease) § Pre-COVID
1122:recommended minimizing the need for PPE through
833:Approval of Part 84 and replacement of 30 CFR 11
293:
5066:
3294:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3207:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3171:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3014:
1629:In addition, in 2024, a paper published in the
1200:over an N95 respirator, as well as using clean
936:. They have also been shown to be effective as
27:Particulate respirator meeting the N95 standard
5305:
4791:
2028:Source control (respiratory disease)#Pre-COVID
1811:
1479:Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America
1464:H1N1 respirator/mask randomized control trials
1219:
1173:to allow reuse for a limited number of times.
784:N95 standard development is documented in the
736:Flashover postmortem—with information on SCBAs
5915:
5549:
4846:
3324:
2212:
2210:
1514:Global shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic
1036:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
761:
577:
3861:"SARS Commission Final Report: Volume Three"
2687:
2062:
2060:
1658:2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak § United States
1648:continues to circulate across social media.
1378:2007 CDC/HICPAC infection control guidelines
1355:worn at a hospital upon suspicion of SARS.
1305:Labor Coalition to Fight TB in the Workplace
667:
4694:
4281:
4142:"Trademark Status & Document Retrieval"
4008:
3772:Introduction. Tuberculosis in the Workplace
3698:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
3655:
3487:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2560:
2341:. American Society of Safety Professionals.
2153:"Respirator Trusted-Source: Selection FAQs"
1875:has original text related to this article:
1291:, this sign would be paired with the words
1268:
1263:
938:protection against engineered nanoparticles
5556:
5542:
5516:
4853:
4839:
4328:
4107:
3692:Andrejko, Kristin L.; et al. (2022).
3461:
2544:"42 CFR 84 Respiratory Protective Devices"
2397:"Federal Coal Mine and Safety Act of 1969"
2350:
2348:
2207:
1436:
1093:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
768:
754:
338:Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
30:"N95" redirects here. For other uses, see
4677:
4667:
4509:
4416:
4038:
3717:
3437:"Addressing COVID-19 Face Mask Shortages"
3409:
3352:
3342:
3037:
2979:
2965:
2855:
2845:
2731:
2713:
2372:
2057:
1808:Marketed by AlphaProTech as 'Magic Arch.'
1228:An infographic on the difference between
1143:to care for patients. Portable fans with
356:were created by NIOSH as a result of the
79:respirator testing standards, as well as
4168:
3590:
2546:. NIOSH. August 25, 1995. Archived from
2511:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
1675:
1494:
1342:
1282:
1223:
1130:; and discouraging the use of masks for
1014:
889:
881:
873:
870:When mandated by United States employers
779:
347:
297:
6630:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
5803:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
4860:
4202:
4108:Schnirring, Lisa (September 20, 2010).
4023:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3559:
3046:
2345:
2003:the EN 1822 or ISO 29463 definition of
1983:
1981:
1979:
1947:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic
1508:Department of Health and Human Services
1076:
949:immediately dangerous to life or health
886:For men, certain beards can worsen fit.
718:Differences Between Part 11 and Part 84
326:Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act
14:
7253:
7213:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
7105:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
4183:
4122:
4112:. University of Minnesota CIDRAP News.
3832:. University of Minnesota CIDRAP News.
3774:. National Academies Press (US). 2001.
3560:Billman, Jeffrey C. (March 26, 2020).
3538:
3441:Stanford University School of Medicine
2780:
2449:. US Federal Register. pp. 26850-26893
2409:
2043:
1964:Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
1662:
1559:Dropping of mask mandates in hospitals
1468:Around the time of the H1N1 pandemic,
85:HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States
5537:
5349:
5304:
5222:
5065:
4914:
4872:
4834:
4302:
4221:
4169:Taddonio, Patrice (October 6, 2020).
4123:Joskow, Paul L. (February 27, 2022).
4039:Pallarito, Karen (November 6, 2009).
3615:
3613:
3431:
3429:
3284:
3282:
3226:
3224:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
2961:
2959:
2805:
2803:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2579:. NIOSH. June 2, 1995. Archived from
2429:
2333:
2109:
2107:
1564:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1383:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
1370:Ultimately, a paper published in the
6460:Compartmental models in epidemiology
5504:
4011:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks"
3827:
3798:
3741:
3658:"N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks"
2966:Bollinger, Nancy (October 1, 2004).
