260:(P) 11 to 13 can cause a 2-fold expansion in the representation of that frequency in A1. Importantly, the change is persistent, in that it lasts throughout the animal's life, and specific, in that the same exposure outside of that period causes no lasting change in the tonotopy of A1. Sexual dimorphism within the auditory cortex can be seen in humans between males in females through the planum temporale, encompassing Wernicke's region, for the planum temporale within males has been observed to have a larger planum temporale volume on average, reflecting previous studies discussing interactions between sex hormones and asymmetrical brain development.
804:
40:
129:
583:(OSR) was located in a slightly different position; 7 mm more anterior, 13 mm more medial and 13 mm more superior in respect to the complete sets. The OSR recordings were also characteristically lower in gamma waves as compared to the complete musical set. The evoked responses during the sixth and seventh omitted notes are assumed to be imagined, and were characteristically different, especially in the
259:
Like many areas in the neocortex, the functional properties of the adult primary auditory cortex (A1) are highly dependent on the sounds encountered early in life. This has been best studied using animal models, especially cats and rats. In the rat, exposure to a single frequency during postnatal day
633:
to speech, in which one message is presented to the right ear and another to the left, it was found that the participants chose letters with stops (e.g. 'p', 't', 'k', 'b') far more often when presented to the right ear than the left. However, when presented with phonemic sounds of longer duration,
610:
in RMPFC for specific tonal arrangements. Though these collections of voxels do not represent the same tonal arrangements between subjects or within subjects over multiple trials, it is interesting and informative that RMPFC, an area not usually associated with audition, seems to code for immediate
497:
The auditory cortex is the most highly organized processing unit of sound in the brain. This cortex area is the neural crux of hearing, and—in humans—language and music. The auditory cortex is divided into three separate parts: the primary, secondary, and tertiary auditory cortex. These
446:
plays the same note, the quality of each sound is different, but the musician perceives each note as having the same pitch. The neurons of the auditory cortex of the brain are able to respond to pitch. Studies in the marmoset monkey have shown that pitch-selective neurons are located in a cortical
206:
The auditory cortex takes part in the spectrotemporal, meaning involving time and frequency, analysis of the inputs passed on from the ear. The cortex then filters and passes on the information to the dual stream of speech processing. The auditory cortex's function may help explain why particular
558:
of certain areas of the brain and appear to affect the visual cortex as well. Gamma band activation (25 to 100 Hz) has been shown to be present during the perception of sensory events and the process of recognition. In a 2000 study by Kneif and colleagues, subjects were presented with eight
537:
in the auditory cortex. These kittens were stimulated and measured against a control (an un-stimulated congenitally deaf cat (CDC)) and normal hearing cats. The field potentials measured for artificially stimulated CDC were eventually much stronger than that of a normal hearing cat. This finding
360:
In the hearing process, multiple sounds are transduced simultaneously. The role of the auditory system is to decide which components form the sound link. Many have surmised that this linkage is based on the location of sounds. However, there are numerous distortions of sound when reflected off
223:
The auditory cortex was previously subdivided into primary (A1) and secondary (A2) projection areas and further association areas. The modern divisions of the auditory cortex are the core (which includes primary auditory cortex, A1), the belt (secondary auditory cortex, A2), and the parabelt
352:
The auditory cortex plays an important yet ambiguous role in hearing. When the auditory information passes into the cortex, the specifics of what exactly takes place are unclear. There is a large degree of individual variation in the auditory cortex, as noted by
English biologist
634:
such as vowels, the participants did not favor any particular ear. Due to the contralateral nature of the auditory system, the right ear is connected to
Wernicke's area, located within the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus in the left cerebral hemisphere.
326:" and identifying the location of a sound in space. For example, it has been shown that A1 encodes complex and abstract aspects of auditory stimuli without encoding their "raw" aspects like frequency content, presence of a distinct sound or its echoes.
227:
Besides receiving input from the ears via lower parts of the auditory system, it also transmits signals back to these areas and is interconnected with other parts of the cerebral cortex. Within the core (A1), its structure preserves
1033:
Kulynych, J. J.; Vladar, K.; Jones, D. W.; Weinberger, D. R. (March 1994). "Gender differences in the normal lateralization of the supratemporal cortex: MRI surface-rendering morphometry of Heschl's gyrus and the planum temporale".
