Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

923:(judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal, consistent, and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important. 1083:, indicating that the majority of people were actually in the middle of the scale and were thus neither clearly introverted nor extraverted. Most personality traits do show a normal distribution of scores from low to high, with about 15% of people at the low end, about 15% at the high end and the majority of people in the middle ranges. But in order for the MBTI to be scored, a cut-off line is used at the middle of each scale and all those scoring below the line are classified as a low type and those scoring above the line are given the opposite type. Thus, psychometric assessment research fails to support the concept of 146: 1042:(which is edited and supported by Myers–Briggs advocates and by sales of the indicator). It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny. Many of the studies that endorse MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific. A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concluded: "It is clear that efforts to detect simplistic linkages between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing. Indeed, given the mixed quality of research and the inconsistent findings, no definitive conclusion regarding these relationships can be drawn." 916:

the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere". They prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses, that can be associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. For them, the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data.

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which correlates with the introverted end. Thus introversion correlates roughly (i.e., averaging values for males and females) −.44 with dominance, +.37 with abasement, +.46 with counselling readiness, −.52 with self-confidence, −.36 with personal adjustment, and −.45 with empathy. The failure of the scale to disentangle Introversion and Neuroticism (there is no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in the MBTI) is its worst feature, only equalled by the failure to use

584:", with a resulting 16 possible psychological types. None of these are considered to be "better" or "worse"; however, Briggs and Myers theorized that people innately "prefer" one overall combination of type differences. In the same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right-hander, so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, though they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development. 1790:, MBTI testing became a fad among young South Koreans who were using it in an attempt to find compatible dating partners. The fad originated with a website called 16Personalities.com, which offers a free approximation of the official paid test. Both independent experts and a representative of the MBTI publishing company have cautioned against using the MBTI test for dating, as the test was not designed for this purpose. South Korea experienced a similar trend in the early 2000s with the 633:

account of type related phenomena"; and "type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence, fails most efficacy tests, and does not fit the empirical facts". His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people. He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics, because it does not help, but hinders understanding of personality. The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results.

569: 5569: 42: 5557: 2039: 381: 1824: 65:" (often commonly called "personality types"). The test assigns a binary value to each of four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. One letter from each category is taken to produce a four-letter test result representing one of sixteen possible types, such as "INFP" or "ESTJ". 972:

introverted feeling. Conversely, because the INTJ type is introverted, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function (introverted intuition). Their tertiary function is feeling and their inferior function is extraverted sensing.

1153:." However, the MBTI ethical guidelines state, "It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants." The intent of the MBTI is to provide "a framework for understanding individual differences, and... a dynamic model of individual development". 849:". Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things ("extraverted attitude") or the internal world of ideas and reflection ("introverted attitude"). The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other. 1259:

found out that "In general, the MBTI and its scales yielded scores with strong internal consistency and test-retest reliability estimates, although variation was observed." The analysis found that of 210 studies from 1998 to 2001, 14 (7%) reported directly on the reliability of the data, 26% reported

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A second criticism is that the MBTI mistakenly assumes that personality falls into mutually exclusive categories. ... The consequence is that the scores of two people labelled "introverted" and "extraverted" may be almost exactly the same, but they could be placed into different categories since they

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For example, because the ENTJ type is extraverted, the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function (introverted intuition). Their tertiary function is sensing and their inferior function is

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The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes (extraversion and introversion). Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function

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According to Jung's typology model, each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three; however, all four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances. Because each function can manifest in either an extraverted or an introverted

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The most notable addition of Myers' and Briggs' ideas to Jung's original thought is their concept that a given type's fourth letter (J or P) indicates a person's most preferred extraverted function, which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for introverted types.

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Jung believed that for every person, each of the functions is expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form. Based on Jung's original concepts, Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type, described below, on which the MBTI is based. According to psychologist

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reported that the two instruments were one and the same) Step III was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations: the Myers–Briggs Company, the publisher of all the MBTI works; the Center for Applications of Psychological Type (CAPT), which holds all of Myers' and McCaulley's

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The Myers–Briggs Company, then known as Consulting Psychologists Press (and later CPP), became the exclusive publisher of the MBTI in 1975. They call it "the world's most widely used personality assessment", with as many as two million assessments administered annually. The Myers-Briggs Company and

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It has been argued that criticisms regarding the MBTI mostly come down to questions regarding the validity of its origins, not questions regarding the validity of the MBTI's usefulness. Others argue that the MBTI can be a reliable measurement of personality, and "like all measures, the MBTI yields

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on "criterion-related validity (i.e. does the MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success/job performance?)." The committee stressed the discrepancy between popularity of the MBTI and research results stating, "the popularity of this instrument in the absence

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According to Jung, people use all four cognitive functions. However, one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way. This dominant function is supported by the secondary (auxiliary) function, and to a lesser degree the tertiary function. The fourth and least conscious function

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People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion "expend" energy

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summarizes Jung's work of balance in psychological type as follows: "There are several references in Jung's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character. For example, in writing about introverts with thinking dominant ... Jung commented that the counterbalancing

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In 1987, an advanced scoring-system was developed for the MBTI. From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator (TDI), which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI, Form J, which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses. It yields 20 subscales

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Despite controversies over validity, the instrument has demonstrated remarkable influence since its adoption by the Educational Testing Service in 1962. It is estimated that 50 million people have taken the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and that 10,000 businesses, 2,500 colleges and universities, and

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These correlations refer to the second letter shown, i.e., the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness, respectively, while F and N have positive correlations with agreeableness and openness, respectively. These results suggest that the four MBTI

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subjects, with 36% of fine arts students and 26% of art education students being INFPs. A 1973 study of the personality types of teachers in the United States found Intuitive-Perceptive types (ENFP, INFP, ENTP, INTP) were over-represented in teachers of subjects such as English, social studies and

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Sensing and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete: that is, information that can be understood by

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However, the use of type dynamics is disputed: in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics, James H. Reynierse writes, "Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on a series of category mistakes; it provides, at best, a limited and incomplete

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Dawes, Robyn (2004). "Time for a critical empirical investigation of the MBTI: Case and Phillipson are right to highlight the pre-scientific roots of the MBTI, but they fail to separate the issue of the validity or usefulness of the MBTI from the issue of the validity of its origins.(Myers-Briggs

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These findings led McCrae and Costa to conclude that, "correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality. The five-factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader, more

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committee reviewed data from MBTI research studies and concluded that only the I-E scale has high correlations with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts, showing strong validity. In contrast, the S-N and T-F scales show

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reported that "A growing number of Korean companies are asking job candidates to reveal their MBTI personality test results, angering job hunters who argue that the test is an unreasonable standard to screen and evaluate their capabilities." A survey of South Korean job-seekers in their twenties

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The main dimension in the MBTI is called E-I, or extraversion-introversion; this is mostly a sociability scale, correlating quite well with the MMPI social introversion scale (negatively) and the Eysenck Extraversion scale (positively). Unfortunately, the scale also has a loading on neuroticism,

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They held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function (thinking or feeling). Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function (sensing or intuition). According to Myers, judging types like to "have matters settled",

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As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, "think better" than their feeling counterparts, in the common sense; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the MBTI assessment is a measure of

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Jung hypothesized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world: exterior for extraverts and interior for introverts. The remaining three functions, he suggested, operate in the opposite orientation. Some MBTI practitioners, however, place doubt on this concept as being a category

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writing in 1995 the 16 personality types used in MBTI are incomplete, as Jung's theory used 32 types, 16 of which could not be measured by questionnaire. Per Eysenck, it was unfair to Jung to claim the scale accurately measured Jungian concepts. Both Jung's original model and the simplified MBTI

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personality constructs measured, for example, by the NEO-PI-R. The five purported personality constructs have been labeled: extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism (emotional instability), although there is not universal agreement on the Big Five theory and the

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Isabel Myers claimed that the proportion of different personality types varied by choice of career or course of study. However, researchers examining the proportions of each type within varying professions report that the proportion of MBTI types within each occupation is close to that within a

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The interesting – and somewhat alarming – fact about the MBTI is that, despite its popularity, it has been subject to sustained criticism by professional psychologists for over three decades. One problem is that it displays what statisticians call low "test-retest

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Myers–Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them. Extraversion means literally outward-turning and introversion, inward-turning. These specific definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words. Extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI

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Jung's typology theories postulated a sequence of four cognitive functions (thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition), each having one of two polar tendencies (extraversion or introversion), giving a total of eight dominant functions. The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions,

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Some MBTI supporters argue that the application of type dynamics to MBTI (e.g., where inferred "dominant" or "auxiliary" functions like Se / "Extraverted Sensing" or Ni / "Introverted Intuition" are presumed to exist) is a logical category error that has little empirical evidence backing it.