2909:Federal Register, Volume 76 Issue 88
2831:
2754:
2554:
2087:
1976:
1942:Source control (respiratory disease)
1484:
1148:by NIOSH or homemade masks, such as
680:Related media at Wikimedia Commons:
615:Related topics involving respirators
234:, which provides protection against
5366:Breathing performance of regulators
5089:Continuous positive airway pressure
4650:Frontiers Editorial Office (2023).
4329:Mandavilli A (September 23, 2023).
3250:
2781:Garvey, Donald J. (April 1, 2010).
2774:
2748:
2524:. US Federal Register. June 8, 1995
2293:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2271:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2066:
1825:
1671:
796:TB outbreak during the HIV epidemic
373:This article is part of a series on
24:
4963:Self-contained breathing apparatus
4898:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
4748:. United States CDC. June 10, 2024
4263:. Hearst Television. April 3, 2020
4203:Johnson, Martin (March 26, 2020).
4092:
3994:. CDC. May 8, 2009. Archived from
3817:. CDC MMWR Weekly. April 25, 2003.
3649:
3610:
3591:Schladen, Marty (March 29, 2020).
3539:Andrew, Scottie (March 27, 2020).
3426:
3279:
3221:
3150:
2968:"NIOSH respirator selection logic"
2956:
2800:
2663:"Ancillary Respirator Information"
2655:
2587:
2104:
1206:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1155:
980:self-contained breathing apparatus
634:Self-contained breathing apparatus
302:A memorial for the workers of the
95:that have been experienced in the
25:
7302:
5256:Surface-supplied diving equipment
4968:Self-contained self-rescue device
4875:High altitude breathing apparatus
4804:
4026:"Do Face Masks Protect From Flu?"
3625:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
1631:American Society for Microbiology
1055:severe acute respiratory syndrome
1027:as a medical device similar to a
520:Diseases mitigated by respirators
360:-induced outbreak in US hospitals
272:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
156:(as a respirator) and cleared by
7209:Economics of Infectious Diseases
5515:
5503:
5492:
5491:
5416:Respiratory protective equipment
5401:Open circuit breathing apparatus
4990:Powered air-purifying respirator
4916:Occupational breathing apparatus
4785:
4760:
4738:
4643:
4629:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.3252
3948:. OSHA. May 2015. Archived from
3828:Roos, Robert (October 8, 2003).
3673:
3637:
3306:
3183:
3058:Occupational Health & Safety
2618:
2410:US EPA, OP (February 22, 2013).
1865:
1651:
1545:United States federal government
1332:
1309:multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
1114:Given that the global supply of
1010:
918:powered air-purifying respirator
802:multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
675:
171:
145:
123:
65:mass median aerodynamic diameter
4613:Published online June 30, 2021"
4600:
4586:
4562:
4526:
4477:
4433:
4384:
4348:
4296:
4275:
4249:
4215:
4196:
4177:
4162:
4148:
4134:
4116:
4101:
4086:
4047:
4032:
4024:Allison, Aubrey (May 4, 2009).
4017:
4002:
3984:
3959:
3884:New England Journal of Medicine
3870:
3853:
3836:
3821:
3807:
3792:
3778:
3760:
3685:
3584:
3553:
3532:
3495:
3455:
3369:
3318:
3195:
3123:
3098:
3072:
2988:
2931:
2913:Environmental Protection Agency
2897:
2871:
2832:Hull, Matthew S. (March 2016).
2681:
2630:
2569:
2536:
2486:
2461:
2403:
2389:
2327:
2305:
2283:
2261:
2232:
2020:
2010:
1688:in the US until expiry in 2015.
1526:Department of Homeland Security
1372:New England Journal of Medicine
7286:Occupational safety and health
7218:Infectious disease informatics
7049:Transmission-based precautions
5225:Underwater breathing apparatus
5152:Respiratory gas humidification
4926:
4826:NIOSH Certified Equipment List
4184:Miroff, Nick (April 2, 2020).
3801:"Do Surgical Masks Stop SARS?"
3382:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
2755:Bach, Michael (July 6, 2017).
2189:
2171:
2145:
2123:
2088:Feng, Emily (March 16, 2020).
2081:
1927:Division of Industrial Hygiene
1543:Also in early April 2020, the
923:
742:Image on left: User seal check
136:filtering facepiece respirator
49:filtering facepiece respirator
13:
1:
6635:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
6410:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
5771:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
4708:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4222:Nicas, Jack (April 3, 2020).
