276:. The voiced stop consonants /b/, /d/ and /g/ have a short VOT, and unvoiced stop consonants /p/, /t/ and /k/ long VOTs. The N100 plays a role in recognizing the difference and categorizing these sounds: speech stimuli with a short 0 to +30 ms voice onset time evoke a single N100 response but those with a longer (+30 ms and longer) evoked two N100 peaks and these are linked to the consonant release and vocal cord vibration onset.
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by 56 ms and this is communicated to the dorsolateral frontal cortex where it arrives by 80 ms. Research also finds that the modulation effects upon N100 are affected by prefrontal cortex lesions. These higher-level areas create the attentive, repetition, and arousal modulations upon the
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The amplitude of N100 shows refractoriness upon repetition of a stimulus; in other words, it decreases at first upon repeated presentations of the stimulus, but after a short period of silence it returns to its previous level. Paradoxically, at short repetition the second N100 is enhanced both for
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to them have a homogeneous permeability through the skull. This enables the location of sources generating fields that are tangent to the head surface with an accuracy of a few millimeters. New techniques, such as event-related beam-forming with magnetoencephalography, allow sufficiently accurate
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The N100 depends upon unpredictability of stimulus: it is weaker when stimuli are repetitive, and stronger when they are random. When subjects are allowed to control stimuli, using a switch, the N100 may decrease. This effect has been linked to intelligence, as the N100 attenuation for
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The N100 is often known as the "auditory N100" because it is elicited by perception of auditory stimuli. Specifically, it has been found to be sensitive to things such as the predictability of an auditory stimulus, and special features of speech sounds such as
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The various types of N100 mature at different times. Their maturation also varies with the side of the brain: N100a in the left hemisphere is mature before three years of age but this does not happen in the right hemisphere until seven or eight years of age.
445:
first recorded the wave peak now identified with N100. The present use of the N1 to describe this peak originates in 1966 and N100 later in the mid 1970s. The origin of the wave for a long time was unknown and only linked to the auditory cortex in 1970.
309:
The N100 is a slow-developing evoked potential. From one to four years of age, a positive evoked potential, P100, is the predominant peak. Older children start to develop a negative evoked potential at 200 ms that dominates evoked potentials until
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from a person's intended movements so that the stimulation that results from them are not processed. A person's own voice produces a reduced N100 as does the effect of a self-initiated compared to externally created perturbation upon balance.
1585:
Hanlon, F. M.; Miller, G. A.; Thoma, R. J.; Irwin, J.; Jones, A.; Moses, S. N.; Huang, M.; Weisend, M. P.; Paulson, K. M.; Edgar, J. C.; Adler, L. E.; Cañive, J. M. (2005). "Distinct M50 and M100 auditory gating deficits in schizophrenia".
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Though this suggests that they are separate processes, arguments have been made that this is not necessarily so and that they are created by the "relative activation of multiple cortical areas contributing to both of these 'components'".
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Mochizuki, G.; Sibley, K. M.; Cheung, H. J.; McIlroy, W. E. (2009). "Cortical activity prior to predictable postural instability: Is there a difference between self-initiated and externally-initiated perturbations?".
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Steinschneider, M.; Volkov, I. O.; Noh, M. D.; Garell, P. C.; Howard III, M. A. (1999). "Temporal encoding of the voice onset time phonetic parameter by field potentials recorded directly from human auditory cortex".
2742:
Hämäläinen M, Hari R, Ilmoniemi RJ, Knuutila J. (1993). Magnetoencephalography-theory, instrumentation, and applications to noninvasive studies of the working human brain. Reviews of modern
Physics. 65: 413–497.
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Wang, W.; Timsit-Berthier, M.; Schoenen, J. (1996). "Intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials is pronounced in migraine: An indication of cortical potentiation and low serotonergic neurotransmission?".
1822:
Kudo, N.; Nakagome, K.; Kasai, K.; Araki, T.; Fukuda, M.; Kato, N.; Iwanami, A. (2004). "Effects of corollary discharge on event-related potentials during selective attention task in healthy men and women".
