Muslim world - Knowledge

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new architectural style. The forms and conventions of Classical architecture were better understood in Syria than in the lands further east, and as a result some of the vocabulary of Umayyad architecture—of column and capital, pointed arch and dome, rib and vault—is familiar to a Western observer. These traditions declined in importance, however, as Muslim builders began to adopt the architectural styles of the newly conquered lands to the east—in Mesopotamia, Iran, Central Asia and even India. (...) The Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, founded in 749, ruled most of the Islamic lands from capital cities in Iraq during a golden age that lasted at least until the end of the 9th century. New styles of architecture were characterized by forms, techniques and motifs of Iraqi and Iranian origin. Some features of these styles, such as brick vaults and stucco renderings, had already appeared in buildings erected late in the Umayyad period (661–c. 750; see §III above), but they became increasingly widespread as a result of the power and prestige of the Abbasid court. In the Islamic lands around the Mediterranean, Late Antique traditions of stone construction roofed with wood continued, although new techniques and styles were eventually introduced from Iraq.

2037: 2132: 3895: 5119: 7649: 4800: 1786: 1961: 7722: 4898: 1805: 13339:"Islamic Order." Today it is one of the recognized alternatives to "fundamentalist", along with "political Islam" in particular. Current terminology usually distinguishes between "Islam," and "Islamism", referring to the ideology of those who tend to signal openly, in politics, their Muslim religion. the term has often acquired a quasi-criminal connotation close to that of political extremism, religious sectarianism, or bigotry. In Western mainstream media, "Islamists" are those who want to establish, preferably through violent means, an "Islamic state" or impose sharīʿah (Islamic religious law)—goals that are often perceived merely as a series of violations of human rights or the rights of women. In the Muslim world, insiders use the term as a positive reference. In the academic sphere, although it is still debated, the term designates a more complex phenomenon. 4877: 3914: 3876: 1876: 4200: 1852: 4317: 1828: 4305: 4855: 2156: 4656: 4672: 6628: 4777: 6838: 4522: 4534: 4177: 7210: 6564: 5141: 6826: 6526: 7159: 6850: 2014: 4936: 6680: 6028: 5482: 7026: 6652: 7669: 6438: 3402: 4830: 7703: 4506: 4376: 3338: 6456: 7010: 6478: 256: 5825: 2232: 4293: 4281: 2086: 5845: 4914: 4259: 2053: 7226: 5867: 5795: 2948: 3667:, involving "support for identity, authenticity, broader regionalism, revivalism, revitalization of the community." Islamists themselves prefer terms such as "Islamic movement", or "Islamic activism" to "Islamism", objecting to the insinuation that Islamism is anything other than Islam renewed and revived. In public and academic contexts, the term "Islamism" has been criticized as having been given connotations of violence, extremism, and violations of human rights, by the Western mass media, leading to Islamophobia and stereotyping. 6545: 4640: 7190: 2116: 4696: 3003: 4620: 2180: 3386: 7772: 2203: 6608: 4582:

Muslim-majority Arab country, the youth female literacy rate exceeds that for males. Lower literacy rates are more prevalent in South Asian countries such as in Afghanistan and Pakistan, but are rapidly increasing. In the Eastern Middle East, Iran has a high level of youth literacy at 98%, but Iraq's youth literacy rate has sharply declined from 85% to 57% during the American-led war and subsequent occupation. Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country in the world, has a 99% youth literacy rate.

5161: 1341: 6583: 2218: 3418: 5773: 5747: 7688: 3068: 7633: 5038: 3237: 3185: 3016: 2665: 1987: 2753: 2587: 5180: 19117: 4222: 3250: 3211: 3120: 3094: 2990: 2740: 2626: 3042: 5883: 5726: 4241: 2883: 3447: 3081: 4605:(10.7). In addition, the average of years of schooling in countries in which Muslims are the majority is 6.0 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (7.7 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25–34) group surveyed, Young Muslims have the lowest average levels of education of any major religious group, with an average of 6.7 years of schooling, which lag behind the global average (8.6 years of schooling). The study found that 3322: 2844: 2766: 3354: 2857: 2652: 7758: 3159: 2935: 2727: 3272: 3172: 2977: 2909: 2870: 2714: 1274: 79: 6501: 3224: 2818: 2805: 2600: 3714: 3107: 3055: 1665:, were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. 19th-century colonialism and 20th-century decolonisation have resulted in several independent Muslim-majority states around the world, with vastly differing attitudes towards and political influences granted to, or restricted for, Islam from country to country. These have revolved around the question of Islam's compatibility with other ideological concepts such as 6995: 7175: 3198: 3146: 2922: 2896: 2831: 2779: 2678: 2639: 2405: 181: 38: 3133: 3029: 2792: 2613: 3370: 19106: 7744: 1174: 3940: 3306: 583: 9906:"Many people, including myself, are often guilty of using terms such as 'Muslim countries', or the 'Islamic world', as if Islam has always been there, and always will be. And that is completely unclear. (...) If the current trend continues, at some point a large section of the population may no longer be religious. How 'Islamic' would that still make the 'Islamic world'? 8248: 4742:, this diversity includes diversity in beliefs, interpretations and practices and communities and interests. Knight says perception of Muslim world among non-Muslims is usually supported through introductory literature about Islam, mostly present a version as per scriptural view which would include some 16473:: "As the Arabs did not have an architectural tradition suited to the needs of a great empire, they adopted the building methods of the defeated Sassanian and Byzantine empires. Because they ruled from Syria, Byzantine influence was stronger, although Sassanian elements became increasingly important." 6308:

to the present day. The Islamic world encompasses a wide geographic area historically ranging from western Africa and Europe to eastern Asia. Certain commonalities are shared by Islamic architectural styles across all these regions, but over time different regions developed their own styles according

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In 2015, the International Islamic News Agency reported that nearly 37% of the population of the Muslim world is unable to read or write, basing that figure on reports from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. In Egypt, the largest

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as a movement with power, importance, and cohesion born in Paris, where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The correspondent's focus was on India: it would take too long to consider the progress made in various parts of the Muslim world. The article considered the position of the Amir, the effect

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Although Syria remained the center of the Islamic empire for less than 90 years, its role in the development of Islamic architecture was crucial. The region's own ancient civilization, unified and transformed by Hellenization and overlaid with Roman and Christian elements, provided the basis for the

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lived in countries with Muslim majorities (excluding Nigeria). The Pew Forum study finds that Indonesia (21.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the Muslim world, followed by Egypt, Chad and Kazakhstan. While according to Adly A. Youssef and Martyn Thomas, in 2004, there were around 30

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The overwhelming majority of Muslims in the world, between 87 and 90%, are Sunni. Shias and other groups make up the rest, about 10–13% of overall Muslim population. The countries with the highest concentration of Shia populations are: Iran – 89%, Azerbaijan – 65%, Iraq – 60%, Bahrain – 60%, Yemen –

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Because the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' are disputed, since no country is homogeneously Muslim, and there is no way to determine at what point a Muslim minority in a country is to be considered 'significant' enough, there is no consensus on how to define the Muslim world geographically.

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The constitution also states there shall be a "just and equitable balance" in the apportionment of cabinet and high-level civil service positions among the major religious groups, a provision amended by the Taif Agreement, which ended the country's civil war and mandated proportional representation

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while Muslim women's experiences differs a lot by location and personal situations such as family upbringing, class and education; the difference between culture and religions is often ignored by community and state leaders in many of the Muslim majority countries, the key issue in the Muslim world

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In the 20th century, the end of the European colonial domination has led to creation of a number of nation states with significant Muslim populations. These states drew on Islamic traditions to varying degree and in various ways in organizing their legal, educational and economic systems. The Times

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The term "Islamism/Islamist" has come into increasing use in recent years to denote the views of those Muslims who claim that Islam, or more specifically, the Islamic sharīʿah, provides guidance for all areas of human life, individual and social, and who therefore call for an "Islamic State" or an

16570:: "Thus, it is increasingly being recognized that the mutual Roman–Byzantine architectural heritage of the Mediterranean, which had played an important role in the formation of early Islamic art, continued to mediate the shared histories of European and Islamic art long after the medieval period." 3527:

In its original formulation, Islamism described an ideology seeking to revive Islam to its past assertiveness and glory, purifying it of foreign elements, reasserting its role into "social and political as well as personal life"; and in particular "reordering government and society in accordance

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Islamism is one of many sociopolitical concepts continuously contested in scholarly literature. It is a neologism debated in both Muslim and non-Muslim public and academic contexts. The term "Islamism" at the very least represents a form of social and political activism, grounded in an idea that

2383:. His understanding of the "Muslim world" and its "social order" was that, presented to the Western world as the result of practicing Islamic teachings, would impress "by the beauty and charm of true Islamic ideology". He argued that the values of the Enlightenment and its related precursor, the 16547:

At this stage of scholarly knowledge, however, it is probably fair to say that Islam's Arabian past, essential for understanding the faith and its practices, and the Arabic language and its literature, is not as important for the forms used by Islamic art as the immensely richer world, from the

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THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so-called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint, and to my surprise/ignorance, such people exist. Online, I found something called the people's mosque, which makes

7113:; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. Although artistic depictions of people and animals are not explicitly forbidden by the Qur'an, pictures have traditionally been limited in Islamic books in order to avoid 9570: 6774:

which featured paintings of people and animals, and also depictions of Quranic stories and Islamic traditional narratives. Another reason why Islamic art is usually abstract is to symbolize the transcendence, indivisible and infinite nature of God, an objective achieved by arabesque.

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exist in the non-Arab countries of Iran (9,500) and Turkey (14,500); both, however, are much smaller than they historically have been. Among Arab countries, the largest Jewish community now exists in Morocco with about 2,000 Jews and in Tunisia with about 1,000. The number of

1260:'s citizens are c. 10% Christians), and in absolute numbers, there are sometimes fewer Muslims living in countries in which they make up the majority than in countries in which they form a minority. Hence, the term 'Muslim-majority countries' is often preferred in literature. 1256:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. Some scholars and commentators have criticised the term 'Muslim/Islamic world' and its derivative terms 'Muslim/Islamic country' as "simplistic" and "binary", since no state has a religiously homogeneous population (e.g. 4776: 2097:

by European powers profoundly affected Muslim-majority societies in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Colonialism was often advanced by conflict with mercantile initiatives by colonial powers and caused tremendous social upheavals in Muslim-dominated societies.

7133:, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam. 558:

are roughly equal. China has the third largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries, while Russia has the fifth largest Muslim population. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in Africa, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population in Asia.

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countries, which are shown in the Government and religion section above in the article. Apart from these, large Muslim populations exist in some countries where Muslims are a minority, and their Muslim communities are larger than many Muslim-majority nations:

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ideals, societies responded in different ways. Some Muslim-majority countries are secular. Azerbaijan became the first secular republic in the Muslim world, between 1918 and 1920, before it was incorporated into the Soviet Union. Turkey has been governed as a

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prohibition by using strands of tiny writing to construct lines and images. Calligraphy was a valued art form, even as a moral good. An ancient Arabic proverb illustrates this point by emphatically stating that "Purity of writing is purity of the soul."

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (OEIW) deals with all aspects of Islam—the world's second largest and fastest-growing religion—and the societies in which it exists, including their religion, politics, economics, everyday life, culture, and

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in mills and water-raising machines, and pioneered the use of dams as a source of water power, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for industrial tasks that were previously driven by

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During much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early 21st century. The fast-growing interests of the Western world in Islamic regions, international conflicts and

1542:, a successive series of dynasties that synthesized Indian civilization with the wider commercial and cultural networks of Africa and Eurasia, greatly increased demographic and economic growth in India and deterred Mongol incursion into the prosperous 16548:

Atlantic Ocean to Central Asia, taken over by Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries. Even later, after centuries of independent growth, new conquests in Anatolia or India continued to bring new local themes and ideas into the mainstream of Islamic art.

1907:"Why do the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?"..."Because they have laws and rules invented by reason." 2108:

The only Muslim-majority regions not to be colonized by the Europeans were Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan. Turkey was one of the first colonial powers of the world with the Ottoman empire ruling several states for over 6 centuries.

2036: 3894: 2379:, the faith is "a complete divorce from jahiliyyah". He complained that American churches served as centers of community social life that were "very hard distinguish from places of fun and amusement". For Qutb, Western society was the modern 371:

which consists of 57 member states had a combined GDP(PPP) of US$ 24 trillion which is equal to about 18% of world's GDP or US$ 30 trillion with 5 OIC observer states which is equal to about 22% of the world's GDP. Some OIC member countries

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public and political life should be guided by a set of Islamic principles. In other words, Islamists are those who believe that Islam has an important role to play in organizing a Muslim-majority society and who seek to implement this belief.

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The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 15% of the world's Muslim

7648: 16326:. Bengal was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. 1804: 3700:

More than 24.1% of the world's population is Muslim, with an estimated total of approximately 1.9 billion. Muslims are the majority in 49 countries, they speak hundreds of languages and come from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The city of

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and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of niches and colonnettes. The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable. Its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 with the construction of the

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in 1258. The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge. The major Islamic capital cities of Baghdad,

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are widespread among many conservative Muslims (men and women). Orthodox Muslims often believe that rights and responsibilities of women in Islam are different from that of men and sacrosanct since assigned by the God. According to

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within the context of the state or society. The majority of them are affiliated with Islamic institutions or social mobilization movements, often designated as "al-harakat al-Islamiyyah." Islamists emphasize the implementation of

1851: 8640: 4799: 486:, the largest Muslim-majority country; 31% of Muslims live in South Asia, the largest population of Muslims in the world; 20% in the Middle East–North Africa, where it is the dominant religion; and 15% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 5222:. It reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. This work has been very influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by 4994:

became the main intellectual centers for science, philosophy, medicine, and education. During this period, the Muslim world was a collection of cultures; they drew together and advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient

5916:'s invented the log base systems that are being used today, he also contributed theorems in trigonometry as well as limits. Recent studies show that it is very likely that the Medieval Muslim artists were aware of advanced 6207:

and windmills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. Muslim engineers also invented

356:), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for the emergence of this institution owing to the emphasis attached to Islamic teachings. In the modern era, most of the Muslim world came under European 13968: 4854: 3738:

is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population). Jones (2005) defines a "large minority" as being between 30% and 50%, which described nine countries in 2000, namely

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there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the

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Karachi is the largest city in Pakistan, the second-largest city in the world when "city" is defined by official municipal limits, the largest city in the Muslim world, and the world's seventh-largest metropolitan

11207: 9487: 10774:: Article 1 – "The official religion of Persia is Islám, according to the orthodox Já'farí doctrine of the Ithna 'Ashariyya (Church of the Twelve Imáms), which faith 1 the Sháh of Persia must profess and promote." 4746:

and abstracts of history as per authors own point of views, to which even many Muslims might agree, but that necessarily would not reflect Islam as lived on the ground, 'in the experience of real human bodies'.

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is in second place in the Index of Literacy of World Countries. Some members such as Iran, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have over 97% literacy rates, whereas literacy rates are the lowest in

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Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above..

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The ancient Iranian Solar calendar is one of the oldest calendars in the world, as well as the most accurate solar calendar in use today. Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the

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Some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion. In those countries, the legal code is largely secular. Only personal status matters pertaining to inheritance and marriage are governed by

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to allay his fears: "Fight them, and God will chastise them at your hands/And degrade them, and He will help you/Against them, and bring healing to the breasts of a people who believe", referring to the

15364: 10162: 4897: 10264:. (Contributors: Alfred T, Chakabarty D, Dussel E, Eze E, Hsueh V, Kohn M, Bhanu Mehta P, Muthu S, Parekh B, Pitts J, Schutte O, Souza J, Young IM). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Group. 1875: 10818: 9723:

Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of

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In 2010, 73% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 27% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.

10238: 5976:("Book of Concessions"), a medical encyclopedia which was later translated to Latin and used in European and Muslim medical schools for centuries. Other medical advancements came in the fields of 4876: 1383:, is believed by Muslims to have received the first revelation of the Quran, and began to preach his message. In 622 CE, facing opposition in Mecca, he and his followers migrated to Yathrib (now 4977:, where scholars from various parts of the world sought to translate and gather all the known world's knowledge into Arabic, and to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to 14954:

Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.

13219: 9519: 7721: 12124: 8400: 2155: 3875: 1360:. Al-Idrisi also wrote about the diverse Muslim communities found in various lands. Note: the map is here shown upside-down from the original to match current North/Up, South/Down map design 13390: 9876:

21 ambassadors from Muslim – so-called "Muslim states". How do they dare to call themselves "Muslim"? In what sense is Egypt a "Muslim" country? You can't denominate a country as religious.

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spans about 1,400 years and includes a variety of socio-political developments, as well as advances in the arts, science, medicine, philosophy, law, economics and technology during the

15334: 8829: 17508: 8329: 2013: 360:. The nation states that emerged in the post-colonial era have adopted a variety of political and economic models, and they have been affected by secular as well as religious trends. 14457: 6167:

and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. A variety of industrial mills were being employed in the Islamic world, including early

5824: 11784: 15953: 12284: 3913: 13982: 1410:) continued to lead the Muslim community based on his teachings and guidelines of the Quran. The majority of Muslims consider the first four successors to be 'rightly guided' or 13325: 6651: 6268:" denotes the works of art and architecture produced from the 7th century onwards by people who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally Islamic populations. 14738: 13152: 12455: 6477: 5515:(Avicenna) (980–1037) had more than 450 books attributed to him. His writings were concerned with various subjects, most notably philosophy and medicine. His medical textbook 3780:

The two main denominations of Islam are the Sunni and Shia sects. They differ primarily upon of how the life of the ummah ("faithful") should be governed, and the role of the

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as a movement with power importance and cohesion born in Paris where Turks, Arabs and Persians congregated. The article considered The position of the Amir; the effect of the

11877: 3656:) for combining grassroots Islamization with armed revolution. The term has been applied to non-state reform movements, political parties, militias and revolutionary groups. 407:

As of 2020, 1.8 billion or more than 25% of the world population are Muslims. By the percentage of the total population in a region considering themselves Muslim, 91% in the

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Approximately 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim. The majority are Sunnis following the Hanafi school of Islamic law. Between 10 and 15 percent are Shias, mostly Twelvers.

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Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more

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Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims – those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.

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The Islamic world is generally defined contemporaneously as consisting of nation-states whose population contains a majority of Muslims. in the contemporary era, the term

7158: 6100:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. 4671: 4521: 4176: 13956:

On the other hand, in Pakistan, where 6% of the survey respondents identify as Shia, Sunni attitudes are more mixed: 50% say Shias are Muslims, while 41% say they are not.