2036:
1634:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1275:HIV/AIDS in the United States
1116:personal protective equipment
294:Early US respirator standards
221:
77:United States Bureau of Mines
6197:Aerosol-generating procedure
5975:Silent/Subclinical infection
5675:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
4886:Aviation breathing apparatus
4820:Q & A—Masks and COVID-19
3331:Malaysian Orthopedic Journal
3325:Srinivasan S, Peh W (2020).
2943:www.envirosafetyproducts.com
2917:Government Publishing Office
2715:10.1371/journal.pone.0050845
2067:Xie, John (March 19, 2020).
1449:Strategic National Stockpile
1360:Strategic National Stockpile
1183:Food and Drug Administration
1025:Food and Drug Administration
809:person's lifetime. However,
606:Hierarchy of hazard controls
343:
232:mechanical filter respirator
73:Food and Drug Administration
7:
6861:Vaccine-preventable disease
6809:Monoclonal antibody therapy
5411:Positive pressure breathing
5396:Negative pressure breathing
5350:
5068:Medical breathing apparatus
4548:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.3066
4502:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.6815
4370:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.3066
3799:Coen, Jon (April 7, 2003).
1991:definition of 'HEPA' under
1937:NIOSH air filtration rating
1858:
1220:Contrast with surgical mask
1179:Emergency Use Authorization
1111:multiple user seal checks.
976:oxygen-deficient atmosphere
945:occupational exposure limit
920:is a possible alternative.
790:Code of Federal Regulations
117:Examples of N95 respirators
55:filter that meets the U.S.
39:NIOSH air filtration rating
10:
7307:
7002:Respiratory source control
5381:Escape breathing apparatus
5307:User respiratory interface
5045:GB2626 (China), and others
4669:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1221666
4656:Frontiers in Public Health
4463:10.1038/s41467-022-33328-3
2247:3M Technical Data Bulletin
1655:
1563:
1517:
1488:
1440:
1382:
1336:
1272:
1210:vaporous hydrogen peroxide
1080:
1046:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1034:In the United States, the
953:assigned protection factor
624:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
352:Respirator guidelines for
319:Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster
285:
281:
202:fabric. It is produced by
36:
29:
7192:
7146:Global Health Initiatives
7136:Evolutionary epidemiology
7084:
6876:
6831:Post-exposure prophylaxis
6767:Antimicrobial stewardship
6725:
6712:
6617:
6508:
6490:Multiplicity of infection
6455:Basic reproduction number
6430:
6402:
6388:
6374:
6358:
6326:
6288:
6231:Percutaneous inoculation
6217:
6179:
6172:
6154:
6086:
6053:
6046:
6010:
6003:
5906:
5793:
5715:Host–pathogen interaction
5690:
5584:
5577:
5487:
5443:Closed circuit rebreather
5356:
5345:
5313:
5300:
5231:
5218:
5138:Built-in breathing system
5074:
5061:
5040:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
5028:42 CFR 84 (United States)
5020:
4934:
4925:
4921:
4910:
4881:
4868:
3265:World Health Organization
1287:Under a rule proposed by
1120:World Health Organization
1097:FFP2 and FFP3 respirators
288:Respirator § History
83:outbreaks, caused by the
6964:Protective sequestration
6826:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
6117:Generational difference
5670:Horizontal gene transfer
5660:Antimicrobial resistance
5147:Positive airway pressure
5121:Non-invasive ventilation
3111:. 3M Company. March 2020
3039:10.26616/nioshpub2021107
2981:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2005100
2847:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2016102
1969:
1470:randomized control trial
1269:HIV/AIDS and TB epidemic
1264:History during pandemics
578:N95 use during pandemics
7151:Microbial phylogenetics
7069:Wastewater surveillance
6590:Geographic distribution
6465:Critical community size
6263:Surgical site infection