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Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person, even among those with the same type. However, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference (for example, very clear vs.

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It has been estimated that between a third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for the special conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type (which provide the training in the MBTI, and are funded by sales of the MBTI) or as papers in the

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with most people scoring near the ends of the scales, thus dividing people into either, e.g., an extraverted or an introverted psychological type. However, most studies have found that scores on the individual scales were actually distributed in a centrally peaked manner, similar to a

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The terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI, which differ from their everyday usage. For example, people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more "judgmental" or less "perceptive", nor does the MBTI instrument measure

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16Personalities.com also influenced an MBTI fad in China, where some employers and job recruiters have asked applicants about their MBTI or 16Personalities results. The trend in China also led to MBTI-related products, paid services, and social media such as podcasts and memes.

224:, "Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box" (1926) and "Up From Barbarism" (1928). After extensively studying the work of Jung, Briggs and her daughter extended their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use. 1144:, the MBTI does not use validity scales to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses. As a result, individuals motivated to do so can fake their responses. One study found a weak but statistically significant correlation between the MBTI judging scale and the 587:

The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters – the initial letters of each of their four type preferences (except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation "N" to distinguish it from introversion). For instance:

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in 1917. Upon meeting her future son-in-law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments:

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after learning about the MBTI system, though he traces four "temperaments" back to Ancient Greek traditions. He maps these temperaments to the Myers–Briggs groupings SP, SJ, NF, and NT. He also gives each of the 16 MBTI types a name, as shown in the below table.

1306:. It is argued that the MBTI only continues to be popular because many people are qualified to administer it, it is not difficult to understand, and there are many supporting books, websites and other sources which are readily available to the general public. 628:

function remains least consciously developed. The inferior function is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious, being most evident in situations such as high stress (sometimes referred to as being "in the grip" of the inferior function).

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Also included is a composite of these called "strain". There are also scales for type-scale consistency and comfort-scale consistency. Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50, "an acceptable result given the brevity of the subscales".

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scale, as measured on Form G, about 83% of categorizations remain the same when people are retested within nine months and around 75% when retested after nine months. About 50% of people re-administered the MBTI within nine months remain the same overall

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By a rule of thumb, these correlations should be considered weak, weak, weak, moderate, weak, weak and noise respectively. Overall, this makes a non-correlation of −0.1475±0.01, similar to the quoted result of a longitudinal study of aging later in this

125:, and not being comprehensive. Most of the research supporting the MBTI's validity has been produced by the Center for Applications of Psychological Type, an organization run by the Myers–Briggs Foundation, and published in the center's own journal, the 1181:

Researchers have reported that the JP and the SN scales correlate with one another. One factor-analytic study based on (N=1291) college-aged students found six different factors instead of the four purported dimensions, thereby raising doubts as to the

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What clients is it appropriate for? Anyone who would benefit from awareness of the ways they use perception and judgment and/or guidance in developing and making more effective use of perception and judgment so they can develop their type as fully as

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art, as opposed to science and mathematics, which featured more sensing (S) and judging (J) types. A questionnaire of 27,787 high school students suggested INFP students among them showed a significant preference for art, English, and music subjects.

273:(1939–1945) in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sorts of war-time jobs that would be the "most comfortable and effective" for them. The 1778:

commonly shared conceptual framework." However, "there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types, instead, the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions."

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The J or P indicates the dominant function for extraverts, whereas for introverts, the J or P indicates their auxiliary function. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters "important to their inner worlds".

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The MBTI emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences. "The underlying assumption of the MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underpin our interests, needs,

1165:, where people give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them. Others argue that while the MBTI type descriptions are brief, they are also distinctive and precise. Some theorists, such as 538:

error with next to no empirical evidence backing it relative to other findings with correlation evidence, yet as a theory it still remains part of Myers' and Briggs' extrapolation of their original theory despite being discounted.

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relatively weak validity. The 1991 review committee concluded at the time there was "not sufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs". This study based its measurement of

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section, Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference (for example, E vs. I) to be more important than the degree of the preference. Statistically, this would mean that scores on each MBTI scale would show a

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Although we do not conclude that the absence of bimodality necessarily proves that the MBTI developers' theory-based assumption of categorical "types" of personality is invalid, the absence of empirical bimodality in

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An extravert's flow is directed outward toward people and objects, whereas the introvert's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas. Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include:

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In 1989, a scoring system was developed for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies. This was initially known as "Form K" or "the Expanded Analysis Report". This tool is now called the MBTI Step II.

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lie scale, suggesting that more socially conformant individuals are more likely to be considered judging according to the MBTI. If respondents "fear they have something to lose, they may answer as they assume they

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Capraro, R., & Capraro, M. M. (2002). Myers-Briggs Type Indicator score reliability across studies: A meta-analytic reliability generalizability study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62, 590-602.

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random sample of the population. Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of type to job satisfaction, as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people.

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Letters to the Editor: It's Not You, It's Your Personality." (1992, February 3). Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), p. PAGE A13. Retrieved November 8, 2008, from Wall Street Journal database. (Document ID:

825:; it simply indicates for one preference over another. Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion cannot be correctly described as more extraverted: they simply have a clear preference. 4057: 1301:

of employees' job performance ratings. As noted above under Precepts and ethics, the MBTI measures preferences, not ability. The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success is expressly discouraged in the

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Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverted recharge and get their energy from spending time alone; they consume their energy through the opposite process.

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reliability." So if you retake the test after only a five-week gap, there's around a 50% chance that you will fall into a different personality category compared to the first time you took the test.

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of proven scientific worth is troublesome." There is insufficient evidence to make claims about utility, particularly of the four letter type derived from a person's responses to the MBTI items.

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function typically becomes more evident (differentiated) during teenage years and provides balance to the dominant. In normal development, individuals tend to become more fluent with a third,

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of the MBTI tends to be low. Large numbers of people (between 39% and 76% of respondents) obtain different type classifications when retaking the indicator after only five weeks. A 2013

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instrument has been the subject of much criticism. Media reports have called the test "pretty much meaningless", and "one of the worst personality tests in existence". The psychologist

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although with some differences in expression from Jung's model. While the Jungian model proposes the first three dichotomies, Myers and Briggs added the judgment-perception preference.

320:(five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales), plus seven additional subscales for a new "comfort-discomfort" factor (which parallels, though not perfectly measuring, the 367:

original work; and the MBTI Trust headed by Katharine and Peter Myers. CAPT advertised Step III as addressing type development and the use of "perception and judgment" by respondents.

462:, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. According to the MBTI, each person is said to have one preferred quality from each category, producing 16 unique types. 608:

The interaction of two, three, or four preferences is known as "type dynamics". Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a

308:. The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975, and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory. 580:: people are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or " 1161:

The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very "vague and general", so as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type, which may result in the

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research of MBTI scores does indeed remove a potentially powerful line of evidence that was previously available to "type" advocates to cite in defense of their position.

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A diagram depicting the cognitive functions of each type: A type's background color represents its dominant function and its text color represents its auxiliary function.

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Jung did not see the type preferences (such as introversion and extraversion) as dualistic, but rather as tendencies: both are innate and have the potential to balance.