553:
data, which is not present for other stimuli. The spike in neuronal activity correlating to this frequency is not restrained to the tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex. It has been theorized that gamma frequencies are
505:
organized, which means that neighboring cells in the cortex respond to neighboring frequencies. Tonotopic mapping is preserved throughout most of the audition circuit. The primary auditory cortex receives direct input from the
1668:
Dinh, L; Nguyen T; Salgado H; Atzori M (2009). "Norepinephrine homogeneously inhibits alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate- (AMPAR-) mediated currents in all layers of the temporal cortex of the rat".
423:. The number, location, and organization of fields in the human auditory cortex are not known at this time. What is known about the human auditory cortex comes from a base of knowledge gained from studies in
357:, who wrote, "The cortex is so complex that the most we may ever hope for is to understand it in principle, since the evidence we already have suggests that no two cortices work in precisely the same way."
1755:
Klinke, Rainer; Kral, Andrej; Heid, Silvia; Tillein, Jochen; Hartmann, Rainer (September 10, 1999). "Recruitment of the auditory cortex in congenitally deaf cats by long-term cochlear electrostimulation".
1137:
626:
Another study has suggested that people who experience 'chills' while listening to music have a higher volume of fibres connecting their auditory cortex to areas associated with emotional processing.
239:
Data about the auditory cortex has been obtained through studies in rodents, cats, macaques, and other animals. In humans, the structure and function of the auditory cortex has been studied using
1921:
307:
at one end of the auditory cortex respond best to low frequencies; neurons at the other respond best to high frequencies. There are multiple auditory areas (much like the multiple areas in the
579:
were each employed to measure the neural results. Specifically, the presence of gamma waves, induced by the auditory task at hand, were measured from the temples of the subjects. The
591:(high spectral resolution), while the left auditory cortex has been shown to be more sensitive to minute sequential differences (rapid temporal changes) in sound, such as in speech.
637:
Sounds entering the auditory cortex are treated differently depending on whether or not they register as speech. When people listen to speech, according to the strong and weak
538:
accords with a study by Eckart
Altenmuller, in which it was observed that students who received musical instruction had greater cortical activation than those who did not.
415:
The auditory cortex is composed of fields that differ from each other in both structure and function. The number of fields varies in different species, from as few as 2 in
288:, or from animal experiments in which cortical areas were deactivated by surgical lesions or other methods. Damage to the auditory cortex in humans leads to a loss of any
3463:
1517:
Cant, NB; Benson, CG (June 15, 2003). "Parallel auditory pathways: projection patterns of the different neuronal populations in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei".
1247:
3021:
104:
1168:
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Busse, L; Woldorff, M (April 2003). "The ERP omitted stimulus response to "no-stim" events and its implications for fast-rate event-related fMRI designs".
1712:
Lauter, Judith L; P Herscovitch; C Formby; ME Raichle (1985). "Tonotopic organization in human auditory cortex revealed by positron emission tomography".
361:
different media, which makes this thinking unlikely. The auditory cortex forms groupings based on fundamentals; in music, for example, this would include
451:
border of the primary auditory cortex. This location of a pitch-selective area has also been identified in recent functional imaging studies in humans.
311:), which can be distinguished anatomically and on the basis that they contain a complete "frequency map." The purpose of this frequency map (known as a
1314:
232:, the orderly representation of frequency, due to its ability to map low to high frequencies corresponding to the apex and base, respectively, of the
3456:
224:(tertiary auditory cortex, A3). The belt is the area immediately surrounding the core; the parabelt is adjacent to the lateral side of the belt.
1922:"The relationship between the neural computations for speech and music perception is context-dependent: an activation likelihood estimate study"
2018:
Cassel, M. D.; Wright, D. J. (September 1986). "Topography of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala in the rat".
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structures are formed concentrically around one another, with the primary cortex in the middle and the tertiary cortex on the outside.
2338:
2210:
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17:
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brain damage leads to particular outcomes. For example, unilateral destruction, in a region of the auditory pathway above the
1937:
1470:
1210:
240:
1834:
Tallon-Baudry, C.; Bertrand, O. (April 1999). "Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation".
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of sound, but an ability to react reflexively to sounds remains as there is a great deal of subcortical processing in the
319:
is arranged according to sound frequency. The auditory cortex is involved in tasks such as identifying and segregating "
2112:
Jerger, James; Martin, Jeffrey (2004-12-01). "Hemispheric asymmetry of the right ear advantage in dichotic listening".