1143:
Pantev, C.; Hoke, M.; Lehnertz, K.; Lütkenhöner, B.; Anogianakis, G.; Wittkowski, W. (1988). "Tonotopic organization of the human auditory cortex revealed by transient auditory evoked magnetic fields".
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self-controlled stimuli occurs the most strongly (i.e., the N100 shrinks the most) in individuals who are also evaluated as having high intelligence. Indeed, researchers have found that in those with
58:, and is distributed mostly over the fronto-central region of the scalp. It is elicited by any unpredictable stimulus in the absence of task demands. It is often referred to with the following
1469:
Mograss, M. A.; Guillem, F.; Brazzini-Poisson, V.; Godbout, R. (2009). "The effects of total sleep deprivation on recognition memory processes: A study of event-related potential".
707:
Quant, S.; Maki, B. E.; McIlroy, W. E. (2005). "The association between later cortical potentials and later phases of postural reactions evoked by perturbations to upright stance".
1910:
Kushnerenko, E.; Ceponiene, R.; Balan, P.; Fellman, V.; Huotilaine, M.; Näätäne, R. (2002). "Maturation of the auditory event-related potentials during the first year of life".
1434:
Niiyama, Y.; Satoh, N.; Kutsuzawa, O.; Hishikawa, Y. (1996). "Electrophysiological evidence suggesting that sensory stimuli of unknown origin induce spontaneous K-complexes".
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Yabe, H.; Tervaniemi, M.; Sinkkonen, J.; Huotilainen, M.; Ilmoniemi, R. J.; Näätänen, R. (1998). "Temporal window of integration of auditory information in the human brain".
599:
Warnke, A.; Remschmidt, H.; Hennighausen, K. (1994). "Verbal information processing in dyslexia--data from a follow-up experiment of neuro-psychological aspects and EEG".
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Donchin, E.; Tueting, P.; Ritter, W.; Kutas, M.; Heffley, E. (1975). "On the independence of the CNV and the P300 components of the human averaged evoked potential".
1391:
Nordby, H.; Hugdahl, K.; Stickgold, R.; Bronnick, K. S.; Hobson, J. A. (1996). "Event-related potentials (ERPs) to deviant auditory stimuli during sleep and waking".
1623:"Intracortical Responses in Human and Monkey Primary Auditory Cortex Support a Temporal Processing Mechanism for Encoding of the Voice Onset Time Phonetic Parameter"
225:
245:"the amplitude of the self-evoked response actually exceeded that of the machine-evoked potential". Being warned about an upcoming stimulus also reduces its N100.
664:
Greffrath, W.; Baumgärtner, U.; Treede, R. D. (2007). "Peripheral and central components of habituation of heat pain perception and evoked potentials in humans".
2294:
Shaul S. (2007). Evoked response potentials (ERPs) in the study of dyslexia: A review. pp. 51–91. In (Breznitz Z. Editor) Brain
Research in Language. Springer
964:
Näätänen, R.; Picton, T. (1987). "The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure".
804:"The Enhancement of the N1 Wave Elicited by Sensory Stimuli Presented at Very Short Inter-Stimulus Intervals is a General Feature across Sensory Systems"
182:
T-complex N100c, follows N100a and peaks at about 130 ms. The two T-complex N100 evoked potentials are created by auditory association cortices in the
626:
Pause, B. M.; Sojka, B.; Krauel, K.; Ferstl, R. (1996). "The nature of the late positive complex within the olfactory event-related potential (OERP)".
2252:
Cheyne, D.; Bostan, A. C.; Gaetz, W.; Pang, E. W. (2007). "Event-related beamforming: A robust method for presurgical functional mapping using MEG".
864:
Zouridakis, G.; Simos, P. G.; Papanicolaou, A. C. (1998). "Multiple bilaterally asymmetric cortical sources account for the auditory N1m component".
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Coull, J. T. (1998). "Neural correlates of attention and arousal: Insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology".
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The N100 may be used to test for abnormalities in the auditory system where verbal or behavioral responses cannot be used, such with individuals in
2779:
1956:
Pang, E. W.; Taylor, M. J. (2000). "Tracking the development of the N1 from age 3 to adulthood: An examination of speech and non-speech stimuli".