6111:Iatrogenic/Medical care
6030:Microbial translocation
6026:Endogenous reactivation
6021:Normal flora overgrowth
5970:Opportunistic infection
5742:Opportunistic infection
5458:Carbon dioxide scrubber
5426:Constant flow regulator
5278:Atmospheric diving suit
5194:Partial rebreather mask
4958:Supplied-air respirator
4891:Emergency oxygen system
4289:The Wall Street Journal
3967:"N95-authorization.PDF"
2996:"Respirator Reuse FAQs"
1600:breakthrough infections
1443:2009 swine flu pandemic
1437:H1N1 swine flu pandemic
1339:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
1068:Unlike a respirator, a
690:Category:30 CFR Part 11
685:Category:42 CFR Part 84
586:Counterfeit respirators
198:fibers, specifically a
7223:Microbial bioterrorism
6846:efficacy/effectiveness
6254:Surgical intervention
6146:Breakthrough infection
5768:Genetic predisposition
5752:Susceptible individual
5599:Germ theory of disease
5010:Elastomeric respirator
4975:Particulate respirator
4409:10.1001/jama.2022.9609
4072:10.1001/jama.2009.1466
3710:10.15585/mmwr.mm7106e1
2505:10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143
1846:US patent 5694925A
1833:US patent 5322061A
1813:US patent 4688566A
1799:US patent 3985132A
1786:US patent 5307796A
1734:US patent 4536440A
1721:US patent 4215682A
1708:US patent 3971373A
1689:
1610:National Nurses United
1538:nonwoven polypropylene
1503:
1351:
1300:
1237:
1108:respirator fit testing
1020:
895:
887:
879:
864:
804:task force within the
792:
672:
367:
310:
200:nonwoven polypropylene
180:elastomeric respirator
160:(as a fluid resistant
53:elastomeric respirator
7059:Universal precautions
6017:Endogenous overgrowth
5869:Poultry and livestock
5288:Helium reclaim system
5266:Helicopter escape set
5251:Full-face diving mask
4443:Nature Communications
3998:on September 1, 2009.
3394:10.1093/annhyg/mep070
2583:on December 31, 1996.
2550:on December 30, 1996.
2474:. US Federal Register
2361:J Int Soc Respir Prot
1773:US patent 4856509
1760:US patent 4850347
1747:US patent 4807619
1695:US patent 3333585
1679:
1498:
1346:
1286:
1227:
1081:Further information:
1018:
893:
885:
877:
783:
671:
487:Respirator regulation
459:Non-government bodies
351:
301:
37:Further information:
7161:Genomic reassortment
7141:Genetic epidemiology
6980:Health communication
6908:Flattening the curve
6898:Disease surveillance
6681:Systemic/Generalized
6445:Animal disease model
5925:Asymptomatic carrier
5376:Emergency gas supply
5271:Submarine escape set
4720:10.1128/cmr.00124-23
4303:Evans, Pete (2020).
3896:10.1056/NEJMoa032111
3849:. February 10, 2004.
3344:10.5704/MOJ.2007.002
2334:Howard W., Spencer.
1430:air changes per hour
1418:airborne precautions
1077:Use during shortages
998:after a single use.
984:cartridge respirator
32:N95 (disambiguation)
7228:Pandemic prevention
7184:Viral phylodynamics
7165:Re-emerging disease
7054:Travel restrictions
6258:Postoperative wound
6227:Blood-borne disease
6209:Respiratory droplet
6121:Vertical/Congenital
6106:Nosocomial/Hospital
6063:Spillover infection
5463:Semi-closed circuit
5406:Oxygen concentrator
5174:Non-rebreather mask
5157:Supplemental oxygen
5133:Hyperbaric medicine
5079:Anaesthetic machine
4862:Breathing apparatus
4773:. United States CDC
4582:on August 22, 2023.
4455:2022NatCo..13.5573L
4190:The Washington Post
3972:. DHHS. May 1, 2009
3844:"Re. SARS Advisory"
3267:. February 27, 2020
3209:. February 28, 2020
2706:2012PLoSO...750845H
1987:This refers to the
1663:Among dairy workers
134:2200N95 disposable
91:measure in various
7261:1995 introductions
7174:Selection pressure
6470:Force of infection
6098:Contagious disease
6033:Endogenous seeding
5930:Chain of infection
5854:Injection drug use
5765:Vaccination status
5648:Case fatality rate
5566:infectious disease
5421:Pressure regulator
5236:Open-circuit scuba
4997:Chemical cartridge
4228:The New York Times
3955:on April 28, 2018.