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Francis, Leslie J; Jones, Susan H (2000). "The Relationship Between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers".

4664: 3613: 2339: 1061:, leading participants to personally identify with descriptions that are somewhat desirable, vague, and widely applicable. MBTI is not recommended in counseling. 3938: 1797:

One survey reported that by December 2021, nearly half of the population had taken the MBTI personality test. The MBTI personality test also became an issue in

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states that the indicator "is designed to implement a theory; therefore, the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI". Fundamental to the MBTI is the

328:). This factor's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety. They also load onto one of the four type-dimensions: 1981: 541:

Jung's hypothesis can be summarized as: if the dominant cognitive function is introverted, then the other functions are extraverted and vice versa. The MBTI

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related Five-Factor Model (FFM). The following correlations are based on the results from 267 men and 201 women as part of a longitudinal study of aging.

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In one study, when people were asked to compare their preferred type to that assigned by the MBTI assessment, only half of people chose the same profile.

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After Myers' death in May 1980, Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI manual, and the second edition was published in 1985. The third edition appeared in 1998.

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in 1921), Briggs recognized that Jung's theory resembled, but went far beyond, her own. Briggs's four types were later identified as corresponding to the

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McCrae, Robert R.; Costa, Paul T. (1989). "Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator From the Perspective of the Five-Factor Model of Personality".

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preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts.

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through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts need quiet time alone, away from activity.

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Instead, they argue that Myers–Briggs validity as a psychometric tool is highest when each type of category is viewed independently as a dichotomy.

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Form J or the TDI included the items (derived from Myers' and McCaulley's earlier work) necessary to score what became known as Step III. (The 1998

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slight). The expression of a person's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences. The preferences interact through

3441: 3339: 288:, a private assessment-organization. Under these auspices, the first MBTI "manual" was published, in 1962. The MBTI received further support from 5627: 5018:

Johnson, Donald A.; Saunders, David R. (1990-09-01). "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-Expanded Analysis Report".

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Gardner, William L; Martinko, Mark J (2016). "Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to Study Managers: A Literature Review and Research Agenda".

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William Blakely Stephens (1973). "Relationship between Selected Personality Characteristics of Senior Art Students and Their Area of Art Study".

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and she typed herself as an "INFP". However, she felt the book was too complex for the general public, and therefore she tried to organize the

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Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the

5561: 4863:(1995). "Measurement and Statistical Models in the Study of Personality and Intelligence". In Saklofske, Donald H.; Zeidner, Moshe (eds.). 485:

of psychological types as originally developed by Carl Jung. Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions:

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attitude, Jung's model includes eight combinations of functions and attitudes, four of which are largely conscious and four unconscious.

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Bess, Tammy L.; Harvey, Robert J. (2002-02-01). "Bimodal Score Distributions and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator: Fact or Artifact?".

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functions have an extraverted character." Using the INTP type as an example, the orientation according to Jung would be as follows:

458:—and that one of these four functions is dominant in an individual, a majority of the time. In MBTI theory, the four categories are 2486: 1885: 1272:

A 1973 study of university students in the United States found the INFP type was the most common type among students studying the

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comments that this is "a fascinating example of 'disguised astrology', masquerading as science in order to claim respectability."

6765: 5734: 2629:. University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries, Department of Special and Area Studies Collections, Gainesville, FL. 2003. 1971: 1798: 4944: 4557: 109:, leading participants to personally identify with descriptions that are somewhat desirable, vague, and widely applicable. As a 4473: 2944: 2749: 5959: 5385: 5227: 5189: 5166: 5087: 4981: 4880: 4615: 4467: 4383: 4132: 3788: 3530: 3497: 3421: 3270: 3243: 3184: 3147: 30:

Several terms (e.g., ENTP, INTP, INTJ and ISFJ) redirect here. These are Myers–Briggs personality types but are also used in

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Stricker, Lawrence J; Ross, John (1964). "An assessment of some structural properties of the Jungian personality typology".

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while perceptive types prefer to "keep decisions open". So, TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types as

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Boyle, G. J. (2008). "Critique of Five-Factor Model (FFM)". In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske. (Eds.),

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Earl P. Smith (1973). "Selected Characteristics of Teachers and Their Preferences for Behaviorally Stated Objectives".

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and 36% the same type after more than nine months. For Form M (the most current form of the MBTI instrument), the MBTI

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Carskadon, TG & Cook, DD (1982). "Validity of MBTI descriptions as perceived by recipients unfamiliar with type".

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of classical cosmology. Jung speculated that people experience the world using four principal psychological functions—

5470: 5441: 5335:"Evaluating the validity of Myers-Briggs Type Indicator theory: A teaching tool and window into intuitive psychology" 5064: 5004: 3794: 2078: 1945: 1169:, have expanded on the MBTI descriptions, providing even greater detail. For instance, Keirsey's descriptions of his 1145: 439: 417: 218:(Extraverts, Feelers & Judgers: "social"). Her first publications were two articles describing Jung's theory, in 122: 1030:

wrote: "Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie...".

6189: 5986: 1141: 2049: 6904: 6839: 6781: 6497: 5976: 5411: 4244: 4091: 3456: 4214:"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability across Studies: A meta-analytic reliability generalization study" 3057: 2682: 6889: 5833: 5613: 3963: 3827:

Furnham, A (1990). "Faking personality questionnaires: Fabricating different profiles for different purposes".

1294:

other proponents state that the indicator meets or exceeds the reliability of other psychological instruments.

1132:

The accuracy of the MBTI depends on honest self-reporting. Unlike some personality questionnaires, such as the

5514:"The Relationship Between Psychological Type and Professional Orientation Among Technology Education Teachers" 4399: 45:

A chart with descriptions of each Myers–Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory

6634: 4008:

Sipps, Gary J; Alexander, Ralph A; Friedt, Larry (2016). "Item Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator".

1976: 1930: 1791: 864:

Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverted seek depth of knowledge and influence.

459: 4899: 3201: 6846: 6101: 5253: 3934: 2011:

It also correlates −.24 with aggression, but is it doubtful whether this correlation is really unfortunate.

982:... a major task in interpretation is to help respondents with less clear reported preferences arrive at a 3298: 867:

Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction, while introverted prefer more substantial interaction.

6867: 6457: 6174: 5727: 5580: 3635: 3489: 3481: 1910: 1767: 1766:

personality trait constructs, but that the MBTI lacks a measure for emotional stability dimension of the

1763: 1612: 1604: 1590: 1027: 880: 285: 91: 5059:. Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Vol. 6 (3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2927:

The Hidden language of modern Management Science: Astrology, Alchemy and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

6899: 6853: 6584: 6527: 6051: 3260: 3111: 1323: 912:

with functions, each function viewed as performing the role of an archetype within an internal dialog.

35: 2767: 6467: 5914: 5181: 3235: 1961: 1542: 1392: 297: 5573: 3388: 2222: 612:, Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of the 16 four-preference types, one function is the most 6425: 6319: 6285: 6169: 4964:

Huber, Daniel; Kaufmann, Heiner; Steinmann, Martin (2017). "The Missing Link: The Innovation Gap".

2110:"Measuring managerial cognitive styles: On the logical validity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" 2056: 1492: 1458: 1376: 1360: 1344: 1213: 936:

is always the opposite of the dominant function. Myers called this inferior function the "shadow."

231:

in political science in 1919, neither Myers nor Briggs were formally educated in the discipline of

118: 4713: 6832: 6750: 6502: 6184: 6123: 5894: 2626: 2335: 1558: 1524: 1508: 1476: 1426: 247: 6149: 4608:

The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 1 – Personality Theories and Models

2735:"The MBTI Comfort-Discomfort Dimension Is Not A Measure of NEO-PI Neuroticism: A Position Paper" 1950: 6909: 6664: 6532: 6445: 6420: 6410: 6268: 5971: 5838: 5720: 5696: 5650: 5402: 4830:

Boyle, Gregory J. (1995). "Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Some Psychometric Limitations".