2155:
Fischer, C.; Luauté, J.; Adeleine, P.; Morlet, D. (2004). "Predictive value of sensory and cognitive evoked potentials for awakening from coma".
1999:
Paetau, R.; Ahonen, A.; Salonen, O.; Sams, M. (1995). "Auditory evoked magnetic fields to tones and pseudowords in healthy children and adults".
418:(MMN) is an evoked potential that occurs at roughly the same time as N100 in response to rare auditory events. It differs from the N100 in that:
314:; this potential is identical to the adult N100 in scalp topography and elicitation, but with a much later onset. The magnetic M100 (measured by
909:"Neuromagnetic source localization of auditory evoked fields and intracerebral evoked potentials: A comparison of data in the same patients"
2200:"The effect of interruption to propofol sedation on auditory event-related potentials and electroencephalogram in intensive care patients"
2802:
1359:
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Alho, K. (1995). "Cerebral generators of mismatch negativity (MMN) and its magnetic counterpart (MMNm) elicited by sound changes".
1065:
Davis, H.; Mast, T.; Yoshie, N.; Zerlin, S. (1966). "The slow response of the human cortex to auditory stimuli: Recovery process".
1222:
Hillyard, S. A.; Hink, R. F.; Schwent, V. L.; Picton, T. W. (1973). "Electrical signs of selective attention in the human brain".
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Schafer, E. W.; Amochaev, A.; Russell, M. J. (1981). "Knowledge of stimulus timing attenuates human evoked cortical potentials".
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Blenner, J. L.; Yingling, C. D. (1994). "Effects of prefrontal cortex lesions on visual evoked potential augmenting/reducing".
20:
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Spreng, M. (1980). "Influence of impulsive and fluctuating noise upon physiological excitations and short-time readaptation".
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322:) is, likewise, less robust in children than in adults. An adult-like N100-P200 complex only develops after 10 years of age.
1100:
Butler, R. A. (1968). "Effect of changes in stimulus frequency and intensity on habituation of the human vertex potential".
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338:; in such cases, it can help predict the probability of recovery. Another application is in assessing the optimal level of
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Nash, A. J.; Williams, C. S. (1982). "Effects of preparatory set and task demands on auditory event-related potentials".
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Traditionally, 50 to 150 ms evoked potentials were considered too short to be influenced by top-down influences from the
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is associated with an increase rather than decrease in N100 amplitude with repetition of the high-intensity stimulation.
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The MMN, unlike N100, may be elicited by stimulus omissions (i.e., not hearing a stimulus when you expect to hear one).
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Many cognitive or other mental impairments are associated with changes in the N100 response, including the following:
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of a sound as its amplitude increases in proportion to how much a sound differs in frequency from a preceding one.
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Budd, T. W.; Michie, P. T. (1994). "Facilitation of the N1 peak of the auditory ERP at short stimulus intervals".
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Marlowe, N. (1995). "Somatosensory evoked potentials and headache: A further examination of the central theory".
519:
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Vaughan Jr, H. G.; Ritter, W. (1970). "The sources of auditory evoked responses recorded from the human scalp".
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High density mapping of the location of the generators of M100 is being researched as a means of presurgical
272:(VOT), the interval between consonant release (onset) and the start of rhythmic vocal cord vibrations in the
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Näätänen, R.; Alho, K. (1995). "Mismatch negativity—a unique measure of sensory processing in audition".
91:
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Delb, W.; Strauss, D. J.; Low, Y. F.; Seidler, H.; Rheinschmitt, A.; Wobrock, T.; d’Amelio, R. (2008).
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Keidel, W. D.; Spreng, M. (1965). "Neurophysiological
Evidence for the Stevens Power Function in Man".
160:. N100 is decreased when a person controls the creation of auditory stimuli, such as their own voice.
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Steinschneider, M.; Volkov, I. O.; Fishman, Y. I.; Oya, H.; Arezzo, J. C.; Howard III, M. A. (2004).
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Davis PA. (1939). Effects of acoustic stimuli on the waking human brain. J Neurophysiol 2: 494–499
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is strongly dependent upon such things as the rise time of the onset of a sound, its loudness,
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Fischer, C.; Morlet, D.; Giard, M. (2000). "Mismatch negativity and N100 in comatose patients".