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crossing Central Asia passed through Islamic states between China and Europe. The emergence of major economic empires with technological resources after the conquests of

4316: 13578: 8836:"Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." 7485:) and has years of 365 or 366 days. It is sometimes also called the Shamsi calendar and Khorshidi calendar. It is abbreviated as SH, HS or, sometimes as AHSh, while the 4533: 13183: 3532:), Islamist movements have "arguably altered the Middle East more than any trend since the modern states gained independence", redefining "politics and even borders". 9313: 8518: 8430: 7504:. The calendar is named the "Hijri calendar" because that was the year that Mohammed is believed to have left from Mecca to Medina, which event is referred to as the 4961:, economic development and cultural works in most of the Muslim-dominated world flourished. The age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the 15813:: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700. 6563: 4935: 13633:

Global Happiness: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe: A Guide to the Most Contented (and Discontented) Places around the Globe

6955:, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at 6951:

explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic

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and small arms, to create their empires. They existed primarily between the fourteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. During the 17th–18th centuries, when the

18856: 12656: 12395: 8692: 7489:(commonly known in the West as the 'Islamic calendar', although both calendars are Islamic) is usually abbreviated as AH. The solar Hijri calendar predominates in 5794: 16738: 11675: 5866: 4304: 18738: 8662: 5682: 4655: 3796:, Muhammad's father-in-law, to be Muhammad's political but not his religious successor. Shia, on the other hand, believe that Muhammad designated his son-in-law 1986: 14176: 12486: 18106: 14143: 11542: 9601: 8609: 15356: 10170: 7009: 5140: 4505: 2179: 1399:. By the time of his death, Muhammad had become the political and spiritual leader of Medina, Mecca, the surrounding region, and numerous other tribes in the 16377:

Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",

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in educational attainment, since Muslim women have an average of 4.9 years of schooling, compared to an average of 6.4 years of schooling among Muslim men.

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The majority of the world's Islamic population, which is Sunni, accounts for over 85 percent of the Islamic population; the other 10 to 15 percent is Shia.

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In 2010, the Pew Forum study finds that Bangladesh (13.5 million), Indonesia (4 million), Pakistan (3.3 million) and Malaysia (1.7 million) has a sizeable

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Christian contributions to art, culture, and literature in the Arab-Islamic world; Christian contributions education and social advancement in the region.

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is an omnipresent decoration in Islamic art, and is usually expressed in the form of Quranic verses. Two of the main scripts involved are the symbolic

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million Christians who lived in countries with Muslim majorities, with the largest Christian population number lived in Indonesia, followed by Egypt.

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now includes not only the traditional heartlands of Islam, but also Europe and North America, both of which have sizeable minority Muslim populations

17169: 13682: 12910:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 276–278, 280, 283–285, 295, 310–311. 12427: 12116: 10972: 10917: 9239: 8396: 18822: 17248:. INU societal research. Vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. 16014:

Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996),

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geometry (discovered half a millennium later in the 1970s and 1980s in the West) and used it in intricate decorative tilework in the architecture.

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patriarchal behaviour among Muslims is based in an ideology which jumbles sexual and biological differences with gender dualisms and inequality.

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was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in

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Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition, with up to 150 million followers who comprise around 10% of all Muslims worldwide...

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Religion: The overwhelming majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, of whom approximately 97 percent are Sunni and 3 percent Shia.

11333: 10038: 5507:." Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. The 2105:; or affirmed more traditionalist and inclusive cultural ideals; and in rare cases adopted modernity that was ushered by the colonial powers. 16065: 15836: 14757:

Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority Under Siege: Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zurich, September 23-25, 2004

11254: 10943: 7668: 7225: 7143:. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into 6233:

and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. The transfer of these technologies to medieval Europe had an influence on the

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against the United States, scholars considered the ramifications of seeking to understand Muslim experience through the framework of secular

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There are some 30 million Christians who live in countries with Muslim majorities. The largest number live in Indonesia, some 15 million ...

8452: 8325: 6544: 11571: 11308: 10792: 9683: 9118:, and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center. 7845: 16212: 14461: 9404: 6679: 18753: 17493:

The political algebra of global value change. General models and implications for the Muslim world. With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui

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had exceeded 1.8 million. In Asia, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, mostly Muslim, had crossed the border into

2362:, the community of Muslim believers, and invoking the imagery of the early warriors of Islam who lead the faithful from the darkness of 16935: 14086: 11758: 4619: 17418:

Mason, Robert (1995). "New Looks at Old Pots: Results of Recent Multidisciplinary Studies of Glazed Ceramics from the Islamic World".

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Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)

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law. In some places, Muslims implement Islamic law, called sharia in Arabic. The Islamic law exists in a number of variations, called

18827: 18743: 15163: 14731: 13619:... With a population of over 23 million Karachi is also the world's largest Muslim city, the world's seventh largest conurbation ... 13416: 13148: 9785: 8147: 7611: 6825: 5696: 4412: 4408: 3441: 2115: 1710: 17: 17068:[Measuring the year and month for a long time until now in a conversation with Dr. Iraj Malekpour] (in Persian). BBC Persian 13735: 13107:. Translated by Lotan, Yaer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, United States: University of California Press. pp. 147–148. 6937:

with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453

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of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition, radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns. In this respect,

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The only rule of thumb for inclusion which has some support, is that countries need to have a Muslim population of more than 50%.

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to local materials and techniques, local dynasties and patrons, different regional centers of artistic production, and sometimes

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in particular, a major global trading nation in the world, described by the Europeans to be the "richest country to trade with".

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Most Druze do not consider themselves Muslim. Historically they faced much persecution and keep their religious beliefs secrets.

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conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Later it developed distinct characteristics in the form of buildings and in the

5416: 1498:(746–750) also definitively destroyed the political unity of the Muslims, who have been inhabiting multiple states ever since. 16146: 13571: 8964: 8848: 6437: 4221: 367:

of 50 Muslim majority countries was US$ 5.7 trillion. As of 2016, they contributed 8% of the world's total. In 2020, the

18758: 18715: 17500: 17481: 17460: 17371: 17344: 17253: 16771: 16721: 16664: 16585: 16565: 16488: 16468: 16449: 16416:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

16323: 16115: 15566: 15430: 15075: 14922: 14827: 14650: 14623: 14498: 13175: 13112: 13073: 12923: 12441: 12100: 11091: 10705: 10675: 10527: 10494: 10343: 9941: 8283: 6927: 5688: 5534:, Avicenna, also founded his own Avicennism school of philosophy, which was influential in both Islamic and Christian lands. 5412: 5032: 4958: 4468: 2350: 1463: 1459: 844: 15872: 15806: 15754: 14656: 11974: 9947: 9829: 9032: 8510: 8034: 16603: 11942: 8225: 3506:. The advocates of Islamism, also known as "al-Islamiyyun", are dedicated to realizing their ideological interpretation of 2138: 143: 11117: 5725: 5439:

appeared in Latin (1671), English (1708), German, and Dutch. These European-language translations may have later inspired

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currents became heavily involved in democratic politics, while others spawned "the most aggressive and ambitious Islamist

1926:

The Great Divergence was the reason why European colonial powers militarily defeated preexisting Oriental powers like the

474:). Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable 17065: 13897: 13060:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 280, 284–285, 295. 11928: 9863: 7850: 6618: 6550: 5327: 4460: 115: 17607:

Why Europe has to offer a better deal towards its Muslim communities. A quantitative analysis of open international data

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geometry has been a key utility, especially for mosques and palaces. Other features employed as motifs include columns,

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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Omajjaden §1. De Spaanse tak". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

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regarding gender issues is that religious texts constructed in highly patriarchal environments and based on biological

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that is the most similar to the Gregorian calendar, being based on the Earth's orbit around the Sun. It begins on the

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Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.

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One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of

3784:. Sunnis believe that the true political successor of Muhammad according to the Sunnah should be selected based on ٍ 2430: 206: 122: 18481: 18337: 17814: 17710: 15713: 13531: 12306: 12208: 8915: 8654: 7414:'In the year of the Hijrah'). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form ( 6976: 5160: 4723: 3869:

Muslims, who are less known, have their own stronghold in the country of Oman holding about 75% of the population.

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Map of colonial powers throughout the world in the year 1914 (note colonial powers in the pre-modern Muslim world).

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Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "islam. §7. Sektevorming". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

7117:. Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in 18975: 18781: 17043: 13501: 12518: 10637: 9986:

The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pp. 227–228

9465: 8601: 8488: 7810: 7632: 5649:, a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; Ibn Tufail and Ibn al-Nafis, pioneers of the philosophical novel; 5466: 4700: 4392: 2342: 1204: 16296:

Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries

14855: 12178: 4131: 19040: 18588: 18486: 17523: 17211: 16816: 11858: 10519: 10199: 10148: 9169: 8877: 8826: 8775: 8303: 7561:, always falls on the March equinox. Nowruz is celebrated by communities in a wide range of countries from the 4978: 2415: 2314: 1295: 1149: 408: 191: 100: 14051: 13278: 10068: 9648: 9275: 8935:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 8799:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" 4738:

Throughout history, Muslim cultures have been diverse ethnically, linguistically and regionally. According to

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A number of Muslim-majority societies reacted to Western powers with zealotry and thus initiating the rise of

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What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "World Values Survey"

16562:, p. 30, Frameworks of Islamic Art and Architectural History: Concepts, Approaches, and Historiographies 15666:

The Thousand and One Nights; Or, The Arabian Night's Entertainments - David Claypoole Johnston - Google Books

12366: 12230: 12146: 10638:"93 years pass since establishment of first democratic republic in the east – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" 9610:

This growth has to do with the relatively young age of the Muslim population as well as high fertility rates.

4240: 1736: 1291: 893: 96: 51: 17090:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Preservation of the Iranian calendar]. Ghiasabadi.com. 3 November 2005 16794:

Blair, Sheila S. (Spring 2003). "The Mirage of Islamic Art: Reflections on the Study of an Unwieldy Field".

14007:

Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

14005: 13758:"Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan – Presidential Library – Religion" 12468:"Benazir Bhutto: Daughter of Tragedy" by Muhammad Najeeb, Hasan Zaidi, Saurabh Shulka and S. Prasannarajan, 11481: 8934: 8798: 5083:, originating from 9th-century Iraq. Other centers for innovative ceramic pottery in the Old world included 518:

are home to the world’s second, fourth, sixth and seventh largest Muslim populations respectively. Sizeable

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the names of the zodiacal signs were used for the months; elsewhere the month names are the same as in the

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is divided almost evenly between Muslims and Christians, with more than 80 million Christians and Muslims.

4420: 3934: 925: 475: 455: 329: 14262: 11733: 11636: 11506: 10997: 10734: 9706: 5226:. Imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become 3592:

to politically unite the Muslim world. Riḍā was a strong exponent of Islamic vanguardism, the belief that

19161: 19062: 18927: 18733: 18501: 18294: 17671: 17177: 16531:

Grabar, Oleg (2011). "Art and Culture in the Islamic World". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

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The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 15 percent.

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itself clear that it's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly, 100 per cent non-judgmental.

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However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all

6328: 5472: 5424: 5420: 5196: 4991: 4805: 1818: 1523: 1335: 972: 799: 111: 17509:(PDF) The political algebra of global value change: General models and implications for the Muslim world 15107: 11410: 11139: 10017: 8541: 6758:. Such designs are highly nonrepresentational, as Islam forbids representational depictions as found in 6754:

Islamic art frequently adopts the use of geometrical floral or vegetal designs in a repetition known as

19171: 18812: 18695: 18212: 17631: 17046:[The most accurate calendar in the world, Khayyam's gift to Iranians] (in Persian). BBC Persian 16359: 12592:

Burgat, François, "The Islamic Movement in North Africa", U of Texas Press, 1997, pp. 39–41, 67–71, 309

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Islamic geometric patterns : their historical development and traditional methods of construction

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and post-graduate degrees. The highest of years of schooling among Muslim-majority countries found in

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Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the

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35%, Turkey – 10%, Lebanon – 27%, Syria – 13%, Afghanistan – 10%, Pakistan – 10%, and India – 10%.

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Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 26–38

13873: 13356: 11247: 10939: 8463: 7147:, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of 6500: 5333: 3858:

has the largest number of non-denominational Muslims, who constitute about 74% of the population.

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The term has been documented as early as 1912 to encompass the influence of perceived pan-Islamic

18915: 17726: 17112:[Iranian Studies & # 124; Glory Calendar Timeline]. Ghiasabadi.com. 25 September 2007 15927: 15539:

Vartan Gregorian, "Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith", Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pg 26–38

14732:"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population" 14309: 14047: 13303: 12268:

between Christians and Muslims in parliament, the cabinet, and other senior government positions.

7940: 6755: 6685: 6238: 6039:), it is considered to be an important device that contributed greatly to the advancement of the 5996: 5963: 5912:

stated in 2009 that Ibn al-Haytham is 'often referred to as the "world's first true scientist".'

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states. Each of these three empires had considerable military exploits using the newly developed

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Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam

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The very first day of the Solar Hijri calendar was the day of the spring equinox, March 18, 622

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reckoning, 1446 AH runs from 7 July 2024 to approximately 26 June 2025.

6112:, along which Muslim-majority countries traded with each other and with European powers such as 432: 19072: 19001: 18970: 18900: 17824: 17819: 17737: 16911: 16209: 15895: 12500: 11279: 9679: 9396: 9139: 8351: 7520:, it has no intrinsic error. It is older than the lunar Hijri calendar used by the majority of 7366: 7288: 6483: 6332: 6320: 5615: 5610:

Islamic philosophers continued making advances in philosophy through to the 17th century, when

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known in his time. Ibn al-Nafis' fiction explained Islamic religious teachings via science and

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and is calculated based on the "year of the Hijrah," and the lunar Hijri calendar is based on

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showed that at the time about 36% of all Muslims had no formal schooling, with only 8% having

19181: 19156: 19018: 18996: 17747: 17624: 17589: 16941: 16830: 15865:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 15747:, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait ( 14912: 12631: 12413: 12380: 11820: 11171: 10691: 10402: 10327: 10294: 8988: 8397:"Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center" 8179: 7598: 6762:. Despite this, there is a presence of depictional art in some Muslim societies, notably the 6721: 6234: 6073:

was also transmitted from China via predominantly Islamic countries, where formulas for pure

6040: 5988: 5955: 5670: 5634: 5568: 5556: 5517: 5306: 4718:

Since then Muslim-majority countries have absorbed refugees from recent conflicts, including

4375: 3967: 3529: 2522:, which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four 2384: 1083: 908: 692: 647: 523: 448: 420: 16945: 15556: 14076: 13660: 10695: 10512:

The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks

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in the Muslim world have declared separation between civil/government affairs and religion.

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Tonna, Jo (1990). "The Poetics of Arab-Islamic Architecture", Muqarnas BRILL, 7, pp. 182–97

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https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar

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In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi.

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are still valued highly in Islam; hence views emphasizing on men's superiority in unequal

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Trust and the Islamic Advantage: Religious-Based Movements in Turkey and the Muslim World

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Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.

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Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

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further says that equality for Muslim women needs to be achieved through self-criticism.

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with laws prescribed by Islam" (i.e. Sharia). According to at least one observer (author

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Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering

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The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam

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make up a majority of the Muslims in seven countries (and a plurality in three others):

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beyond the Arabian Peninsula, stretching from northwest India, across Central Asia, the

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Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005.

16291: 16264: 15708: 15506: 15397: 15133: 14869: 14808: 13978: 13083: 13036: 12997: 12933: 12761: 12619: 11230:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh | 2A. The state religion" 10697:

Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community

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synthesis and Islamist ideals greatly influenced his disciples like Hasan al-Banna, an

3544: 2888: 2491: 2290: 1992: 1973: 1495: 1419: 1357: 1117: 1074: 1044: 1027: 1002: 947: 903: 615: 543: 483: 328:, but disagreements on other matters have led to the appearance of different religious 310: 255: 18075: 15211: 15185: 14705:

Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant

14490: 14198: 13969:"Religions: Muslim 95% (Sunni 75%, Shia 20%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 5%" 13252: 6365:

were invented. Common or important types of buildings in Islamic architecture include

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There are sizeable non-Muslim minorities in many Muslim-majority countries, includes,

2422: 198: 19052: 19047: 18952: 18942: 18932: 18605: 18491: 18443: 18286: 18197: 17900: 17890: 17885: 17875: 17870: 17703: 17556: 17546: 17529: 17519: 17496: 17477: 17456: 17377: 17367: 17350: 17340: 17316: 17306: 17289: 17279: 17259: 17249: 17087: 16917: 16846: 16812: 16777: 16767: 16717: 16693: 16670: 16660: 16536: 16507: 16421: 16319: 16192: 16121: 16111: 16023: 15986: 15931: 15900: 15842: 15719: 15623: 15596: 15562: 15540: 15524: 15510: 15469: 15426: 15308: 15021: 14996: 14943: 14918: 14888: 14812: 14800: 14760: 14708: 14683: 14646: 14619: 14595: 14571: 14546: 14494: 14395: 14367: 14321: 14268: 13889: 13804: 13794: 13636: 13608: 13315: 13108: 13069: 13022: 12983: 12958: 12919: 12753: 12714: 12623: 12483:"A Wake-Up Call: Milestones of Islamic History – IslamOnline.net – Art & Culture" 12096: 11700: 10740: 10701: 10671: 10605: 10575: 10523: 10490: 10479: 10448: 10436: 10426: 10349: 10339: 10265: 10144: 10111: 10000: 9937: 9819: 9210: 9143: 8994: 8821:

Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.

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Muslim engineers in the Islamic world made a number of innovative industrial uses of

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worldwide is between 800,000 and one million, with the vast majority residing in the

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are meant to exist because it is believed that such artistic depictions may lead to

5954:; or in the work of the Egyptian physician Ibn al-Nafis, who proposed the theory of 5801: 5521:

was used as the standard text in European universities for centuries. He also wrote

4695: 19166: 19082: 19067: 18817: 18522: 18244: 18182: 18172: 18162: 18147: 17895: 17798: 17770: 17658: 17601: 17452: 17427: 17398: 16842: 16019: 15498: 14792: 14313: 14301: 13446: 13061: 12911: 12891: 12886: 12874: 12845: 12840: 12828: 12745: 12704: 12693:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam" 12611: 12564: 10663: 10568:

US Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View

10418: 9548: 9397:"Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 8968: 8840: 8103: 8061: 7968: 7931: 7825: 7815: 7805: 7615: 7525: 7486: 7370: 7299: 7271: 7165: 6880: 6812: 6614: 6443: 6402: 6336: 6305: 6141: 5935: 5753: 5547: 5311: 5263: 5170: 5008: 4941: 4783: 4756: 4163: 3725: 3660: 3593: 3560: 2495: 2462: 2166: 2000: 1900: 1714: 1706: 1674: 1654: 1610: 1507: 1439: 1396: 1365: 1345: 1327: 1253: 967: 962: 913: 898: 883: 792: 671: 551: 519: 491: 440: 306: 295: 17017: 16439: 16437: 15082: 11087: 7861:

List of largest cities in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries

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scripts, which can be found adorning the walls and domes of mosques, the sides of

5926:

Muslim physicians contributed to the field of medicine, including the subjects of

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communities have survived. In addition, new schools of thought and movements like

487: 19008: 18705: 18650: 18450: 18136: 18096: 17985: 17941: 17715: 17606: 17579: 17449:

The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England

17148:"Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography" 16366: 16302: 16275: 16216: 16069: 15957: 15924:

Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England

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Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan

15803: 15782: 15758: 15751: 15672: 15386: 14640: 14613: 14520: 13877: 11978: 11865: 11363: 10486: 10474: 10422: 10140: 9927: 9813: 9766:

FROM A CORRESPONDENT IN INDIA, Tuesday, 3 September 1912, The Times, Issue: 39994

9200: 9040: 8833: 8026: 7951: 7830: 7820: 7311: 7279: 7093: 7069: 6902: 6226: 5654: 5508: 5504: 5445: 5356: 5231: 5223: 4970: 4966: 4768: 4626: 4590: 4396: 4209: 4041: 3760: 3607: 3603: 3540: 3437: 2190: 2076: 1977: 1539: 1475: 1423: 1331: 1102: 918: 878: 867: 849: 752: 697: 610: 539: 527: 444: 412: 322: 16599: 15979:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15592:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

15462:

A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam

13304:

William E. Shepard; FranÇois Burgat; James Piscatori; Armando Salvatore (2009).