641:, they, respectively, engage perceptual mechanisms unique to speech or engage their knowledge of language as a whole.
482:
701:"Bilingual language switching in the lab vs. in the wild: The Spatio-temporal dynamics of adaptive language control"
761:
Nakai, Y; Jeong, JW; Brown, EC; Rothermel, R; Kojima, K; Kambara, T; Shah, A; Mittal, S; Sood, S; Asano, E (2017).
111:
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Tonality is represented in more places than just the auditory cortex; one other specific area is the rostromedial
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Neurons in the auditory cortex are organized according to the frequency of sound to which they respond best.
99:
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404:. Animal studies indicate that auditory fields of the cerebral cortex receive ascending input from the
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2814:
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598:(RMPFC). A study explored the areas of the brain which were active during tonality processing, using
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405:
184:
92:
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983:"Critical period window for spectral tuning defined in the primary auditory cortex (A1) in the rat"
612:
385:
196:
75:
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Human subcortical auditory function provides a new conceptual framework for considering modularity
179:– in humans, curving down and onto the medial surface, on the superior temporal plane, within the
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Janata, P.; Birk, J.L.; Van Horn, J.D.; Leman, M.; Tillmann, B.; Bharucha, J.J. (December 2002).
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934:"Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing"
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550:
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Hickok, Gregory; Poeppel, David (May 2007). "The cortical organization of speech processing".
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8:
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1315:"Musical Experience Promotes Subcortical Efficiency in Processing Emotional Vocal Sounds"
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indicated that a peripheral part of this brain region is active when trying to identify
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763:"Three- and four-dimensional mapping of speech and language in patients with epilepsy"
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1388:"Auditory abstraction from spectro-temporal features to coding auditory entities"
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of a human brain. BA41(red) and BA42(green) are auditory cortex. BA22(yellow) is
132:
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Cavinato, M.; Rigon, J.; Volpato, C.; Semenza, C.; Piccione, F. (January 2012).
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1138:"Hearing loss in Japanese macaques following bilateral auditory cortex lesions"
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381:
366:
180:
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studies in human patients who have sustained damage to cortical areas through
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3343:
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2915:
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2133:
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Sachs, Matthew E.; Ellis, Robert J.; Schlaug
Gottfried, Louie Psyche (2016).
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How We Hear Music: the
Relationship Between Music and the Hearing Mechanism
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and thus is thought to identify the fundamental elements of music, such as
397:
211:, results in slight hearing loss, whereas bilateral destruction results in
2079:
2039:
1799:
Strickland (Winter 2001). "Music and the brain in childhood development".
1733:
1164:
1063:
980:
883:"An anatomical and functional topography of human auditory cortical areas"
3718:
3175:
2224:
160:
45:
1585:
881:
Moerel, Michelle; De
Martino, Federico; Formisano, Elia (29 July 2014).
587:. The right auditory cortex has long been shown to be more sensitive to
268:
As with other primary sensory cortical areas, auditory sensations reach
3705:
2182:
2172:
1952:
1076:
542:
330:
269:
87:
1955:"The Cortical Topography of Tonal Structures Underlying Western Music"
1503:
1266:
1193:
Rebuschat, P.; Martin
Rohrmeier, M.; Hawkins, J.A.; Cross, I. (2011).
751:(4th ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 215–217.
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2218:
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1638:
1617:
Zatorre, RJ (2005). "Neuroscience: finding the missing fundamental".
443:
346:
342:
289:
1079:"Preservation of Auditory P300-Like Potentials in Cortical Deafness"
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830:
117:
3753:
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871:(4th ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, p. 211 f.
616:
588:
519:
511:
312:
297:
229:
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de
Villers-Sidani, Etienne; EF Chang; S Bao; MM Merzenich (2007).
3477:
1562:"The neuronal representation of pitch in primate auditory cortex"
1312:
689:(4th ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, p. 238.
620:
611:
tonal arrangements in this respect. RMPFC is a subsection of the
408:
and that they are interconnected on the same and on the opposite
362:
316:
233:
168:
2063:"Brain connectivity reflects human aesthetic responses to music"
175:. It is located bilaterally, roughly at the upper sides of the
2910:
607:
424:
416:
304:
285:
277:
1494:
Deutsch, Diana (February 2010). "Hearing Music in
Ensembles".