1940: 1920: 1631: 1574: 1410: 894: 890: 443: 2954: 1260:

reliability via prior studies or the test manual, and 56% did not mention reliability at all.

6669: 6654: 6547: 6179: 6118: 6113: 6006: 5675: 5636: 2800: 1442: 1277: 1005: 846: 431: 305: 149: 69: 5375: 4583:

Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Manual.

4459:

Do what You Are: Discover the Perfect Career for You Through the Secrets of Personality Type

3574:

Pittenger, David J (2005). "Cautionary comments regarding the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator".

2511:"The TYPE Writer: 'It Happened In 1943: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Turns 60 Years Old'" 2255: 6659: 6619: 6290: 6201: 6096: 5889: 5818: 4669: 4636: 2837: 1869: 1803: 1093: 1075: 236: 145: 130: 4733:"Young Chinese Obsess Over Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, the 60s American Personality Test" 8: 6755: 6589: 5899: 5670: 5334: 5265: 4968:. Management for Professionals. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–41. 3205: 1770:(though the TDI, discussed above, has addressed that dimension). Emotional stability (or 1298: 1120: 1080: 289: 192: 153: 78: 73: 6894: 6825: 6724: 6699: 6537: 6487: 6362: 6196: 6144: 6031: 6011: 5766: 5691: 5493: 5362: 5131: 5043: 4931: 4843: 4818: 4793: 4340: 4313: 4278: 4236: 4025: 3879: 3844: 3651: 3177:

The Art of Dialogue: Exploring Personality Differences for More Effective Communication

2478: 2283: 1915: 1183: 1133: 228: 62: 6164: 5324: 5299: 2109: 1701: 1677: 6787: 6760: 6689: 6357: 6345: 6297: 6253: 6159: 5801: 5791: 5497: 5466: 5381: 5366: 5354: 5223: 5217: 5185: 5162: 5156: 5143: 5135: 5104: 5083: 5076: 5060: 5047: 5035: 5000: 4977: 4935: 4876: 4847: 4785: 4777: 4611: 4561: 4539: 4463: 4457: 4379: 4128: 4029: 3883: 3848: 3784: 3720: 3591: 3526: 3503: 3493: 3417: 3266: 3239: 3180: 3143: 2806: 2449: 2287: 2275: 2129: 2125: 1935: 1829: 1787: 1641: 1058: 609: 301: 106: 4797: 4372: 4240: 3610:"A Critique of The Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) – Part Two: a Personal Review" 3551:"Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning: A systematic and critical review" 6729: 6430: 6389: 6351: 6273: 6243: 6238: 6041: 5701: 5535: 5525: 5485: 5346: 5319: 5311: 5158:

MBTI Manual (A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator)

5127: 5027: 4969: 4949: 4923: 4868: 4839: 4822: 4810: 4769: 4529: 4305: 4270: 4228: 4180: 4096: 4017: 3871: 3836: 3776: 3712: 3647: 3583: 3179:. Gainesville, FL: Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Inc. p. 13. 2805:. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaiì at Mānoa. 2734: 2555: 2343: 2267: 2121: 1218: 1031: 1022: 956:

function (sensing or intuition) when relating to the outside world (extraversion).

220: 58: 4632:"[WHY] Blood types, palm reading, now MBTI: Korea's love for categorizing" 3414:

MBTI manual: a guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

1982:

Two-factor models of personality § Factors integrated into modern instruments

990:

mainly through an exploration of how type preferences appear in client behaviors.

6745: 6713: 6599: 6574: 6263: 6228: 6223: 6139: 6071: 5991: 5964: 5954: 5949: 5884: 5445: 5429: 5098: 4872: 4860: 4809:. Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 3137: 1880: 1845: 1200: 920: 909: 5155:

Myers, Isabel B.; McCaulley, Mary H.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Hammer, Allen L. (1998).

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Briggs, Katharine Cook (1926). "Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box".

2055:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

817:

The four pairs of preferences or "dichotomies" are shown in the adjacent table.

576:

Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right

277:, published in 1944, was re-published as "Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" in 1956. 6719: 6694: 6684: 6679: 6644: 6639: 6614: 6307: 6248: 6081: 6046: 5844: 5786: 5776: 5489: 4927: 3587: 3299:"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) | Official Myers Briggs Personality Test" 2889: 2060: 1087:, but rather shows that most people lie near the middle of a continuous curve. 995:

The MBTI Manual, Chapter 6: Interpreting Results of the MBTI and Verifying Type

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remain hypothetical, with no controlled scientific studies supporting either.

6883: 6808: 6604: 6435: 6379: 6258: 6206: 6154: 6001: 5939: 5934: 5796: 5781: 5743: 5665: 5655: 5455: 5358: 5139: 5039: 5031: 4851: 4781: 4696:"How Koreans fell in love with an American World War II era personality test" 4021: 3595: 2453: 2279: 2133: 1895: 1855: 1636: 1319: 1264:

scores that are dependent on sample characteristics and testing conditions".

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is especially vocal against MBTI. He called it "the fad that won't die" in a

1013: 1009: 1001: 501: 240: 156: 114: 98: 6795:

An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural

4807:

Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

3557: 3507: 190:

After the publication in 1923 of an English translation of Carl Jung's book

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Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type: The reservoir of consciousness

2303:"How The Myers-Briggs Personality Test Began In A Mother's Living Room Lab" 1850: 1626: 514: 270: 244: 110: 87: 5530: 5513: 5147: 4423: 4125:

MBTI Applications: A Decade of Research on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

3808: 3770: 3265:. Routledge. Basic orientation: hero/heroine, father/mother, puer/puella. 6579: 6340: 6066: 6056: 5924: 5874: 4732: 1875: 1771: 1752: 1646: 1608: 1222:

article titled "Have we all been duped by the Myers-Briggs Test?" wrote:

490: 325: 167: 5605: 4534: 4517: 4497: 4344: 4141: 4127:. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press. pp. 5–29. 2866: 2854: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 1751:

The closer the number is to 1.0 or −1.0, the higher the degree of

861:

Extraverted are action-oriented, while introverted are thought-oriented.

6819: 6649: 6629: 6624: 6512: 6507: 6482: 6477: 6367: 6302: 6233: 6108: 6076: 6016: 5813: 5350: 4317: 4282: 4123:

Harvey, R J (1996). "Reliability and Validity". In Hammer, A.L. (ed.).

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Robert and Mary Capraro in 2002 meta-analysis published in the journal

1017: 961: 905: 577: 505: 482: 471: 232: 5540: 3156: 2972: 568: 113:

indicator, the test exhibits significant deficiencies, including poor

6704: 6522: 6472: 6440: 6415: 6280: 6086: 6061: 6026: 5828: 5771: 5660: 5406: 5205:

Performance in Practice, American Society of Training and Development

5200: 4455: 4331:

Charles H. Sides (1990). "Psychological Types and Teaching Writing".

3716: 2766:

Marioles, Nancy S.; Strickert, Donald P. S; Hammer, Allen L. (1996).

2656: 1955: 1273: 1100: 1046: 581: 494: 447: 435: 83: 31: 5476:

Long, Thomas G (2016). "Myers-Briggs and Other Modern Astrologies".

4558:"University of Oregon: "Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors"" 4309: 4274: 3959: 3259:

Beebe, John (2016). "Chapter 7: Evolving the Eight-Function Model".

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The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called "

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Industrial and organizational psychology § Historical overview

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McCrae and Costa based their Five Factor Model (FFM) on Goldberg's

1054: 822: 102: 41: 3780: 2683:"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 986:

and accurate assessment of their type. This is accomplished in an

292:, head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the 6609: 6542: 6452: 6405: 6372: 5568: 5097:

Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014).

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Schaubhut, Nancy A.; Nicole A. Herk; Richard C. Thompson (2009).

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Read "In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance" at NAP.edu

2172: 2170: 964:. SP types tend to appear as concrete and NP types as abstract. 6517: 5556: 1890: 321: 3442:"The Myers-Briggs Personality Test Is Pretty Much Meaningless" 2768:"Attraction, Satisfaction, and Psychological Types of Couples" 2733:

Myers, Katherine D.; Quenk, Naomi L.; Kirby, Linda K. (1995).