11950: 10163:"Bullocks dragging siege-guns up hill during Akbar's attack on Ranthambhor Fort" 8217: 7771: 7426:). In English, years prior to the Hijra are denoted as BH ("Before the Hijra"). 5079:, dating to around the 8th century. Another contribution was the development of 3644:

social and political activism. Other Islamists (Al-Turabi) are proponents of a "

495: 19141: 19120: 18837: 18690: 18532: 18234: 16434: 15076:"Science-Matrix: 30 Years in Science – Secular Movements in Knowledge Creation" 14796: 11971: 11113: 10195: 10130: 7763: 7579: 7459: 7400: 7323: 7303: 7250: 7246: 7200: 7140: 6956: 6952: 6787: 6771: 6362: 6200: 6032: 6000: 5947: 5909: 5851: 5619: 5604: 5596: 5258: 5110: 5042: 5004: 4996: 4883: 4865: 4839: 4821: 4704: 4492: 4448: 4369: 4249: 4167: 4025: 3735: 3574: 3450: 2703: 2699: 2256: 2242: 2170: 2023: 1966: 1943: 1882: 1811: 1791: 1744: 1740: 1690: 1650: 1642: 1614: 1590: 1574: 1503: 1455: 1190: 1062: 1049: 1007: 952: 566: 535: 531: 515: 499: 333: 17560: 17293: 16674: 16476: 13019:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12980:

Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: Volume 2 The Dismal Fate of New Nations

12749: 12709: 12692: 12615: 9855: 6922:

dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century.

5391:

Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), deals with various science fiction elements such as

1340: 494:). Muslims are the overwhelming majority in Central Asia, the majority in the 19135: 19023: 18850: 18700: 18239: 18202: 18177: 18014: 17263: 16921: 16781: 16125: 15974: 15457: 15032:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14899:

Today Turkish Jewry remains the largest Jewish community in the Muslim world.

14804: 12757: 12718: 12092:

Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

10335: 7894: 7517: 7467: 7148: 6658: 6634: 6469: 6414: 6241: 6230: 6222: 6213: 5962:

remained an authoritative medical textbook in Europe until the 18th century.

5375: 5363: 5250: 5227: 5064: 5016: 4440: 4021: 3748: 3682: 3674: 3645: 3522: 3463: 3073: 2966: 2576: 2519: 2483: 2346: 2194: 1927: 1764: 1748: 1702: 1622: 1547: 1242: 1127: 1032: 992: 511: 436: 17533: 17381: 17354: 17320: 15950: 14568:

The World's Christians: Who they are, Where they are, and How they got there

13808: 12733: 12569: 12552: 12088: 9458:"The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring" 4459:

since the rise of Islam. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been

4052:

faith, although Druzes do not identify as Muslims. Twelver Shiism developed

2579:

have adopted Islam as the ideological foundation of state and constitution.

19110: 19035: 18685: 18537: 18415: 17980: 17965: 17679: 16074: 15919: 15822: 15108:"Nearly 40% of Muslim world's population unable read or write: IINA Report" 15045: 14783:

Ojo, Matthews A. (July 1995). "The Charismatic Movement in Nigeria Today".

14524: 10093: 9728: 7994: 7840: 7777: 7749: 7594: 6898: 6713: 6487: 6406: 5977: 5920: 5913: 5873: 5450: 5440: 5404: 5378:

plot and eventually becoming the first example of a science fiction novel.

5302: 5291: 5282: 5186: 5000: 4764: 4715:, Muslim-majority countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. 4456: 4333: 4265: 3951: 3851: 3649: 3627: 3586: 3518: 3242: 3190: 3021: 2670: 2263: 2102: 1996: 1969: 1931: 1682: 1586: 1487: 1233: 1178: 1134: 603: 592: 16761: 16016:

The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān

14642:

Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future

14261:

McCloud, Aminah Beverly; Hibbard, Scott W.; Saud, Laith (2 January 2013).

11669:"United Arab Emirates's Constitution of 1971 with Amendments through 2009" 6104:

was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of

6035:

is believed to have been invented in the medieval era (of what is now the

3585:, advocated Sunni internationalism through revolutionary restoration of a 1368:

as a religion and social institution begins with its inception around 610

18662: 18152: 18060: 17960: 17847: 16692:(Reprinted with corrections ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 15018:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14885:

Kinship and Consent: Jewish Political Tradition and Its Contemporary Uses

14828:"Ahead of Rosh Hashanah, figures show 14.7 million Jews around the globe" 14431: 14422: 14343: 10384: 9480:"India invited as 'Guest of Honour' to OIC meet, Sushma Swaraj to attend" 8002: 7890: 7785: 7603: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7528:); though they both count from the Hijrah. The solar Hijri calendar uses 7494: 7310:

in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to determine the proper days of

7307: 7258: 7130: 7089: 7065: 6945:, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way. 6938: 6931: 6915: 6261: 6245: 6180: 6164: 6152: 6137: 6105: 6066: 6016: 5666: 5611: 5584: 5564: 5400: 5392: 5385: 5359: 5342: 5132: 5128: 5072: 5037: 4630: 4559: 4452: 4419:, and they have had a significant impact contributing the culture of the 4353: 3943: 3886: 3752: 3670: 3653: 3582: 3548: 3536: 3423: 3391: 2592: 2523: 2515: 2372: 2094: 2080: 1951: 1935: 1834: 1678: 1670: 1582: 1491: 1483: 1467: 1249: 930: 888: 812: 467: 459: 373: 357: 291: 17109: 14967:"Zoroastrianism i. History to the Arab Conquest – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 14543:

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

14364:

The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives

12204: 8907: 8098:

Afsaruddin, Asma (2016). "Islamic World". In McNeill, William H. (ed.).

7922:

exact dates depend on which variant of the Islamic calendar is followed.

7428:

Since 7 July 2024 CE, the current Islamic year is 1446 AH. In the

6926:

patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional

18965: 18047: 18004: 17975: 17439: 17332: 17066:"پيمانه کردن سال و ماه از ديرباز تا کنون در گفتگو با دکتر ايرج ملک پور" 14484: 10966:"Brunei Darussalam's Constitution of 1959 with Amendments through 2006" 8967:. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from 7998: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7790: 7728: 7529: 7501: 7490: 7482: 7374: 7322:. In almost all countries where the predominant religion is Islam, the 7298:), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and 7144: 7061: 6737: 6301: 6209: 6196: 6192: 6176: 6156: 6148: 6097: 6081: 5931: 5809: 5757: 5572: 5542: 5496: 5396: 5322: 5298: 4868: 4727: 4602: 4594: 4550: 4428: 4111: 4080: 3994: 3963: 3866: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3815: 3641: 3255: 3216: 3125: 3099: 3047: 2995: 2745: 2631: 2543: 2535: 2478: 2364: 1626: 1563: 1559: 1499: 1471: 1466:. Meanwhile, the Muslim community tore itself apart into the rivalling 1443: 1369: 1298: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1223: 935: 463: 385: 263: 17410: 14856:"VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands" 10670:. The New York Philosophical Library. pp. 124, 222, 229, 269–70. 10641: 7569:. Currently the Solar Hijri calendar is officially used only in Iran. 4786: receiving a richly decorated robe of honor from the caliph 4566:

and other parts of Africa. Several Muslim-majority countries, such as

3446: 2321:

in 1924, have sometimes been seen as the result of Western influence.

18670: 18101: 18043: 17990: 17858: 17611: 13021:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12982:. Ithaca, New York 14850, USA: Cornell University Press. p. 91. 12182: 10571: 10515: 10410: 9067:"Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims" 8890:

Sunni Islam accounts for over 85% of the world's Muslim population...

7552: 7508:. This year is generally considered by Muslims as the first year of 7471: 7362: 7180: 7110: 6905: 6816: 6749: 6733: 6662: 6461: 6447: 6344: 6204: 6188: 6172: 6160: 6125: 6121: 6070: 6004: 5992: 5972: 5831: 5783: 5736: 5646: 5408: 5277: 5212:. The concept had been influenced by a pre-Islamic Persian prototype 5067:

was prevalent in Islamic art, usually assuming the form of elaborate

5020: 4919: 4889: 4813: 4662: 4365: 4361: 4246: 4139: 4119: 4057: 4045: 4017: 3823: 3767:. As of 2024, however, Nigeria has become a Muslim-majority country. 3717: 3637: 3615: 3589: 3086: 2551: 2499: 2329: 2294: 1886: 1858: 1838: 1779:, India became the world's largest economy, valued 25% of world GDP. 1768: 1567: 1427: 1349: 1228: 834: 546:

partially due to their high birth rate, according to the same study,

502:

has the largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries.

341: 17431: 17147: 17124: 16645:

Grabar, Oleg (2006), "Islamic art and beyond". Ashgate. Vol 2, p. 87

15305:"OIC to hold conference on refugees in Muslim world in Turkmenistan" 9510:"Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population" 8745: 8299: 6163:

in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-

5987:

Some most famous scientists from the medieval Islamic world include

2433:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1273: 416: 209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 78: 19013: 18509: 18367: 18319: 18113: 18019: 17970: 17698: 17402: 16502:

M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Architecture".

16487:

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15502: 14993:

Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights

14528: 14349: 13270: 12428:"Russia Will be One-Third Muslim in 15 Years, Chief Mufti Predicts" 7984:; also called in some English sources as the Iranian Solar calendar 7655: 7566: 7539:

Each of the twelve months of the Hijri calendar corresponds with a

7378: 7114: 6724:

that, according to Islam, he revealed to his creation. All but one

6717: 6666: 6642: 6569: 6554: 6535: 6398: 6357: 6293: 6085: 6008: 5981: 5946:) which contained comprehensive diagrams of the body's structural, 5512: 5492: 5485: 5388: 5272: 5243: 5205: 5201: 5088: 5080: 5056: 5047: 4809: 4787: 4488: 4380: 4357: 4345: 4341: 4231: 4190: 4065: 4033: 4005: 3959: 3793: 3764: 3744: 3713: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3359: 3327: 2862: 2849: 2771: 2657: 2338: 2332: 2310: 1795: 1752: 1646: 1630: 1594: 1555: 1551: 1550:. Notable major empires dominated by Muslims, such as those of the 1435: 1411: 1376: 1144: 1112: 826: 760: 550:

has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who

393: 325: 13105:

The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis 1700–1948

12117:"Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state" 10440: 10353: 9999:, First published 1973, Reprint 2006, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, 7855: 7757: 6941:

shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as

6930:; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of 19028: 18624: 18312: 18192: 18070: 18065: 18052: 18036: 18029: 18024: 17756: 17612:

Indian Ocean in World History, A free online educational resource

17389:

Madden, Edward H. (1975). "Some Characteristics of Islamic Art".

14438: 14435: 14171: 12602:

Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".

9724: 9602:"A Religious Forecast For 2050: Atheism Is Down, Islam Is Rising" 9170:"10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050" 8278:. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 829–834. 7679: 7639: 7583: 7562: 7521: 7351: 7315: 6972: 6964: 6942: 6803: 6729: 6670: 6491: 6390: 6370: 6352: 6184: 6168: 5927: 5917: 5626: 5600: 5571:. European scholars and writers influenced by this novel include 5370:, the story of Kamil extends beyond the desert island setting in 5268: 5235: 5068: 4974: 4817: 4682: 4678: 4606: 4433: 4337: 4269: 4186: 4159: 4151: 4115: 4088: 4073: 4061: 4013: 4009: 3998: 3972: 3847: 3811: 3789: 3756: 3740: 3702: 3678: 3611: 3578: 3564: 3457:

became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim-majority country.

3277: 3177: 3164: 2982: 2940: 2914: 2875: 2758: 2732: 2719: 2539: 2262:

first documented the term "Muslim world" in 1912 when describing

2146: 2027: 1658: 1634: 1618: 1602: 1407: 977: 654: 466:(10–13%). However, other denominations exist in pockets, such as 389: 314: 283: 259: 17270: 16482: 15825:. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968 12595: 12231:"Uzbekistan's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2011" 12147:"Tajikistan's Constitution of 1994 with Amendments through 2003" 11024:"Mauritania's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012" 6901:

and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an

3939: 298:, although there are no agreed criteria for inclusion. The term 18542: 18516: 18475: 18436: 18353: 18266: 18187: 18089: 17999: 17930: 17925: 17692: 17616: 16726: 16140:

Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture

16039:

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981),

15823:

Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi

14444: 14418: 13823:"The population of Shia: How many Shia are there in the world?" 13167: 12791: 12789: 12787: 10545:"Special Reports – The Salafist Movement: Al Qaeda's New Front" 8137: 7712: 7558: 7505: 7396: 7386: 7347: 7232: 7196: 7109:

The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the

7106:), which translates into Arabic line, design, or construction. 6960: 6792: 6689: 6510: 6410: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6366: 6113: 6093: 6089: 5489: 5092: 5084: 4923: 4904: 4886: 4598: 4567: 4527:

Bangladesh has the largest Hindu population in the Muslim world

4477: 4384: 4213: 4147: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4092: 4069: 4037: 3990: 3986: 3905: 3843: 3819: 3535:

Central and prominent figures in 20th-century Islamism include

3513: 3375: 3229: 3112: 3060: 2823: 2810: 2605: 2559: 2531: 2527: 2511: 2062: 1842: 1772: 1756: 1638: 1598: 1519: 1438:. The Arab Muslims were unable to conquer the entire Christian 1392: 1384: 1353: 997: 987: 776: 744: 736: 721: 715: 599: 401: 377: 353: 349: 17602:

Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies

16905:

Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis;

14514:

Alevi-Islam Religious Services – The message of İzzettin Doğan

13220:"How credible is the claim of the failure of political Islam?" 12957:. New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 141. 6815:

mosque, and recurring even up until the 17th century with the

1391:

for the city under his leadership. This migration, called the

18791: 18616: 18570: 18558: 18360: 18346: 18305: 18082: 17920: 17777: 17763: 17684: 17647: 17010: 15327:"UN Calls Syrian Refugee Crisis Worst Since Rwandan Genocide" 13605:

Cityscapes of Violence in Karachi: Publics and Counterpublics

12820: 11597:"Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia" 11248:"Comoros's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2009" 10090:

Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order

9623:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 9098:"Indiana Blood Center cancels 'Muslims for Life' blood drive" 8367:"Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group" 7659: 7509: 7391: 7382: 7343: 7136: 7031: 7016: 7000: 6980: 6875: 6867: 6781: 6592: 6297: 6129: 6117: 6101: 5476: 5267:, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a 5209: 5076: 5052: 5012: 4987: 4927: 4861: 4712: 4646: 4575: 4512: 4484: 4473: 4416: 4227: 4205: 4155: 4143: 4135: 4127: 4084: 4049: 3955: 3920: 3785: 3598: 3570: 3567: 3507: 3499: 3343: 3311: 3203: 3151: 2927: 2901: 2836: 2784: 2683: 2555: 2376: 2354: 2289:

had an instrumental role in ending and replacing it with the

1814: 1578: 1531: 1527: 1380: 1257: 1252:

sense, the terms 'Muslim world' and 'Islamic world' refer to

1139: 1017: 708: 666: 659: 582: 574: 381: 318: 287: 16495: 16409: 15861:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

15743:

Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher",

13870: 12784: 11947:

Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

11846:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: The Gambia" 11719: 11280:

Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010

7536:, and dates from the presumed actual "day of the Hijrah". 5970:) contributed to the discipline of medical surgery with his 5834:'s astronomical works, explains the different phases of the 5537:

Yet another influential philosopher who had an influence on

5527:, an influential scientific and philosophical encyclopedia. 4539:

Turkey has the largest Jewish population in the Muslim world

18457: 18429: 18379: 18326: 18271: 17784: 14425: 12853: 12586: 11929:"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Indonesia" 11411:"Libya's Constitution of 2011 with Amendments through 2012" 11140:"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2001" 8326:"Muslim countries make thin contribution to global economy" 7865: 7694: 7455: 7339: 7319: 7254: 7249:

that is most widely used among Muslims. The other one is a

7245:

Two calendars are used all over the Muslim world. One is a

7118: 6725: 6465: 6374: 6217: 5835: 4835: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4496: 4444: 4415:

to Arab and Islamic civilization since the introduction of

4183: 3978: 3901: 3827: 3781: 3663:) has argued for a broader notion of Islamism as a form of 3138: 3034: 2797: 2644: 2618: 2186: 768: 676: 471: 397: 345: 16681: 16524: 16342:, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, 16138:

S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge",

13198: 12546: 12544: 12171: 11870: 11056:"Oman's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2011" 8102:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Berkshire Publishing Group. 5872:"Cubic equations and intersections of conic sections", of 5555:

in 1671, developed the themes of empiricism, tabula rasa,

4957:" has been attributed to a period in history during which 16456: 15866: 15748: 13126: 13124: 12671: 12263:"2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Lebanon" 8250:

Handbook of Empirical Research on Islam and Economic Life

7622:

in terms of respect for Muslim women's lives and rights.

7399:. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH ( 7216: 6740:

can also be found in Jewish and some Christian theology.

5194:

The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is

3502:

should influence political systems, and generally oppose

1606: 16706: 14392:

The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East

14167:"Suicide bombs kill 39 near Shi'ite mosques in Pakistan" 14077:"Pakistan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008" 13344: 13262: 12281:"What is each country's second-largest religious group?" 9653:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9280:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

9174:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8827:

Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

8515:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

8001:), this calendar is no longer used by the government of 6918:

knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest

16687: 16648: 12879:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12833:

Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (In Asia)

12541: 11623:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Syria" 5683:

Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world

4790: in 1000. Miniature from the Rashid al-Din's 3976:) reflecting different methodologies of jurisprudence ( 3862:

also has a large number of non-denominational Muslims.

3720:

is currently the most populous Muslim-majority country.