3662:NIOSH Science Blog
3086:. January 26, 2018
3002:. January 30, 2018
2883:NIOSH Science Blog
2761:NIOSH Science Blog
2669:. January 26, 2018
2607:NIOSH Science Blog
1690:
1587:The New York Times
1575:The New York Times
1504:
1352:
1301:
1238:
1059:pandemic influenza
1021:
947:but less than the
896:
888:
880:
851:federal regulation
815:outbreak in the US
793:
673:
639:Chemical cartridge
368:
315:US Bureau of Mines
311:
61:airborne particles
7248:
7247:
7238:Tropical medicine
7179:Synthetic biology
7080:
7079:
7039:Social distancing
6992:Outbreak response
6613:
6612:
6440:Agent-based model
6426:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
5965:Natural reservoir
5955:Infectious period
5945:Incubation period
5902:
5901:
5858:Natural disaster
5827:Tropical diseases
5810:Biodiversity loss
5747:Risk of infection
5737:Microbiome health
5730:Immunosuppression
5531:
5530:
5483:
5482:
5475:Escape respirator
5470:Work of breathing
5453:Oxygen rebreather
5341:
5340:
5296:
5295:
5246:Diving rebreather
5214:
5213:
5167:Reservoir cannula
5057:
5056:
5053:
5052:
4906:
4905:
4542:(10): 1417–1422.
4364:(10): 1417–1422.
4066:(17): 1865–1871.
3890:(23): 2352–2361.
3520:on March 27, 2020
2565:. pp. 14–23.
2563:Engineer's Digest
2249:. January 1, 2020
2203:. August 3, 2020.
1530:COVID-19 pandemic
1501:COVID-19 pandemic
1491:COVID-19 pandemic
1485:COVID-19 pandemic
1171:hydrogen peroxide
1099:regulated by the
1089:COVID-19 pandemic
778:
777:
722:For firefighters:
663:
399:agencies involved
388:
383:
304:Hawks Nest Tunnel
196:synthetic polymer
109:COVID-19 pandemic
16:(Redirected from
7298:
7233:Tropical disease
7169:Reverse zoonosis
7156:One Health Model
6985:Health education
6974:Community health
6893:Cordon sanitaire
6866:Ring vaccination
6836:Repurposed drugs
6723:
6722:
6642:Gastrointestinal
6485:Machine learning
6289:Gastrointestinal
6240:Intravenous line
6177:
6176:
6091:/Cross-infection
6078:Reverse zoonosis
6051:
6050:
6008:
6007:
5913:
5912:
5894:War and conflict
5762:Nutrition status
5725:Immunodeficiency
5582:
5581:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5535:
5534:
5519:
5518:
5507:
5506:
5495:
5494:
5347:
5346:
5302:
5301:
5220:
5219:
5199:Simple face mask
5063:
5062:
4923:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4870:
4869:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4811:Federal Register
4798:
4797:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4772:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4726: 11326136.
4698:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4671:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4575:. Archived from
4574:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4513:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4420:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4173:. PBS Frontline.
4166:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3908:
3907:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3721:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3627:. March 11, 2020
3617:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3572:on July 19, 2020
3568:. Archived from
3557:
3551:
3550:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3513:. Archived from
3508:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3443:. March 25, 2020
3433:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3346:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3238:. March 27, 2020
3228:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3173:. March 17, 2020
3163:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2717:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2159:. March 12, 2020
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2074:Voice of America
2064:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2008:
1985:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:'Duckbill' style
1821:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1672:Selected patents
1477:groups like the
1329:a rule by OSHA.
1150:cloth face masks
986:is recommended.
786:Federal Register
770:
763:
756:
679:
661:
391:
386:
382:
379:
370:
369:
256:FFP2 respirators
238:but not against
175:
149:
127:
103:, including the
47:is a disposable
21:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7281:Medical devices
7276:Medical hygiene
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7188:
7101:Antigenic shift
7096:Antigenic drift
7087:
7076:
6940:Barrier nursing
6888:Contact tracing
6879:
6872:
6717:
6715:
6708:
6619:
6609:
6510:
6504:
6495:Serial interval
6414:
6398:
6389:Cervico-vaginal
6384:
6375:Trans-placental
6370:
6354:
6322:
6284:
6220:Vascular system
6219:
6213:
6168:
6156:
6150:
6090:
6082:
6042:
5999:
5917:
5898:
5789:
5720:Immune response
5686:
5665:Drug resistance
5609:Infectious dose
5573:
5562:
5532:
5527:
5479:
5352:
5337:
5317:Breathing mask
5309:
5292:
5227:
5210:
5070:
5049:
5033:ANSI K13.1-1973
5016:
4930:
4917:
4902:
4877:
4864:
4859:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4714:(2): e0012423.