2848:
2817:
2788:
2313:"Alterations in Event Related Potentials (ERP) Associated with Tinnitus Distress and Attention"
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Shibasaki, H.; Miyazaki, M. (1992). "Event-related potential studies in infants and children".
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Schafer, E. W.; Marcus, M. M. (1973). "Self-stimulation alters human sensory brain responses".
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The N100 is 10 to 20% larger than normal when the auditory stimulus is synchronized with the
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May, P. J.; Tiitinen, H. (2004). "The MMN is a derivative of the auditory N100 response".
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Foxe, J.; Simpson, G. (2002). "Flow of activation from V1 to frontal cortex in humans".
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organization to N100. However, it also shows a link to a person's arousal and selective
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evoked potential as the "N100-P200" or "N1-P2" complex. While most research focuses on
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location of M100 sources to be clinically useful for preparing surgery upon the brain.
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Godey, B.; Schwartz, D.; De Graaf, J. B.; Chauvel, P.; Liégeois-Chauvel, C. (2001).
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Wang, A. L.; Mouraux, A.; Liang, M.; Iannetti, G. D. (2008). Lauwereyns, Jan (ed.).
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Davis, H; Zerlin, S (1966). "Acoustic relations of the human vertex potential".
386:, those with smaller N100 are less distressed than those with larger amplitudes.
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The sensory gating effect upon N100 with paired clicks is reduced in those with
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sufferers also have more reactive N100 to somatosensory input than nonsufferers
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areas. The area generating it is larger in the right hemisphere than the left.
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752:"Respiratory-related evoked potential measures of respiratory sensory gating"
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453:, research is increasingly done upon M100, the magnetic counterpart of the
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54:); it peaks in adults between 80 and 120 milliseconds after the onset of a
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Yppärilä, H.; Nunes, S.; Korhonen, I.; Partanen, J.; Ruokonen, E. (2004).
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(200004)9:4<183::AID-HBM1>3.0.CO;2-Z
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1344:"Speaking modifies voice-evoked activity in the human auditory cortex"
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Curio, G.; Neuloh, G.; Numminen, J.; Jousmäki, V.; Hari, R. (2000).
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stages of sleep though its time is slightly delayed. During stage 2
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288:. However, it is now known that sensory input is processed by the
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research has linked it further to perception by finding that the
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The N100 is preattentive and involved in perception because its
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There is some evidence that the N100 is affected in those with
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Another top-down influence upon N100 has been suggested to be
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and this associates with an impaired ability to consolidate
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Hyde, M. (1997). "The N1 response and its applications".
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Sandman, C. A.; O'Halloran, J. P.; Isenhart, R. (1984).
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NIOSH air filtration rating § NIOSH classifications
1998:
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With paired clicks, the second N100 is reduced due to
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
1436:
Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
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Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology
2803:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
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168:There are three subtypes of adult auditory N100.
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2707:
2632:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1102:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
1024:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
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101:The auditory N100 is generated by a network of
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465:and generate secondary or volume currents,
293:sensory area processing reflected in N100.
220:it seems responsible for the production of
3034:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
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750:Chan, P. -Y. S.; Davenport, P. W. (2008).
422:They are generated in different locations.
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2523:The International Journal of Neuroscience
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1743:The International Journal of Neuroscience
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109:and association auditory cortices in the
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2317:Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
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172:N100b or vertex N100, peaking at 100 ms.
2433:"Is there an evoked vascular response?"
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1951:
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140:with other sounds, and the comparative
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461:which face the high resistance of the
425:The MMN occurs too late to be an N100.
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406:of the cardiac blood pressure pulse.
175:T-complex N100a, largest at temporal
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1946:
1001:Scandinavian Audiology. Supplementum
121:. It also could be generated in the
2889:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
2828:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
2044:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
2001:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
1471:Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
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410:Relationship to mismatch negativity
259:
19:For the air filtration rating, see
13:
2169:10.1212/01.wnl.0000134670.10384.e2
978:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00311.x
640:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01062.x
66:stimuli, the N100 also occurs for
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2398:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
249:sound and somatosensory stimuli.