3369:
1667:
1248:"Stimulus Rate and Subcortical Auditory Processing of Speech"
1032:
546:
281:
159:
that processes auditory information in humans and many other
63:
571:. Randomly, the sixth and seventh notes were omitted and an
545:. When subjects are exposed to three or four cycles of a 40
541:
The auditory cortex has distinct responses to sounds in the
3683:
3554:
2060:
1920:
Arianna LaCroix; Alvaro F. Diaz; Corianne Rogalsky (2015).
599:
1833:
880:
428:
1245:
760:
699:
Blanco-Elorrieta, Esti; Liina, Pylkkanen (2017-08-16).
1313:
Strait, D.L.; Kraus, N.; Skoe, E.; Ashley, R. (2009).
619:, and is thought to aid in the inhibition of negative
492:
3471:
932:
Rauschecker, Josef P; Scott, Sophie K (26 May 2009).
698:
615:, which projects to many diverse areas including the
602:. The results of this experiment showed preferential
1135:
392:). Final sound processing is then performed by the
3429:Some categorizations are approximations, and some
3782:
931:
1246:Krizman, J.; Skoe, E.; Kraus, N. (March 2010).
1136:Heffner, H.E.; Heffner, R.S. (February 1986).
679:
3457:
2204:
1876:
1559:
1385:
816:
2111:
2017:
869:An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing
749:An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing
687:An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing
2067:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
1386:Chechik, Gal; Nelken, Israel (2012-11-13).
559:musical notes to well-known tunes, such as
167:, performing basic and higher functions in
3464:
3450:
2211:
2197:
1798:
1516:
1322:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
454:The primary auditory cortex is subject to
380:of the temporal lobe and extends into the
38:
2088:
2078:
1593:
1429:
1411:
1274:
1203:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199553426.003.0028
1112:
1102:
1009:
957:
908:
898:
786:
754:
724:
478:activation, by norepinephrine, decreases
1661:
1498:. Vol. 63, no. 2. p. 40.
549:click, an abnormal spike appears in the
529:study of congenitally deaf kittens used
427:, including primates, used to interpret
376:The primary auditory cortex lies in the
127:
1616:
1493:
1452:
14:
3783:
341:by sounds at specific frequencies, or
27:Part of the temporal lobe of the brain
3445:
2192:
1461:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p.
241:functional magnetic resonance imaging
337:. Individual cells consistently get
315:) likely reflects the fact that the
272:only if received and processed by a
3121:Lateral (frontal+parietal+temporal)
493:Relationship to the auditory system
466:, which has been shown to decrease
276:area. Evidence for this comes from
24:
483:excitatory postsynaptic potentials
191:, including the planum polare and
25:
3812:
2162:
1342:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04864.x
802:
435:studies of the brain in humans.
171:, such as possible relations to
112:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
3215:Posterior parahippocampal gyrus
3157:Collateral (temporal+occipital)
2105:
2054:
2011:
1946:
1913:
1870:
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1748:
1705:
1610:
1553:
1510:
1487:
1446:
1379:
1306:
1239:
1186:
1129:
1070:
1026:
501:The primary auditory cortex is
3746:Ventral posterolateral nucleus
2803:Secondary somatosensory cortex
2495:Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
1813:10.1080/00094056.2002.10522714
1002:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3227-06.2007
974:
925:
874:
867:Cf. Pickles, James O. (2012).
861:
810:
747:Cf. Pickles, James O. (2012).
741:
717:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0553-17.2017
692:
685:Cf. Pickles, James O. (2012).
254:
143:and pSTG is posterior part of
13:
1:
3732:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
3418:Poles of cerebral hemispheres
3152:Cingulate (frontal+cingulate)
1891:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00012-0
1848:10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01299-1
1770:10.1126/science.285.5434.1729
1531:10.1016/S0361-9230(03)00050-9
673:
3728:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2791:Primary somatosensory cortex
2159:Check citations 1 & 3..
2126:10.1016/j.heares.2004.07.019
2032:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90237-6
1836:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1726:10.1016/0378-5955(85)90024-3
1104:10.1371/journal.pone.0029909
604:blood-oxygen-level-dependent
218:
183:and comprising parts of the
7:
3766:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
2883:Transverse occipital sulcus
1560:Bendor, D; Wang, X (2005).
819:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
644:
476:alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
263:
10:
3817:
3697:Lateral vestibular nucleus
3295:Isthmus of cingulate gyrus
3116:Central (frontal+parietal)
2851:Occipital pole of cerebrum
1145:Journal of Neurophysiology
663:Neuronal encoding of sound
648:
438:When each instrument of a
3693:Medial vestibular nucleus
3661:
3645:
3638:
3522:
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3426:
3405:
3387:
3357:
3324:
3228:
3183:
3174:
3139:
3108:
3097:
3014:
2952:Transverse temporal gyrus
2944:
2935:
2891:
2843:
2834:
2815:Posterior parietal cortex
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2724:
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2643:
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2240:
2231:
1683:10.1007/s11064-009-9966-z
1255:Audiology and Neurotology
887:Frontiers in Neuroscience
581:omitted stimulus response
508:medial geniculate nucleus
110:
98:
86:
74:
62:
57:
52:
37:
32:
3608:Medial geniculate nuclei
3073:Inferior temporal sulcus
2994:Superior temporal sulcus
2677:Inferior parietal lobule
2660:Superior parietal lobule
2600:Supplementary motor area
1157:10.1152/jn.1986.55.2.256
900:10.3389/fnins.2014.00225
613:medial prefrontal cortex
419:to as many as 15 in the
386:transverse temporal gyri
197:Brodmann areas 41 and 42
185:transverse temporal gyri
3626:Primary auditory cortex
3576:Superior olivary nuclei
3078:Inferior temporal gyrus
3022:Occipitotemporal sulcus
2968:Superior temporal gyrus
2861:Lateral occipital gyrus
2612:Supplementary eye field
2353:Inferior frontal sulcus
2348:Superior frontal sulcus
2020:Brain Research Bulletin
1982:10.1126/science.1076262
1926:Frontiers in Psychology
1453:Beament, James (2001).
1413:10.1073/pnas.1111242109
705:Journal of Neuroscience
606:activation of specific
378:superior temporal gyrus
189:superior temporal gyrus
145:superior temporal gyrus
44:Auditory cortex in the
18:Primary auditory cortex
3339:Fimbria of hippocampus
2405:Superior frontal gyrus
2303:Inferior frontal gyrus
2257:Superior frontal gyrus
1048:10.1093/cercor/4.2.107
651:anatomical terminology
639:speech mode hypotheses
531:local field potentials
245:electroencephalography
163:. It is a part of the
148:
3724:Vestibulospinal tract
3326:Hippocampal formation
3185:Parahippocampal gyrus
2999:Middle temporal gyrus
629:In a study involving
470:in all layers of the
468:cellular excitability
141:hippocampal formation
131:
3711:Flocculonodular lobe
3509:Otoacoustic emission
3299:Retrosplenial cortex
3147:Longitudinal fissure
3039:Medial temporal lobe
2716:Intraparietal sulcus
2576:Primary motor cortex
2473:Orbitofrontal cortex
2422:Medial frontal gyrus
2279:Middle frontal gyrus
1481:10.7722/j.ctt1f89rq1
1197:. pp. 269–282.
779:10.1093/brain/awx051
668:Noise health effects
577:magnetoencephalogram
573:electroencephalogram
556:resonant frequencies
429:electrophysiological
410:cerebral hemispheres
249:electrocorticography
3276:Posterior cingulate
2686:Supramarginal gyrus
2080:10.1093/scan/nsw009
1974:2002Sci...298.2167J
1968:(5601): 2167–2170.
1801:Childhood Education
1631:2005Natur.436.1093Z
1586:10.1038/nature03867
1578:2005Natur.436.1161B
1404:2012PNAS..10918968C
1398:(46): 18968–18973.