4699:
4695:
4648:
4644:
4617:JAMA Pediatrics
4605:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4531:
4527:
4482:
4478:
4438:
4434:
4389:
4385:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4337:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4220:
4216:
4201:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4106:
4102:
4091:
4087:
4052:
4048:
4037:
4033:
4022:
4018:
4007:
4003:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3911:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3826:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3797:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3690:
3686:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3654:
3650:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3554:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:Duke University
3506:
3500:
3496:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3468:livescience.com
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3374:
3370:
3323:
3319:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3296:. April 9, 2020
3288:
3287:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3022:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2964:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2749:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2315:. Health Canada
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2185:. June 4, 2020.
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2086:
2082:
2065:
2058:
2053:. May 23, 2024.
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
1986:
1977:
1972:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1870:
1861:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1804:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1674:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1569:
1561:
1522:
1516:
1493:
1487:
1466:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1428:, requiring 12
1388:
1380:
1341:
1335:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1222:
1167:Duke University
1158:
1156:Decontamination
1085:
1079:
1051:avian influenza
1013:
996:hazardous waste
992:biosafety level
926:
872:
867:
856:sodium chloride
835:
798:
774:
745:
744:
740:
703:42 CFR 84 guide
665:
664:
662:Interwiki links
653:
610:
565:
515:
506:ANSI K13.1-1973
482:
454:
415:Bureau of Mines
389:
385:
380:
361:
346:
296:
291:
284:
266:respirators of
254:. For example,
224:
192:
191:
190:
189:
185:
184:
183:
176:
167:
166:
165:
150:
141:
140:
139:
128:
119:
118:
41:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7304:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7207:
7202:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7131:Emergent virus
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7103:
7098:
7092:
7090:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7071:
7066:
7064:Vector control
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7007:N95 respirator
6999:
6994:
6989:
6988:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6880:pharmaceutical
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6729:
6727:
6726:Pharmaceutical
6720:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6677:Cardiovascular
6675:
6670:
6665:
6662:
6657:
6656:Nervous system
6654:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6623:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6480:Infection rate
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6237:
6235:Injection site
6229:
6223:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6204:Dental aerosol
6201:
6200:
6199:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6126:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6088:Human-to-human
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5985:Super-spreader
5982:
5980:Superinfection
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5889:Vector control
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5818:Climate zones
5816:
5814:Climate change
5811:
5808:
5805:
5799:
5797:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5628:Quorum sensing
5625:
5624:
5623:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5561:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5321:Full facepiece
5314:
5311:
5310:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5128:Oxygen therapy
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5099:Bag valve mask
5091:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5007:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4980:N95 respirator
4972:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4942:
4940:
4932:
4931:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4866:
4865:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4806:
4805:External links
4803:
4800:
4799:
4784:
4759:
4737:
4693:
4642:
4623:(9): e213252.
4599:
4585:
4561:
4525:
4496:(3): 386–394.
4476:
4432:
4403:(3): 296–298.
4383:
4347:
4335:New York Times
4318:
4295:
4274:
4248:
4214:
4195:
4176:
4161:
4147:
4133:
4115:
4100:
4093:Ungrin, Mark.
4085:
4046:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3983:
3958:
3931:
3909:
3869:
3852:
3835:
3820:
3806:
3791:
3777:
3768:"Introduction"
3759:
3740:
3704:(6): 212–216.
3684:
3648:
3609:
3583:
3552:
3531:
3494:
3454:
3425:
3388:(8): 815–827.
3368:
3317:
3278:
3249:
3220:
3194:
3149:
3122:
3097:
3071:
3045:
3013:
2987:
2955:
2930:
2896:
2870:
2824:
2799:
2773:
2747:
2700:(12): e50845.
2680:
2654:
2629:
2586:
2568:
2553:
2535:
2510:
2485:
2460:
2428:
2402:
2388:
2344:
2326:
2304:
2282:
2260:
2231:
2206:
2188:
2170:
2144:
2122:
2103:
2094:Goats and Soda
2080:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2009:
1993:30 CFR Part 11
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1842:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1686:Kimberly-Clark
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1618:
1615:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1518:Main article:
1515:
1512:
1486:
1483:
1465:
1462:
1438:
1435:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1334:
1331:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1230:surgical masks
1221:
1218:
1181:from the U.S.
1157:
1154:
1103:—can be used.