17516:

Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction

16993:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2025" 16968:"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024" 16504:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture

15675:. Books.google.com.pk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013. 14342:

Mezhepler Tarihi ve Terimleri Sözlüğü (The History of

13121: 11088:"The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" 5891:'s rocket flight depicted in a 17th-century engraving. 4860:

Mir Sayyid Ali, a scholar writing a commentary on the

4427:

estimates indicate that in 2010, more than 64 million

3950:

The first centuries of Islam gave rise to three major

3800:

as his true political as well as religious successor.

3602:) who steered the efforts for religious education and 27:

Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns

12875:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12829:"Commentary on "Islamic State": Thoughts of Islamism" 12367:"Muslim Population in India - Total Muslims in India" 12089:

Timothy J. Demy Ph.D., Jeffrey M. Shaw Ph.D. (2019).

10601:

Religion, the Enlightenment, and the New Global Order

10321: 10319: 10317: 10108:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

8845:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

7979: 7945: 7658:– West African religious leaders and teachers of the 7135:

Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles:

4578:

have a high rate of citable scientific publications.

4391:

The Muslim world is home to some of the world's most

4322:

People move close to the Muslim food corner in China.

17170:"Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar" 16898: 16831:"Reading Mosques: Meaning and Architecture in Islam" 16564:

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15357:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp" 14242:'s Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012 13056:

Matthiesen, Toby (2023). "10: The Muslim Response".

12644: 11222: 8716:"Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican" 7962: 7739: 7557:

The ancient Iranian New Year's Day, which is called

7293: 6732:". Images of Mohammed are likewise prohibited. Such 3466:

have changed the influence of Islam on the world in

1593:

which dominated the centers of Islamic knowledge of

17518:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 17495:(1st ed.). Nova Science Publishers, New York. 17476:(1st ed.). New York: Nova Science Publishers. 17246:

Global communication without universal civilization

14870:"Jewish Population Rises to 15.2 million Worldwide" 12885:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 38–40. 12839:(3). Routledge: Taylor & Francis group: 23–28. 11539:"BASIC LAW - OF THE PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY" 10407:

Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East

10253: 10096:, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993. 5854:

was one of the most famous inventions of Al-Jazari.

5705:

Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world

1546:and enthroned one of the few female Muslim rulers, 1538:conquered Delhi in 1206 and began the reign of the 302:is an alternative often used for the latter sense. 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 17278:(2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. 16690:The art and architecture of Islam : 1250–1800 16592: 15390: 14940:Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics 14260: 14140:"Early Warning Signs of Shia Genocide in Pakistan" 13305: 13149:"What most people get wrong about political Islam" 11751: 11370:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 24 August 2012 10478: 10314: 9704: 9134:Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy 9131: 5788:Surgical instruments illustrations. (11th century) 5661:, a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of 4399:—including three of its five great patriarchates ( 2494:replaced a monarchial semi-secular regime with an 369:Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 17088:"پژوهش‌های ایرانی | پاسداشت گاهشماری ایرانی" 15561:. Taylor & Francis. 1 March 2011. p. 9. 13297: 13217: 10396: 10394: 9860:Christopher Hitchens and Tim Rutten in discussion 9776:Carpenter, Scott; Cagaptay, Soner (2 June 2009). 9775: 8184:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 11–14. 7493:whereas the lunar Hijri calendar predominates in 4722:. In July 2013, the UN stated that the number of 4487:minorities. Malaysia (5 million) has the largest 4083:were initially divided into five major branches: 3705:has the largest Muslim population in the world. 2277:A significant change in the Muslim world was the 19133: 17274:; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2003). 16501: 16255:Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823. 15946: 15944: 14995:. 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(1995). 16584:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16448:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBloomBlair2009 ( 16340:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering 16269:Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources 16191:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 15941: 15838:The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature 15558:Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics 14785:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 13405: 13275:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics 13234: 13140: 12681:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40 12557:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 10854: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10690: 9815:Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism 9680:"The world's fastest-growing religion is ..." 9427:"The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus" 8876:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 8024: 6315:Early Islamic architecture was influenced by 4310:People pray together in the mosque in Russia. 3652:society through exercise of state power, or ( 3414: 3382: 1198: 16714:Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture 16506:. Oxford University Press. pp. 74, 78. 15549: 14618:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 14611: 14545:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. XLVIII. 14476: 14306:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 14264:An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century 14164: 13869:"Pew Forum on Religious & Public life". 13312:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 13146: 13017:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). "2: Iran and Egypt". 12636:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 12396:"China's hi-tech war on its Muslim minority" 10403:"Transnational Islamist Terrorism: Al Qaeda" 10330:. 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New architectural elements like 4480:(primarily in Syria and Lebanon). 4467:, with the largest communities of 4327: 4286:Children read Qur'an in Indonesia. 2303:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate 2059:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1881:Cannons and guns belonging to the 1356:in 1154, one of the most advanced 25: 19198: 17568: 17209: 16874:"The Beginning of Hijri calendar" 15835:Claeys, Gregory (5 August 2010). 15337:from the original on 27 July 2013 15192:from the original on 10 July 2018 14205:from the original on 5 March 2016 14082:United States Department of State 14043:Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies 13981:on Pakistan. 2010. Archived from 13913:from the original on 17 July 2005 13829:from the original on 29 July 2016 13483:from the original on 25 July 2013 12955:Islamic Fundamentalism since 1945 12953:Milton-Edwards, Beverley (2005). 12796:Wright, Robin (10 January 2015). 12287:from the original on 22 June 2015 12038:United States Department of State 11931:. 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Vol. 2. pp. 161–164. 9346:from the original on 28 July 2013 9316:from the original on 25 July 2013 8918:from the original on 20 July 2019 8695:from the original on 7 April 2013 8665:from the original on 7 April 2013 8612:from the original on 9 March 2013 8582:from the original on 9 March 2013 8433:from the original on 9 March 2013 8198:from the original on 20 June 2020 7620:hermeneutics of feminism in Islam 2960: 2690: 2570: 2315:separated religion from the state 2093:Beginning with the 15th century, 47:This article has multiple issues. 19116: 19115: 19104: 18625:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 17815:Timeline of the history of Islam 17646: 17162: 17139: 17102: 17080: 17058: 17036: 16985: 16960: 16928: 16865: 16847:10.1111/j.1540-6245.2010.01453.x 16822: 16801: 16788: 16753: 16639: 16630: 16553: 16402:"Islamic Art and Architecture", 16396: 16387: 16371: 16329: 16312: 16258: 16249: 16221: 16202: 16178: 16151: 16099: 16090: 16081: 16046: 16033: 16008: 15999: 15967: 15886: 15828: 15816: 15796: 15768: 15737: 15714:Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers 15702: 15678: 15659: 15650: 15641: 15632: 15582: 15533: 15517: 15379: 15349: 15319: 15297: 15230: 15204: 15178: 15152: 15126: 15100: 15068: 15037: 15009: 14984: 14959: 14931: 14904: 14876: 14862: 14848: 14834: 14819: 14776: 14748: 14724: 14696: 14671: 14632: 14605: 14584: 14559: 14534: 14507: 14450: 14383: 14355: 14346:and its terminology dictionary), 14293: 14254: 14191: 14158: 14132: 14106: 14089:from the original on 30 May 2019 13882: 13863: 13841: 13782: 13750: 13724: 13697: 13671: 13653: 13631:Adrian Cybriwsky, Roman (2015). 13624: 13596: 13211: 13096: 13049: 13010: 12971: 12946: 12899: 12866: 12732:Bale, Jeffrey M. (1 June 2009). 12725: 12684: 12659:from the original on 3 June 2023 12577: 12511: 12493: 12475: 12462: 12448: 12434: 12420: 12406: 12387: 12373: 12359: 12329: 12273: 12265:. US Department of State. 2019. 12255: 12223: 12197: 12139: 12109: 12052: 12002: 11984: 11965: 11921: 11896: 11852: 11838: 11813: 11795: 11777: 11693: 11661: 11637:"Tunisia's Constitution of 2014" 11629: 11615: 11589: 11557: 11531: 11507:"Morocco's Constitution of 2011" 11499: 11467: 11455:from the original on 14 May 2011 11435: 11403: 11350: 11326: 11294: 11272: 11240: 11094:from the original on 9 July 2011 10910:"Islamic Countries Of The World" 10328:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)" 10041:from the original on 26 May 2011 9709:. U.S. News & World Report. 9686:from the original on 15 May 2020 8752:from the original on 25 May 2013 8453:"The Global Religious Landscape" 7987: 7925: 7916: 7883: 7770: 7756: 7742: 7720: 7701: 7686: 7667: 7647: 7631: 7395:), an event commemorated as the 7381:and his followers migrated from 7224: 7208: 7188: 7173: 7157: 7024: 7008: 6993: 6977:Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan 6848: 6836: 6824: 6678: 6650: 6626: 6606: 6581: 6562: 6543: 6524: 6499: 6476: 6454: 6436: 6311:different religious affiliations 5881: 5865: 5843: 5823: 5793: 5771: 5745: 5724: 5178: 5159: 5139: 5117: 4934: 4912: 4896: 4875: 4853: 4828: 4798: 4775: 4670: 4654: 4638: 4618: 4532: 4520: 4504: 4491:population in the Muslim world. 4315: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4257: 4239: 4220: 4198: 4175: 3912: 3893: 3874: 3416: 3400: 3384: 3379:: 14–20 million Muslims (10–14%) 3368: 3352: 3336: 3320: 3304: 3270: 3248: 3235: 3222: 3209: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3066: 3053: 3040: 3027: 3014: 3001: 2988: 2975: 2946: 2933: 2920: 2907: 2894: 2881: 2868: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2816: 2803: 2790: 2777: 2764: 2751: 2738: 2725: 2712: 2676: 2663: 2650: 2637: 2624: 2611: 2598: 2585: 2403: 2230: 2216: 2201: 2178: 2154: 2130: 2114: 2051: 2035: 2022:, an armed conflict between the 2012: 1985: 1976:after being defeated during the 1959: 1874: 1850: 1826: 1803: 1784: 1272: 1172: 581: 179: 77: 36: 18976:List of ex-Muslim organisations 17212:"On Erdogan and Muslim mothers" 17176:. 26 March 2022. Archived from 16535:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 36–37. 15425:. Penguin. pp. Chapter 1. 15311:. 24 April 2012. Archived from 15043: 14826:Staff, Toi (8 September 2018). 14594:. 1993. Edinburgh Univ. Press. 14592:Islamic Science and Engineering 14430:Al-Bākūrat’ūs Sūlaiman’īyyah – 13273:. In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). 13147:Hamid, Shadi (1 October 2015). 12394:Byler, Darren (11 April 2019). 11972:Republic of Kosovo constitution 11314:from the original on 4 May 2017 11282:(Constitution, Article 1). 1992 11260:from the original on 4 May 2017 11196: 11184:from the original on 4 May 2017 11164: 11132: 11106: 11080: 11048: 11036:from the original on 4 May 2017 11016: 10990: 10958: 10932: 10807: 10785:"Islam: Governing Under Sharia" 10777: 10765: 10726: 10630: 10551:. WGBH educational foundation. 10536: 10503: 10467: 10278: 10154: 10124: 10099: 10083: 10065:Civilization Past & Present 10053: 10026: 10009: 9989: 9980: 9971: 9962: 9818:. WH Allen. p. XXII–XIII. 9769: 9713:from the original on 5 May 2019 9671: 9641: 9615: 9563: 9502: 9472: 9449: 9419: 9389: 9358: 9268: 9223: 9192: 9180:from the original on 4 May 2017 8764: 8738: 8707: 8624: 8533: 8503: 8481:"Oxford Islamic Studies Online" 8473: 8462:. December 2012. Archived from 8445: 8344: 8318: 8228:from the original on 3 May 2020 8181:Islam, the State and Population 7811:Index of Islam-related articles 7168:, 7th century. (Surah 7: 86–87) 7034:pattern that can be drawn with 6271: 6151:, and early industrial uses of 5639:Aristotelian natural philosophy 5467:Contemporary Islamic philosophy 5435:. Translations of Ibn Tufail's 5341:. Both of these narratives had 5091:(from 1100 to around 1600) and 4264:Most of the inhabitants of the 3966:. Each sect developed distinct 3788:(consultation), as was done at 3689: 2324:In the 21st century, after the 1454:attempted two failed sieges of 1283:needs additional citations for 482:. About 13% of Muslims live in 454:Most Muslims are of one of two 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 17133:Chronology of Prophetic Events 17131:Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). 16733:Julia Kaestle (10 July 2010). 16602:. Encyclopedia of the Orient. 15985:. pp. 245, 250, 256–257. 15841:. Cambridge University Press. 15716:: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy 14914:The Rebirth of the Middle East 13791:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 13439:"Muslim Population by Country" 13351:Roy, Olivier (16 April 2012). 13176:"What do we mean by Islamist?" 13130: 12892:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12846:10.1080/19370679.2013.12023226 12734:"Islamism and Totalitarianism" 12205:"Constitution of Turkmenistan" 11565:"Qatar's Constitution of 2003" 11302:"Egypt's Constitution of 2014" 10520:Johns Hopkins University Press 10106:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 9854:Hitchens, Christopher (2007). 9678:Burke, Daniel (4 April 2015). 9541:"Muslim Population by Country" 9138:. Simon and Schuster. p. 9069:. The Sentinel. Archived from 8912:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 8714:Kington, Tom (31 March 2008). 8540:Burke, Daniel (29 July 2016). 8292: 8276:A History of Islamic Societies 8267: 8240: 8210: 8131: 8049: 8018: 7318:and the annual season for the 6720:. Muslims describe God by the 5337:as a response to Ibn Tufail's 4064:, and other movements such as 3685:of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). 3618:schoolteacher who founded the 3363:: 19.4 million Muslims (35.2%) 3347:: 25–40 million Muslims (2–3%) 3331:: 34.7 million Muslims (31.3%) 2272:Anglo-Russian action in Persia 2070: 1837:under the command of Islamist 1395:, marks the first year of the 1217: 13: 1: 16916:. Brill Academic Publishers. 16763:Books : a living history 16418:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 15881:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15870:Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher 15763:Encyclopedia of Islamic World 15752:Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher 15689:. Vol. I. Leiden: Brill. 14991:Monshipouri, Mahmood (2011). 14615:The Legend of the Middle Ages 14417:"Muhammad ibn Āliyy’ūl Cillī 14114:"The Trouble With Madrassahs" 13570:Analysis (19 December 2011). 13310:. In John L. Esposito (ed.). 13206:The Future of Political Islam 12861:The Future of Political Islam 12798:"A Short History of Islamism" 12691:Tibi, Bassam (1 March 2007). 12651:Byers, Dylan (5 April 2013). 11821:"Gambia (The) 1996(rev.2004)" 11727:"Article 7.1 of Constitution" 9367:"CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography" 7871: 7612:liberal progressive movements 7361:This calendar enumerates the 7215:Islamic calligraphy praising 7068:, in the languages which use 6405:, commercial buildings (e.g. 6069:from China. The knowledge of 6022: 5618:and developed the concept of 5460: 5401:end of the world and doomsday 5208:, Persian, and later Arabian 5098: 4609:have a significant amount of 4443:estimated that around 27,000 4393:ancient Christian communities 4170:later emerged independently. 3985:The major Sunni madhhabs are 3427:: 8–9 million Muslims (9–10%) 3315:: 200 million Muslims (14.6%) 2702:have endorsed Islam as their 2353:, reportedly quoted from the 1737:Age of the Islamic Gunpowders 18961:Apostasy in Islam by country 18828:Liberalism and progressivism 16227:Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38 15774:Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), " 15589:Saliba, George (July 1995). 14483:Halm, Heinz (21 July 2004). 14390:De McLaurin, Ronald (1979). 13572:"Global religious landscape" 11785:"Article 31 of Constitution" 10789:Council on Foreign Relations 10423:10.1017/CBO9780511977367.003 10401:Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). 10383:. London and New York City: 10262:Colonialism and Its Legacies 10260:Levy, Jacob T., ed. (2011). 9932:. Psychology Press. p. 9336:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8572:"Region: Sub-Saharan Africa" 8485:www.oxfordislamicstudies.com 8012: 7642:wedding ceremony in a mosque 7454:is the official calendar of 7092:calligraphy. It is known in 7060:is the artistic practice of 6743: 6701: 6061:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4513:largest Christian population 4421:Middle East and North Africa 4208:dignitaries celebrating the 3935:Islamic schools and branches 3929:Islamic schools and branches 3708: 2185:The Christian reconquest of 1930:, starting from the wealthy 1735:Scholars often use the term 1711:liberalism and progressivism 1502:' rule was succeeded by the 1366:history of the Islamic faith 476:Islamic schools and branches 294:sense, these terms refer to 7: 17337:The Encyclopedia of Fantasy 16879:Saudi Aramco World Magazine 16533:Islam: Art and Architecture 16005:Russell (1994), pp. 224–62, 15899:, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, 13974:Central Intelligence Agency 13890:"Country Profile: Pakistan" 13793:. Oxford University Press. 13704:ANALYSIS (7 October 2009). 13607:. Oxford University Press. 13532:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 13277:. Oxford University Press. 13251:. p. 5. Archived from 12307:"Muslim-Majority Countries" 12179:"Article 2 of Constitution" 11992:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11878:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11803:"Article 1 of Constitution" 11114:"Basic Law of Saudi Arabia" 10566:Geltzer, Joshua A. (2011). 9997:History of Mediaeval Bengal 9065:Longton, Gary Gurr (2014). 8253:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 7980: 7963: 7946: 7735: 7294: 7240: 6985:Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba 6760:pre-Islamic pagan religions 5676: 5641:and Aristotle's concept of 5551:, translated into Latin as 5545:. His philosophical novel, 5473:Logic in Islamic philosophy 5197:One Thousand and One Nights 5026: 4690: 4461:reduced to a small fraction 4044:. It also gave rise to the 3770: 3473: 3431: 2429:the claims made and adding 1336:Timeline of Islamic history 756:("Stories of the Prophets") 307:history of the Muslim world 205:the claims made and adding 10: 19203: 18878: 17588:an online tutorial at the 17514:Turner, Howard R. (1997). 17237: 16809:Five Essays on Islamic Art 16798:. 85: 152–184 – via JSTOR. 16712:Chapman, Caroline (2012). 16560:Flood & Necipoğlu 2017 16052:Russell (1994), pp. 224–39 15016:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14942:. Routledge. p. 109. 14883:L. Elazar, Daniel (2020). 14797:10.1177/239693939501900306 14682:. Routledge. p. 173. 14566:Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). 14527:Cad. No: 290, Yenibosna / 13249:International Crisis Group 13133:Failure of Political Islam 12010:"Preamble of Constitution" 11443:"Constitution of Malaysia" 10415:Cambridge University Press 9039:. Brussels. Archived from 9033:"Islamophoobia in Europe!" 8631:Kettani, Houssain (2010). 7577: 7524:(known in the West as the 7441: 7269: 7166:an early Qur'an manuscript 7048: 6895:Islamic geometric patterns 6865: 6747: 6705: 6276: 6054: 5800:A self-trimming lamp from 5686: 5680: 5655:Illuminationist philosophy 5470: 5464: 5108: 5102: 5030: 4944:studying together, from a 4864:, during the reign of the 4754: 4733: 4665:lining up for class, 2009. 3932: 3808:Non-denominational Muslims 3723: 3693: 3478: 3455:prime minister of Pakistan 3435: 3411:: 10 million Muslims (15%) 3395:: 12 million Muslims (42%) 2469:Political aspects of Islam 2466: 2460: 2328:(2001) coordinated by the 2319:abolition of the Caliphate 2274:; and "Afghan Ambitions". 2254: 2209:French conquest of Algeria 2123:French conquest of Algeria 2074: 1898: 1728: 1530:and number of converts to 1450:, however. The succeeding 1325: 1263: 480:non-denominational Muslims 340:, which culminated in the 19099: 18984: 18951: 18891: 18887: 18873: 18800: 18767: 18739:Geography and cartography 18714: 18661: 18657: 18641: 18467: 18389: 18336: 18285: 18281: 18257: 18127: 17951: 17911: 17794: 17746: 17670: 17666: 17655: 17586:The Islamic World to 1600 17575:What is the Muslim world? 17362:Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). 16627:Madden (1975), pp. 423–30 16404:The Columbia Encyclopedia 16393:Ettinghausen (2003), p. 3 15983:New York University Press 15863:Symposium on Ibn al Nafis 15851:– via Google Books. 15745:Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis 15466:New York University Press 15238:"Indonesia Literacy rate" 14938:C. Held, Colbert (2008). 14366:. Routledge. p. 33. 14362:J. Stewart, Dona (2008). 14289:– via Google Books. 14267:. John Wiley & Sons. 13635:. ABC-CLIO. p. 179. 12906:Matthiesen, Toby (2023). 12750:10.1080/14690760903371313 12710:10.1080/14690760601121630 12618:(inactive 24 July 2024). 12616:10.1017/S1537592703000197 12095:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11864:13 September 2004 at the 11859:Article 1 of Constitution 10761:– via Google Books. 9156:nondenominational Muslims 9130:Pollack, Kenneth (2014). 9116:non-denominational Muslim 8987:Roshandel, Jalil (2011). 8772:"Field Listing Religions" 8748:. IslamicPopulation.com. 8263:– via Google Books. 7836:Islam and other religions 7314:and rituals, such as the 7074:alphabets derived from it 7036:compass and straight edge 6983:; and in wood, as at the 6159:. The industrial uses of 5362:living in seclusion on a 4252:ruled in Yemen until 1962 4234:valley in Algerian Sahara 3736:India's Muslim population 3490:refers to a broad set of 3262: 1577:(15th-16th centuries) of 1516:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji 404:are not Muslim-majority. 363:As of 2013, the combined 317:look for guidance to the 300:Muslim-majority countries 18:Muslim-majority countries 19058:Islamic view of miracles 17596:Is There a Muslim World? 17146:Marom, Roy (Fall 2017). 16365:18 February 2008 at the 16301:26 February 2008 at the 16274:26 February 2008 at the 16106:Kamal, Muhammad (2006). 15791:University of Notre Dame 15699:Grant & Clute, p. 51 15160:"Pakistan Literacy rate" 14707:. Springer. p. 11. 14703:Curtis, Michael (2018). 14541:Jenkins, Philip (2020). 13871:http://www.pewforum.org/ 13269:Emin Poljarevic (2015). 13242:"Understanding Islamism" 13088:: CS1 maint: location ( 13041:: CS1 maint: location ( 13002:: CS1 maint: location ( 12938:: CS1 maint: location ( 12604:Perspectives on Politics 12442:"Technical Difficulties" 12064:U.S. Department of State 11977:21 November 2013 at the 11701:"Albania – Constitution" 10510:Moghadam, Assaf (2008). 9924:Watt, William Montgomery 8300:"Economies of the ummah" 8274:Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). 8178:Jones, Gavin W. (2005). 7876: 7573: 7019:pattern on the spandrel. 6860: 6237:, particularly from the 5651:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi 5629:(Alhazen), a pioneer of 5561:condition of possibility 5553:Philosophus Autodidactus 5530:Another figure from the 5437:Philosophus Autodidactus 5368:Philosophus Autodidactus 5347:Philosophus Autodidactus 5339:Philosophus Autodidactus 5318:Philosophus Autodidactus 4469:Jews in Muslim countries 4451:have existed across the 3775: 3696:Muslim population growth 3631:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2516:schools of jurisprudence 2490:. By contrast, the 1979 1476:killing of caliph Uthman 845:Medieval Islamic science 18813:Creationism (evolution) 17447:Russell, G. A. (1994). 17210:Akyol, Riada Asimovic. 16760:Lyons, Martyn. (2011). 16068:17 January 2008 at the 16041:Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan 15928:Oxford University Press 15875:6 February 2008 at the 15757:6 February 2008 at the 15734:Grant & Clute, p 52 15523:Medieval India, NCERT, 15464:, pp. 245, 250, 256–7. 14737:. Pew Research Center. 14678:C. Ellis, Kail (2017). 14639:Pacini, Andrea (1998). 14310:Oxford University Press 14048:Oxford University Press 13789:Esposito, John (2003). 13058:The Caliph and the Imam 12978:B. Hass, Ernst (2000). 12908:The Caliph and the Imam 12570:10.55540/0031-1723.2340 12551:Eikmeier, Dale (2007). 11357:"Jordan country report" 10379:Commins, David (2009). 10035:"The Gunpowder Empires" 7693:A tribal delegation in 7369:was established as the 7284:ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ 6889:, "knot", also written 6855:Example of an Arabesque 6843:Example of an Arabesque 6831:Example of an Arabesque 6686:Moscow Cathedral Mosque 6570:Great Mosque of Córdoba 6255: 5997:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5964:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5779:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 5455:The Aspiring Naturalist 5281:, the national epic of 5271:story of undying love. 4744:prescriptive literature 4645:A primary classroom in 3946:across the Muslim world 3881:Turkish Muslims at the 3681:" to date, such as the 2695:The following nineteen 2566:Government and religion 2020:Siege of Ochakov (1788) 1739:to describe period the 1512:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1478:in 656, resulting in a 268:administrative division 19073:Persecution of Muslims 18971:List of former Muslims 17820:Succession to Muhammad 17541:Livny, Avital (2020). 16912:Encyclopaedia of Islam 16580:Bloom & Blair 2009 16444:Bloom & Blair 2009 16379:Technology and Culture 16241:Technology and Culture 16096:Russell (1994), p. 247 15896:Encyclopaedia of Islam 15809:4 October 2015 at the 15687:Encyclopaedia of Islam 13876:4 January 2012 at the 13603:Khan, Nichola (2016). 12873:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 12827:Zhongmin, Liu (2013). 11334:"Constitution of Iraq" 10692:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 10302:Cite journal requires 9812:Nawaz, Maajid (2012). 9764:Pan-Islamism In India, 9462:Oxford Islamic Studies 8602:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 8511:"Region: Asia-Pacific" 7404: 7336:Levant and Mesopotamia 7265:Islamic lunar calendar 6484:Al Jabbar Grand Mosque 6333:early Muslim conquests 6300:. It encompasses both 6080:Advances were made in 6052: 5616:Transcendent theosophy 5614:founded his school of 5500: 5393:spontaneous generation 5382:Theologus Autodidactus 5372:Theologus Autodidactus 5352:Theologus Autodidactus 5334:Theologus Autodidactus 5060: 4708: 4625:Young school girls in 4545:Literacy and education 4388: 3947: 3944:Islamic schools of law 3832:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3721: 3458: 3293:in 2015 there were 50 3285:Muslim-minority states 3009:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2351:11 September hijackers 2090: 1909: 1861:in combat against the 1361: 855:Succession to Muhammad 522:are also found in the 282:commonly refer to the 271: 18857:Conversion to mosques 18724:Alchemy and chemistry 17590:University of Calgary 17491:Tausch, Arno (2015). 