26:
382:
370:
346:
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230:, which may indicate that their low specialization in the left hemisphere is a cause of their disability. This symmetry also holds for people who stutter, although it is also possible to see a larger right planum temporale in stutters. It is thought that this bias for right hemisphere could be interrupting or impeding information flow between Wernickes and Broca's, which are on the left hemisphere.
107:
213:
have an increased leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale. This is due to a smaller than average volume of the right planum temporale and not a larger than average volume of the left. The planum temporale may also play an important role in auditory processing with recent research suggesting that
248:
Sexual dimorphism has shown to play an important role on planum temporale studies within schizophrenia. These findings have highlighted the relevance and importance of sex/gender as a plays a key role on PT in schizophrenia, underlying the importance of gender as a key component of brain morphology
182:
Recent evidence can be used to support the idea that differences between males and females in planum temporale asymmetry begin to develop and show early in development, potentially during prenatal stages. Gender based asymmetry may be the result of environmental factors occurring in-utero, such as
154:
The planum temporale shows a significant asymmetry. In 65% of all individuals the left planum temporale appears to be more developed, while the right planum temporale is more developed in only 11%. In some people’s brains, the planum temporale is more than five times larger on the left than on the
169:
In addition, more and more research is suggesting that the apparent asymmetries in this region are the result of old techniques and criteria used to identify the planum temporale. When new imaging is used that takes into account asymmetries in the curvatures of lateral fissures, the hemispheric
178:
Imaging has repeatedly suggested gender marked differences in planum temporale surface area asymmetry. There have been multiple findings suggesting a greater leftward surface area asymmetry in male subjects, with no significant difference as mediated by gender of the right part of the planum
723:
Good, Catriona D; Johnsrude, Ingrid; Ashburner, John; Henson, Richard N.A; Friston, Karl J; Frackowiak, Richard S.J (2001). "Cerebral
Asymmetry and the Effects of Sex and Handedness on Brain Structure: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Analysis of 465 Normal Adult Human Brains".
265:
that is implicated with dyslexia in humans. Monkeys show cellular asymmetry but not gross anatomic asymmetry of the planum temporale. (Brain
Research, 2008). The question still remains open; what are great apes or monkeys using this "non-human primate language area" for?
166:. This observation strengthens the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition for brain asymmetry, however the effect of fetal experience has not been ruled out. Leftward asymmetry, however, does not directly relate to asymmetry of language processing in all individuals.
186:
Certain studies have found differences within the planum temporale on a microscopic level, finding greater cell packing density in females, as well as a reduction of micro-structural asymmetry. Females have also been found to display asymmetry in grey matter volume.
130:, one of the most important functional areas for language. Original studies on this area found that the planum temporale was one of the most asymmetric regions in the brain, with this area being up to ten times larger in the left cerebral hemisphere than the right.
217:
There have also been many studies that show the asymmetry of the planum temporale to be related to handedness of subjects. There have been reports of decreased asymmetry displayed on the left side of the planum temporale in those that are dominantly left handed.
170:
asymmetries of the planum temporale become negligible. This newer imaging would indicate that the size of the region would not explain the higher faculties of language in the left hemisphere, but would instead require an analysis of the neural circuitry.
955:
Gannon PJ, Kheck N, Hof PR (March 2008). "Leftward interhemispheric asymmetry of macaque monkey temporal lobe language area homolog is evident at the cytoarchitectural, but not gross anatomic level".
1164:
Shiell, M. M., Champoux, F., & Zatorre, R. J. (2016). The Right
Hemisphere Planum Temporale Supports Enhanced Visual Motion Detection Ability in Deaf People: Evidence from Cortical Thickness.
877:
Pigoni, A; Delvecchio, G; Perlini, C; Barillari, M; Ruggeri, M; Altamura, C; Bellani, M; Brambilla, P (2017). "Sexual-dimorphism of the planum temporale in schizophrenia: An MRI study".
209:
and with music. Although the planum temporale is found to have an asymmetry in the normal population, having a leftward bias in right-handed individuals, people who possess
912:
Gannon PJ, Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Braun AR (January 1998). "Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of
Wernicke's brain language area homolog".
617:
Beaton, Alan A (1997). "The
Relation of Planum Temporale Asymmetry and Morphology of the Corpus Callosum to Handedness, Gender, and Dyslexia: A Review of the Evidence".