1101:European Union
1078:
1075:
1012:
1009:
1004:source control
964:cutting fluids
925:
922:
871:
868:
866:
863:
834:
831:
797:
794:
776:
775:
773:
772:
765:
758:
750:
747:
746:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
698:NIOSH TB guide
695:
694:On Wikisource:
692:
687:
666:
660:
659:
658:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:Source control
626:
620:
617:
616:
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
596:Failure to use
593:
588:
582:
581:
580:
572:
571:
567:
566:
564:
563:
558:
557:
556:
546:
541:
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
517:
516:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
484:
483:
481:
480:
475:
470:
464:
461:
460:
456:
455:
453:
452:
447:
442:
432:
422:
411:
410:
409:
401:
400:
393:
392:
375:
374:
345:
342:
295:
292:
283:
280:
260:European Union
223:
220:
187:
186:
177:
170:
169:
168:
164:), TC-84A-0006
151:
144:
143:
142:
129:
122:
121:
120:
116:
115:
114:
113:
105:2009 swine flu
89:source control
45:N95 respirator
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7303:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7266:Medical masks
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7239:
7236:
7235:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7191:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7083:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7044:Sterilization
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7012:Surgical mask
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6969:Public health
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6875:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6821:Phage therapy
6819:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6804:Immunotherapy
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6762:Antimicrobial
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6711:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6653:Genitourinary
6652:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6616:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:in population
6507:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Herd immunity
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6359:Genitourinary
6357:
6351:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6301:Contamination
6299:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:Vector-borne
6268:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6055:Cross-species
6052:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5995:Window period
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Latent period
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5839:Deforestation
5837:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5784:Stress levels
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5616:Pathogenicity
5614:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5524:
5523:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Breathing gas
5359:
5358:
5355:
5348:
5344:
5332:
5331:orinasal mask
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Diving helmet
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5162:Nasal cannula
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:Regulated by
4933:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4909:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4795:
4788:
4769:
4763:
4747:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:JAMA Pediatr.
4603:
4595:
4589:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:JAMA Oncology
4529:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4490:JAMA Oncology
4487:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:JAMA Oncology
4351:
4336:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4306:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4126:
4119:
4111:
4104:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4043:. Health.com.
4042:
4035:
4027:
4020:
4012:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3968:
3962:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3873:
3862:
3856:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3810:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3680:public domain
3663:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3644:public domain
3626:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3313:public domain
3295:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3191:
3190:public domain
3172:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3107:
3101:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3060:. May 1, 2014
3059:
3055:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3018:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2919:. May 6, 2011
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2625:public domain
2608:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2520:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2489:
2470:
2464:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2337:
2330:
2314:
2308:
2292:
2286:
2270:
2264:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2029:
2023:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1659:
1652:H5N1 outbreak
1649:
1647:
1646:Public Health
1645:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1553:Latin America
1550:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:price gouging
1531:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
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6794:Drug safety
6789:Combination
6716:and Control
6664:Soft tissue
6618:Anatomical
6585:Seasonality
6565:Mesoendemic
6545:Holoendemic
6538:Farr's laws
6450:Attack rate
6248:Animal bite
6244:Insect bite
6180:Respiratory
5807:Air quality
5795:Environment
5705:Comorbidity
5621:Attack rate
5604:Infectivity
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5391:Hazmat suit
5189:Oxygen tent
5184:Oxygen mask
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5104:Pocket mask
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5021:Regulations
5001:Facepieces
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4144:. 90006709.
3733:January 30,
3142:February 9,
2857:10919/76615
2647:January 30,
2416:www.epa.gov
2319:October 25,
2297:October 25,
2275:October 25,
2224:October 27,
2201:www.cdc.gov
2183:www.cdc.gov
1295:near where
1236:respirators
1198:face shield
1091:, the U.S.
924:In industry
907:Facial hair
899:Fit testing
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381:Respirators
7255:Categories
7088:infections
7029:Sanitation
6997:Quarantine
6856:resistance
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6733:Antibiotic
6714:Prevention
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6580:Prevalence
6560:Inequality
6509:Occurrence
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6192:Bioaerosol
6164:Sapronosis
6139:Horizontal
6011:Endogenous
5990:Viral load
5950:Index case
5438:Rebreather
5371:Dead space
5111:Ventilator
5005:Smoke hood
4939:and others
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4813:entry for
4441:Denmark".