17470:Tausch, Arno (2009). 17301:Graham, Mark (2006). 17272:Ettinghausen, Richard 17244:Ankerl, Guy (2000) . 17020:Encyclopaedia Iranica 16942:Government of Sharjah 16807:Allen, Terry (1988). 16215:14 March 2007 at the 16184:Plofker, Kim (2009), 16087:Russell (1994) p. 227 16063:Desert island scripts 15892:Cyril Glasse (2001), 15134:"Egypt Literacy rate" 14612:Brague, Rémi (2009). 14428:" (Sūlaiman Affandy, 14085:. 19 September 2008. 12066:. 14 September 2007. 12022:on 12 September 2012. 11825:constituteproject.org 9371:Encyclopaedia Iranica 9205:. Routledge. p. 9096:Kirkham, Bri (2015). 8469:on 24 September 2015. 8328:. 22 September 2016. 7993:Since 1 Muharam 1444 7973:ڕۆژژمێری کۆچیی ھەتاوی 7618:have been revisiting 7470:as determined by the 6959:; plasterwork, as at 6766:style made famous in 6235:Industrial Revolution 6041:Industrial Revolution 6030: 5960:The Canon of Medicine 5956:pulmonary circulation 5830:An illustration from 5806:On Mechanical Devices 5671:philosophy of history 5635:philosophy of science 5581:Melchisédech Thévenot 5557:nature versus nurture 5518:The Canon of Medicine 5484: 5471:Further information: 5305:were pioneers of the 5109:Further information: 5095:(from 1470 to 1550). 5073:Tin-opacified glazing 5040: 5031:Further information: 4720:the uprising in Syria 4698: 4511:Egypt has one of the 4379:Church and Mosque in 4378: 4054:Ja'fari jurisprudence 3968:jurisprudence schools 3942: 3716: 3659:At least one author ( 3624:Hajji Amin al-Husayni 3449: 3436:Further information: 2488:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2486:since the reforms of 2467:Further information: 2385:Scientific Revolution 2287:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2283:Turkish revolutionary 2255:Further information: 2088: 1905: 1863:Knights of Saint John 1857:Gun-wielding Ottoman 1343: 258: 18583:Ma malakat aymanukum 18158:Association football 18057:Moderate Kharijites 17366:. Brill Publishers. 16655:Bonner, Jay (2017). 16344:University of Aleppo 16187:Mathematics in India 15951:"Islamic Philosophy" 15781:4 April 2015 at the 15212:"Iraq Literacy rate" 15186:"Iran Literacy rate" 15088:on 13 September 2012 14971:Encyclopædia Iranica 14519:4 March 2016 at the 14348:Ensar Publications, 14038:"Pakistan, Islam in" 13732:"The World Factbook" 13413:"The World Factbook" 13103:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 12505:Cambridge dictionary 12489:on 17 February 2011. 12123:. 6 September 2020. 11953:on 24 September 2014 11346:on 28 November 2016. 11234:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd 10916:. 21 February 2018. 9778:"What Muslim World?" 9486:. 23 February 2019. 9365:Rowland, Richard H. 8140:"What Muslim World?" 7947:Gâhšomâri-ye Xoršidi 7801:History of the Arabs 7624:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7590:Riada Asimovic Akyol 7549:Zoroastrian calendar 7487:lunar Hijri calendar 7474:calculation for the 7452:Solar Hijri calendar 7444:Solar Hijri calendar 7437:Solar Hijri calendar 7377:. During that year, 7278:The Hijri calendar ( 6722:names and attributes 6639:Persian architecture 6589:Lagos Central Mosque 6426:Islamic architecture 6290:architectural styles 6286:Islamic architecture 6279:Islamic architecture 6239:proto-industrialised 6013:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5732:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 5659:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi 5486:Ibn Rushd (Averroes) 5413:scientific knowledge 5087:(from 975 to 1075), 4681:, before an exam in 4677:Medical students of 3468:contemporary history 2954:United Arab Emirates 2473:Islam and secularism 2326:September 11 attacks 2139:Hispano-Moroccan War 1972:negotiates with the 1819:Siege of Ranthambore 1524:Islamic missionaries 1522:, where South Asian 1292:improve this article 894:Association football 97:improve this article 17180:on 4 September 2022 17024:. Iranicaonline.org 16600:"Muslim Iconoclasm" 16061:Martin Wainwright, 15956:6 June 2022 at the 15671:17 May 2020 at the 15389:(4 November 2011). 15363:. 7 December 2017. 14240:Pew Research Center 14201:. Shianumbers.com. 14012:Pew Research Center 13940:Pew Research Center 13904:Library of Congress 13859:on 10 January 2011. 13542:. 27 January 2011. 13540:Pew Research Center 13502:"Executive Summary" 13479:, 27 January 2011, 13477:Pew Research Center 13389:. 27 January 2011. 13387:Pew Research Center 13379:"Executive Summary" 13353:"The New Islamists" 13204:Fuller, Graham E., 13180:The Washington Post 12859:Fuller, Graham E., 12416:. 21 February 2023. 12383:. 21 February 2023. 12345:Pew Research Center 11998:on 4 February 2007. 11385:US State Department 11362:3 June 2021 at the 10644:on 21 November 2011 10161:Unknown (1590–95). 9746:. 27 January 2011. 9627:Pew Research Center 9104:on 25 November 2015 8971:on 15 December 2012 8940:Pew Research Center 8880:on 24 December 2018 8832:16 May 2020 at the 8804:Pew Research Center 8746:"Muslim Population" 8517:. 27 January 2011. 8371:Pew Research Center 8354:. 19 December 2017. 7981:Salnameya Koçberiyê 7964:lmaríz legdíz kalíz 7608:Modernist discourse 7253:officially used in 7058:Islamic calligraphy 7051:Islamic calligraphy 7044:Islamic calligraphy 6969:Hunat Hatun Complex 6777:Islamic calligraphy 6532:Sultan Ahmed Mosque 6341:Islamic calligraphy 6134:Timurid Renaissance 6037:Greater Middle East 5952:circulatory systems 5944:Anatomy of the body 5906:intromission theory 5889:Lagâri Hasan Çelebi 5669:, a pioneer in the 5524:The Book of Healing 5321:) as a response to 5307:philosophical novel 5200:, a compilation of 4730:since August 2017. 4587:Pew Research Center 4515:in the Muslim world 4425:Pew Research Center 4056:whose branches are 3860:Southeastern Europe 3291:Pew Research Center 2193:, 1686, painted by 2149:, from 1859 to 1860 2125:, from 1830 to 1903 1948:Greater Middle East 1914:Ibrahim Muteferrika 1761:Indian subcontinent 1544:Indo-Gangetic Plain 1518:extended until the 1448:Arab–Byzantine wars 655:Profession of Faith 628:Day of Resurrection 548:religious switching 358:colonial domination 19162:Historical regions 19078:Quran and miracles 18992:Criticism of Islam 18696:Geometric patterns 18548:Gender segregation 18119:Non-denominational 17174:Hasht-e Subh Daily 16948:on 2 February 2017 16356:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16336:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16292:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 16265:Ahmad Y. al-Hassan 15709:L. Sprague de Camp 15398:The New York Times 14917:. Hamilton Books. 14830:. Times of Israel. 14464:on 10 January 2012 13979:The World Factbook 13449:on 9 February 2011 12458:. 17 January 2022. 12185:on 1 December 2010 11809:on 9 October 2006. 11791:on 9 October 2006. 11739:on 26 October 2011 11368:The World Factbook 10417:. pp. 40–65. 10338:. pp. 56–60. 10033:Evans, Charles T. 9581:on 11 January 2019 9551:on 9 February 2011 9282:. 7 October 2009. 9043:on 31 January 2016 8943:. 7 October 2009. 8914:. 4 October 2019. 8873:The World Factbook 8807:. 7 October 2009. 8685:"Region: Americas" 7709:Minangkabau people 7476:Iran Standard Time 7430:Gregorian calendar 7332:Syriac month-names 7328:Gregorian calendar 7295:al-taqwīm al-hijrī 7199:of sailors in the 7164:Kufic script from 6708:Aniconism in Islam 6250:East India Company 6053: 5589:Christiaan Huygens 5569:Molyneux's problem 5532:Islamic Golden Age 5501: 5433:Islamic philosophy 5167:Cassim in the Cave 5105:Islamic literature 5061: 4955:Islamic Golden Age 4847:Vali Muhammad Khan 4761:Islamic Golden Age 4709: 4449:Jewish communities 4389: 3948: 3883:Eyüp Sultan Mosque 3722: 3620:Muslim Brotherhood 3545:Muslim Brotherhood 3537:Sayyid Rashid Riḍā 3459: 2492:Iranian Revolution 2414:possibly contains 2291:Republic of Turkey 2245:of Morocco in 1909 2241:between Spain and 2091: 2044:Russo-Persian Wars 2042:Combat during the 1993:East India Company 1974:East India Company 1769:Muhammad Auranzgeb 1697:), democracy (see 1617:and Warsangali in 1572:largest contiguous 1496:Abbasid Revolution 1420:Rashidun Caliphate 1362: 1358:ancient world maps 520:Muslim communities 433:Sub-Saharan Africa 336:within Islam. The 330:schools of thought 311:Islamic Golden Age 272: 270:estimated for 2022 190:possibly contains 19172:Regions of Africa 19129: 19128: 19095: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19063:Domestic violence 19053:Islamic terrorism 19048:Islamic extremism 18869: 18868: 18865: 18864: 18637: 18636: 18633: 18632: 18423:Marriage contract 18253: 18252: 18213:Political aspects 17942:Story of Prophets 17711:Prophets of Islam 17502:978-1-62948-899-8 17483:978-1-60692-731-1 17462:978-90-04-09459-8 17373:978-90-04-07259-6 17346:978-0-312-19869-5 17255:978-2-88155-004-1 17216:www.aljazeera.com 16773:978-1-60606-083-4 16722:978-979-099-631-1 16666:978-1-4419-0216-0 16446:, "Architecture". 16324:978-81-8069-149-2 16189:: 500 BCE–1800 CE 16117:978-0-7546-5271-7 15656:Mason (1995) p. 7 15647:Mason (1995) p. 5 15638:Mason (1995) p. 1 15568:978-1-136-95960-8 15432:978-1-101-98349-2 14924:978-0-7618-4846-2 14652:978-0-19-829388-0 14625:978-0-226-07080-3 14500:978-0-7486-1888-0 14421:" of "Maymūn ibn 14302:Esposito, John L. 13942:. 9 August 2012. 13906:. February 2005. 13681:. ReligionFacts. 13665:CIA Word Factbook 13359:on 9 October 2014 13114:978-0-520-26839-5 13075:978-0-19-068946-9 12925:978-0-19-068946-9 12102:978-1-4408-3933-7 12040:. 1 December 2020 10707:978-0-521-52245-8 10677:978-0-8305-0076-5 10664:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 10529:978-0-8018-9055-0 10496:978-0-375-41486-2 10485:. New York City: 10345:978-0-8160-6259-1 10334:. New York City: 9943:978-0-415-17587-6 9575:www.aljazeera.com 9571:"Islam in Russia" 9518:, 21 April 2018, 9468:on 20 March 2017. 8285:978-0-521-51430-9 7978: 7961: 7956:لمريز لېږدیز کلیز 7944: 7936:گاه‌شماری خورشیدی 7796:Glossary of Islam 7413: 7306:consisting of 12 7292: 6947:The 15th century 6893:) are decorative 6699: 6698: 6619:Jammu and Kashmir 6339:of surfaces with 6075:potassium nitrate 5902: 5901: 5577:Gottfried Leibniz 5539:modern philosophy 5384:, written by the 5240:Sinbad the Sailor 5148:Princess Parizade 4946:Persian miniature 4816:and the ruler of 4792:Jami' al-tawarikh 4751:Classical culture 4711:According to the 4701:Rohingya refugees 4611:gender inequality 4423:and other areas. 4048:movement and the 4036:was divided into 4024:later split into 3900:Shi'a Muslims in 3798:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3665:identity politics 3557:Ruhollah Khomeini 3553:Abul A'la Maududi 3289:According to the 2504:Ruhollah Khomeini 2459: 2458: 2451: 2416:original research 2375:'s definition of 2299:secular democracy 2173:from 1911 to 1912 2163:Italo-Turkish War 2005:Battle of Plassey 1940:Kingdom of Mysore 1777:Islamic economics 1731:Gunpowder empires 1725:Gunpowder empires 1699:Islamic democracy 1695:socialism in Iran 1663:Toucouleur Empire 1536:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1480:succession crisis 1452:Umayyad Caliphate 1432:Iberian Peninsula 1401:Arabian Peninsula 1324: 1323: 1316: 1215: 1214: 338:Islamic conquests 253: 252: 245: 235: 234: 227: 192:original research 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 19194: 19147:Cultural regions 19119: 19118: 19111:Islam portal 19109: 19108: 19107: 18889: 18888: 18881: 18875: 18874: 18716:Medieval science 18659: 18658: 18649: 18643: 18642: 18300:Economic history 18283: 18282: 18259: 18258: 18245:Islam by country 18030:Bektashi Alevism 17668: 17667: 17659:Outline of Islam 17641: 17634: 17627: 17618: 17617: 17564: 17537: 17506: 17487: 17466: 17453:Brill Publishers 17443: 17414: 17385: 17358: 17324: 17297: 17267: 17232: 17231: 17229: 17227: 17207: 17190: 17189: 17187: 17185: 17166: 17160: 17159: 17143: 17137: 17136: 17128: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17117: 17106: 17100: 17099: 17097: 17095: 17084: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17073: 17062: 17056: 17055: 17053: 17051: 17040: 17034: 17033: 17031: 17029: 17018:""Calendars" in 17014: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17003: 16989: 16983: 16982: 16980: 16978: 16964: 16958: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16944:, archived from 16932: 16926: 16925: 16902: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16891: 16869: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16858: 16826: 16820: 16805: 16799: 16796:The Art Bulletin 16792: 16786: 16785: 16757: 16751: 16750: 16748: 16746: 16730: 16724: 16710: 16704: 16703: 16685: 16679: 16678: 16652: 16646: 16643: 16637: 16634: 16628: 16625: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16611: 16596: 16590: 16589: 16577: 16571: 16569: 16557: 16551: 16550: 16528: 16522: 16521: 16499: 16493: 16492: 16480: 16474: 16472: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16441: 16432: 16431: 16413: 16407: 16400: 16394: 16391: 16385: 16375: 16369: 16353: 16347: 16333: 16327: 16316: 16310: 16289: 16283: 16262: 16256: 16253: 16247: 16237: 16228: 16225: 16219: 16206: 16200: 16182: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16171: 16155: 16149: 16136: 16130: 16129: 16103: 16097: 16094: 16088: 16085: 16079: 16078:, 22 March 2003. 16059: 16053: 16050: 16044: 16037: 16031: 16020:Brill Publishers 16012: 16006: 16003: 15997: 15996: 15971: 15965: 15948: 15939: 15917: 15908: 15890: 15884: 15859: 15853: 15852: 15832: 15826: 15820: 15814: 15800: 15794: 15772: 15766: 15741: 15735: 15732: 15726: 15706: 15700: 15697: 15691: 15690: 15682: 15676: 15663: 15657: 15654: 15648: 15645: 15639: 15636: 15630: 15620: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15586: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15553: 15547: 15537: 15531: 15521: 15515: 15514: 15483: 15477: 15455: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15416: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15405: 15394: 15387:Melikian, Souren 15383: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15372: 15353: 15347: 15346: 15344: 15342: 15333:. 17 July 2013. 15323: 15317: 15316: 15301: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15290: 15284: 15277: 15269: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15234: 15228: 15227: 15225: 15223: 15208: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15197: 15182: 15176: 15175: 15173: 15171: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15130: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15104: 15098: 15097: 15095: 15093: 15087: 15080: 15072: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15061: 15041: 15035: 15034: 15013: 15007: 15006: 14988: 14982: 14981: 14979: 14977: 14963: 14957: 14956: 14935: 14929: 14928: 14908: 14902: 14901: 14880: 14874: 14873: 14866: 14860: 14859: 14852: 14846: 14845: 14838: 14832: 14831: 14823: 14817: 14816: 14780: 14774: 14773: 14752: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14736: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14700: 14694: 14693: 14675: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14636: 14630: 14629: 14609: 14603: 14588: 14582: 14581: 14563: 14557: 14556: 14538: 14532: 14511: 14505: 14504: 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14460:. Archived from 14454: 14448: 14415: 14409: 14408: 14387: 14381: 14380: 14359: 14353: 14338: 14332: 14331: 14297: 14291: 14290: 14288: 14286: 14258: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14228: 14215: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14195: 14189: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14162: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14151: 14136: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14116:. 16 June 2015. 14110: 14104: 14103: 14096: 14094: 14073: 14067: 14066: 14061: 14059: 14050:. Archived from 14034: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13953: 13951: 13932: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13918: 13912: 13894: 13886: 13880: 13867: 13861: 13860: 13855:. Archived from 13845: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13834: 13819: 13813: 13812: 13786: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13769: 13762: 13754: 13748: 13747: 13745: 13743: 13728: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13717: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13675: 13669: 13668: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13628: 13622: 13621: 13600: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13589: 13583: 13577:. Pewforum.org. 13576: 13567: 13556: 13555: 13553: 13551: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13498: 13492: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13465: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13435: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13415:. CIA Factbook. 13409: 13403: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13348: 13342: 13341: 13335: 13333: 13309: 13301: 13295: 13294: 13288: 13286: 13266: 13260: 13259: 13258:on 7 March 2013. 13257: 13246: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13230:on 4 March 2016. 13226:. Archived from 13215: 13209: 13202: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13144: 13138: 13128: 13119: 13118: 13100: 13094: 13093: 13087: 13079: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13040: 13032: 13014: 13008: 13007: 13001: 12993: 12975: 12969: 12968: 12950: 12944: 12943: 12937: 12929: 12903: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12870: 12864: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12824: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12793: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12729: 12723: 12722: 12712: 12688: 12682: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12635: 12627: 12599: 12593: 12590: 12584: 12581: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12548: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12523:Oxford Reference 12515: 12509: 12508: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12479: 12473: 12472:, 7 January 2008 12466: 12460: 12459: 12452: 12446: 12445: 12438: 12432: 12431: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12410: 12404: 12403: 12391: 12385: 12384: 12377: 12371: 12370: 12363: 12357: 12356: 12354: 12341: 12333: 12327: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12303: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12242: 12235: 12227: 12221: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12201: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12181:. Archived from 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12158: 12151: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12056: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12015:. Archived from 12014: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11994:. Archived from 11988: 11982: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11949:. Archived from 11939: 11933: 11932: 11925: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11874: 11868: 11856: 11850: 11849: 11842: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11831: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11805:. Archived from 11799: 11793: 11792: 11787:. Archived from 11781: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11738: 11732:. Archived from 11731: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11680: 11673: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11648: 11641: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11576: 11569: 11561: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11511: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11486: 11480:. Archived from 11479: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11447: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11398: 11396: 11377: 11371: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11339:. Archived from 11338: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11313: 11306: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11200: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11183: 11176: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11151: 11144: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11084: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11067: 11060: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11035: 11028: 11020: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11009: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10977: 10970: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10906: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10811: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10730: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10719: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10660: 10654: 10653: 10651: 10649: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10595: 10586: 10585: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10484: 10475:Wright, Lawrence 10471: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10398: 10389: 10388: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10323: 10312: 10311: 10305: 10300: 10298: 10290: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10227: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10192: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10178: 10169:. Archived from 10158: 10152: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10103: 10097: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10013: 10007: 9995:Majumdar, R.C., 9993: 9987: 9984: 9978: 9975: 9969: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9920: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9901: 9885: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9851: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9837: 9809: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9752: 9751: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9720: 9718: 9707:"No God But God" 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9655:. 2 April 2015. 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9577:. Archived from 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9476: 9470: 9469: 9464:. Archived from 9456:Yusuf, Imtiyaz. 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9259: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9227: 9221: 9220: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9176:. 2 April 2015. 9166: 9160: 9159: 9137: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9111: 9109: 9100:. Archived from 9093: 9087: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9073:on 26 March 2017 9062: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9048: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9014: 9012: 8983: 8978: 8976: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8901: 8895: 8892: 8887: 8885: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8823: 8818: 8816: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8774:. Archived from 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8655:"Region: Europe" 8651: 8645: 8644: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8617: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8587: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8491:on 20 March 2017 8487:. Archived from 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8457: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8322: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8175: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8095: 8084: 8083: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8022: 8006: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7977:romanized: 7976: 7974: 7966: 7960:romanized: 7959: 7957: 7949: 7939: 7937: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7914: 7887: 7826:Islam by country 7816:Outline of Islam 7806:History of Islam 7780: 7775: 7774: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7752: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7724: 7705: 7690: 7674:Muslim girls at 7671: 7651: 7635: 7616:Islamic feminism 7526:Islamic calendar 7464:Iranian calendar 7425: 7424: 7419: 7418: 7417:سَنَة هِجْرِيَّة 7408: 7371:Islamic New Year 7320:great pilgrimage 7312:Islamic holidays 7300:Islamic calendar 7297: 7287: 7285: 7272:Islamic calendar 7228: 7212: 7192: 7177: 7161: 7105: 7104: 7028: 7012: 6997: 6888: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6813:Dome of the Rock 6682: 6654: 6630: 6615:Hazratbal Shrine 6610: 6585: 6566: 6547: 6528: 6503: 6480: 6458: 6444:Dome of the Rock 6440: 6421: 6420: 6413:), and military 6385:(public baths), 6363:multifoil arches 6349:geometric motifs 6306:history of Islam 6296:associated with 6142:Bengal Sultanate 6088:. Crops such as 6077:were developed. 