261:, it was shown to be similarly leftward asymmetric in chimpanzees and other great apes but not other primates, as was a related, rightward asymmetric, brain region the
2018:
381:
82:
369:
357:
262:
1120:
Binder J. R., Frost J. A., Hammeke T. A., Rao S. M., Cox R. W. (1996). Function of the left planum temporale in auditory and linguistic processing.
146:. The posterior extent of the planum temporale has been variably defined, which has led to disputes to estimates of size and degree of asymmetry.
1098:
1057:
345:
58:
190:
Due to the novel nature of these findings, researchers have yet to discern how to interpret these sex-based differences on brain function.
1335:
1207:
1326:
257:
Although the brain area was thought to be unique to humans, almost like the anatomic version of the linguistic "language organ" of
1312:
854:
768:
495:
456:
155:
right, making it the most asymmetrical structure in the brain. Evidence for this asymmetry has also been seen in great apes.
1080:
415:
1070:
199:
89:
1000:"Planum parietale of chimpanzees and orangutans: a comparative resonance of human-like planum temporale asymmetry"
2211:
1799:
1491:
433:
2414:
1200:
77:
1787:
1879:
237:
is more symmetrical. This reduced lateralization correlates with more severe positive symptoms, such as
2291:
1847:
664:
1095:
2250:
1948:
1811:
1792:
46:
1185:
602:
Gazzaniga
Michael S, Ivry Richard B, Mangun George R (2009). "Principles of Cerebral Organization".
2448:
2122:
2069:
1990:
1957:
1857:
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Increased cortical thickness related to enhanced detection of visual motion in early deaf subjects
25:
2074:
1964:
1608:
1349:
1344:
814:
563:"Asymmetries of the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus: relationship to language lateralization"
158:
This greater size of the left planum temporale compared with the right is already present in the
139:
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663:
Altarelli, Irene; Leroy, François; Monzalvo, Karla; Fluss, Joel; Billard, Catherine;
634:
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119:
984:
753:
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800:
780:
767:
Keenan, Julian Paul; Thangaraj, Ven; Halpern, Andrea R; Schlaug, Gottfried (2001).
733:
692:
684:
668:
626:
574:
547:
527:
890:
673:"Planum temporale asymmetry in developmental dyslexia: Revisiting an old question"
2230:
2158:
1952:
1816:
1804:
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1933:
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238:
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143:
70:
483:
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the region is responsible for representing the location of sounds in space.
1465:
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601:
2172:
1221:
531:
95:
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1016:
999:
41:
688:
1755:
1215:
846:
The
Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes
163:
1140:
Leonard, C. M., & Eckert, M. A. (2008). Asymmetry and
Dyslexia.
249:
and the specialized brain structure and function for schizophrenia.
2371:
606:(3 ed.). New York, London: WW Norton and Company. p. 446.
561:
Dorsaint-Pierre R, Penhune VB, Watkins KE, et al. (May 2006).
227:
206:
518:
Carroll, S. B. (2003). "Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens".
487:
The Brain and
Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy
387:
Planum temporale highlighted in green on transversal T1 MRI images
351:
3D visualization of the planum temporale in an average human brain
226:
The planum temporale seems to be symmetrical in individuals with
876:
484:
David L. Clark; Nash N. Boutros; Mario F. Mendez (20 May 2010).
1907:
1068:
375:
Planum temporale highlighted in green on sagittal T1 MRI images
363:
Planum temporale highlighted in green on coronal T1 MRI images
106:
2366:
911:
766:
560:
242:
202:
159:
998:
Gannon PJ, Kheck NM, Braun AR, Holloway RL (November 2005).
722:
118:
is the cortical area just posterior to the auditory cortex (
30:
Approximate location of
Wernicke's area highlighted in white
662:
296:
Decrease in size leads to difficulty with word recognition
1075:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
162:, where it can be observed starting from the 31st week of
138:
The planum temporale makes up the superior surface of the
1041:"Brain of Chimpanzee Sheds Light on Mystery of Language"
997:
307:
Damage can lead to impaired ability to decode phonemes
304:
Damage can lead to impaired ability to decode phonemes
291:
Normal development- smaller in size and surface area
126:. It is a triangular region which forms the heart of
288:
Normal development- larger in size and surface area
233:
MRI studies have shown that the planum temporale in
1072:
Evolutionary anatomy of the primate cerebral cortex
320:Lesions result in difficulty of speech recognition
2426:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
842:
479:
477:
475:
2440:
472:
954:
838:
836:
444:
1201:
490:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–.