2492:10.1097/00003446-199502000-00004
2056:10.1097/00004691-199207010-00007
2013:10.1097/00004691-199503000-00008
1924:10.1097/00001756-200201210-00014
1600:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00299.x
1561:10.1097/00001756-199412000-00027
1405:10.1097/00001756-199604100-00026
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520:Lateralized readiness potential
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2823:Somatosensory evoked potential
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575:Somatosensory evoked potential
505:Early left anterior negativity
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74:, including an illustration),
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3019:Difference due to memory (Dm)
1970:10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00259-X
1790:10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00011-2
928:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00636-8
756:Journal of Applied Physiology
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495:Contingent negative variation
16:Evoked potential in the brain
2818:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
2789:Electroencephalography (EEG)
2722:10.1016/0013-4694(70)90228-2
2687:10.1016/0013-4694(75)90187-x
2410:10.1016/0022-3999(94)00072-d
2266:10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.064
1837:10.1016/j.neures.2003.09.008
1526:10.1016/0013-4694(81)90183-8
1448:10.1016/0013-4694(96)95103-2
1310:10.1126/science.181.4095.175
1254:10.1126/science.182.4108.177
1193:10.1016/0301-0511(82)90028-x
1158:10.1016/0013-4694(88)90211-8
1079:10.1016/0013-4694(66)90118-0
829:10.1371/journal.pone.0003929
721:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.015
370:specific language impairment
264:The difference between many
224:. N100 is reduced following
7:
2813:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
2114:Audiology and Neuro-Otology
2079:Audiology and Neuro-Otology
1700:Experimental Brain Research
477:
38:is a large, negative-going
10:
3076:
1665:Journal of Neurophysiology
678:10.1016/j.pain.2007.04.026
436:
18:
3006:
2948:
2836:
2795:
2570:10.1017/s0048577298000183
2535:10.3109/00207459508986107
2330:10.1007/s10484-008-9065-y
1755:10.3109/00207459408986053
1712:10.1007/s00221-001-0906-7
1677:10.1152/jn.1999.82.5.2346
1483:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.01.008
2254:Clinical Neurophysiology
1958:Clinical Neurophysiology
1778:Progress in Neurobiology
916:Clinical Neurophysiology
510:Error-related negativity
500:Difference due to memory
163:
2940:Late positive component
2808:Event-related potential
2457:10.1126/science.6729458
878:10.1023/A:1022246825461
515:Late positive component
455:electroencephalographic
305:Development in children
226:total sleep deprivation
111:superior temporal gyrus
3055:Electroencephalography
2849:Bereitschaftspotential
601:Acta Paedopsychiatrica
485:Bereitschaftspotential
451:magnetoencephalography
208:It occurs during both
184:superior temporal gyri
138:interstimulus interval
48:magnetoencephalography
44:electroencephalography
2367:10.1212/wnl.46.5.1404
1825:Neuroscience Research
1640:10.1093/cercor/bhh120
1181:Biological Psychology
1003:(Suppl 12): 299–306.
709:Neuroscience Letters
441:Pauline A. Davis at
382:In individuals with
92:respiration blocking
2993:Sensorimotor rhythm
2950:Neural oscillations
2894:Mismatch negativity
2644:1966ASAJ...39..109D
2449:1984Sci...224.1355S
2443:(4655): 1355–1357.
1348:Human Brain Mapping
1302:1973Sci...181..175S
1236:1973Sci...182..177H
1114:1968ASAJ...44..945B
1036:1965ASAJ...38..191K
820:2008PLoSO...3.3929W
565:P300 (neuroscience)
525:Mismatch negativity
416:Mismatch negativity
280:Top-down influences
236:Stimulus repetition
46:(its equivalent in
443:Harvard University
103:neural populations
3060:Evoked potentials
3042:
3041:
2936:(late positivity)
2838:Evoked potentials
2652:10.1121/1.1909858
2300:978-0-387-74979-2
2126:10.1159/000013880
2091:10.1159/000259253
1555:(18): 2513–2516.
1296:(4095): 175–177.