5989:Jābir ibn Hayyān 5940:Tashrih al-badan 5885: 5869: 5847: 5827: 5797: 5775: 5754:Mansur ibn Ilyas 5749: 5740:. (13th century) 5728: 5709: 5708: 5637:and a critic of 5548:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5312:Hayy ibn Yaqdhan 5264:Layla and Majnun 5182: 5171:Maxfield Parrish 5163: 5143: 5121: 4983:Siege of Baghdad 4979:Mongol invasions 4942:Layla and Majnun 4938: 4916: 4900: 4879: 4857: 4832: 4802: 4784:Mahmud of Ghazni 4779: 4757:History of Islam 4674: 4658: 4642: 4622: 4536: 4524: 4508: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4268:in Pakistan are 4261: 4243: 4224: 4202: 4179: 4164:Quranist Muslims 4095:, Adjarites and 4042:Taiyabi Ismailis 4030:Musta’li Ismaili 3916: 3897: 3878: 3726:Islam by country 3661:Graham E. Fuller 3594:Muslim community 3561:Hassan Al-Turabi 3543:(founder of the 3426: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2729: 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207:inline citations 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 19202: 19201: 19197: 19196: 19195: 19193: 19192: 19191: 19187:Abrahamic world 19177:Regions of Asia 19152:Islamic culture 19132: 19131: 19130: 19125: 19105: 19103: 19087: 19009:Cultural Muslim 18980: 18947: 18893:Other religions 18883: 18879: 18861: 18796: 18763: 18710: 18653: 18651:Islamic studies 18647: 18629: 18463: 18408: 18385: 18332: 18277: 18276: 18249: 18198:Moral teachings 18141: 18123: 18097:Nation of Islam 18010:Twelver Shi'ism 17947: 17913:Religious texts 17907: 17825:Early conquests 17808: 17790: 17742: 17662: 17651: 17645: 17571: 17553: 17526: 17503: 17484: 17463: 17432:10.2307/1523219 17374: 17347: 17313: 17286: 17256: 17240: 17235: 17225: 17223: 17208: 17193: 17183: 17181: 17168: 17167: 17163: 17144: 17140: 17129: 17125: 17115: 17113: 17108: 17107: 17103: 17093: 17091: 17086: 17085: 17081: 17071: 17069: 17064: 17063: 17059: 17049: 17047: 17042: 17041: 17037: 17027: 17025: 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15115: 15106: 15105: 15101: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15078: 15074: 15073: 15069: 15059: 15057: 15050:Scimago Journal 15042: 15038: 15028: 15014: 15010: 15003: 14989: 14985: 14975: 14973: 14965: 14964: 14960: 14950: 14936: 14932: 14925: 14909: 14905: 14895: 14881: 14877: 14868: 14867: 14863: 14854: 14853: 14849: 14840: 14839: 14835: 14824: 14820: 14781: 14777: 14767: 14753: 14749: 14741: 14734: 14730: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14701: 14697: 14690: 14676: 14672: 14662: 14660: 14653: 14637: 14633: 14626: 14610: 14606: 14589: 14585: 14578: 14564: 14560: 14553: 14539: 14535: 14521:Wayback Machine 14512: 14508: 14501: 14481: 14477: 14467: 14465: 14456: 14455: 14451: 14416: 14412: 14402: 14388: 14384: 14374: 14360: 14356: 14339: 14335: 14328: 14298: 14294: 14284: 14282: 14275: 14259: 14255: 14245: 14243: 14230: 14229: 14218: 14208: 14206: 14197: 14196: 14192: 14182: 14180: 14163: 14159: 14149: 14147: 14138: 14137: 14133: 14123: 14121: 14112: 14111: 14107: 14092: 14090: 14075: 14074: 14070: 14057: 14055: 14054:on 18 June 2013 14036: 14035: 14031: 14021: 14019: 14002: 13998: 13988: 13986: 13967: 13966: 13962: 13949: 13947: 13934: 13933: 13929: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13883: 13878:Wayback Machine 13868: 13864: 13847: 13846: 13842: 13832: 13830: 13821: 13820: 13816: 13801: 13787: 13783: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13760: 13756: 13755: 13751: 13741: 13739: 13730: 13729: 13725: 13715: 13713: 13702: 13698: 13688: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13672: 13659: 13658: 13654: 13643: 13629: 13625: 13615: 13601: 13597: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13574: 13568: 13559: 13549: 13547: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13515: 13513: 13500: 13499: 13495: 13486: 13484: 13467: 13466: 13462: 13452: 13450: 13437: 13436: 13432: 13422: 13420: 13411: 13410: 13406: 13396: 13394: 13377: 13376: 13372: 13362: 13360: 13349: 13345: 13331: 13329: 13322: 13302: 13298: 13284: 13282: 13267: 13263: 13255: 13244: 13240: 13239: 13235: 13216: 13212: 13203: 13199: 13189: 13187: 13172: 13168: 13158: 13156: 13145: 13141: 13129: 13122: 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E. 12676: 12672: 12662: 12660: 12649: 12645: 12629: 12628: 12600: 12596: 12591: 12587: 12582: 12578: 12549: 12542: 12532: 12530: 12517: 12516: 12512: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12467: 12463: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12440: 12439: 12435: 12430:. 5 March 2019. 12426: 12425: 12421: 12412: 12411: 12407: 12392: 12388: 12379: 12378: 12374: 12365: 12364: 12360: 12352: 12339: 12335: 12334: 12330: 12320: 12318: 12305: 12304: 12300: 12290: 12288: 12279: 12278: 12274: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12246: 12244: 12240: 12233: 12229: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12212: 12203: 12202: 12198: 12188: 12186: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12130: 12128: 12115: 12114: 12110: 12103: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12071: 12058: 12057: 12053: 12043: 12041: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12019: 12012: 12008: 12007: 12003: 11990: 11989: 11985: 11979:Wayback Machine 11970: 11966: 11956: 11954: 11941: 11940: 11936: 11927: 11926: 11922: 11912: 11910: 11908:pssat.ugm.ac.id 11902: 11901: 11897: 11887: 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11201: 11197: 11187: 11185: 11181: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11165: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11142: 11138: 11137: 11133: 11123: 11121: 11112: 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11026: 11022: 11021: 11017: 11007: 11005: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10968: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10949: 10947: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10908: 10907: 10834: 10824: 10822: 10815:"Amman Message" 10813: 10812: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10783: 10782: 10778: 10770: 10766: 10756: 10754: 10747: 10731: 10727: 10717: 10715: 10708: 10689: 10685: 10678: 10661: 10657: 10647: 10645: 10636: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10612: 10596: 10589: 10582: 10558: 10556: 10541: 10537: 10530: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10472: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10433: 10399: 10392: 10377: 10373: 10363: 10361: 10346: 10324: 10315: 10303: 10301: 10292: 10291: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10242: 10231:"Islamic world" 10229: 10228: 10219: 10209: 10207: 10196:Ferguson, Niall 10193: 10186: 10176: 10174: 10159: 10155: 10151:, pages 259–261 10141:OECD Publishing 10131:Maddison, Angus 10129: 10125: 10118: 10104: 10100: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10071:on 24 July 2011 10059: 10058: 10054: 10044: 10042: 10031: 10027: 10014: 10010: 9994: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9967: 9963: 9953: 9951: 9944: 9921: 9912: 9899: 9897: 9886: 9882: 9869: 9867: 9852: 9845: 9835: 9833: 9826: 9810: 9801: 9791: 9789: 9774: 9770: 9762: 9755: 9742: 9741: 9737: 9716: 9714: 9703: 9699: 9689: 9687: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9598: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9525: 9523: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9491: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9334: 9333: 9329: 9319: 9317: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9274: 9273: 9269: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9243: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9197: 9193: 9183: 9181: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9150: 9128: 9124: 9107: 9105: 9094: 9090: 9076: 9074: 9063: 9059: 9046: 9044: 9029: 9025: 9010: 9008: 9001: 8974: 8972: 8963: 8950: 8948: 8933: 8921: 8919: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8883: 8881: 8866: 8854: 8852: 8839: 8834:Wayback Machine 8814: 8812: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8781: 8779: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8729: 8727: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8696: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8653: 8652: 8648: 8629: 8625: 8615: 8613: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8585: 8583: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8555: 8553: 8538: 8534: 8524: 8522: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8455: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8436: 8434: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8192: 8176: 8163: 8153: 8151: 8136: 8132: 8118: 8096: 8087: 8076: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8027:"Islamic world" 8023: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8009: 7992: 7988: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7831:Islamic studies 7821:Spread of Islam 7776: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7731: 7725: 7716: 7706: 7697: 7691: 7682: 7676:Istiqlal Mosque 7672: 7663: 7652: 7643: 7636: 7586: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7462:and is the one 7447: 7439: 7434: 7433: 7275: 7267: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7220: 7213: 7204: 7193: 7184: 7178: 7169: 7162: 7153: 7152: 7070:Arabic alphabet 7054: 7046: 7039: 7029: 7020: 7013: 7004: 6998: 6989: 6988: 6975:; metal, as at 6953:Penrose tilings 6871: 6863: 6856: 6853: 6844: 6841: 6832: 6829: 6798:Distinguishing 6752: 6746: 6710: 6704: 6693: 6683: 6674: 6669:is inspired by 6655: 6646: 6631: 6622: 6611: 6596: 6586: 6577: 6567: 6558: 6548: 6539: 6529: 6514: 6504: 6495: 6481: 6472: 6459: 6450: 6441: 6419: 6418: 6389:hospices (e.g. 6282: 6274: 6258: 6063: 6055:Main articles: 6025: 5973:Kitab al-Tasrif 5966:(also known as 5892: 5886: 5877: 5870: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5828: 5813: 5798: 5789: 5787: 5784:Kitab al-Tasrif 5776: 5761: 5750: 5741: 5729: 5707: 5685: 5679: 5663:inductive logic 5505:Islamic culture 5479: 5469: 5463: 5446:Robinson Crusoe 5301:(Abubacer) and 5287:Persian history 5232:Western culture 5224:Antoine Galland 5220:Indian elements 5190: 5183: 5174: 5164: 5155: 5144: 5135: 5125:Hadiqatus-suada 5122: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5059:, 12th century. 5035: 5029: 5023:civilizations. 4971:House of Wisdom 4967:Harun al-Rashid 4949: 4939: 4930: 4926:, studying the 4917: 4908: 4901: 4892: 4880: 4871: 4858: 4849: 4833: 4824: 4803: 4794: 4780: 4771: 4769:Spread of Islam 4755:Main articles: 4753: 4736: 4724:Syrian refugees 4693: 4686: 4675: 4666: 4661:Schoolgirls in 4659: 4650: 4643: 4634: 4627:Paktia Province 4623: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4528: 4525: 4516: 4509: 4397:Christian world 4330: 4328:Other religions 4323: 4320: 4311: 4308: 4299: 4296: 4287: 4284: 4273: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4225: 4216: 4203: 4194: 4180: 4132:Nizārī Ismā'īlī 3937: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3908: 3898: 3889: 3879: 3792:which selected 3778: 3773: 3761:North Macedonia 3728: 3711: 3698: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3604:Islamic revival 3541:Hassan al-Banna 3523:Islamic states. 3484: 3476: 3444: 3438:Islamic revival 3434: 3417: 3415: 3401: 3399: 3385: 3383: 3369: 3367: 3353: 3351: 3337: 3335: 3321: 3319: 3305: 3303: 3295:Muslim-majority 3287: 3282: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3234: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3195: 3184: 3182: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3067: 3065: 3054: 3052: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3026: 3015: 3013: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2987: 2976: 2974: 2963: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2934: 2932: 2921: 2919: 2908: 2906: 2895: 2893: 2882: 2880: 2869: 2867: 2856: 2854: 2843: 2841: 2830: 2828: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2802: 2791: 2789: 2778: 2776: 2765: 2763: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2711: 2697:Muslim-majority 2693: 2688: 2677: 2675: 2664: 2662: 2651: 2649: 2638: 2636: 2625: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2584: 2573: 2568: 2475: 2465: 2455: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2420: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2336:terrorist group 2259: 2253: 2246: 2235: 2226: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2191:Ottoman Hungary 2183: 2174: 2159: 2150: 2135: 2126: 2119: 2083: 2077:Colonial empire 2075:Main articles: 2073: 2066: 2056: 2047: 2040: 2031: 2017: 2008: 1990: 1981: 1978:Battle of Buxar 1964: 1924: 1911: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1879: 1870: 1867:Siege of Rhodes 1855: 1846: 1831: 1822: 1808: 1799: 1789: 1767:'s sixth ruler 1733: 1727: 1540:Delhi Sultanate 1374:Islamic prophet 1338: 1332:Spread of Islam 1326:Main articles: 1320: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1289: 1277: 1266: 1220: 1211: 1173: 1171: 1164: 1163: 1108:Other religions 1103:Arabic language 1065: 1055: 1054: 983:Moral teachings 874: 860: 859: 850:Spread of Islam 795: 785: 784: 772:(jurisprudence) 754:Qisas al-Anbiya 703: 702: 682: 681: 650: 640: 639: 595: 542:. Islam is the 323:Islamic prophet 249: 238: 237: 236: 231: 220: 214: 211: 196: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19200: 19190: 19189: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19127: 19126: 19124: 19123: 19113: 19100: 19097: 19096: 19093: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19033: 19032: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19011: 19006: 19005: 19004: 18999: 18988: 18986: 18985:Related topics 18982: 18981: 18979: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18957: 18955: 18949: 18948: 18946: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18919: 18918: 18913: 18908: 18897: 18895: 18885: 18884: 18871: 18870: 18867: 18866: 18863: 18862: 18860: 18859: 18854: 18847: 18842: 18841: 18840: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18804: 18802: 18798: 18797: 18795: 18794: 18789: 18784: 18779: 18773: 18771: 18765: 18764: 18762: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18720: 18718: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18667: 18665: 18655: 18654: 18639: 18638: 18635: 18634: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18627: 18622: 18621: 18620: 18608: 18606:Sources of law 18603: 18598: 18597: 18596: 18586: 18579: 18574: 18567: 18562: 18555: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18513: 18506: 18505: 18504: 18499: 18494: 18484: 18479: 18471: 18469: 18465: 18464: 18462: 18461: 18454: 18447: 18440: 18433: 18426: 18419: 18411: 18409: 18407: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18390: 18387: 18386: 18384: 18383: 18376: 18371: 18364: 18357: 18350: 18342: 18340: 18334: 18333: 18331: 18330: 18323: 18316: 18309: 18302: 18297: 18291: 18289: 18279: 18278: 18275: 18274: 18269: 18263: 18255: 18254: 18251: 18250: 18248: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18230:Social welfare 18227: 18222: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18144: 18142: 18140: 18139: 18134: 18128: 18125: 18124: 18122: 18121: 18116: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18099: 18094: 18093: 18092: 18087: 18086: 18085: 18080: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18055: 18041: 18040: 18039: 18034: 18033: 18032: 18022: 18017: 18012: 18002: 17997: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17993: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17957: 17955: 17949: 17948: 17946: 17945: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17917: 17915: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17905: 17904: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17856: 17851: 17844: 17837: 17835:Historiography 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17811: 17809: 17807: 17806: 17801: 17795: 17792: 17791: 17789: 17788: 17781: 17774: 17767: 17760: 17752: 17750: 17744: 17743: 17741: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17707: 17706: 17696: 17689: 17688: 17687: 17676: 17674: 17664: 17663: 17656: 17653: 17652: 17644: 17643: 17636: 17629: 17621: 17615: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17593: 17583: 17570: 17569:External links 17567: 17566: 17565: 17551: 17538: 17524: 17511: 17501: 17488: 17482: 17467: 17461: 17444: 17415: 17403:10.2307/429655 17397:(4): 423–430. 17386: 17372: 17359: 17345: 17325: 17311: 17298: 17285:978-0300088694 17284: 17268: 17254: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17233: 17191: 17161: 17138: 17123: 17101: 17079: 17057: 17035: 17009: 16984: 16959: 16937:Hijri Calendar 16927: 16897: 16864: 16841:(1): 125–131. 16821: 16800: 16787: 16772: 16752: 16725: 16705: 16698: 16680: 16665: 16647: 16638: 16629: 16617: 16591: 16572: 16552: 16541: 16523: 16512: 16494: 16475: 16455: 16433: 16426: 16408: 16395: 16386: 16384:(1), pp. 1–30. 16370: 16348: 16328: 16311: 16284: 16257: 16248: 16229: 16220: 16201: 16177: 16150: 16131: 16116: 16098: 16089: 16080: 16054: 16045: 16032: 16007: 15998: 15991: 15975:Saliba, George 15966: 15940: 15909: 15885: 15854: 15847: 15827: 15815: 15795: 15767: 15736: 15727: 15701: 15692: 15677: 15658: 15649: 15640: 15631: 15615: 15601: 15581: 15567: 15548: 15532: 15516: 15503:10.1086/353360 15497:(4): 531–555. 15487:King, David A. 15478: 15450: 15431: 15422:Magic In Islam 15411: 15378: 15348: 15318: 15315:on 3 May 2012. 15296: 15255: 15229: 15203: 15177: 15151: 15125: 15099: 15067: 15036: 15026: 15008: 15001: 14983: 14958: 14948: 14930: 14923: 14903: 14893: 14875: 14861: 14847: 14833: 14818: 14791:(3): 114–118. 14775: 14765: 14747: 14723: 14713: 14695: 14688: 14670: 14651: 14631: 14624: 14604: 14590:Hill, Donald. 14583: 14576: 14558: 14551: 14533: 14506: 14499: 14475: 14449: 14410: 14400: 14382: 14372: 14354: 14333: 14326: 14292: 14273: 14253: 14216: 14199:"Shiite Islam" 14190: 14157: 14131: 14105: 14068: 14029: 13996: 13985:on 28 May 2010 13960: 13927: 13881: 13862: 13840: 13814: 13799: 13781: 13749: 13723: 13696: 13670: 13667:. 22 May 2024. 13652: 13641: 13623: 13613: 13595: 13557: 13523: 13493: 13460: 13430: 13404: 13370: 13343: 13320: 13296: 13261: 13233: 13210: 13197: 13166: 13139: 13120: 13113: 13095: 13074: 13048: 13027: 13009: 12988: 12970: 12963: 12945: 12924: 12898: 12865: 12852: 12819: 12783: 12724: 12683: 12670: 12643: 12594: 12585: 12576: 12540: 12510: 12492: 12474: 12461: 12447: 12433: 12419: 12405: 12386: 12372: 12358: 12328: 12298: 12272: 12254: 12222: 12196: 12170: 12138: 12108: 12101: 12081: 12051: 12025: 12001: 11983: 11964: 11934: 11920: 11895: 11869: 11851: 11837: 11812: 11794: 11776: 11750: 11718: 11692: 11660: 11628: 11625:. 2 June 2022. 11614: 11588: 11556: 11530: 11498: 11487:on 19 May 2017 11466: 11434: 11402: 11372: 11349: 11325: 11293: 11271: 11239: 11221: 11195: 11163: 11131: 11105: 11079: 11047: 11015: 10989: 10957: 10931: 10832: 10806: 10776: 10764: 10745: 10725: 10706: 10683: 10676: 10655: 10629: 10610: 10587: 10581:978-0415664523 10580: 10574:. p. 83. 10535: 10528: 10522:. p. 48. 10502: 10495: 10489:. p. 79. 10466: 10431: 10390: 10387:. p. 172. 10371: 10344: 10313: 10304:|journal= 10277: 10270: 10252: 10217: 10184: 10173:on 19 May 2014 10153: 10123: 10116: 10098: 10082: 10052: 10025: 10008: 9988: 9979: 9970: 9961: 9942: 9910: 9880: 9843: 9824: 9799: 9782:Foreign Policy 9768: 9753: 9735: 9697: 9670: 9640: 9629:. 6 April 2017 9614: 9592: 9562: 9532: 9501: 9471: 9448: 9418: 9388: 9357: 9327: 9297: 9267: 9222: 9215: 9191: 9161: 9148: 9122: 9088: 9057: 9023: 9021: 9020: 8999: 8984: 8961: 8931: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8864: 8837: 8789: 8778:on 4 June 2011 8763: 8737: 8706: 8676: 8646: 8623: 8593: 8563: 8532: 8502: 8472: 8444: 8414: 8388: 8357: 8343: 8317: 8291: 8284: 8266: 8259: 8239: 8209: 8190: 8161: 8144:Foreign Policy 8130: 8116: 8085: 8074: 8048: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8007: 7997:(30 July 2022 7986: 7924: 7915: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7767: 7764:Society portal 7753: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7726: 7719: 7717: 7707: 7700: 7698: 7692: 7685: 7683: 7673: 7666: 7664: 7653: 7646: 7644: 7637: 7630: 7580:Women in Islam 7575: 7572: 7518:vernal equinox 7460:solar calendar 7448: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7420:, abbreviated 7324:civil calendar 7316:annual fasting 7304:lunar calendar 7276: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7251:solar calendar 7247:lunar calendar 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7221: 7214: 7207: 7205: 7201:Ottoman Empire 7194: 7187: 7185: 7179: 7172: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7076:. It includes 7055: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7005: 6999: 6992: 6957:Fatehpur Sikri 6949:Topkapı Scroll 6872: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6823: 6772:Ottoman Empire 6770:and under the 6748:Main article: 6745: 6742: 6706:Main article: 6703: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6677: 6675: 6657:The design of 6656: 6649: 6647: 6632: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6580: 6578: 6572:in Spain is a 6568: 6561: 6559: 6549: 6542: 6540: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6482: 6475: 6473: 6460: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6415:fortifications 6288:comprises the 6283: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6257: 6254: 6214:water turbines 6043:. (scene from 6033:Spinning wheel 6024: 6021: 6001:Ibn al-Haytham 5910:Jim Al-Khalili 5900: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5852:Elephant Clock 5849: 5842: 5840: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5751: 5744: 5742: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5717: 5681:Main article: 5678: 5675: 5627:Ibn al-Haytham 5620:existentialism 5605:Samuel Hartlib 5597:Robert Barclay 5465:Main article: 5462: 5459: 5360:feral children 5255:Persian poetry 5249:An example of 5228:cultural icons 5192: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5165: 5158: 5156: 5145: 5138: 5136: 5123: 5116: 5111:Islamic poetry 5103:Main article: 5100: 5097: 5055:) set, glazed 5028: 5025: 4951: 4950: 4940: 4933: 4931: 4922:Empire ruler, 4918: 4911: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4893: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4866:Mughal Emperor 4859: 4852: 4850: 4840:Safavid Empire 4834: 4827: 4825: 4822:Farrukh Yassar 4804: 4797: 4795: 4781: 4774: 4752: 4749: 4735: 4732: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4676: 4669: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4624: 4617: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4409:Constantinople 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4230:living in the 4226: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4197: 4195: 4181: 4174: 4168:Ahmadi Muslims 4026:Nizari Ismaili 4016:(Sevener) and 3933:Main article: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3880: 3873: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3724:Main article: 3710: 3707: 3691: 3688: 3669:Following the 3648:" strategy of 3622:movement, and 3575:Westernization 3485: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3451:Benazir Bhutto 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3412: 3396: 3380: 3364: 3348: 3332: 3316: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3102: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3050: 3037: 3024: 3011: 2998: 2985: 2971: 2967:Secular states 2962: 2961:Secular states 2959: 2957: 2956: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2904: 2891: 2878: 2865: 2852: 2839: 2826: 2813: 2800: 2787: 2774: 2761: 2748: 2735: 2722: 2708: 2704:state religion 2692: 2691:State religion 2689: 2687: 2686: 2673: 2660: 2647: 2634: 2621: 2608: 2595: 2581: 2577:Islamic states 2572: 2571:Islamic states 2569: 2567: 2564: 2461:Main article: 2457: 2456: 2411: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2313:Turkey, which 2307:secular values 2257:Decolonization 2252: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2215: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2184: 2177: 2175: 2171:Ottoman Empire 2160: 2153: 2151: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2120: 2113: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2032: 2018: 2011: 2009: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1967:Mughal Emperor 1965: 1958: 1944:Ottoman Empire 1904: 1899:Main article: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1883:Aceh Sultanate 1880: 1873: 1871: 1856: 1849: 1847: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1812:Mughal Emperor 1809: 1802: 1800: 1792:Safavid Empire 1790: 1783: 1729:Main article: 1726: 1723: 1691:Arab socialism 1651:Massina Empire 1591:Central Africa 1575:Songhai Empire 1456:Constantinople 1379:, a native of 1322: 1321: 1280: 1278: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1063:Related topics 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1045:Social welfare 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 939: 938: 933: 923: 922: 921: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 866: 865: 862: 861: 858: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 830: 823: 816: 808: 807: 802: 796: 791: 790: 787: 786: 783: 782: 774: 765: 764: 758: 750: 742: 733: 732: 712: 704: 701: 700: 695: 689: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 663: 662: 657: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 635:Predestination 631: 630: 625: 619: 618: 616:Revealed Books 613: 607: 606: 596: 591: 590: 587: 586: 578: 577: 571: 570: 554:and those who 490:(primarily in 470:(primarily in 425:Southeast Asia 262:as population 251: 250: 233: 232: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 112:"Muslim world" 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19199: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19143: 19140: 19139: 19137: 19122: 19114: 19112: 19102: 19101: 19098: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19042: 19039: 19038: 19037: 19034: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19024:Post-Islamism 19022: 19020: 19017: 19016: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18994: 18993: 18990: 18989: 18987: 