1334:2009NYASA1169..209S
1095:2012PLoSO...729909C
938:Nature Neuroscience
535:cortical plasticity
400:lobes of the human
155:is the part of the
3622:Acoustic radiation
3594:Inferior colliculi
3334:Hippocampal sulcus
3254:Anterior cingulate
3131:Preoccipital notch
2732:Paracentral lobule
2702:Parietal operculum
2624:Frontal eye fields
2556:Paracentral sulcus
2544:Paracentral lobule
2445:Paraolfactory area
2441:Paraterminal gyrus
649:This article uses
631:dichotic listening
440:symphony orchestra
433:functional imaging
294:auditory brainstem
173:language switching
149:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3759:Vestibular cortex
3689:Vestibular nuclei
3653:Vestibular system
3634:
3633:
3590:Lateral lemniscus
3514:Tullio phenomenon
3439:
3438:
3383:
3382:
3208:Postrhinal cortex
3203:Perirhinal cortex
3198:Entorhinal cortex
3170:
3169:
3126:Parieto-occipital
3093:
3092:
2931:
2930:
2830:
2829:
2787:Postcentral gyrus
2639:
2638:
2564:
2563:
2384:
2383:
2376:Precentral sulcus
2339:Pars triangularis
1939:978-2-88919-911-2
1764:(5434): 1729–33.
1504:10.1063/1.3326988
1472:978-0-85115-813-6
1267:10.1159/000289572
1212:978-0-19-955342-6
711:(37): 9022–9036.
596:prefrontal cortex
460:neurotransmitters
406:auditory thalamus
213:cortical deafness
126:
125:
121:
16:(Redirected from
3808:
3675:Vestibular nerve
3643:
3642:
3560:Cochlear nucleus
3489:
3488:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3365:Indusium griseum
3230:Cingulate cortex
3220:Prepyriform area
3181:
3180:
3106:
3105:
2986:Planum temporale
2942:
2941:
2923:Calcarine sulcus
2841:
2840:
2650:
2649:
2521:Olfactory sulcus
2507:Subcallosal area
2393:
2392:
2371:Precentral gyrus
2330:Pars opercularis
2245:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2154:
2153:
2114:Hearing Research
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2082:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1714:Hearing Research
1709:
1703:
1702:
1677:(11): 1896–906.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1639:10.1038/4361093a
1625:(7054): 1093–4.
1614:
1608:
1607:
1597:
1572:(7054): 1161–5.
1557:
1551:
1550:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1460:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1415:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:on 15 April 2012
1366:
1360:. Archived from
1319:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1294:on 15 April 2012
1293:
1287:. Archived from
1278:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1174:on 2 August 2010
1173:
1167:. Archived from
1142:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
987:
978:
972:
971:
961:
929:
923:
922:
912:
902:
878:
872:
865:
859:
858:
814:
808:
807:
806:
800:
790:
773:(5): 1351–1370.
758:
752:
745:
739:
738:
728:
696:
690:
683:
585:right hemisphere
447:region near the
209:cochlear nucleus
199:, and partially
193:planum temporale
137:Brodmann area 22
118:edit on Wikidata
115:
69:cortex auditivus
42:
30:
29:
21:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3796:Cerebral cortex
3791:Auditory system
3781:
3780:
3779:
3770:
3657:
3630:
3542:Spiral ganglion
3518:
3504:Bone conduction
3499:Auditory system
3480:
3470:
3440:
3435:
3422:
3401:
3379:
3353:
3320:
3224:
3166:
3162:Callosal sulcus
3140:Medial/inferior
3135:
3100:
3089:
3015:Medial/inferior
3010:
2982:Wernicke's area
2956:Auditory cortex
2927:
2892:Medial/inferior
2887:
2826:
2775:
2771:Marginal sulcus
2725:Medial/inferior
2720:
2635:
2588:Premotor cortex
2560:
2530:
2389:Medial/inferior
2380:
2357:
2227:
2221:cerebral cortex
2219:Anatomy of the
2217:
2165:
2157:
2110:
2106:
2059:
2055:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1918:
1914:
1875:
1871:
1832:
1828:
1797:
1793:
1753:
1749:
1710:
1706:
1666:
1662:
1615:
1611:
1558:
1554:
1525:(5–6): 457–74.