2704: 2702: 2607: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2340:"What You Don't Know about This Personality Test Can Hurt You" 1808:

found that 60% opposed the use of the test for such purposes.

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Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence

4714:"Personality tests become hugely popular among young Koreans" 3636:"Negative: The MBTI: Not Ready for Routine Use in Counseling" 3548: 3416:(3rd ed.). Mountain View, California: CPP. p. 116. 3112:"The Personality Junkie: The Functional Stack (Typology 301)" 2597: 2595: 2593: 2167: 616:

and is likely to be evident earliest in life. A secondary or

595:: extraversion (E), intuition (N), thinking (T), judgment (J) 159:

their MBTI theory from Carl Jung's writings in his 1921 book

86:. Isabel Myers was particularly fascinated by the concept of 61:

self-report questionnaire that claims to indicate differing "

4351: 2714: 943: 601:: introversion (I), sensing (S), feeling (F), perception (P) 5201:"Is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator the Right Tool to Use?" 3340:"The Myers & Briggs Foundation – The Dominant Function" 3229: 3038: 2967:

Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues

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200 government agencies in the United States use the MBTI.

121:, measuring supposedly dichotomous categories that are not 5600:

The (uncomfortable) truth of HR and leadership development

5463:

Personality and Ability: The Personality Assessment System

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Organizational culture § Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn

1114:

The content of the MBTI scales is problematic. In 1991, a

908:

created a model that combines ideas of archetypes and the

5154: 4991:

Hunsley, John; Lee, Catherine M.; Wood, James M. (2003).

4707: 4705: 4503: 4147: 3989: 3896: 3814: 3736: 3734: 3162: 2978: 2872: 2860: 2802:

Language learning motivation: pathways to the new century

2669: 2644: 4369: 4260: 3977: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3368: 3356: 3320: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 2984: 2929:, Culture and Cosmos 5(2) (Autumn/Winter 2001) pp.53-72. 2578: 2534: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2155: 1203:

in order to test the arrangement of items in the scale.

4665:"No INFPs please, and other excesses of the MBTI craze" 4211: 3658: 3279: 3092: 2765: 2145: 2143: 1000:

Despite its popularity, it has been widely regarded as

836: 269:

Briggs and Myers began creating their indicator during

4993:"Controversial and questionable assessment techniques" 4963: 4892:"Myers-Briggs Type Indicator-The Skeptic's Dictionary" 4865:

International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence

4702: 3731: 3525:. Vol. II. London: Continuum Books. p. 259. 3016: 3014: 2938: 1774:) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders. 1309: 885:

Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions:

214:(Extraverts, Thinkers & Judgers: "executive") and 5581:"Meet Yourself: How to Use the Personality Paint Box" 5504:

Pearman, R.; Lombardo, M.; and Eichinger, R. (2005).

4159: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3679: 3556:. Learning and Skills Research Centre. Archived from 3071: 2374: 2191: 5461:

Krauskopf, Charles J. and Saunders, David R. (1994)

4007: 3576:

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research

3549:

Coffield F, Moseley D, Hall E, Ecclestone K (2004).

3058:"Psychological Testing: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" 2570:

Briggs, Katharine Cook (1928). "Up From Barbarism".

2423: 2421: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2140: 1819: 243:(1891–1958), the head personnel officer for a large 4858: 4594: 3011: 2627:"Guide to the Isabel Briggs Myers Papers 1885–1992" 2249: 2247: 1071:

Myers–Briggs Type Indicator § Four dichotomies

5407:"Skeptoid #221: The Myers-Briggs Personality Test" 5333:Stein, Randy; Swan, Alexander B. (February 2019). 5096: 5075: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4625: 4623: 4371: 4339:(2). Regents of the University of California: 33. 4092:"Have we all been duped by the Myers-Briggs test?" 4058:"What is Considered to Be a "Strong" Correlation?" 3746: 2176: 1230:fall on either side of an imaginary dividing line. 1064: 830: 5377:Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice 4269:(14). National Art Education Association: 56–57. 2798: 2788:from the original on 2020-11-12 – via CAPT. 2755:from the original on 2022-04-28 – via CAPT. 2418: 2357: 875:Functions: sensing/intuition and thinking/feeling 605:These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types. 6881: 5511: 5422:Bibliography of MBTI/Temperament Books by Author 5215: 5161:(3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press. 5100:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology 5082:. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis Book Company. 4997:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology 4804: 4456:Tieger, Paul D.; Barron-Tieger, Barbara (1995). 4330: 4304:(2). National Art Education Association: 35–46. 2950: 2907: 2720: 2256:"The Utility of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator" 2244: 1781: 563: 5216:Pearman, Roger R.; Albritton, Sarah C. (1997). 5178:Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type 5017: 4913: 4805:Bess, Tammy L.; Harvey, R.; Swartz, D. (2003). 4651: 4620: 4585:Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. 3230:Tieger, Paul D.; Barbara Barron-Tieger (1999). 2732: 2708: 2412: 430:The MBTI is based on the influential theory of 210:(Extraverts & Prospectors: "spontaneous"), 5438:GSU Master Teacher Program: On Learning Styles 4990: 4374:In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance 3910:"Ethics for Administering the MBTI Instrument" 2442:"Myers-Briggs: Does it pay to know your type?" 893:(usually called sensing in MBTI writings) and 129:, raising questions of independence, bias and 5753:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience 5728: 5621: 5373: 4867:. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 417–446. 4295: 4042:Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). 3855: 3705:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 3567: 2483:Center for Applications of Psychological Type 2330: 2328: 2161: 5512:Wicklein, Robert C; Rojewski, Jay W (1995). 5506:YOU: Being More Effective In Your MBTI Type. 4581:Costa, P.T., Jr. & McCrae, R.R. (1992). 4487: 3960:"Forer effect from the Skeptic's Dictionary" 3927: 3861: 3702: 3436: 3223: 624:function during mid-life, while the fourth, 314: 235:, and both were self-taught in the field of 197: 5239:"Measuring the MBTI... And Coming Up Short" 5176:Myers, Isabel B.; Myers, Peter B. (1995) . 5117: 4068: 3673: 3430: 2103: 2101: 1977:Personality psychology § Type theories 1967:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1138:Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 1004:by the scientific community. The validity ( 899:Two judging functions: thinking and feeling 250:. From Hay, Myers learned rudimentary test 68:The MBTI was constructed by two Americans: 5735: 5721: 5628: 5614: 5374:Thyer, Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica (2015). 5175: 4759: 4730: 4378:. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 4357: 4212:Capraro, Robert; Margaret Capraro (2002). 4001: 3826: 3740: 3374: 3362: 3326: 3285: 3098: 3044: 2990: 2650: 2613: 2601: 2584: 2540: 2439: 2334: 2325: 2204: 438:in 1921, which was partially based on the 6861:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 6802:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science 5635: 5539: 5529: 5465:. Maryland: University Press of America. 5339:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5332: 5323: 5297: 5263: 5246:Journal of Career Planning and Employment 5236: 5020:Educational and Psychological Measurement 4945:"Goodbye to MBTI, the Fad That Won't Die" 4533: 4370:Druckman, D.; Bjork, R. A., eds. (1992). 4363: 4221:Educational and Psychological Measurement 4153: 4077:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity 4010:Educational and Psychological Measurement 3690: 3573: 3486:Personality and the fate of organizations 3086: 3005:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity 2395: 2149: 2107: 2079:Learn how and when to remove this message 1642:Conscientiousness 1256:Educational and Psychological Measurement 944:Lifestyle preferences: judging/perception 418:Learn how and when to remove this message 239:. Myers therefore apprenticed herself to 4693: 4089: 3696: 3386: 2098: 1101:Little evidence for "dynamic" type stack 975: 952:function (thinking or feeling) or their 567: 521: 144: 40: 27:Non-scientific personality questionnaire 6766:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union 5073: 4889: 4711: 4518:"Career development: What's your type?" 4449: 3995: 3983: 3820: 3640:Journal of Counseling & Development 3544: 3542: 3520: 3389:"full context: the cognitive functions" 3174: 3020: 2473: 2471: 2469: 1972:Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument 1951:Roger Birkman § The Birkman Method 1314: 1109: 280:Myers' work attracted the attention of 14: 6882: 5198: 4689: 4687: 4122: 4044:Personality and Individual Differences 3902: 3757: 2569: 2552: 2505: 2503: 2313:from the original on 22 September 2018 1921:List of tests § Personality tests 1762:scales can be incorporated within the 1247:reports that these scores are higher. 1127: 5716: 5609: 4942: 4829: 4195: 3633: 3480: 3457:"How Accurate Are Personality Tests?" 3411: 3258: 3135: 2925:Phillipson, Garry & Case, Peter. 2427: 2368: 2301:Block, Melissa (September 22, 2018). 2300: 2254:Pittenger, David J. (December 1993). 1070: 508:) functions: sensation and intuition. 5475: 5054: 4662: 4629: 4104:from the original on August 13, 2016 4055: 3539: 3454: 3032: 2939:Huber, Kaufmann & Steinmann 2017 2913: 2466: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2032: 1886:Riso–Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator 1329: 930: 837:Attitudes: extraversion/introversion 374: 275:Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook 4859:Boyle, Gregory J.; Stankov, Lazar; 4684: 4515: 4400:"The Myers-Briggs Company Products" 4083: 4074: 3139:In the Grip: Our Hidden Personality 3002: 2500: 1310:Correlations with other instruments 636: 127:Journal of Psychological Type (JPT) 24: 6815:James Randi Educational Foundation 5508:Minn.:Lominger International, Inc. 5395: 5132:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00759.x 4844:10.1111/j.1742-9544.1995.tb01750.x 3652:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02125.x 3291: 3199: 2479:"The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers" 2440:Cunningham, Lillian (2023-05-17). 2108:Schweiger, David M. (1985-08-01). 1176: 831:type dynamics and type development 497:) functions: thinking and feeling. 390:tone or style may not reflect the 296:; W. Harold Grant, a professor at 294:University of California, Berkeley 25: 6921: 5742: 5549: 4890:Carroll, Robert T. (2004-01-09). 4762:Journal of Personality Assessment 4595:Boyle, Stankov & Cattell 1995 2227:The Myers & Briggs Foundation 2210: 1946:Revised NEO Personality Inventory 1607:theory. McCrae and Costa present 1146:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1026:article. Psychometric specialist 6212:Strauss–Howe generational theory 6190:Moon landing conspiracy theories 5987:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity 5567: 5555: 5266:"The Case Against Type Dynamics" 4724: 4600: 4575: 4550: 4509: 4417: 4392: 4324: 4289: 4254: 4205: 4189: 4172: 4090:Krznaric, Roman (May 15, 2013). 3634:Healy, Charles C. (April 1989). 2177:Lilienfeld, Lynn & Lohr 2014 2037: 1822: 1611:between the MBTI scales and the 1142:Personality Assessment Inventory 400:guide to writing better articles 379: 76:, who were inspired by the book 6840:The Natural History of Quackery 6782:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 5518:Journal of Technology Education 5380:. Springer Publishing Company. 5300:"What the educators are saying" 5286:from the original on 2017-12-30 5219:I'm Not Crazy, I'm Just Not You 4902:from the original on 2003-12-02 4694:Yeung J, Seo Y (27 July 2022). 4476:from the original on 2012-10-09 4438:from the original on 2018-12-06 4426:"MBTI Form M Manual Supplement" 4406:from the original on 2018-11-16 4116: 4049: 4036: 3966:from the original on 2007-10-17 3952: 3941:from the original on 2010-06-12 3797:from the original on 2018-12-10 3763: 3627: 3616:from the original on 2019-08-11 3602: 3514: 3474: 3448: 3405: 3380: 3332: 3309:from the original on 2019-08-26 3252: 3212:from the original on 2013-05-18 3193: 3168: 3129: 3118:from the original on 2016-10-18 3104: 3050: 2996: 2960: 2919: 2878: 2830: 2819:from the original on 2014-03-26 2792: 2759: 2726: 2675: 2633:from the original on 2005-12-30 2619: 2563: 2546: 2523:from the original on 2011-06-28 2489:from the original on 2017-01-20 2433: 2233:from the original on 2021-10-12 2014: 2005: 1996: 1065:Little evidence for dichotomies 553:Auxiliary extraverted intuition 434:proposed by Swiss psychiatrist 304:; and Mary H. McCaulley of the 166:Briggs began her research into 5458:: New York, 1965. p. 207 5453:Memories, Dreams, Reflections. 5448:. Retrieved December 20, 2004. 5432:. Retrieved December 20, 2004. 