1038:
833:
815:"Brain Center For 'Sound Space' Identified"
604:Cognitive Neuroscience: Biology of the Mind
405:
110:Diagram labeling planum temporale in green.
1208:
1194:
1069:Gibson, Kathleen Rita; Falk, Dean (2001).
269:
24:
1015:
696:
578:
438:
173:
429:
427:
105:
1124:119 1239–1247. 10.1093/brain/119.4.1239
517:
221:
2441:
616:
410:(5th ed.). : Worth. p. 495.
315:Increase in size can lead to dyslexia
312:Decrease in size can lead to dyslexia
1189:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
843:Michael S. Ritsner (1 January 2009).
769:"Absolute Pitch and Planum Temporale"
718:
716:
424:
408:Fundamentals of human neuropsychology
658:
656:
337:
2118:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
252:
13:
1127:
1107:
1058:Chimps Like Us / We're Like Chimps
713:
14:
2460:
653:
198:The planum temporale is a highly
380:
368:
356:
344:
90:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
2212:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
2154:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
1158:
1089:
1062:
1051:
1032:
991:
948:
905:
870:
807:
760:
1800:Secondary somatosensory cortex
1492:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
969:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.041
610:
595:
554:
511:
399:
1:
2415:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
2149:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
1142:Developmental Neuropsychology
891:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1621
392:
1788:Primary somatosensory cortex
934:10.1126/science.279.5348.220
451:. MIT Press. pp. 103–.
434:The Brain From Top To Bottom
193:
149:
7:
1880:Transverse occipital sulcus
849:. Springer. pp. 101–.
665:Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine
448:Behavioral Endocrinology 2e
406:Kolb B, Whishaw IQ (2003).
133:
10:
2465:
2292:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
2113:Central (frontal+parietal)
1848:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1039:Blakeslee S (1998-01-13).
2423:
2402:
2384:
2354:
2321:
2225:
2180:
2171:
2136:
2105:
2094:
2011:
1949:Transverse temporal gyrus
1941:
1932:
1888:
1840:
1831:
1812:Posterior parietal cortex
1776:
1721:
1649:
1640:
1565:
1531:
1392:
1385:
1358:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1154:10.1080/87565640802418597
88:
76:
64:
52:
40:
35:
23:
18:
2070:Inferior temporal sulcus
1991:Superior temporal sulcus
1674:Inferior parietal lobule
1657:Superior parietal lobule
1597:Supplementary motor area
671:; Ramus, Franck (2014).
205:structure involved with
183:levels of testosterone.
2075:Inferior temporal gyrus
2019:Occipitotemporal sulcus
1965:Superior temporal gyrus
1858:Lateral occipital gyrus
1609:Supplementary eye field
1350:Inferior frontal sulcus
1345:Superior frontal sulcus
445:Jill B. Becker (2002).
270:Hemispheric differences
140:superior temporal gyrus
2336:Fimbria of hippocampus
1402:Superior frontal gyrus
1300:Inferior frontal gyrus
1254:Superior frontal gyrus
785:10.1006/nimg.2001.0925
738:10.1006/nimg.2001.0857
631:10.1006/brln.1997.1825
174:Gender based asymmetry
111:
2323:Hippocampal formation
2182:Parahippocampal gyrus
1996:Middle temporal gyrus
241:, as measured by the
109:
2296:Retrosplenial cortex
2144:Longitudinal fissure
2036:Medial temporal lobe
1713:Intraparietal sulcus
1573:Primary motor cortex
1470:Orbitofrontal cortex
1419:Medial frontal gyrus
1276:Middle frontal gyrus
1178:10.1155/2016/7217630
1096:Sciencenews 1998 PDF
580:10.1093/brain/awl055
222:Atypical development
2273:Posterior cingulate
1683:Supramarginal gyrus
926:1998Sci...279..220G
879:European Psychiatry
821:. 22 September 2007
677:Human Brain Mapping
669:Galaburda, Albert M
532:10.1038/nature01495
276:
2331:Hippocampal sulcus
2251:Anterior cingulate
2128:Preoccipital notch
1729:Paracentral lobule
1699:Parietal operculum
1621:Frontal eye fields
1553:Paracentral sulcus
1541:Paracentral lobule
1442:Paraolfactory area
1438:Paraterminal gyrus
1101:2011-05-24 at the
1045:The New York Times
1017:10.1002/ar.a.20256
619:Brain and Language
274:
112:
2436:
2435:
2380:
2379:
2205:Postrhinal cortex
2200:Perirhinal cortex
2195:Entorhinal cortex
2167:
2166:
2123:Parieto-occipital
2090:
2089:
1928:
1927:
1827:
1826:
1784:Postcentral gyrus
1636:
1635:
1561:
1560:
1381:
1380:
1373:Precentral sulcus
1336:Pars triangularis
1166:Neural Plasticity
856:978-1-4020-9831-4
689:10.1002/hbm.22579
573:(Pt 5): 1164–76.