1515:
1511:
1492:
1488:
1473:
1451:
1447:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1075:
1071:
1036:Cerebral Cortex
1031:
1027:
985:
979:
975:
950:10.1038/nn.2331
930:
926:
879:
875:
866:
862:
831:10.1038/nrn2113
815:
811:
801:
759:
755:
746:
742:
697:
693:
684:
680:
676:
658:Auditory system
654:
647:
575:, as well as a
527:evoked response
495:
472:temporal cortex
402:cerebral cortex
266:
257:
221:
165:auditory system
153:auditory cortex
133:Coronal section
122:
48:
33:Auditory cortex
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3749:
3748:
3736:
3735:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3700:
3679:
3678:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3612:
3611:
3598:
3597:
3580:
3579:
3572:Trapezoid body
3550:
3549:
3546:Cochlear nerve
3528:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3472:Physiology of
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3431:Brodmann areas
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3397:Insular cortex
3393:
3391:
3389:Insular cortex
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3242:Subgenual area
3238:
3236:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3189:
3187:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3101:sulci/fissures
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3027:Fusiform gyrus
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2975:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2856:Occipital gyri
2853:
2847:
2845:
2838:
2836:Occipital lobe
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2526:Orbital sulcus
2523:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2457:Straight gyrus
2454:
2453:
2452:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2332:
2318:
2316:Pars orbitalis
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2164:
2163:External links
2161:
2156:
2155:
2120:(1): 125–136.
2104:
2073:(6): 884–891.
2053:
2026:(3): 321–333.
2010:
1945:
1938:
1912:
1885:(4): 856–864.
1869:
1842:(4): 151–162.
1826:
1791:
1747:
1720:(3): 199–205.
1704:
1660:
1609:
1552:
1519:Brain Res Bull
1509:
1486:
1471:
1445:
1378:
1328:(1): 209–213.
1305:
1261:(5): 332–342.
1238:
1229:|journal=
1211:
1185:
1151:(2): 256–271.
1128:
1069:
1042:(2): 107–118.
1025:
973:
944:(6): 718–724.
924:
873:
860:
825:(5): 393–402.
809:
753:
740:
691:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
646:
643:
494:
491:
487:AMPA receptors
464:norepinephrine
382:lateral sulcus
265:
262:
256:
253:
220:
217:
181:lateral sulcus
177:temporal lobes
139:, HF(blue) is
124:
123:
114:
108:
107:
102:
96:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3813:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3349:Rhinal sulcus
3347:
3345:
3344:Dentate gyrus
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:Superolateral
3107:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:Superolateral
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Temporal lobe
2934:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:Lingual gyrus
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2899:Visual cortex
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Lunate sulcus
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:Superolateral
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
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2695:Angular gyrus
2692:
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2679:
2678:
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2655:
2653:Superolateral
2651:
2648:
2646:
2645:Parietal lobe
2642:
2630:
2627:
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2622:
2618:
2615:
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568:Frère Jacques
564:
563:
562:Yankee Doodle
557:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
503:tonotopically
499:
490:
488:
484:
481:
480:glutamatergic
477:
473:
469:
465:
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457:
452:
450:
449:anterolateral
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:rhesus monkey
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Heschl's gyri
388:(also called
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
358:
356:
355:James Beament
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:musical pitch
332:
327:
325:
322:
318:
314:
313:tonotopic map
310:
309:visual cortex
306:
301:
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157:temporal lobe
154:
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3583:
3553:
3531:
3428:
3192:
2955:
2469:Orbital gyri
2321:Broca's area
2233:Frontal lobe
2158:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2003:11 September
2001:. Retrieved
1965:
1961:
1948:
1932:(1138): 18.
1929:
1925:
1915:
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1878:
1872:
1839:
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1807:(2): 100–4.
1804:
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1750:
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1391:
1381:
1371:11 September
1369:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1325:
1321:
1308:
1298:11 September
1296:. Retrieved
1289:the original
1258:
1254:
1241:
1194:
1188:
1178:11 September
1176:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1148:
1144:
1131:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1039:
1035:
1028:
996:(1): 180–9.
993:
989:
976:
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937:
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890:
886:
876:
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818:
812:
770:
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704:
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686:
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560:
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524:
500:
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462:, including
458:by numerous
453:
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359:
351:
328:
323:
320:
302:
267:
258:
238:
226:
222:
205:
152:
150:
68:
3719:spinal cord
3176:Limbic lobe
2225:human brain
533:to measure
331:brain scans
255:Development
247:(EEG), and
161:vertebrates
58:Identifiers
46:human brain
3785:Categories
3706:cerebellum
3538:Hair cells
3433:span gyri.