18983: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18954: 18950: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18917: 18916:Protestantism 18914: 18912: 18909: 18907: 18904: 18903: 18902: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18894: 18890: 18886: 18876: 18872: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18852: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18839: 18836: 18835: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18805: 18803: 18799: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18774: 18772: 18770: 18766: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18754:Ophthalmology 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18721: 18719: 18717: 18713: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18668: 18666: 18664: 18660: 18656: 18652: 18644: 18640: 18626: 18623: 18619: 18618: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18584: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18572: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18560: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18518: 18514: 18512: 18511: 18507: 18503: 18502:Death penalty 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18489: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18477: 18473: 18472: 18470: 18468:Other aspects 18466: 18460: 18459: 18455: 18453: 18452: 18448: 18446: 18445: 18441: 18439: 18438: 18434: 18432: 18431: 18427: 18425: 18424: 18420: 18418: 18417: 18413: 18412: 18410: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18391: 18388: 18382: 18381: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18369: 18365: 18363: 18362: 18358: 18356: 18355: 18351: 18349: 18348: 18344: 18343: 18341: 18339: 18335: 18329: 18328: 18324: 18322: 18321: 18317: 18315: 18314: 18310: 18308: 18307: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18290: 18288: 18284: 18280: 18273: 18272:Jurisprudence 18270: 18268: 18265: 18264: 18260: 18256: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18220: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18129: 18126: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18108: 18105: 18104: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18091: 18088: 18084: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18063: 18062: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18050: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18038: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18011: 18008: 18007: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17963: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17954: 17953:Denominations 17950: 17944: 17943: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17918: 17916: 17914: 17910: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17882: 17879: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17866: 17862: 17861: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17849: 17845: 17843: 17842: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17812: 17810: 17805: 17802: 17800: 17797: 17796: 17793: 17787: 17786: 17782: 17780: 17779: 17775: 17773: 17772: 17768: 17766: 17765: 17761: 17759: 17758: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17749: 17745: 17739: 17738:Holiest sites 17736: 17734: 17733:Judgement Day 17731: 17729: 17728: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17705: 17702: 17701: 17700: 17697: 17695: 17694: 17690: 17686: 17683: 17682: 17681: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17673: 17669: 17665: 17661: 17660: 17654: 17649: 17642: 17637: 17635: 17630: 17628: 17623: 17622: 17619: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17597: 17594: 17591: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17581: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17552:9781108485524 17548: 17544: 17539: 17535: 17531: 17527: 17521: 17517: 17512: 17510: 17504: 17498: 17494: 17489: 17485: 17479: 17475: 17474: 17468: 17464: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17433: 17429: 17425: 17421: 17416: 17412: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17392: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17369: 17365: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17342: 17339:. Macmillan. 17338: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17314: 17312:9781590080436 17308: 17304: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17281: 17277: 17273: 17269: 17265: 17261: 17257: 17251: 17247: 17242: 17241: 17221: 17217: 17213: 17206: 17204: 17202: 17200: 17198: 17196: 17179: 17175: 17171: 17165: 17157: 17153: 17149: 17142: 17134: 17127: 17111: 17105: 17089: 17083: 17067: 17061: 17045: 17039: 17023: 17021: 17013: 16998: 16997:Al-Habib.info 16994: 16988: 16973: 16972:Al-Habib.info 16969: 16963: 16947: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16931: 16923: 16919: 16915: 16913: 16908: 16907:C.E. Bosworth 16901: 16885: 16881: 16880: 16875: 16868: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16832: 16825: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16804: 16797: 16791: 16783: 16779: 16775: 16769: 16765: 16764: 16756: 16740: 16736: 16729: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16709: 16701: 16699:0-300-06465-9 16695: 16691: 16684: 16676: 16672: 16668: 16662: 16658: 16651: 16642: 16633: 16624: 16622: 16605: 16601: 16595: 16587: 16581: 16576: 16567: 16561: 16556: 16549: 16544: 16542:9783848003808 16538: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16515: 16513:9780195309911 16509: 16505: 16498: 16490: 16484: 16479: 16470: 16465:, p. 295 16464: 16463:Petersen 1996 16459: 16451: 16445: 16440: 16438: 16429: 16427:9789004161658 16423: 16419: 16412: 16405: 16399: 16390: 16383: 16380: 16374: 16368: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16352: 16345: 16341: 16337: 16332: 16325: 16321: 16315: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16297: 16293: 16288: 16281: 16277: 16273: 16270: 16266: 16261: 16252: 16245: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16224: 16218: 16214: 16211: 16208:Peter J. Lu, 16205: 16198: 16197:0-691-12067-6 16194: 16190: 16188: 16181: 16165: 16161: 16154: 16148: 16144: 16141: 16135: 16127: 16123: 16119: 16113: 16109: 16102: 16093: 16084: 16077: 16076: 16071: 16067: 16064: 16058: 16049: 16042: 16036: 16029: 16028:90-04-09300-1 16025: 16021: 16018:, pp. 38–46, 16017: 16011: 16002: 15994: 15992:0-8147-8023-7 15988: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15970: 15963: 15959: 15955: 15952: 15947: 15945: 15937: 15936:0-19-820291-1 15933: 15929: 15925: 15921: 15916: 15914: 15906: 15905:0-7591-0190-6 15902: 15898: 15897: 15889: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15871: 15868: 15864: 15858: 15850: 15848:9781139828420 15844: 15840: 15839: 15831: 15824: 15819: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15799: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15777: 15771: 15764: 15760: 15756: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15740: 15731: 15725: 15724:0-87054-076-9 15721: 15717: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15696: 15688: 15681: 15674: 15670: 15667: 15662: 15653: 15644: 15635: 15629: 15628:0-8157-3283-X 15625: 15619: 15604: 15602:9780814780237 15598: 15595:. NYU Press. 15594: 15593: 15585: 15570: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15552: 15546: 15545:0-8157-3283-X 15542: 15536: 15530: 15529:81-7450-395-1 15526: 15520: 15512: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15482: 15475: 15474:0-8147-8023-7 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15458:George Saliba 15454: 15438: 15434: 15428: 15424: 15423: 15415: 15400: 15399: 15393: 15388: 15382: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15352: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15322: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15300: 15281: 15274: 15268: 15266: 15264: 15262: 15260: 15243: 15239: 15233: 15217: 15213: 15207: 15191: 15187: 15181: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15139: 15135: 15129: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15084: 15077: 15071: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15040: 15033: 15029: 15027:9781000677782 15023: 15020:. Routledge. 15019: 15012: 15004: 15002:9780812202830 14998: 14994: 14987: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14955: 14951: 14949:9780429962004 14945: 14941: 14934: 14926: 14920: 14916: 14915: 14907: 14900: 14896: 14894:9781000677782 14890: 14887:. Routledge. 14886: 14879: 14871: 14865: 14857: 14851: 14843: 14837: 14829: 14822: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14779: 14772: 14768: 14766:9783857100406 14762: 14758: 14751: 14740: 14733: 14727: 14720: 14716: 14714:9781351510721 14710: 14706: 14699: 14691: 14689:9781351510721 14685: 14681: 14674: 14658: 14654: 14648: 14644: 14643: 14635: 14627: 14621: 14617: 14616: 14608: 14601: 14600:0-7486-0455-3 14597: 14593: 14587: 14579: 14577:9781444397291 14573: 14569: 14562: 14554: 14552:9781538124185 14548: 14544: 14537: 14530: 14526: 14523:, Zafer Mah. 14522: 14518: 14515: 14510: 14502: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14479: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14446: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14424: 14420: 14414: 14407: 14403: 14401:9780030525964 14397: 14393: 14386: 14379: 14375: 14373:9781135980795 14369: 14365: 14358: 14351: 14347: 14345: 14340:Öz, Mustafa, 14337: 14329: 14327:9780195305135 14323: 14319: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14296: 14280: 14276: 14274:9781118273913 14270: 14266: 14265: 14257: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14225: 14223: 14221: 14204: 14200: 14194: 14178: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14161: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14119: 14115: 14109: 14102: 14101: 14088: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14072: 14065: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14008: 14000: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13975: 13970: 13964: 13957: 13945: 13941: 13937: 13931: 13924: 13909: 13905: 13901: 13899: 13891: 13885: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13866: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13844: 13828: 13824: 13818: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13800:9780199891207 13796: 13792: 13785: 13766: 13759: 13753: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13684: 13680: 13674: 13666: 13662: 13656: 13649: 13644: 13642:9781440835575 13638: 13634: 13627: 13620: 13616: 13614:9780190869786 13610: 13606: 13599: 13580: 13573: 13566: 13564: 13562: 13545: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13511: 13507: 13503: 13497: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13418: 13414: 13408: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13374: 13358: 13354: 13347: 13340: 13327: 13323: 13321:9780195305135 13317: 13313: 13308: 13300: 13293: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13265: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13237: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13201: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13170: 13154: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13134: 13127: 13125: 13116: 13110: 13106: 13099: 13091: 13085: 13077: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13052: 13044: 13038: 13030: 13028:0-8014-3108-5 13024: 13020: 13013: 13005: 12999: 12991: 12989:0-8014-3108-5 12985: 12981: 12974: 12966: 12964:0-415-30173-4 12960: 12956: 12949: 12941: 12935: 12927: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12902: 12893: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12869: 12862: 12856: 12847: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12823: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12720: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12687: 12680: 12674: 12658: 12654: 12647: 12639: 12633: 12625: 12621: 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12598: 12589: 12580: 12571: 12566: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12547: 12545: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12514: 12506: 12502: 12496: 12488: 12484: 12478: 12471: 12465: 12457: 12451: 12443: 12437: 12429: 12423: 12415: 12409: 12401: 12397: 12390: 12382: 12376: 12368: 12362: 12351: 12347: 12346: 12338: 12332: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12302: 12286: 12282: 12276: 12269: 12264: 12258: 12239: 12232: 12226: 12210: 12206: 12200: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12155: 12148: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12104: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12085: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12018: 12011: 12005: 11997: 11993: 11987: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11968: 11952: 11948: 11944: 11938: 11930: 11924: 11909: 11905: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11863: 11860: 11855: 11847: 11841: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11765:. 12 May 2021 11764: 11760: 11754: 11735: 11728: 11722: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11677: 11670: 11664: 11645: 11638: 11632: 11624: 11618: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11573: 11566: 11560: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11515: 11508: 11502: 11483: 11476: 11470: 11451: 11444: 11438: 11419: 11412: 11406: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11353: 11342: 11335: 11329: 11310: 11303: 11297: 11281: 11275: 11256: 11249: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11209: 11205: 11199: 11180: 11173: 11167: 11148: 11141: 11135: 11119: 11115: 11109: 11093: 11089: 11083: 11064: 11057: 11051: 11032: 11025: 11019: 11003: 10999: 10993: 10974: 10967: 10961: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10837: 10820: 10816: 10810: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10773: 10768: 10752: 10748: 10746:9781402098949 10742: 10738: 10737: 10729: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10699: 10698: 10693: 10687: 10679: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10659: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10617: 10613: 10611:9780231526623 10607: 10603: 10602: 10594: 10592: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10569: 10554: 10550: 10549:PBS Frontline 10546: 10539: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10506: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10483: 10482: 10476: 10470: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10432:9780511977367 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10397: 10395: 10386: 10382: 10375: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10337: 10336:Facts On File 10333: 10329: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10309: 10296: 10288: 10281: 10273: 10271:9780739142943 10267: 10263: 10256: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10172: 10168: 10167:the Akbarnama 10164: 10157: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10119: 10117:9781783475728 10113: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10091: 10086: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10040: 10036: 10029: 10021: 10020: 10012: 10006: 10005:81-89118-06-4 10002: 9998: 9992: 9983: 9974: 9965: 9949: 9945: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9907: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9877: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9848: 9831: 9827: 9825:9781448131617 9821: 9817: 9816: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9760: 9758: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9712: 9708: 9701: 9685: 9681: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9596: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9536: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9511: 9505: 9489: 9485: 9484:@businessline 9481: 9475: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9331: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9271: 9263: 9257: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9226: 9218: 9216:9780415448512 9212: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9195: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9158: 9157: 9151: 9149:9781476733920 9145: 9141: 9136: 9135: 9126: 9119: 9117: 9103: 9099: 9092: 9085: 9072: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9027: 9018: 9006: 9002: 9000:9780313386985 8996: 8992: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8891: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8862: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8793: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8627: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8551: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8448: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8402: 8398: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8361: 8353: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8305: 8301: 8295: 8287: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8260:9781784710736 8256: 8252: 8251: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8191:9781850654933 8187: 8183: 8182: 8174: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8125: 8124:Islamic world 8119: 8117:9781933782652 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8082: 8077: 8075:9780195305135 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8017: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7982: 7970: 7965: 7953: 7948: 7942: 7933: 7928: 7919: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7895:Christian era 7892: 7886: 7882: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7773: 7768: 7765: 7759: 7754: 7751: 7740: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7699: 7696: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7588:According to 7585: 7581: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7468:March equinox 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7431: 7427: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7281: 7273: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7149:calligraffiti 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7037: 7033: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6851: 6846: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6795:, and so on. 6794: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6709: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6659:Faisal Mosque 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6635:Id Kah Mosque 6629: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6574:Moorish-style 6571: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6474: 6471: 6470:Mughal Empire 6467: 6463: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407:caravanserais 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6242:Mughal Bengal 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227:ancient times 6224: 6223:manual labour 6219: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6110:Mediterranean 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6047:, painted by 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5958:. Avicenna's 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5653:, founder of 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5631:phenomenology 5628: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5376:coming of age 5373: 5369: 5365: 5364:desert island 5361: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5349:and Kamil in 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5251:Arabic poetry 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5146:The story of 5142: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065:ceramic glaze 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4707:, Bangladesh. 4706: 4702: 4697: 4684: 4680: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4552: 4535: 4530: 4523: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4441:Jewish Agency 4439:In 2018, the 4437: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4318: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 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1765:Mughal Empire 1763:was ruled by 1762: 1758: 1755:, especially 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:republicanism 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:Razia Sultana 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Ghurid Empire 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1281:This section 1279: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1243:Anglo-Russian 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1170: 1169: 1168: 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Politico. 12646: 12632:cite journal 12607: 12603: 12597: 12588: 12579: 12563:(1): 85–97. 12560: 12556: 12531:. Retrieved 12522: 12513: 12504: 12495: 12487:the original 12477: 12469: 12464: 12450: 12436: 12422: 12408: 12400:The Guardian 12399: 12389: 12375: 12361: 12343: 12331: 12319:. Retrieved 12310: 12301: 12289:. Retrieved 12275: 12266: 12257: 12245:. Retrieved 12225: 12213:. Retrieved 12199: 12187:. Retrieved 12183:the original 12173: 12161:. Retrieved 12141: 12131:13 September 12129:. Retrieved 12121:gulfnews.com 12120: 12111: 12091: 12084: 12072:. Retrieved 12063: 12054: 12042:. Retrieved 12037: 12028: 12017:the original 12004: 11996:the original 11986: 11967: 11955:. Retrieved 11951:the original 11946: 11937: 11923: 11913:24 September 11911:. Retrieved 11907: 11898: 11886:. Retrieved 11872: 11854: 11840: 11828:. Retrieved 11824: 11815: 11807:the original 11797: 11789:the original 11779: 11767:. Retrieved 11762: 11753: 11741:. Retrieved 11734:the original 11721: 11709:. 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Retrieved 8030: 8020: 7989: 7927: 7918: 7885: 7841:Pan-Islamism 7778:World portal 7750:Islam portal 7623: 7599:gender roles 7595:essentialism 7589: 7587: 7538: 7534:lunar months 7514: 7499: 7472:astronomical 7449: 7405:Anno Hegirae 7390: 7360: 7334:used in the 7308:lunar months 7277: 7244: 7183:calligraphy. 7128: 7108: 7097: 7056: 6967:such as the 6932: 6923: 6919: 6916:Syrian Roman 6911: 6910: 6899:architecture 6890: 6874: 6873: 6797: 6786: 6780: 6753: 6711: 6633:Entrance of 6425: 6424: 6356: 6329:Mesopotamian 6284: 6272:Architecture 6266:architecture 6259: 6146: 6136:include the 6106:trade routes 6079: 6064: 5986: 5978:pharmacology 5971: 5967: 5959: 5943: 5939: 5925: 5921:quasicrystal 5914:al-Khwarzimi 5903: 5874:Omar Khayyam 5805: 5782: 5735: 5713: 5712: 5624: 5609: 5593:George Keith 5552: 5546: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5502: 5454: 5451:Robert Boyle 5444: 5441:Daniel Defoe 5436: 5405:resurrection 5381: 5380: 5371: 5367: 5357:autodidactic 5350: 5346: 5343:protagonists 5338: 5332: 5326: 5316: 5310: 5303:Ibn al-Nafis 5297: 5292:Amir Arsalan 5290: 5283:Greater Iran 5276: 5262: 5248: 5214: 5213: 5195: 5193: 5187:Magic carpet 5166: 5151: 5147: 5129:Oghuz Turkic 5124: 5062: 5046: 4952: 4765:Islamization 4740:M. 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Tauris 10202:. TED.com. 10075:28 December 10045:28 December 9555:22 December 9494:17 November 9401:www.cia.gov 9350:22 December 9320:22 December 8958:population. 8868:"Religions" 8855:20 December 8782:17 November 8756:17 November 8730:17 November 8407:27 November 8381:14 February 8336:16 December 8310:16 December 8003:Afghanistan 7786:Arabization 7654:A group of 7604:Asma Barlas 7545:Afghanistan 7541:zodiac sign 7530:solar years 7495:Sunni Islam 7458:. 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17699:Muhammad 17598:, on NPR 17534:36438874 17426:: 1–10. 17420:Muqarnas 17382:14203815 17355:40347477 17321:66393160 17220:Archived 16884:Archived 16851:Archived 16739:Archived 16604:Archived 16363:Archived 16338:(1976). 16299:Archived 16272:Archived 16213:Archived 16170:11 April 16164:Archived 16066:Archived 15977:(1994). 15954:Archived 15922:(1996), 15873:Archived 15807:Archived 15779:Archived 15755:Archived 15718:, p. 10 15669:Archived 15460:(1994), 15437:Archived 15365:Archived 15335:Archived 15331:ABC News 15280:Archived 15242:Archived 15216:Archived 15190:Archived 15164:Archived 15138:Archived 15112:Archived 15054:Archived 14739:Archived 14657:Archived 14529:Istanbul 14517:Archived 14447:, 1873.) 14350:Istanbul 14279:Archived 14203:Archived 14177:Archived 14144:Archived 14118:Archived 14087:Archived 14016:Archived 13944:Archived 13908:Archived 13874:Archived 13827:Archived 13809:52362778 13765:Archived 13736:Archived 13710:Archived 13683:Archived 13579:Archived 13544:Archived 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6643:Xinjiang 6555:Selangor 6538:, Turkey 6536:Istanbul 6391:khanqahs 6371:madrasas 6358:muqarnas 6353:minarets 6185:sawmills 6140:and the 6086:windmill 6009:Avicenna 5982:pharmacy 5804:'s work 5714:Sciences 5677:Sciences 5633:and the 5513:Ibn Sina 5511:scholar 5493:polymath 5389:polymath 5273:Ferdowsi 5244:Ali Baba 5206:Sanskrit 5150:and the 5089:Damascus 5081:fritware 5057:fritware 5048:shatranj 5027:Ceramics 5017:Egyptian 4981:and the 4948:painting 4808:between 4788:al-Qadir 4691:Refugees 4597:(11.5), 4591:graduate 4489:Buddhist 4381:Istanbul 4366:Yarsanis 4191:Omdurman 4070:Shaykism 4066:Alawites 4034:Mustaali 3794:Abu Bakr 3771:Religion 3765:Tanzania 3745:Ethiopia 3616:Egyptian 3488:Islamism 3481:Islamism 3474:Islamism 3432:Politics 3408:DR Congo 3360:Tanzania 3328:Ethiopia 2863:Maldives 2850:Malaysia 2772:Djibouti 2658:Pakistan 2562:school. 2339:Al-Qaeda 2333:Islamist 2311:Kemalist 2169:and the 2165:between 2141:between 2024:Ottomans 1869:in 1522. 1796:Zamburak 1771:through 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