4753: 4162:Research in Psychological Type 3523:A History of Western Astrology 3232:The Art of SpeedReading People 2721:Bess, Harvey & Swartz 2003 2260:Review of Educational Research 2182: 1627:Extraversion 1207: 1156: 227:Although Myers graduated from 196:(first published in German as 13: 1: 5273:Journal of Psychological Type 4663:Chea, Sarah (27 March 2022). 4630:Chea, Sarah (16 April 2022). 4079:(1995 ed.). p. 110. 3412:Myers, Isabel Briggs (2003). 3007:(1995 ed.). p. 179. 2775:Journal of Psychological Type 2742:Journal of Psychological Type 2028: 1931:Personality Assessment System 1792:blood type personality theory 1782:Popularity in Korea and China 1647:Neuroticism 1267: 1189: 1045:The test has been likened to 1040:Journal of Psychological Type 919:Thinking and feeling are the 564:Type dynamics and development 550:Dominant introverted thinking 350:proactive-distractible (J/P). 6847:The Psychology of the Occult 6102:Traditional Chinese medicine 5977:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills 5834:Superseded scientific theory 5264:Reynierse, James H. (2009). 5237:Pittenger, David J. (1993). 4873:10.1007/978-1-4757-5571-8_20 4731:Yang Caini (July 31, 2023). 4712:Hae-rin L (30 August 2022). 3455:Chen, Angus (January 2019). 3142:. United States: CPP Books. 2951:Pearman & Albritton 1997 2126:10.1016/0148-2963(85)90004-9 2114:Journal of Business Research 2091: 1619: 1116:National Academy of Sciences 1069:As previously stated in the 559:Inferior extraverted feeling 556:Tertiary introverted sensing 206:(Introverts: "meditative"), 94:to make it more accessible. 7: 6458:Electronic voice phenomenon 6315:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 6175:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 5562:Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 5184:: Davies-Black Publishing. 4974:10.1007/978-3-319-55498-3_3 4966:Bridging the Innovation Gap 4774:10.1207/S15327752JPA7801_11 4233:10.1177/0013164402062004004 4185:10.1177/0013164402062004004 3490:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3202:"Personality: A user guide" 2709:Johnson & Saunders 1990 2413:Gardner & Martinko 2016 1911:Interpersonal compatibility 1815: 1598: 1194:According to Hans Eysenck: 881:Jungian cognitive functions 370: 286:Educational Testing Service 92:Jungian cognitive functions 51:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 18:Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 10: 6926: 6854:The Ragged Edge of Science 6585:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff 6528:Pseudoscientific metrology 6052:Miracle Mineral Supplement 5490:10.1177/004057369204900301 5451:Jung, Carl Gustav (1965). 5435:Georgia State University. 5252:(1): 48–52. Archived from 4928:10.1177/014920639602200103 3588:10.1037/1065-9293.57.3.210 3521:Campion, Nicholas (2009). 2799:Rebecca L. Oxford (1996). 1799:2022 presidential election 1324:Keirsey Temperament Sorter 1284: 940:is introverted intuition. 889:Two perceiving functions: 878: 347:leader-follower (E/I), and 341:decisive-ambivalent (J/P), 140: 36:Keirsey Temperament Sorter 29: 6774: 6738: 6565: 6468:Facilitated communication 6398: 6328: 6132: 5867: 5854: 5759: 5750: 5684: 5643: 5316:10.1136/bmj.328.7450.1244 5103:. Guilford Publications. 4999:. Guilford Press: 39–76. 4610:. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. 4462:. Boston: Little, Brown. 4056:Zach (January 22, 2020). 3236:Little, Brown and Company 3175:Zeisset, Carolyn (2006). 2826:– via Google Books. 2272:10.3102/00346543063004467 2162:Thyer & Pignotti 2015 1962:Strong Interest Inventory 1724: 1700: 1676: 1652: 1645: 1640: 1637:Agreeableness 1635: 1630: 1625: 781: 778: 775: 750: 736: 733: 723: 460:introversion/extraversion 344:intrepid-inhibited (E/I), 332:guarded-optimistic (T/F), 315:Format and administration 298:Michigan State University 6868:The Skeptic's Dictionary 6426:Biological transmutation 6346:Faster-than-light travel 6320:Enneagram of Personality 6286:Recovered-memory therapy 6170:9/11 conspiracy theories 5032:10.1177/0013164490503010 4896:The Skeptic's Dictionary 4298:Studies in Art Education 4263:Studies in Art Education 4022:10.1177/0013164485454009 3136:Quenk, Naomi L. (1996). 2842:The Myers-Briggs Company 2336:Whitbourne, Susan Krauss 1989: 335:defiant-compliant (T/F), 6833:The Demon-Haunted World 6751:Bourgeois pseudoscience 6185:COVID-19 misinformation 6124:Young blood transfusion 5895:Anthroposophic medicine 5585:findingaids.lib.msu.edu 5074:Keirsey, David (1998). 4832:Australian Psychologist 4199:European Business Forum 3876:10.1023/A:1022036504232 3674:McCrae & Costa 1989 1856:The Personality Brokers 338:carefree-worried (T/F), 97:The test relies on the 6905:Personality typologies 6665:Corentin Louis Kervran 6533:Rapid prompting method 6421:Biodynamic agriculture 6411:Aquatic ape hypothesis 6269:Historical negationism 5972:Doctrine of signatures 5839:True-believer syndrome 5697:Collective unconscious 5651:Marie-Louise von Franz 5572:Quotations related to 5120:Journal of Personality 4815:10.1037/E518712013-042 4358:Myers & Myers 1995 3741:Bess & Harvey 2002 3375:Myers & Myers 1995 3363:Myers & Myers 1995 3327:Myers & Myers 1995 3303:www.themyersbriggs.com 3286:Myers & Myers 1995 3099:Myers & Myers 1995 3045:Myers & Myers 1995 2991:Myers & Myers 1995 2651:Myers & Myers 1995 2614:Myers & Myers 1995 2602:Myers & Myers 1995 2585:Myers & Myers 1995 2541:Myers & Myers 1995 2205:Myers & Myers 1995 1941:Personality psychology 1232: 1205: 1098: 1049:, as both rely on the 992: 988:interpretation session 573: 198: 163: 82:by Swiss psychiatrist 46: 6890:Analytical psychology 6670:The Light (newspaper) 6655:William Donald Kelley 6548:Voice stress analysis 6180:Climate change denial 6119:Wind turbine syndrome 6114:Vertebral subluxation 6007:Germ theory denialism 5676:Katharine Cook Briggs 5637:Analytical psychology 5531:10.21061/jte.v7i1.a.5 5298:Schuwirth, L (2004). 5055:Jung, C. G. (1971) . 4916:Journal of Management 3444:. smithsonianmag.com. 3387:Graves-Young, Clara. 2687:www.sciencedirect.com 2150:Stein & Swan 2019 1224: 1196: 1089: 980: 976:Accuracy and validity 737:Deduction, Induction 571: 522:Differences from Jung 306:University of Florida 150:Katharine Cook Briggs 148: 70:Katharine Cook Briggs 44: 6660:Robert F. Kennedy Jr 6620:Ignatius L. Donnelly 6291:Past life regression 6150:Arabian Judah theory 6097:Traditional medicine 5890:Alternative medicine 5819:Pathological science 5702:Personal unconscious 5564:at Wikimedia Commons 4943:Grant, Adam (2013). 4670:Korea JoongAng Daily 4637:Korea JoongAng Daily 3200:Nettle, Dr. Daniel. 2616:, pp. xiii, xx. 1870:Adjective Check List 1804:Korea JoongAng Daily 1315:Keirsey temperaments 1110:Validity and utility 1076:bimodal distribution 1006:statistical validity 237:psychometric testing 199:Psychologische Typen 131:conflict of interest 6756:Demarcation problem 6590:Brigitte Boisselier 6219:Hollow Earth theory 6202:Generational theory 5900:Applied kinesiology 5587:. December 22, 1926 5405:(August 31, 2010). 5199:Nowack, K. (1996). 5057:Psychological Types 4861:Cattell, Raymond B. 4535:10.1038/nj7412-545a 4516:Lok, Corie (2012). 4431:. CPP. p. 17. 4333:Writing on the Edge 4046:. New York: Plenum. 3935:"MBTI Type at Work" 3864:Pastoral Psychology 3461:Scientific American 3344:www.myersbriggs.org 3206:The Open University 2338:(January 4, 2014). 1786:At the time of the 1299:predictive validity 1128:Lack of objectivity 1081:normal distribution 1012:) of the MBTI as a 720: 643: 432:psychological types 290:Donald W. MacKinnon 193:Psychological Types 161:Psychological Types 154:Isabel Briggs Myers 79:Psychological Types 74:Isabel Briggs Myers 63:psychological types 6826:Skeptical Inquirer 6725:Paul Joseph Watson 6700:Hans Alfred Nieper 6538:Statement analysis 6488:Intelligent design 6363:Reactionless drive 6197:Conversion therapy 6145:Ancient astronauts 6032:Leaky gut syndrome 6012:HIV/AIDS denialism 5767:Cargo cult science 5598:Patrick Vermeren, 5574:Psychological Type 5444:2004-11-20 at the 5428:2004-10-11 at the 5351:10.1111/spc3.12434 4197:Type Indicator)". 3998:, pp. 32–207. 3841:10.1007/BF02686767 3829:Current Psychology 1958:, a partner theory 1916:Jungian Type Index 1297:The MBTI has poor 1184:construct validity 1134:16PF Questionnaire 715: 641: 574: 229:Swarthmore College 164: 47: 6900:Personality tests 6877: 6876: 6788:Cults of Unreason 6761:Scientific method 6690:Ministry of Ayush 6635:Nicholas Gonzalez 6561: 6560: 6498:Law of attraction 6478:Flat Earth theory 6358:Quantum mysticism 6298:Scientific racism 6254:Pseudoarchaeology 6160:Conspiracy theory 5858:characterized as 5802:Pseudomathematics 5792:Pseudoarchaeology 5710: 5709: 5560:Media related to 5387:978-0-8261-7768-1 5229:978-0-89106-096-3 5191:978-0-89106-074-1 5182:Mountain View, CA 5168:978-0-89106-130-4 5089:978-1-885705-02-0 4983:978-3-319-55497-6 4882:978-1-4419-3239-6 4616:978-1-4129-4651-3 4528:(7412): 545–547. 4504:Myers et al. 1998 4469:978-0-316-84522-9 4385:978-0-309-04747-0 4360:, pp. 40–51. 4148:Myers et al. 1998 4134:978-0-89106-094-9 3986:, pp. 14–15. 3897:Myers et al. 1998 3817:, pp. 52–53. 3815:Myers et al. 1998 3790:978-0-309-04747-0 3532:978-1-84725-224-1 3499:978-0-8058-4142-8 3423:978-0-89106-130-4 3272:978-1-317-41365-3 3245:978-0-316-84518-2 3186:978-0-935652-77-2 3163:Myers et al. 1998 3149:978-1-60203-015-2 3047:, pp. 21–22. 