3099:Interlobar
2796:3, 1 and 2
2536:Precentral
2397:Prefrontal
2363:Precentral
2249:Prefrontal
2183:NeuroNames
2173:NeuroNames
1879:NeuroImage
990:J Neurosci
674:References
543:gamma band
456:modulation
431:tests and
270:perception
187:, and the
88:NeuroNames
3801:Audiology
3670:inner ear
3533:inner ear
3413:Operculum
2961:41 and 42
2759:Precuneus
2185:: area 42
2175:: area 41
2134:0378-5955
1821:219597861
1422:0027-8424
1231:ignored (
1221:cite book
1056:1047-3211
839:1471-0048
444:jazz band
347:frequency
343:multiples
290:awareness
219:Structure
195:(roughly
3754:cerebrum
3741:thalamus
3617:cerebrum
3603:thalamus
3585:midbrain
3564:Anterior
3375:Amygdala
3193:anterior
2179:ancil-78
2169:ancil-77
2142:15567609
2099:26966157
2048:22826730
1990:12481131
1907:25351923
1899:12725762
1856:10322469
1786:38985173
1778:10481008
1742:45928728
1699:25255160
1691:19357950
1647:16121160
1604:16121182
1547:42563918
1539:12787867
1440:23112145
1350:19673783
1285:20215743
1123:22272260
1083:PLOS ONE
1020:17202485
968:19471271
919:25120426
847:17431404
797:28334963
735:28821648
645:See also
617:amygdala
589:tonality
520:loudness
512:thalamus
394:parietal
384:and the
345:of that
321:auditory
298:midbrain
274:cortical
264:Function
243:(fMRI),
230:tonotopy
3662:Pathway
3646:General
3639:Balance
3524:Pathway
3492:General
3485:Hearing
3478:hearing
3474:balance
3406:General
2223:of the
2150:2504300
2090:4884308
2040:2429740
1998:3031759
1970:Bibcode
1962:Science
1864:1308261
1758:Science
1734:3878839
1655:4429583
1627:Bibcode
1595:1780171
1574:Bibcode
1431:3503225
1400:Bibcode
1358:4845922
1330:Bibcode
1276:2919427
1165:3950690
1114:3260175
1091:Bibcode
1064:8038562
1011:6672294
959:2846110
910:4114190
893:: 225.
855:6199399
788:5405238
726:5597983
621:emotion
510:of the
425:mammals
417:rodents
398:frontal
363:harmony
339:excited
324:objects
317:cochlea
305:Neurons
286:strokes
234:cochlea
169:hearing
81:D001303
53:Details
3568:Dorsal
2911:Cuneus
2148:
2140:
2132:
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2087:
2046:
2038:
1996:
1988:
1936:
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608:voxels
369:, and
367:timing
329:Human
282:tumors
278:lesion
105:226221
3370:Uncus
3358:Other
3234:gyrus
2146:S2CID
2044:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1958:(PDF)
1903:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1817:S2CID
1782:S2CID
1738:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1651:S2CID
1543:S2CID
1477:JSTOR
1365:(PDF)
1354:S2CID
1318:(PDF)
1292:(PDF)
1251:(PDF)
1172:(PDF)
1141:(PDF)
986:(PDF)
851:S2CID
767:Brain
547:hertz
516:pitch
371:pitch
116:[
64:Latin
3684:pons
3570:) →
3555:pons
3476:and
2780:Both
2569:Both
2138:PMID
2130:ISSN
2095:PMID
2036:PMID
2005:2012
1986:PMID
1934:ISBN
1895:PMID
1852:PMID
1774:PMID
1730:PMID
1687:PMID
1643:PMID
1600:PMID
1535:PMID
1467:ISBN
1436:PMID
1418:ISSN
1373:2012
1346:PMID
1326:1169
1300:2012
1281:PMID
1233:help
1207:ISBN
1180:2012
1161:PMID
1119:PMID
1060:PMID
1052:ISSN
1016:PMID
964:PMID
915:PMID
843:PMID
835:ISSN
793:PMID
731:PMID
600:fMRI
565:and
518:and
396:and
296:and
151:The
93:1354
76:MeSH
2181:at
2171:at
2122:doi
2118:198
2085:PMC
2075:doi
2028:doi
1978:doi
1966:298
1887:doi
1844:doi
1809:doi
1766:doi
1762:285
1722:doi
1679:doi
1635:doi
1623:436
1590:PMC
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1500:doi
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1338:doi
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1263:doi
1199:doi
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1109:PMC
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1006:PMC
998:doi
954:PMC
946:doi
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783:PMC
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771:140
721:PMC
713:doi
551:EEG
525:An
485:at
442:or
284:or
203:).
100:FMA
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