526:(6934): 849–857.
497:978-0-521-14229-8
458:978-0-262-52321-9
338:Additional images
335:
334:
283:Right Hemisphere
104:
103:
99:
2456:
2362:Indusium griseum
2227:Cingulate cortex
2217:Prepyriform area
2178:
2177:
2103:
2102:
1983:Planum temporale
1939:
1938:
1920:Calcarine sulcus
1838:
1837:
1647:
1646:
1518:Olfactory sulcus
1504:Subcallosal area
1390:
1389:
1368:Precentral gyrus
1327:Pars opercularis
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280:Left Hemisphere
277:
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263:planum parietale
253:Non-human brains
116:planum temporale
96:edit on Wikidata
93:
28:
19:Planum temporale
16:
15:
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2449:Cerebral cortex
2439:
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2432:
2419:
2398:
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2163:
2159:Callosal sulcus
2137:Medial/inferior
2132:
2097:
2086:
2012:Medial/inferior
2007:
1979:Wernicke's area
1953:Auditory cortex
1924:
1889:Medial/inferior
1884:
1823:
1772:
1768:Marginal sulcus
1722:Medial/inferior
1717:
1632:
1585:Premotor cortex
1557:
1527:
1386:Medial/inferior
1377:
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1224:
1218:cerebral cortex
1216:Anatomy of the
1214:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1159:
1139:
1128:
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1103:Wayback Machine
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920:(5348): 220–2.
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683:(12): 5717–35.
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128:Wernicke's area
124:Sylvian fissure
100:
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2428:Brodmann areas
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2239:Subgenual area
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2098:sulci/fissures
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2024:Fusiform gyrus
2021:
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2003:
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1853:Occipital gyri
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1833:Occipital lobe
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1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1685:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1653:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1523:Orbital sulcus
1520:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:Straight gyrus
1451:
1450:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1315:
1313:Pars orbitalis
1306:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1157:
1148:(6), 663–681.
1126:
1106:
1088:
1081:
1061:
1050:
1031:
1010:(1): 1128–41.
990:
947:
904:
869:
855:
832:
806:
759:
732:(3): 685–700.
712:
652:
625:(2): 255–322.
609:
594:
553:
510:
496:
471:
457:
437:
423:
416:
397:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
386:
379:
377:
374:
367:
365:
362:
355:
353:
350:
343:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
281:
275:Summary Table
271:
268:
254:
251:
239:hallucinations
235:schizophrenics
223:
220:
211:absolute pitch
195:
192:
175:
172:
151:
148:
135:
132:
120:Heschl's gyrus
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2431:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2346:Rhinal sulcus
2344:
2342:
2341:Dentate gyrus
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:Superolateral
2104:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:Superolateral
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Temporal lobe
1931:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:Lingual gyrus
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:Visual cortex
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Lunate sulcus
1873:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:Superolateral
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:Angular gyrus
1689:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:Superolateral
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Parietal lobe
1639:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:Superolateral
1236:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1084:
1082:0-521-64271-X
1078:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
858:
852:
848:
847:
839:
837:
820:
819:Science Daily
816:
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:(6): 1402–8.
778:
774:
770:
763:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
717:
708:
704:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
657:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
605:
598:
590:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
514:
499:
493:
489:
488:
480:
478:
476:
460:
454:
450:
449:
441:
435:
430:
428:
419:
417:0-7167-5300-6
413:
409:
402:
398:
383:
378:
371:
366:
359:
354:
347:
342:
341:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
310:
306:
303:
302:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
278:
267:
264:
260:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
201:
191:
188:
184:
180:
171:
167:
165:
161:
156:
147:
145:
144:parietal lobe
141:
131:
129:
125:
122:) within the
121:
117:
108:
97:
91:
87:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:
55:
51:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
17:
2425:
2189:
1982:
1466:Orbital gyri
1318:Broca's area
1230:Frontal lobe
1169:
1165:
1160:
1145:
1141:
1121:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1053:
1044:
1034:
1007:
1003:
993:
960:
956:
950:
917:
913:
907:
882:
878:
872:
860:. Retrieved
845:
825:22 September
823:. Retrieved
818:
809:
776:
772:
762:
729:
725:
680:
676:
622:
618:
612:
603:
597:
570:
566:
556:
523:
519:
513:
501:. Retrieved
486:
462:. Retrieved
447:
440:
407:
401:
259:Noam Chomsky
256:
247:
232:
225:
216:
197:
189:
185:
181:
177:
168:
157:
153:
137:
115:
113:
59:A14.1.09.143
2173:Limbic lobe
1222:human brain
1172:, 7217630.