1230:(4108): 177–180.
1122:10.1121/1.1911233
1044:10.1121/1.1909629
922:(10): 1850–1859.
459:electrical fields
286:prefrontal cortex
3067:
3024:Oddball paradigm
2782:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2558:Psychophysiology
2553:
2547:
2546:
2529:(1–4): 317–337.
2518:
2512:
2511:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2361:(5): 1404–1409.
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2308:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2260:(8): 1691–1704.
2249:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2210:(6): R483–R490.
2195:
2189:
2188:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2120:(3–4): 192–197.
2109:
2103:
2102:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1749:(3–4): 145–156.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1671:(5): 2346–2357.
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1588:Psychophysiology
1582:
1573:
1572:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1399:(5): 1082–1086.
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1247:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1019:
1013:
1012:
996:
990:
989:
966:Psychophysiology
961:
948:
947:
913:
904:
898:
897:
866:Brain Topography
861:
852:
851:
841:
831:
799:
790:
789:
779:
762:(4): 1106–1113.
747:
741:
740:
704:
698:
697:
661:
652:
651:
628:Psychophysiology
623:
617:
616:
596:
298:efference copies
290:occipital cortex
270:voice onset time
260:Voice onset time
198:voice onset time
119:planum temporale
40:evoked potential
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3002:
2944:
2832:
2791:
2786:
2754:
2741:
2737:
2706:
2702:
2671:
2667:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2589:
2585:
2554:
2550:
2519:
2515:
2480:Ear and Hearing
2476:
2472:
2429:
2425:
2394:
2390:
2350:
2346:
2309:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2250:
2243:
2196:
2192:
2153:
2149:
2110:
2106:
2075:
2071:
2040:
2036:
1997:
1993:
1954:
1947:
1908:
1904:
1864:
1860:
1820:
1816:
1774:
1770:
1739:
1735:
1696:
1692:
1660:
1656:
1627:Cerebral Cortex
1619:
1615:
1583:
1576:
1545:
1541:
1510:
1506:
1467:
1463:
1432:
1428:
1389:
1385:
1340:
1333:
1286:
1277:
1245:10.1.1.465.3727
1220:
1216:
1177:
1173:
1141:
1137:
1098:
1094:
1063:
1059:
1020:
1016:
997:
993:
962:
951:
911:
905:
901:
862:
855:
800:
793:
748:
744:
705:
701:
662:
655:
624:
620:
597:
593:
589:
584:
480:
467:magnetic fields
439:
412:
404:diastolic phase
332:
307:
282:
262:
238:
206:
193:
166:
150:auditory cortex
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3073:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2735:
2716:(4): 360–367.
2700:
2681:(5): 449–461.
2665:
2622:
2610:
2583:
2564:(5): 615–619.
2548:
2513:
2470:
2423:
2404:(2): 119–131.
2388:
2344:
2323:(4): 211–221.
2303:
2287:
2241:
2217:10.1186/cc2984
2190:
2163:(4): 669–673.
2147:
2104:
2085:(5): 281–307.
2069:
2050:(3): 408–418.
2034:
2007:(2): 177–185.
1991:
1964:(3): 388–397.
1945:
1902:
1869:Brain Research
1858:
1814:
1784:(4): 343–361.
1768:
1733:
1706:(1): 139–150.
1690:
1654:
1633:(2): 170–186.
1613:
1594:(4): 417–427.
1574:
1539:
1504:
1477:(4): 343–352.
1461:
1442:(5): 394–400.
1426:
1383:
1354:(4): 183–191.
1331:
1275:
1214:
1187:(1–2): 15–31.
1171:
1152:(2): 160–170.
1135:
1108:(4): 945–950.
1092:
1073:(2): 105–113.
1057:
1030:(2): 191–195.
1014:
991:
972:(4): 375–425.
949:
899:
872:(3): 183–189.
853:
791:
742:
715:(3): 269–274.
699:
672:(3): 301–311.
653:
634:(4): 376–384.
618:
607:(3): 203–208.