2979:Myers et al. 1998 2873:Myers et al. 1998 2861:Myers et al. 1998 2670:Myers et al. 1998 2089: 2088: 2081: 1936:Personality clash 1830:Psychology portal 1801:. In March 2022, 1788:COVID-19 pandemic 1748: 1747: 1596: 1595: 1171:four temperaments 1059:confirmation bias 931:Dominant function 815: 814: 713: 712: 610:scientific theory 428: 427: 420: 394:used on Knowledge 392:encyclopedic tone 302:Auburn University 175:(or thoughtful), 107:confirmation bias 72:and her daughter 16:(Redirected from 6917: 6730:Andrew Wakefield 6431:Creation science 6390:Water-fueled car 6352:Perpetual motion 6274:Holocaust denial 6244:Nibiru cataclysm 6239:Nazi archaeology 6042:Macrobiotic diet 5865: 5864: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5571: 5559: 5545: 5543: 5533: 5501: 5416: 5391: 5370: 5329: 5327: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5233: 5222:. 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6380:Teleportation‎ 6377: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6308:Melanin theory 6305: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6256: 6251: 6249:Parapsychology 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6133:Social science 6130: 6129: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Primal therapy 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6047:Magnet therapy 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5960:Detoxification 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5862: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5845:Voodoo Science 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787:Fringe science 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5740: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5577: 5565: 5551: 5550:External links 5548: 5547: 5546: 5509: 5502: 5484:(3): 291–295. 5478:Theology Today 5473: 5459: 5449: 5433: 5417: 5403:Dunning, Brian 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5371: 5330: 5310:(7450): 1244. 5295: 5261: 5259:on 2006-12-06. 5234: 5228: 5213: 5196: 5190: 5173: 5167: 5152: 5115: 5110:978-1462517510 5109: 5094: 5088: 5071: 5065: 5052: 5026:(3): 561–571. 5015: 5005: 4988: 4982: 4961: 4940: 4911: 4887: 4881: 4856: 4827: 4802: 4768:(1): 176–186. 4755: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4723: 4701: 4683: 4650: 4619: 4599: 4587: 4574: 4549: 4508: 4496: 4486: 4468: 4448: 4416: 4391: 4384: 4362: 4350: 4323: 4288: 4253: 4250:on 2020-02-08. 4227:(4): 590–602. 4204: 4188: 4171: 4152: 4150:, p. 163. 4140: 4133: 4115: 4082: 4075:Eysenck, H.J. 4067: 4048: 4035: 4016:(4): 789–796. 4000: 3988: 3976: 3951: 3926: 3901: 3889: 3870:(5): 377–383. 3854: 3819: 3807: 3789: 3762: 3745: 3730: 3695: 3691:Schuwirth 2004 3678: 3657: 3646:(8): 487–488. 3626: 3601: 3582:(3): 210–221. 3566: 3563:on 2008-12-05. 3538: 3531: 3513: 3498: 3492:. p. 28. 3488:. Mahwah, NJ: 3473: 3447: 3440:(2013-03-26). 3429: 3422: 3404: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3331: 3319: 3290: 3278: 3271: 3251: 3244: 3238:. p. 66. 3222: 3192: 3185: 3167: 3155: 3148: 3128: 3103: 3091: 3087:Reynierse 2009 3070: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3010: 3003:Eysenck, H.J. 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2943: 2931: 2918: 2906: 2892:on May 9, 2008 2877: 2875:, p. 131. 2865: 2863:, p. 119. 2853: 2829: 2812:978-0824818494 2811: 2791: 2758: 2725: 2713: 2698: 2674: 2655: 2653:, p. xxi. 2643: 2618: 2606: 2589: 2577: 2562: 2545: 2533: 2499: 2465: 2432: 2417: 2400: 2396:Pittenger 1993 2373: 2356: 2324: 2293: 2266:(4): 467–488. 2243: 2223:"MBTI® Basics" 2209: 2190: 2181: 2166: 2154: 2139: 2120:(4): 315–328. 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2050:citation style 2045: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2013: 2004: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1866: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1817: 1814: 1783: 1780: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1632:Openness 1629: 1624: 1618: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1322:developed the 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1286: 1283: 1269: 1266: 1209: 1206: 1191: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1158: 1155: 1129: 1126: 1111: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1066: 1063: 989: 985: 979: 977: 974: 945: 942: 932: 929: 901: 900: 897: 879:Main article: 876: 873: 872: 871: 868: 865: 862: 842:publications. 838: 835: 813: 812: 801: 800: 790: 780: 777: 773: 772: 760: 759: 749: 738: 735: 731: 730: 727: 724: 716:Myers–Briggs, 711: 710: 709:xtraversion 2 700: 690: 683: 682: 681:xtraversion 1 672: 661: 654: 653: 650: 647: 638: 635: 603: 602: 596: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 554: 551: 523: 520: 510: 509: 498: 426: 425: 387: 385: 378: 372: 369: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 316: 313: 284:, head of the 282:Henry Chauncey 142: 139: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6922: 6911: 6910:Pseudoscience 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6870: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6851: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6809:Fortean Times 6806: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6605:Deepak Chopra 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568:pseudoscience 6564: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Cryptozoology 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:Anti-gravity‎ 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6259:Pseudohistory 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6207:Generationism 6205: 6204: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:5G conspiracy 6163: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6155:Catastrophism 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6002:FasciaBlaster 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Correactology 5938: 5936: 5935:Chromotherapy 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:pseudoscience 5853: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5797:Pseudohistory 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5782:Fringe theory 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5744:Pseudoscience 5738: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:David Keirsey 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5656:Sigmund Freud 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5471:0-8191-9282-1 5468: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456:Vintage Books 5454: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5389: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5345:(2): e12434. 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5080: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5066:0-691-09770-4 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5006:1-59385-070-0 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4564:on 2010-02-09 4563: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4506:, p. 78. 4505: 4500: 4490: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4108:September 16, 4103: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4045: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3916:on 2009-02-21 3915: 3911: 3905: 3899:, p. 53. 3898: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3796: 3792: 3786: 3782: 3781:10.17226/1580 3778: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482:Hogan, Robert 3477: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3394: 3393:sakinorva.net 3390: 3383: 3377:, p. 13. 3376: 3371: 3365:, p. 75. 3364: 3359: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3329:, p. 84. 3328: 3323: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3015: 3006: 2999: 2993:, p. 17. 2992: 2987: 2980: 2975: 2968: 2963: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2903: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2652: 2647: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2587:, p. xx. 2586: 2581: 2573: 2566: 2558: 2557: 2549: 2543:, p. 22. 2542: 2537: 2519: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2083: 2080: 2072: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2046:This article 2044: 2035: 2034: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1995: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1896:Holland Codes 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1592: 1578: 1576: 1562: 1560: 1546: 1544: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1512: 1510: 1496: 1494: 1480: 1478: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1446: 1444: 1430: 1428: 1414: 1412: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1380: 1378: 1364: 1362: 1348: 1346: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1320:David Keirsey 1307: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1279: 1278:art education 1275: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1231: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1204: 1202: 1195: 1187: 1186:of the MBTI. 1185: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1167:David Keirsey 1164: 1163:Barnum effect 1154: 1152: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1097: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1051:Barnum effect 1048: 1043: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:test validity 1007: 1003: 1002:pseudoscience 997: 991: 987: 983: 973: 969: 965: 963: 957: 955: 951: 941: 937: 928: 924: 922: 917: 913: 911: 907: 898: 896: 892: 888: 887: 886: 882: 869: 866: 863: 860: 859: 858: 854: 850: 848: 843: 834: 832: 826: 824: 818: 803: 802: 791: 779:Retroduction 774: 762: 761: 739: 732: 728: 725: 722: 719: 701: 691: 685: 684: 673: 662: 656: 655: 651: 648: 646: 645: 634: 630: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 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