200:lateralized
179:temporale.
36:Identifiers
2430:span gyri.
2096:Interlobar
1793:3, 1 and 2
1533:Precentral
1394:Prefrontal
1360:Precentral
1246:Prefrontal
1004:Anat Rec A
773:NeuroImage
726:NeuroImage
393:References
42:NeuroNames
2410:Operculum
1958:41 and 42
1756:Precuneus
963:: 62–73.
957:Brain Res
899:149395883
862:4 January
503:4 January
464:4 January
194:Functions
164:gestation
150:Asymmetry
2443:Category
2372:Amygdala
2190:anterior
1099:Archived
1026:16215971
985:20325315
977:18262172
885:: S828.
793:11707095
754:16235256
746:11506541
707:25044828
647:17560377
589:16537567
540:12712196
328:-------
323:-------
299:-------
228:dyslexia
207:language
134:Location
2403:General
1220:of the
942:9422693
922:Bibcode
914:Science
801:8886472
698:6869664
639:9344480
548:4333307
142:to the
1908:Cuneus
1079:
1024:
983:
975:
940:
897:
853:
799:
791:
752:
744:
705:
695:
645:
637:
587:
546:
538:
520:Nature
494:
455:
414:
2367:Uncus
2355:Other
2231:gyrus
1122:Brain
981:S2CID
895:S2CID
797:S2CID
750:S2CID
643:S2CID
567:Brain
544:S2CID
243:PANSS
203:brain
160:fetus
94:[
83:74564
1777:Both
1566:Both
1170:2016
1077:ISBN
1022:PMID
973:PMID
961:1199
938:PMID
864:2013
851:ISBN
827:2007
789:PMID
742:PMID
703:PMID
635:PMID
585:PMID
536:PMID
505:2013
492:ISBN
466:2013
453:ISBN
412:ISBN
114:The
71:5493
54:TA98
47:2333
1174:doi
1150:doi
1012:doi
1008:287
965:doi
930:doi
918:279
887:doi
781:doi
734:doi
693:PMC
685:doi
627:doi
575:doi
571:129
528:doi
524:422
78:FMA
66:TA2
2445::
2311:30
2306:29
2301:26
2294::
2283:31
2278:23
2266:33
2261:32
2256:24
2244:25
2080:20
2061:36
2056:35
2051:34
2046:28
2041:27
2029:37
2001:21
1975:22
1970:38
1901:17
1868:19
1863:18
1704:43
1688:39
1679:40
1509:25
1497:10
1485:12
1480:11
1475:10
1459:11
1447:12
1332:45
1323:44
1309:47
1304:11
1302::
1291:46
1286:10
1168:,
1146:33
1144:,
1129:^
1109:^
1043:.
1020:.
1006:.
1002:.
979:.
971:.
959:.
936:.
928:.
916:.
893:.
883:41
881:.
835:^
817:.
795:.
787:.
777:14
775:.
771:.
748:.
740:.
730:14
728:.
715:^
701:.
691:.
681:35
679:.
675:.
667:;
655:^
641:.
633:.
623:60
621:.
583:.
569:.
565:.
542:.
534:.
522:.
474:^
426:^
245:.
2229:/
1985:)
1981:(
1977:/
1951:/
1817:7
1805:5
1786:/
1761:7
1749:5
1744:3
1739:2
1734:1
1690:-
1681:-
1667:7
1662:5
1626:8
1614:6
1602:6
1590:6
1578:4
1546:4
1468:/
1440:/
1429:9
1424:8
1412:6
1407:4
1334:-
1325:-
1311:-
1281:9
1269:8
1264:6
1259:4
1209:e
1202:t
1195:v
1176::
1152::
1085:.
1047:.
1028:.
1014::
987:.
967::
944:.
932::
924::
901:.
889::
866:.
829:.
803:.
783::
756:.
736::
709:.
687::
649:.
629::
591:.
577::
550:.
530::
507:.
468:.
420:.
98:]
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