590:
588:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
479:
476:
438:
435:
430:
429:
426:
423:
411:
408:
400:
399:
393:
387:
380:
373:
331:
328:
306:
303:
281:
278:
261:
258:
254:sensory gating
237:
234:
205:
202:
192:
189:
188:
187:
180:
173:
165:
162:
115:Heschl's gyrus
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3072:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Sleep spindle
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:Related tests
2794:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:(1): 109–16.
2637:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:Critical Care
2201:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
903:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
858:
849:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
814:(12): e3929.
813:
809:
805:
798:
796:
787:
783:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
660:
658:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
614:
610:
606:
602:
595:
591:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
482:
475:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:N100. Unlike
456:
452:
447:
444:
434:
427:
424:
421:
420:
419:
417:
407:
405:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
381:
378:
377:schizophrenia
374:
371:
367:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:critical care
342:in intensive
341:
337:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
302:
299:
294:
291:
287:
277:
275:
271:
267:
257:
255:
250:
246:
244:
243:Down syndrome
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
201:
199:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
170:
169:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Neuromagnetic
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
96:somatosensory
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3014:10-20 system
2978:Theta rhythm
2858:
2755:
2738:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2613:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2486:(1): 38–51.
2483:
2479:
2473:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2290:
2257:
2253:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1961:
1957:
1918:(1): 47–51.
1915:
1911:
1905:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1831:(1): 59–64.
1828:
1824:
1817:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1591:
1587:
1552:
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1429:
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1223:
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1184:
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1000:
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669:
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631:
627:
621:
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600:
594:
448:
440:
431:
413:
401:
359:
355:neurosurgery
351:neuromapping
348:
333:
330:Clinical use
324:
318:rather than
308:
295:
283:
263:
251:
247:
239:
207:
204:During sleep
194:
167:
131:
100:
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42:measured by
35:
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28:neuroscience
25:
2904:C1 & P1
1912:NeuroReport
1549:NeuroReport
1520:(1): 9–17.
1393:NeuroReport
353:needed for
312:adolescence
222:K-complexes
191:Elicitation
3049:Categories
2973:Delta wave
2968:Gamma wave
2958:Alpha wave
2900:Positivity
2845:Negativity
587:References
471:orthogonal
469:which are
266:consonants
177:electrodes
2983:K-complex
2963:Beta wave
2864:Visual N1
2749:197237696
2355:Neurology
2157:Neurology
1875:: 29–36.
1326:145362025
1240:CiteSeerX
580:Visual N1
490:C1 and P1
268:is their
158:attention
154:tonotopic
142:frequency
134:amplitude
98:stimuli.
76:olfactory
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2619:abstract
2605:16012601
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2339:18836827
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2185:31825723
2177:15326240
2142:42959451
2134:10859413
2029:33059979
1986:37029252
1978:10699397
1940:33934033
1932:11924892
1897:12170405
1889:19422812
1853:37957344
1845:14687881
1806:26194262
1728:25506401
1720:11797091
1685:10561410
1649:15238437
1608:16008770
1499:35985772
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1421:40303719
1378:10770228
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1209:43038773
1052:14341718
936:11595143
848:19081790
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786:18719232
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729:15896482
694:29266108
686:17533117
478:See also
396:Headache
390:Migraine
384:tinnitus
366:dyslexia
340:sedation
230:memories
179:at 75 ms
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2998:Mu wave
2730:4191187
2660:5904525
2640:Bibcode
2578:9715105
2543:7775056
2500:7774768
2465:6729458
2445:Bibcode
2437:Science
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2383:2645081
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2227:1065074
2099:9390837
2064:1517407
2021:7797632
1798:9654384
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1534:6166459
1456:8647042
1413:8804056
1369:6871984
1318:4711735
1298:Bibcode
1290:Science
1262:4730062
1232:Bibcode
1224:Science
1201:7138998
1166:2446835
1130:5683660
1110:Bibcode
1087:4162003
1032:Bibcode
1009:6939101
986:3615753
944:6501656
894:1743975
886:9562539
839:2597742
816:Bibcode
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648:8753937
613:7521558
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107:primary
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2181:S2CID
2138:S2CID
2025:S2CID
1982:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1893:S2CID
1849:S2CID
1802:S2CID
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1266:S2CID
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940:S2CID
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