2421:August 28,
2037:References
1873:Wikisource
1656:See also:
1532:, causing
1489:See also:
1441:See also:
1405:intubation
1337:See also:
1299:is present
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1214:moist heat
960:lubricants
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649:Disposable
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364:Wikisource
222:Regulation
7200:Discovery
7126:Disease X
7086:Emerging
7034:Screening
6935:Isolation
6779:Antiviral
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6555:Incidence
6432:Modelling
6395:Perinatal
6327:Cutaneous
6218:Linked to
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6039:formation
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5638:Endotoxin
5633:Virulence
5386:Facepiece
5326:Half mask
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4985:Dust mask
4815:42 CFR 84
4267:April 16,
4241:April 16,
4236:0362-4331
3667:March 28,
3631:March 28,
3602:March 30,
3597:USA Today
3576:March 27,
3566:INDY Week
3524:March 28,
3473:March 27,
3447:March 27,
3402:0003-4878
3300:April 20,
3271:March 21,
3242:March 28,
3213:March 28,
3177:March 28,
3006:April 20,
2948:April 12,
2923:March 15,
2915:via U.S.
2889:March 15,
2817:April 27,
2792:April 21,
2787:EHS Today
2766:April 21,
2724:1932-6203
2612:March 27,
2528:April 27,
2253:March 28,
2163:March 28,
2137:March 27,
1644:Frontiers
1572:By 2023,
1401:requiring
1314:In 1997,
1250:pathogens
968:glycerine
561:2024 H5N1
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439:1995/1998
397:Executive
362:(Read on
344:42 CFR 84
308:silicosis
212:trademark
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7024:Safe sex
6976:services
6947:Lockdown
6718:measures
6620:location
6600:Syndemic
6595:Sporadic
6575:Pandemic
6570:Outbreak
6528:Epidemic
6381:Prenatal
6273:Mosquito
6157:to-human
6132:Neonatal
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5849:Humidity
5834:Commerce
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3115:June 12,
3064:April 7,
2863:March 5,
2742:23239991
2694:PLOS ONE
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1859:See also
1422:SARS-CoV
1412:SARS-CoV
1246:droplets
1175:Battelle
1057:(SARS),
1040:COVID-19
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358:HIV/AIDS
107:and the
6913:Hygiene
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6523:Endemic
6518:Cluster
6102:Source
6037:Biofilm
5874:Poverty
5844:Ecology
5822:El Niño
5775:Smoking
5653:factors
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5570:Outline
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2733:3516468
2702:Bibcode
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2119:. 1996.
1327:without
1190:aerosol
511:OSH Act
437:(until
427:(until
417:(until
407:Summary
336:), the
332:(later
282:History
258:of the
214:of the
7121:CRISPR
7073:Zoning
6928:Gloves
6339:Fomite
6173:Routes
6068:Vector
5935:Fomite
5916:Basic
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930:mining
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601:Beards
591:Design
570:Misuse
387:in the
244:vapors
132:Moldex
101:Canada
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6701:Fetus
6696:Mouth
6691:Tooth
6686:Blood
6673:Joint
6533:Curve
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6350:wound
6348:Open
6318:Feces
6313:Water
6004:Modes
5862:Flood
5586:Agent
4937:NIOSH
4771:(PDF)
4580:(PDF)
4573:(PDF)
4307:. CBC
4128:(PDF)
3970:(PDF)
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1970:Notes
1932:NIOSH
1596:Delta
1453:CDC's
1063:Ebola
974:, in
966:, or
847:NIOSH
450:NIOSH
268:China
240:gases
154:NIOSH
6957:list
6878:Non-
6668:Bone
6660:Skin
6344:Soil
6334:Burn
6296:Food
6278:Tick
5940:Host
5700:Burn
5692:Host
4779:2024
4754:2024
4728:PMID
4684:PMID
4633:PMID
4552:PMID
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4467:PMID
4423:PMID
4397:Jama
4374:PMID
4342:2024
4313:2020
4269:2020
4261:WCVB
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4232:ISSN
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4060:JAMA
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3359:PMID
3302:2020
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3244:2020
3215:2020
3179:2020
3144:2020
3117:2022
3092:2020
3066:2020
3008:2020
2950:2021
2925:2017
2891:2017
2865:2017
2819:2024
2794:2020
2768:2020
2738:PMID
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2675:2020
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2614:2020
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2480:2024
2455:2024
2423:2021
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2321:2020
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2139:2020
2026:See
2005:HEPA
1680:The
1639:JAMA
1624:time
1551:and
1424:and
1316:OSHA
1289:OSHA
1277:and
1232:and
1212:and
1145:HEPA
932:and
903:OSHA
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839:MESA
544:SARS
478:NFPA
473:AIHA
468:ANSI
445:OSHA
435:MSHA
429:1978
425:MESA
419:1969
334:MSHA
330:MESA
324:The
274:and
264:KN95
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2001:not
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